REASON and IMPARTIALITY as Minimum Requirement of Morality | Chapter 3 Topic 2

00:26:01
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D0dz36Z-OIk

Zusammenfassung

TLDRThis session on ethics explores reason and impartiality as essential components of morality. It refers to Aristotle's idea that human beings possess a rational soul, distinguishing them from plants and animals, as they can engage in logical thinking and make sound judgments. The presentation stresses the importance of guiding actions by reason, highlighting that emotions should not compromise moral decisions. A seven-step decision-making model is introduced to evaluate ethical dilemmas, exemplified through a scenario involving a priest faced with a confession about a serious crime. The discussion invites participants to reflect on the implications of their choices and to apply this model in their ethical reasoning.

Mitbringsel

  • 🧠 Reason is crucial for moral actions.
  • ⚖️ Impartiality ensures fair decisions.
  • 📖 Aristotle's philosophy emphasizes the rational soul.
  • 📊 Ethical dilemmas require careful analysis.
  • 🔍 Use a systematic approach for decision-making.
  • 👥 Consider the interests of all affected individuals.
  • 🤔 Emotions should not dictate moral choices.
  • 🕵️‍♂️ The seven-step model provides a framework for ethics.
  • 🔘 Weigh the consequences of each alternative.
  • 🔄 Practicing ethics leads to personal improvement.

Zeitleiste

  • 00:00:00 - 00:05:00

    In this philosophical coffee session, the discussion centers on the concepts of reason and impartiality as fundamental requirements for morality. The learning objectives include understanding these concepts and evaluating moral dilemmas using a seven-step reasoning model, which will be applied to a real-life situation.

  • 00:05:00 - 00:10:00

    Aristotle posits that humans possess a rational soul that distinguishes them from plants and animals, which only have vegetative and sensitive souls. The rational soul enables logical reasoning and moral judgments, which plants and animals cannot achieve since they lack the capacity for complex reasoning and introspection.

  • 00:10:00 - 00:15:00

    Humans strive for perfection through various means such as education and practice, aiming for genuine happiness. Ethics suggests that living an ethical life, guided by reason and moral judgments backed by strong arguments, is essential for achieving happiness.

  • 00:15:00 - 00:20:00

    Impartiality is emphasized as a core principle of morality, requiring fairness in considering the interests of all affected parties. The minimum conception of morality is to guide conduct by reason while giving equal weight to everyone's interests in decision-making processes.

  • 00:20:00 - 00:26:01

    The discussion concludes with a specific moral dilemma involving a priest, Father Santino, faced with a confession from Anjo about past crimes. Using the seven-step model, Father Santino must navigate ethical issues, weigh consequences, and consider the sanctity of confession while addressing the safety of the Ursala family.

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Mind Map

Video-Fragen und Antworten

  • What are the minimum requirements for morality?

    The minimum requirements are reason and impartiality.

  • Who is associated with the concept of rational soul?

    Aristotle is associated with the concept of rational soul.

  • How does this session propose to analyze ethical dilemmas?

    By using the seven-step reasoning model.

  • What is the main ethical issue in the discussed scenario?

    Whether Father Santino should break the seal of confession or keep it.

  • What should guide moral judgments according to the lecture?

    Moral judgments must be backed by the best arguments or reasons.

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Untertitel
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Automatisches Blättern:
  • 00:00:01
    good day again
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    this day we will have another
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    philosophical coffee session
  • 00:00:06
    and we will discuss about reason and
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    impartiality as minimum requirements for
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    molality now this is actually chapter 2
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    topic 2 of our module in ethics
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    so let us start for the learning
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    outcomes
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    upon completion of this topic the
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    student must be able to
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    number one to explain reason and
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    impartiality
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    as minimum requirements for morality and
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    number two
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    to evaluate a modal dilemma using the
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    seven step
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    model reasoning model which will be
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    discussed later on
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    and on which i will also give a
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    situation
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    and and we will be analyzing what proper
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    decision
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    shall we do uh in that particular
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    situation
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    so the greek philosopher aristotle
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    regarded that human beings
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    have a rational soul that makes us
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    different
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    with that of animals and plants
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    plus you should always remember that
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    according to aristotle there are
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    three types of soul number one is
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    vegetative soul
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    which uh the pla the plants uh do have
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    the trees
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    the plants and uh
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    [Music]
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    flora now uh another thing is
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    uh the sensitive soul the second one is
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    the sensitive salt
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    the sensitive soul allows animals
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    to uh to sense or to feel
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    a sensitive solid and the last soul is
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    the rational soul
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    we have these three types of soul the
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    vegetative soul
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    the sensitive soul and the rational soul
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    why do we have vegetative soul because
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    uh
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    we we can grow we grow
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    the sensitive soul allows us to feel or
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    to perceive
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    and finally the rational soul allows
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    us to think and to reason out
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    that is why you should always remember
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    these three types of soul according to
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    aristotle the
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    vegetative soul the sensitive soul and
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    the rational
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    soul now rationality is the capability
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    for logical thought
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    with the ability to reason towards sound
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    conclusions
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    based on facts and evidence
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    draw inferences from situations
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    and circumstances and make sound
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    well-reasoned
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    judgments based on factual information
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    plants and animals are incapable of
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    complex reasoning and introspection
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    much more so in distinguishing good from
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    bad
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    and right from wrong and from the
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    discussion earlier
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    because plants and animals do not have
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    this what we call rational soul only
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    human beings have this rational soul
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    so the absence of the rational soul in
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    the plants and animals
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    disables them to distinguish
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    good from bad actions or from
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    right and from wrong actions so ebooks
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    are being
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    plants and animals well it's a long
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    rationality just like us
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    all right and you can easily say that
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    and you can easily observe that
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    for example um
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    okay so a person is called rational or
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    reasonable when his beliefs and actions
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    conform to the dictates of those
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    principles of morality
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    or when he is subjectively guided by
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    them so always we should always remember
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    that our action should be guided by our
  • 00:04:18
    results
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    because if our actions will not be
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    guided by our reasons then
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    now this one is also identified with the
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    capacity
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    that enables us to identify reasons
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    the particular considerations that count
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    in favor
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    of belief or action now since human
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    beings are
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    rational we as human beings are rational
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    we have the free will now
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    to strive for perfection we want to be
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    perfect as much as possible
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    as much as possible we want to be
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    perfect we want to be perfect in many
  • 00:05:08
    things
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    why do we for example why do we study
  • 00:05:12
    because we want to be perfect why do we
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    why do we do things why do we practice
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    for example in order for us to be
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    perfect
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    but always remember these guys nobody
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    can be perfect
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    practice will not make you perfect but
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    practice will only make you
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    better practice cannot practice you it
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    will not make you perfect
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    but it will make you a better person now
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    by achieving this fulfillment and
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    well-rounded development
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    they would somehow attain happiness
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    each and every one of us as human beings
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    we want to be happy
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    and we want to be genuinely happy not
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    just happy
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    all right what will make us happy in the
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    first place
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    it will it be cell phone will it be a
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    new house will it be a new car
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    will it be a new
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    relationship will it be uh
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    health in our family for example what
  • 00:06:10
    will make us happy
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    so the goal of one of the goals of
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    ethics
  • 00:06:16
    is for us to be happy and
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    in order for us to be happy it suggests
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    or ethics suggests that we
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    will live an ethical life an individual
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    should decide on actions that properly
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    express
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    his rationality i think he
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    said
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    but only our rationality now
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    moral judgment or moral judgments
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    must be backed by the best arguments or
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    reasons out there
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    not only good reasons or better
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    judgments
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    our decisions must be guided as much as
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    possible by our reason
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    should always remember that we as human
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    beings have
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    the capacity to rationalize last time i
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    discussed to you
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    that we as persons or we as human beings
  • 00:07:08
    have
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    emotions and sometimes our emotions
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    affect our actions when we
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    are angry it affects our actions when we
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    are
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    sad it affects our actions when we are
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    so happy it also affects our actions
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    the last time i discussed to you because
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    he knew
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    that never ever make a decision
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    when you are in the height of your
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    emotion
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    because the quality of the decision that
  • 00:07:39
    you will
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    be arriving at the quality of action
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    that you will be doing will be
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    so much affected especially when you
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    allow your emotions to overcome your
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    reasoning now morality requires
  • 00:07:56
    impartiality with regard to those
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    moral agents affected by a violation of
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    a moral rule
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    modality requires the impartial
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    consideration of each individual's
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    interests now in the first place what is
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    impartiality
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    all right so let us let us discuss
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    impartiality or what we call
  • 00:08:19
    fair-mindedness
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    is a principle of justice holding that
  • 00:08:24
    decisions
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    should be based on objective criteria
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    rather than on the basis of bias
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    self-interest prejudice or preferring
  • 00:08:35
    the benefit to one person
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    over another for improper
  • 00:08:40
    reasons now in layman's terms
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    since
  • 00:09:20
    why
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    in order for you to arrive to um the
  • 00:09:37
    right moral judgment
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    you have to waste things okay so
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    later on i will discuss to you the seven
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    stepwise model
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    okay so we need to be impartial we need
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    to
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    uphold the principle of justice
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    so we will not be preferring the benefit
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    of one person over another or at the
  • 00:10:15
    expense of
  • 00:10:16
    another person now according to racials
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    the minimum conception of morality is is
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    this
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    okay mortality is the effort
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    to guide one's conduct by reason
  • 00:10:31
    that is to do what there are
  • 00:10:34
    the best reasons for doing while giving
  • 00:10:38
    equal weight
  • 00:10:39
    to the interest of each individual
  • 00:10:41
    affected
  • 00:10:42
    by one's decisions okay
  • 00:10:46
    so our conduct must be
  • 00:10:50
    guided by our reasons not just reasons
  • 00:10:52
    but
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    the best reasons that we can have that
  • 00:10:55
    we can arrive
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    to and we should also give way to the
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    interest of
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    the other other people but in
  • 00:11:03
    coming up to decision excuse me
  • 00:11:06
    in coming up to decisions we should also
  • 00:11:09
    consider the others
  • 00:11:11
    should also consider what will they feel
  • 00:11:13
    what uh
  • 00:11:14
    what consequences will it have for them
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    uh max suffer bacilla for example so
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    there are things that we need to
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    consider before coming up to
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    a certain decision now
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    there is this seven stepwise model
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    of scott ray uh which this is also in
  • 00:11:35
    your module actually
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    so let us ah we will be studying them
  • 00:11:40
    one by one so the first
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    step is to gather the facts number two
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    is to determine the ethical issues
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    number three is to determine the
  • 00:11:50
    principles
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    which embedding in the situation number
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    four
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    we have to list the alternatives number
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    five
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    we have to compare the alternatives with
  • 00:12:00
    the principles
  • 00:12:02
    number six weigh the consequences and
  • 00:12:05
    finally number seven we make a decision
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    now before we come up to the decision we
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    have to follow this
  • 00:12:15
    so not necessarily
  • 00:12:20
    step by step this is just a
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    recommendation
  • 00:12:37
    uh see that just the scattering now i
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    will give you now
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    a uh situation all right this is the
  • 00:12:43
    situation
  • 00:12:45
    anjo confessed to father santino
  • 00:12:48
    that he raped seven minor girls 10 years
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    ago
  • 00:12:52
    when he was still working as a sea man
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    abroad
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    meaning rapist formerly rapist
  • 00:13:00
    and that he was able to escape criminal
  • 00:13:03
    liability there
  • 00:13:04
    because everybody thought that he is
  • 00:13:06
    already dead
  • 00:13:08
    when their ship wrecked in the oceans of
  • 00:13:10
    antarctica
  • 00:13:19
    because everybody thought
  • 00:13:22
    everybody thought because their ship
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    was the same and if their ship wrecked
  • 00:13:29
    in the oceans of
  • 00:13:30
    antarctica is antarctica
  • 00:13:40
    he is presently the gardener of the
  • 00:13:43
    villa ursula
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    family here in isabella the
  • 00:13:48
    is a family which is very close to the
  • 00:13:50
    priest
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    see father santino now anjo also
  • 00:13:53
    mentioned
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    that though he is already a renewed man
  • 00:13:58
    well there are times that he feels
  • 00:14:00
    sexually
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    now he also asked the priest not to tell
  • 00:14:17
    not to tell anything to the villain
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    ursula family
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    and promise to the priest that he will
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    always get in touch with him especially
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    at times
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    that he feels tempted so something in
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    the
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    so that is the situation now
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    the question would be if you are father
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    santi know what would you do
  • 00:14:55
    okay
  • 00:15:01
    a few seconds
  • 00:15:04
    oh remember that the sacramental
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    syllable confession is invaluable
  • 00:15:11
    meaning to say he deem operating a break
  • 00:15:15
    your sacramental seal of confession as a
  • 00:15:18
    priest
  • 00:15:21
    confess
  • 00:15:38
    it
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    what would be the consequence if you
  • 00:15:45
    will tell
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    what the penitent told you
  • 00:15:50
    okay or confess to you quoting canon
  • 00:15:54
    983.1 of the code of canon law
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    the catechism states it is a crime
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    for a confessor in any way to betray a
  • 00:16:04
    penitent
  • 00:16:05
    by word or in any other manner or for
  • 00:16:08
    any reason and if you will break this
  • 00:16:11
    syllable confession
  • 00:16:14
    it will it may be a reason for you to be
  • 00:16:17
    excommunicated
  • 00:16:35
    and if you are a priest and somebody
  • 00:16:38
    confessed to you
  • 00:16:39
    and then it's in a lot more chinese miss
  • 00:16:41
    mayonkinon
  • 00:16:43
    it may be a reason for you to be
  • 00:16:45
    excommunicated because
  • 00:16:46
    you have broken the sacramental seal of
  • 00:16:49
    confession
  • 00:16:50
    and following the code of canola
  • 00:16:56
    now applying the seven step
  • 00:17:00
    wise model of scattering so
  • 00:17:06
    this is the first so now let us
  • 00:17:10
    determine the facts and let's gather the
  • 00:17:13
    facts the facts are as follows
  • 00:17:37
    the family is very close to father
  • 00:17:40
    santino
  • 00:17:41
    now another thing is that uh
  • 00:17:44
    and joe feels sexually attempted to the
  • 00:17:46
    youngest daughter of mr and mrs
  • 00:17:49
    billy ursula so it in fact
  • 00:17:54
    out of the situation number two
  • 00:17:57
    we should determine now the ethical
  • 00:17:59
    issues what are the ethical issues in
  • 00:18:01
    the situation
  • 00:18:03
    so versus this one versus this one
  • 00:18:07
    because father santino now is in that
  • 00:18:09
    dilemma
  • 00:18:43
    so there are two ethical issues here
  • 00:18:45
    number one
  • 00:18:46
    will father santino tell the villian
  • 00:18:49
    family
  • 00:18:50
    about the confession made by anjo
  • 00:18:53
    or will father santino keep the seal of
  • 00:18:56
    confession
  • 00:18:57
    free or privileged communication at the
  • 00:19:00
    expense of endangering
  • 00:19:01
    the vineyard family uh that's
  • 00:19:05
    a family that thing familiar okay now
  • 00:19:09
    number three we have to determine the
  • 00:19:12
    principles which have buried in the
  • 00:19:13
    situation
  • 00:19:18
    number one the invaluability of the seal
  • 00:19:20
    of confession
  • 00:19:27
    there is a consequence according to the
  • 00:19:29
    code of canon law
  • 00:19:30
    another thing the invaluability of the
  • 00:19:32
    privileged communication
  • 00:19:34
    it is found actually in the rules of
  • 00:19:36
    evidence section 24 cc
  • 00:19:38
    rule 130 c1 of the rules
  • 00:19:44
    [Music]
  • 00:19:46
    in the first place for example uh
  • 00:19:49
    because of the privileged communication
  • 00:19:50
    indicating in the way they
  • 00:19:55
    testify against the penitent
  • 00:19:59
    without the penitence approval or
  • 00:20:02
    permission so under the rules of
  • 00:20:05
    evidence yeah
  • 00:20:06
    so major technical mission now
  • 00:20:11
    the next thing is that we need to list
  • 00:20:13
    the alternatives
  • 00:20:15
    alternatives since father santino could
  • 00:20:19
    not break the seal of confession
  • 00:20:21
    he may suggest to anjo to bring the
  • 00:20:23
    matter to mr and mrs
  • 00:20:25
    vilya ursula
  • 00:20:28
    mr and mrs billy
  • 00:20:31
    anyways already
  • 00:20:46
    and to find another job
  • 00:20:52
    again or another alternative for father
  • 00:20:55
    santino santino is to suggest to anjo
  • 00:20:58
    to face his criminal liability abroad
  • 00:21:15
    to anjo now we need now to
  • 00:21:18
    discuss and comply to compare the
  • 00:21:22
    alternatives with the principles
  • 00:21:25
    in many cases the principles resolve
  • 00:21:28
    the case father santino now may advise
  • 00:21:32
    mr and mrs
  • 00:21:33
    ursula to put a cctv around their home
  • 00:21:36
    to secure the fabulous
  • 00:22:40
    okay now now we have to also weigh the
  • 00:22:44
    consequences
  • 00:22:48
    the consequences are dependent on the
  • 00:22:51
    alternatives
  • 00:22:52
    which are listed
  • 00:23:34
    foreign
  • 00:23:49
    have to weigh the consequences and the
  • 00:23:51
    last alternative the prince and nothing
  • 00:23:53
    is uh father santino to suggest to anjou
  • 00:23:56
    to face his criminal liability abroad
  • 00:23:58
    and to clean his conscience
  • 00:24:15
    the last one is to make a decision
  • 00:24:20
    or what would be father santino's
  • 00:24:23
    decision
  • 00:24:25
    in order for him to arrive to a moral
  • 00:24:30
    judgment
  • 00:24:32
    into immoral action without being
  • 00:24:34
    impartial
  • 00:24:35
    without being impartial on the part of
  • 00:24:38
    the village
  • 00:24:39
    not very close you know without being
  • 00:24:42
    impartial
  • 00:24:48
    and the better question would be
  • 00:24:51
    if you were father sativa what
  • 00:24:54
    would you do so
  • 00:24:59
    we have a thing that we have to reflect
  • 00:25:02
    on
  • 00:25:02
    for after this uh lecture
  • 00:25:05
    or after this discussion so plus the
  • 00:25:08
    activity the
  • 00:25:12
    activity that you will do uh later on
  • 00:25:15
    after this lecture
  • 00:25:16
    uh it will be exciting
  • 00:25:20
    and it will be in google forms just like
  • 00:25:22
    before
  • 00:25:23
    so a new seven stepwise model
  • 00:25:27
    the sky and i hope uh that you were able
  • 00:25:30
    to
  • 00:25:31
    pick or to adapt something uh
  • 00:25:35
    useful uh in your life especially when
  • 00:25:38
    it comes to
  • 00:25:40
    uh arriving to a moral decision uh
  • 00:25:43
    applying the seventh stepwise model of
  • 00:25:46
    scott ray
  • 00:25:47
    so uh
  • 00:25:50
    discussion that
  • 00:25:55
    this is and i hope that you will always
  • 00:25:58
    do
  • 00:25:59
    bye
Tags
  • morality
  • reason
  • impartiality
  • Aristotle
  • rationality
  • ethical dilemmas
  • decision-making
  • seven-step model
  • confession
  • moral judgment