Racismo: Uma História - Episódio 02 Impactos Fatais(Legendado)
Zusammenfassung
TLDRO vídeo revela os horrores do imperialismo, destacando como as ideologias raciais do século XIX justificaram massacres e genocídios, incluindo os primeiros campos de morte na Namíbia. Ele traça a evolução do racismo científico, desde a escravidão até a eugenia, culminando nas atrocidades nazistas. A narrativa enfatiza a destruição de culturas indígenas, a desumanização de povos colonizados e a continuidade da violência racial na história europeia, sugerindo que o Holocausto é parte de um continuum histórico de violência racial.
Mitbringsel
- 🪦 O vídeo revela os horrores do imperialismo.
- 📜 Ideologias raciais justificaram massacres e genocídios.
- 🇳🇦 A Namíbia teve os primeiros campos de morte da história.
- 📚 O racismo científico influenciou a política colonial.
- 🌍 A destruição de culturas indígenas foi generalizada.
- 🍽️ A fome na Índia resultou em milhões de mortes sob domínio britânico.
- 🧬 A eugenia promoveu a esterilização forçada de grupos 'não aptos'.
- 🕊️ O Holocausto é uma extensão das ideologias raciais do imperialismo.
- 🗣️ A história do imperialismo é frequentemente esquecida.
- 🔍 A memória dos horrores do passado deve ser preservada.
Zeitleiste
- 00:00:00 - 00:05:00
As areias do deserto da Namíbia revelam os restos de vítimas do primeiro campo de morte do mundo, onde milhares de africanos foram exterminados pelo exército alemão, muito antes do regime nazista. Este local é um lembrete sombrio de massacres e genocídios que ocorreram durante a era do imperialismo, um aspecto da história colonial que a Europa prefere esquecer.
- 00:05:00 - 00:10:00
No século XIX, cientistas e filósofos europeus criaram teorias que justificavam as matanças em nome do império, que inspiraram horrores que consumiriam a Europa no século XX. O século começou com otimismo, com a Grã-Bretanha abolindo a escravidão, mas a visão de que os africanos eram inferiores persistiu, levando a uma nova forma de imperialismo.
- 00:10:00 - 00:15:00
Os abolicionistas acreditavam que poderiam elevar os povos negros e marrons ao nível dos ingleses brancos, mas essa missão resultou na destruição de culturas indígenas e religiões. A visão de civilização foi gradualmente substituída por uma ideologia que defendia a extermínio das chamadas 'raças escuras'.
- 00:15:00 - 00:20:00
A colonização da Tasmânia pelos britânicos resultou em um genocídio dos povos aborígenes, que foram considerados 'savagens' e tratados como animais. A guerra negra entre colonos e aborígenes levou a massacres, sequestros e uma luta desesperada pela sobrevivência, resultando na quase extinção dos aborígenes.
- 00:20:00 - 00:25:00
O governador da Tasmânia, George Arthur, tentou salvar os aborígenes da violência, mas suas tentativas falharam. Ele recorreu a um missionário para capturar os aborígenes restantes, prometendo proteção e integração, mas isso resultou em mais sofrimento e morte.
- 00:25:00 - 00:30:00
Os aborígenes foram levados para a Ilha Flinders, onde foram forçados a adotar um modo de vida europeu. A vida na ilha levou a um declínio populacional devastador, com doenças e traumas resultantes da perda de suas culturas e comunidades.
- 00:30:00 - 00:35:00
O que aconteceu na Tasmânia não foi um evento isolado; povos indígenas em todo o mundo enfrentaram a extinção. A opressão e o genocídio se espalharam pela África do Sul, América do Norte e América do Sul, enquanto a velha racismo ressurgiu após a abolição da escravidão.
- 00:35:00 - 00:40:00
Os proprietários de plantações culpavam os ex-escravizados pela ruína de suas terras, perpetuando estereótipos raciais. A ideia de que os africanos eram 'preguiçosos' e 'savagens' começou a ganhar força, desafiando a visão humanitária que havia prevalecido até então.
- 00:40:00 - 00:45:00
O racismo científico emergiu, com cientistas medindo crânios para justificar a superioridade racial. A teoria da evolução de Darwin foi distorcida para legitimar a dominação das 'raças superiores' sobre as 'inferiores', levando a uma aceitação da violência imperialista como um processo natural.
- 00:45:00 - 00:50:00
Na Namíbia, a revolta dos hereros contra o domínio alemão resultou em massacres e a criação de campos de concentração, onde milhares foram mortos. O genocídio na Namíbia prefigurou os horrores do século XX, com a burocratização da morte se tornando uma característica marcante.
- 00:50:00 - 00:59:14
O legado do genocídio na Namíbia e outros eventos históricos foi apagado da memória coletiva europeia, mas a verdade sobre esses crimes continua a emergir, desafiando a narrativa de que a violência nazista foi uma aberração na história europeia.
Mind Map
Video-Fragen und Antworten
Qual é o tema principal do vídeo?
O vídeo aborda os horrores do imperialismo e como as ideologias raciais justificaram genocídios.
O que aconteceu na Namíbia no início do século XX?
Na Namíbia, os alemães estabeleceram campos de concentração onde os povos herero e nama foram exterminados.
Como o racismo científico influenciou a história?
O racismo científico ajudou a justificar políticas genocidas e a desumanização de povos colonizados.
Qual foi o impacto das ideias de Darwin no racismo?
As teorias de Darwin foram usadas para justificar a superioridade racial e a dominação imperial.
O que ocorreu durante a fome na Índia sob o domínio britânico?
Milhões de indianos morreram de fome devido a políticas britânicas que priorizavam a exportação de alimentos.
Como a eugenia se desenvolveu no século XX?
A eugenia se tornou uma ciência respeitada, promovendo a esterilização forçada de grupos considerados 'não aptos'.
Qual é a relação entre o imperialismo e o Holocausto?
O Holocausto pode ser visto como uma extensão lógica das ideologias raciais que surgiram durante o imperialismo.
O que aconteceu com os aborígenes da Tasmânia?
Os aborígenes da Tasmânia foram quase exterminados devido à colonização britânica.
Como a história do imperialismo é lembrada hoje?
Muitos dos horrores do imperialismo foram esquecidos ou minimizados na narrativa histórica europeia.
Qual é a mensagem final do vídeo?
A história do imperialismo e suas atrocidades não deve ser esquecida, pois continua a influenciar a sociedade atual.
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PLANEJAMENTO ESTRATÉGICO EM ENFERMAGEM | 4
- 00:00:05from deep within the dunes of africa's
- 00:00:07namib desert
- 00:00:09a terrible secret is beginning to emerge
- 00:00:15these are the remains of victims of the
- 00:00:17world's first death camp
- 00:00:20a place where thousands of africans were
- 00:00:22exterminated by the german army 30 years
- 00:00:25before the nazis came to power
- 00:00:30these remains have lain here forgotten
- 00:00:33for over a hundred years
- 00:00:35but this terrible place is not unique
- 00:00:41scattered across the world are the sites
- 00:00:43of the massacres and genocides of
- 00:00:45imperialism
- 00:00:47[Music]
- 00:00:48where millions died in an aspect of
- 00:00:50colonial history that europe often
- 00:00:52chooses to forget
- 00:00:56these people were victims of the truth
- 00:00:58that lies behind the myth of the white
- 00:01:01man's burden
- 00:01:04throughout the 19th century european
- 00:01:07scientists writers and philosophers
- 00:01:10developed ideas to justify the mass
- 00:01:12killings of the age of empire
- 00:01:16these same theories went on to inspire
- 00:01:19some of the horrors and the savagery
- 00:01:21that would consume europe in the 20th
- 00:01:23century
- 00:01:46the 19th century was to end with the
- 00:01:48worst crimes of empire
- 00:01:50but it began with a great moment of
- 00:01:52optimism
- 00:01:55in the 1830s in the great plantations of
- 00:01:58the caribbean
- 00:02:00britain prepared to become the first
- 00:02:02nation to end slavery
- 00:02:06three-quarters of a million slaves
- 00:02:08across the caribbean were about to be
- 00:02:10freed
- 00:02:12and as britain vast in her sense of
- 00:02:14national benevolence
- 00:02:15it was presumed that the grateful slaves
- 00:02:18would transform themselves into a
- 00:02:20hard-working and christian peasantry
- 00:02:28[Music]
- 00:02:33[Music]
- 00:02:44the battle against slavery had been led
- 00:02:47from the pulpit by an alliance of
- 00:02:49christian abolitionists and missionaries
- 00:02:52they had fought the campaign from their
- 00:02:54churches and meeting halls
- 00:03:01in the 1830s it was their views that
- 00:03:05dominated the national debate on race
- 00:03:11when slavery was finally abolished
- 00:03:14there would have been an enormous sense
- 00:03:16of elation and achievement on the part
- 00:03:18of the abolitionist don't forget this
- 00:03:19was a 50-year campaign from 1787 onwards
- 00:03:23involving hundreds of thousands of
- 00:03:25ordinary british people petitions etc
- 00:03:27so that when slavery was abolished the
- 00:03:29abolitionists had won a
- 00:03:32i think they also felt that that
- 00:03:33question
- 00:03:34am i not a man and a brother
- 00:03:36was answered
- 00:03:41the abolitionist response to that great
- 00:03:43question
- 00:03:44was that although men and brothers
- 00:03:47black people were lesser men and lesser
- 00:03:50brothers
- 00:03:52i think in that moment the dominant
- 00:03:55perspective is of a hierarchical
- 00:03:59racial order
- 00:04:00but one in which it's a question of
- 00:04:02culture and civilization they certainly
- 00:04:05do not think
- 00:04:07that black people are equal to them at
- 00:04:09this time they think maybe at some time
- 00:04:12in the future they will be equal
- 00:04:15the mission to raise up the black and
- 00:04:17brown peoples of the world to the
- 00:04:19supposedly superior level of white
- 00:04:21englishmen was not to be confined to the
- 00:04:23former slaves
- 00:04:25this was to be the great task that would
- 00:04:27justify the expansion of the british
- 00:04:30empire
- 00:04:31the abolitionists satisfied one aspect
- 00:04:34of their tutelage and governance of
- 00:04:37black people
- 00:04:38in that they
- 00:04:39fought and won for the freedom of black
- 00:04:41people
- 00:04:42the next step was to send your
- 00:04:44stormtroopers your missionaries into
- 00:04:47africa and the caribbean to finish off
- 00:04:49the job as it were you know these are
- 00:04:51heathens who have to be brought in into
- 00:04:53the fold of christianity
- 00:04:55that notion of giving civilized values
- 00:04:58and modes of behavior to other peoples
- 00:05:01that's the ideology that underpin the
- 00:05:02empire
- 00:05:05in the empire that the missionaries and
- 00:05:07abolitionists set out to create
- 00:05:10indigenous peoples would see their
- 00:05:11cultures destroyed
- 00:05:13and their religions eradicated
- 00:05:16and yet all this seems almost benign
- 00:05:18when compared with the grim reality of
- 00:05:21what imperialism became
- 00:05:23because during the 19th century
- 00:05:25their dream was gradually overwhelmed by
- 00:05:28another vision
- 00:05:29one that claimed that the dark races
- 00:05:32could not be civilized
- 00:05:33and should instead be exterminated
- 00:05:41the event that began the slow collapse
- 00:05:44of the missionaries vision
- 00:05:45took place in a then little known
- 00:05:47outpost of britain's vast and expanding
- 00:05:50empire
- 00:05:54this is tasmania on the southern coast
- 00:05:56of australia
- 00:05:58what the british did on this small
- 00:06:00island was to resonate down through the
- 00:06:03victorian age
- 00:06:11when the british started to settle in
- 00:06:13tasmania in 1803
- 00:06:15they encountered the ancient aboriginal
- 00:06:17peoples of the island
- 00:06:19only five thousand strong they had lived
- 00:06:22in complete isolation for ten thousand
- 00:06:24years
- 00:06:25on the very edge of the habitable world
- 00:06:31the settlers saw these people through
- 00:06:33ideas brought with them from europe
- 00:06:36quite early you get expressions of
- 00:06:38disgust
- 00:06:40and shock
- 00:06:41about the way the tasmanians lived
- 00:06:45to the europeans it appeared that the
- 00:06:47tasmanians
- 00:06:49were without culture they were without
- 00:06:51religion they were godless
- 00:06:54so they looked upon the tasmanians as
- 00:06:57people who'd been left behind by history
- 00:07:00and they also related to a very popular
- 00:07:03idea of the late 18th century that is
- 00:07:06the great chain of being
- 00:07:08that the various races of humankind were
- 00:07:11arranged in hierarchical order
- 00:07:14and that the tasmanians were uniquely
- 00:07:16savage and primitive and therefore
- 00:07:19can be treated almost as animals
- 00:07:26the british set about building a new
- 00:07:28capital and settling the surrounding
- 00:07:30countryside
- 00:07:31land that for millennia had been the
- 00:07:33prime hunting ground of the aboriginals
- 00:07:39out in these fields and pastures
- 00:07:42far from the control of the authorities
- 00:07:44the settlers were free to displace and
- 00:07:47abuse the aboriginals
- 00:07:52from the 1820s huge amount of aboriginal
- 00:07:55land has been taken up and there is this
- 00:07:58enormous struggle between aboriginal
- 00:08:00people
- 00:08:01and whites of course it's very hard to
- 00:08:04document a lot of the settle of violence
- 00:08:06because they know that it is against the
- 00:08:09law to kill aboriginal people they are
- 00:08:11being told that aboriginal people are
- 00:08:13british subjects
- 00:08:15but they certainly reveal in their
- 00:08:17diaries and journals the desire to kill
- 00:08:20aboriginal people
- 00:08:22what became known as the black war was a
- 00:08:24hidden conflict the landscape itself was
- 00:08:27the only witness
- 00:08:29the british settlers killed any
- 00:08:31aboriginals they encountered
- 00:08:33whole groups of massacred kidnapping and
- 00:08:36rape became commonplace
- 00:08:38the aboriginals regularly attacked the
- 00:08:40settlers as they fought desperately to
- 00:08:42defend their land
- 00:08:43and as the death toll rose
- 00:08:45fear fused with hatred
- 00:08:48in such circumstances
- 00:08:51it was very easy
- 00:08:53on both sides no doubt
- 00:08:56to regard the other side as being
- 00:08:58totally subhuman i've got no doubt that
- 00:09:01the aborigines thought the europeans
- 00:09:03were
- 00:09:04people totally without morality
- 00:09:07or without any restraint
- 00:09:09equally the the europeans uh
- 00:09:12slipped very quickly
- 00:09:14into a view that these people were
- 00:09:16animals and savages so that conflict in
- 00:09:19such a
- 00:09:21racially divided society
- 00:09:23so easily tips over into
- 00:09:26an extreme feeling of hatred
- 00:09:30the death toll of the black war had
- 00:09:32terrifying implications for the
- 00:09:34tasmanian aboriginals
- 00:09:36the british who arrived in ever
- 00:09:38increasing numbers could replace their
- 00:09:40dead
- 00:09:41but the aboriginals only five thousand
- 00:09:43strong before the war could not
- 00:09:46and by the end of the eighteen twenties
- 00:09:48they were at risk of being completely
- 00:09:50annihilated
- 00:09:51the only man who had any hope of halting
- 00:09:54the violence was the colonial governor
- 00:09:57george arthur
- 00:09:58now the governor of tasmania is an
- 00:10:01evangelical he
- 00:10:03knows wilberforce
- 00:10:05and he is aware
- 00:10:07that
- 00:10:08his future and his reputation
- 00:10:12depends on how he deals with this
- 00:10:14problem above all else now he's already
- 00:10:17been warned in the late 1820s by the
- 00:10:20british government
- 00:10:22that
- 00:10:23the rapidly declining numbers suggests
- 00:10:25that these people
- 00:10:27might be
- 00:10:28exterminated
- 00:10:30and were this to happen
- 00:10:32it would be an indelible stain
- 00:10:35on the reputation of the british empire
- 00:10:39but by implication it would be
- 00:10:40disastrous for his career
- 00:10:48governor arthur set out to save the
- 00:10:50aboriginals from the violence of the
- 00:10:51settlers
- 00:10:53and to convince them of his good
- 00:10:54intentions he produced a poster that was
- 00:10:57attached to trees in their homelands it
- 00:11:00showed a fantasy of interracial unity
- 00:11:05the poster spoke of british justice
- 00:11:07promising equality before the law
- 00:11:10the white killer of an aboriginal would
- 00:11:12be hanged if an aboriginal killed a
- 00:11:15settler he would be hanged
- 00:11:21the poster also propagated the lie that
- 00:11:24the british wanted to integrate with the
- 00:11:26aboriginals
- 00:11:28it was both a fiction and a complete
- 00:11:30failure
- 00:11:31because out in the bush the killings on
- 00:11:33both sides continued
- 00:11:36and in 1830 governor arthur embarked
- 00:11:38upon a new policy
- 00:11:40he ordered the army to sweep across the
- 00:11:42area of european settlement in an
- 00:11:45attempt to capture the remaining
- 00:11:46aboriginals
- 00:11:48he offered a bounty for every aboriginal
- 00:11:50taken alive
- 00:11:52but the operation was a complete failure
- 00:11:54only two were captured
- 00:11:56an old man and a young boy
- 00:12:02[Music]
- 00:12:07after years of guerrilla warfare the
- 00:12:09last few hundred of the original five
- 00:12:11thousand aboriginals had learnt to hide
- 00:12:14themselves in the bush
- 00:12:16determined to save them and determined
- 00:12:18to take their land for white settlement
- 00:12:21governor arthur changed tactics
- 00:12:23he now turned away from the army and
- 00:12:26looked instead to a missionary
- 00:12:28george augustus robinson
- 00:12:35he was the leader of a band of
- 00:12:37aboriginal converts
- 00:12:39and was now hired to go into the bush
- 00:12:41and bring in the remaining aboriginals
- 00:12:45robinson took a message
- 00:12:48that the government wanted to come to
- 00:12:51some sort of an agreement
- 00:12:54a negotiation a peace treaty
- 00:12:57and that is i believe undoubtedly the
- 00:13:00way the aborigines saw it
- 00:13:03they too saw this as a way to end a
- 00:13:06conflict
- 00:13:07which they had realized they could never
- 00:13:10win
- 00:13:11they could never get rid of the
- 00:13:12europeans
- 00:13:14if they stayed and fought they would be
- 00:13:16wiped out
- 00:13:18and robinson and his intermediaries
- 00:13:20convince them
- 00:13:22that they should temporarily
- 00:13:25go to an island where they'll be looked
- 00:13:27after and fed
- 00:13:30and that they will ultimately come back
- 00:13:33to their homelands
- 00:13:42the island was called flinders island
- 00:13:45and 300 tasmanian aboriginals who have
- 00:13:47been collected by robinson were
- 00:13:49transported here
- 00:13:53[Music]
- 00:13:56robinson came with them in the official
- 00:13:58role of chief protector of aboriginals a
- 00:14:02job for which he was paid a total of
- 00:14:03eight thousand pounds
- 00:14:05a small fortune in the 1830s
- 00:14:09a settlement was constructed for them
- 00:14:11complete with houses farmland and the
- 00:14:13chapel
- 00:14:15robinson called it point civilization
- 00:14:19and a local artist was brought in to
- 00:14:21paint the portraits of the last of the
- 00:14:23tasmanians
- 00:14:26ginny had been captured by robinson
- 00:14:29following the near annihilation of her
- 00:14:30people by the settlers
- 00:14:34had been a chief until his community had
- 00:14:36been wiped out by a european virus
- 00:14:39another local leader mana lagena had
- 00:14:42been lured to flinders island with the
- 00:14:44promise that the uradi had been a chief
- 00:14:46until his community had been wiped out
- 00:14:48by a european virus
- 00:14:50another local leader mana lagena had
- 00:14:53been lured to flinders island with a
- 00:14:55promise that the convicts who had
- 00:14:56attacked his people would be brought to
- 00:14:58justice
- 00:15:01and there was chaganini whose husband
- 00:15:04had been murdered in front of her
- 00:15:07all of them had seen their culture
- 00:15:09almost wiped out
- 00:15:11what little was left robinson now set
- 00:15:14out to erase
- 00:15:15because point civilization was not
- 00:15:18merely a settlement
- 00:15:20it was essentially a factory to
- 00:15:22transform so-called savages into
- 00:15:24civilized christians
- 00:15:27to become a successful christian he
- 00:15:30believes you have to settle down you
- 00:15:32have to live in a village
- 00:15:34he wants to send the children to school
- 00:15:37he wants to teach them to to plow and to
- 00:15:40sew and to become agriculturalists
- 00:15:47forced to adopt an alien way of life
- 00:15:50and confined to an island hundreds of
- 00:15:52miles from home they began to succumb to
- 00:15:55european diseases
- 00:15:56and what the local doctor called
- 00:15:58dejected spirits
- 00:16:02they die one by one by one
- 00:16:06children are not being born and there
- 00:16:09must have been this enormous
- 00:16:11sense of trauma
- 00:16:13amongst them
- 00:16:14a people that had once been strong
- 00:16:17and healthy
- 00:16:18suffering this enormous decline within a
- 00:16:22generation
- 00:16:25george robinson the supposed savior of
- 00:16:28the aboriginals
- 00:16:29was reduced to sketching out his plan
- 00:16:32for their future graves
- 00:16:35frequently he
- 00:16:37he cries with the
- 00:16:40mourners he weeps himself he's so moved
- 00:16:43by
- 00:16:44their fate
- 00:16:46but ultimately he says well it is better
- 00:16:48that they die here uh having learnt the
- 00:16:51message of of the gospels rather than be
- 00:16:54killed in the bush by the settlers he
- 00:16:56finds a way to ease his own conscience
- 00:17:00so that robinson's own beliefs you see
- 00:17:02protect him against
- 00:17:03a full
- 00:17:05accounting of what he was partly
- 00:17:07responsible for
- 00:17:13of the 300 aboriginals lured to flinders
- 00:17:16island by the mid eighteen forties
- 00:17:19around two hundred and sixty were dead
- 00:17:27ginny
- 00:17:29manila
- 00:17:30ghena and waradi
- 00:17:33had all succumbed
- 00:17:40trigonini was one of the few survivors
- 00:17:43she lived on growing into old age when
- 00:17:46she finally died in 1876
- 00:17:49she was regarded by some as being the
- 00:17:51last full-blooded tasmanian
- 00:17:54a people whose story could be traced
- 00:17:56back ten thousand years
- 00:17:58had within the span of a single lifetime
- 00:18:01been almost exterminated
- 00:18:09what had happened in tasmania was far
- 00:18:12from being a unique event
- 00:18:18across the world indigenous peoples were
- 00:18:21being pushed the brink of extinction
- 00:18:25in the south african cape the koisan
- 00:18:28peoples have been driven from their land
- 00:18:30enslaved and killed in their thousands
- 00:18:32by british settlers and the boars
- 00:18:35the same forces had also attacked the
- 00:18:37ancient stan bushmen of the kalahari
- 00:18:40hunting them down as if they were
- 00:18:41animals
- 00:18:43in newfoundland the native beer thuck
- 00:18:46peoples have been completely wiped out
- 00:18:48by europeans
- 00:18:50and in south america
- 00:18:52wars of extermination sanctioned by the
- 00:18:54argentinian government
- 00:18:56were raging against the pampas indians
- 00:18:59everywhere it seemed white settlers were
- 00:19:02destroying indigenous peoples
- 00:19:15and in these very same years the old
- 00:19:18racism that had been born in the age of
- 00:19:20slavery began to re-emerge
- 00:19:26in the aftermath of abolition
- 00:19:28competition from new sugar producers
- 00:19:30began to undermine britain's once mighty
- 00:19:32sugar plantations
- 00:19:35and as their estates rotted the former
- 00:19:37slave owners began to blame their ruin
- 00:19:40on the people who had once made them
- 00:19:42rich
- 00:19:45when the caribbean plantations started
- 00:19:47to lose money in a big way
- 00:19:50they fell back to the stereotype of the
- 00:19:52lazy negro
- 00:19:55the planters were then able to say to
- 00:19:57the abolitionists and to britain look we
- 00:20:00are now in ruin
- 00:20:01because we no longer have
- 00:20:03the freedom to coerce blacks to work we
- 00:20:06no longer have the freedom to to drive
- 00:20:07them to work these people are
- 00:20:09intrinsically lazy
- 00:20:11you know you were arguing that they were
- 00:20:12human beings a man and a brother but in
- 00:20:14fact they're not they're still at the
- 00:20:16level of beasts
- 00:20:20whereas up to the end of the 1830s
- 00:20:24it's been
- 00:20:25pretty unpopular
- 00:20:27to talk about africans in those ways and
- 00:20:30the respectable talk of the
- 00:20:32humanitarians about africans has been
- 00:20:35you know far more prevalent
- 00:20:38by the mid 1840s that's beginning to
- 00:20:40shift
- 00:20:42those who argued that abolition had been
- 00:20:44a failure due to the laziness and
- 00:20:47savagery of the slaves
- 00:20:49now claim that the christian vision of a
- 00:20:51civilizing empire was also doomed
- 00:20:55you might say that the moral momentum
- 00:20:57ran out of the abolitionist movement
- 00:21:00people found that
- 00:21:02other races were not
- 00:21:04becoming
- 00:21:05civilized there was something
- 00:21:08difficult
- 00:21:10they fought back
- 00:21:13they didn't seem to learn as fast as we
- 00:21:16would appreciate
- 00:21:17to make them more pliable for us
- 00:21:21christian optimism about the spread of
- 00:21:23civilization and the christianization of
- 00:21:27people of color around the world began
- 00:21:29to drain away
- 00:21:33if the non-white races seem to reject
- 00:21:35the message of the missionaries
- 00:21:37some in britain began to ask if they
- 00:21:39could be civilized at all
- 00:21:42one of those who thought not was the
- 00:21:44eminent writer and historian thomas
- 00:21:46carlisle
- 00:21:48in 1849 carlisle published an essay
- 00:21:51entitled
- 00:21:52occasional discourse on the negro
- 00:21:54question
- 00:21:56in which he appealed for a return to
- 00:21:58some form of slavery
- 00:22:00it was printed and reprinted in
- 00:22:02magazines across the world
- 00:22:04and helped transform the 19th century
- 00:22:06debate about race
- 00:22:09carlisle's voice is a kind of prophetic
- 00:22:11voice
- 00:22:12you know which booms out from his
- 00:22:16study in
- 00:22:18in cheney walk in chelsea and he writes
- 00:22:21these you know extraordinarily powerful
- 00:22:23prophetic
- 00:22:25pieces which were read you know with
- 00:22:28gusto
- 00:22:29by victorians and they i mean one can
- 00:22:32imagine them all sitting around their
- 00:22:33fires reading the latest periodical
- 00:22:35that's come out with this
- 00:22:37flow of
- 00:22:38rhetoric in this case in the occasional
- 00:22:41discourse on the negro question the flow
- 00:22:43of rhetoric is about the necessity for
- 00:22:46inequality inequality is the proper way
- 00:22:50to run a society those who know
- 00:22:53should rule those who don't know men
- 00:22:55should rule women
- 00:22:57white people should rule black
- 00:22:59educated people should rule
- 00:23:01the masses
- 00:23:05the depths to which these ideas became
- 00:23:08embedded within mid victorian society
- 00:23:10was revealed by one of the most
- 00:23:12controversial events of the whole 19th
- 00:23:14century
- 00:23:19in 1865 the people of morant bay a tiny
- 00:23:23settlement in east jamaica
- 00:23:25attacked a courthouse during a minor
- 00:23:27demonstration
- 00:23:32in return the governor general imposed
- 00:23:35martial law and ordered his soldiers to
- 00:23:38go on a killing spree
- 00:23:40it was a killing time
- 00:23:42nearly 500 people were just executed 600
- 00:23:45people just flogged some of them to the
- 00:23:47point of death and a thousand homes
- 00:23:49torched
- 00:23:50enormous
- 00:23:52um
- 00:23:53disparity in terms of the retaliation
- 00:23:56against these people and you know when
- 00:23:57all this was being done the so-called
- 00:23:59rebels didn't put up a fight
- 00:24:01you know when their houses were being
- 00:24:03burned they didn't they weren't
- 00:24:05terrorists they weren't murderers you
- 00:24:08know all they wanted was for the
- 00:24:10judiciary to treat them with with us
- 00:24:12with a sense of justice
- 00:24:14the man who ordered the killings was
- 00:24:16governor edward air and when news of
- 00:24:19what he had done reached britain
- 00:24:20the liberal establishment was shocked
- 00:24:23and the cause is taken up
- 00:24:26by the old
- 00:24:27abolitionists who've kept going and kept
- 00:24:30going and kept going
- 00:24:31and the old anti-slavery societies kind
- 00:24:34of wrench themselves back into action
- 00:24:36and mobilize themselves again and all
- 00:24:37the ladies who've been doing it for
- 00:24:39decades when the men have gone off and
- 00:24:41done more interesting things you know
- 00:24:44there they are with the machinery still
- 00:24:45in place that can be mobilized when you
- 00:24:47need to
- 00:24:49their tactic was to put governor ayer on
- 00:24:51trial for mass murder but in court he
- 00:24:54was acquitted due in part to a huge wave
- 00:24:56of popular support
- 00:24:58he had
- 00:24:59the whole of house of lords
- 00:25:01parliamentarians bishops priests the
- 00:25:03establishment the aristocracy backing
- 00:25:05him saying that he was justified
- 00:25:08he was justified in imposing severe
- 00:25:10order in these people because that's the
- 00:25:12only language they could understood
- 00:25:14because they're black people were brutes
- 00:25:17airs defense was orchestrated by the
- 00:25:19high priest of the new racism
- 00:25:21thomas carlyle
- 00:25:25but behind him stood many members of the
- 00:25:27british literary elite
- 00:25:29all of whom made known their support for
- 00:25:31governor eyre and his actions at morant
- 00:25:33bay
- 00:25:35the art critic and writer john ruskin
- 00:25:40the author of vanity fair william make
- 00:25:43peace thackery
- 00:25:44the reverend charles kingsley writer of
- 00:25:47the children's classic the water babies
- 00:25:50and charles dickens the most celebrated
- 00:25:53author of the century
- 00:25:56the notion of treating other people with
- 00:25:58some degree of justice and rule of law
- 00:26:02finally went out of the window
- 00:26:04and was demolished in uh in the 1860s
- 00:26:07over more nba you know from then on we
- 00:26:09knew that the empire was about ruling
- 00:26:11people
- 00:26:12with the maximum degree of cursion
- 00:26:29some of the new ideas about race in the
- 00:26:31high victorian age drew their evidence
- 00:26:34from the world of the dead
- 00:26:36based on the study of corpses and
- 00:26:38skeletons the burgeoning science of
- 00:26:41anatomy laid the foundations for a new
- 00:26:44scientific racism
- 00:26:48in britain the most important race
- 00:26:50scientist was a now forgotten edinburgh
- 00:26:53surgeon
- 00:26:54ruined by a body snatching scandal in
- 00:26:56the 1820s he had fled britain in
- 00:26:59disgrace
- 00:27:00but in the 1840s dr robert knox
- 00:27:04resurfaced with a publication of a new
- 00:27:07book
- 00:27:09race is everything
- 00:27:11literature science art in a word
- 00:27:14civilization
- 00:27:15depends on it
- 00:27:17for robert knox in that book race is
- 00:27:20everything
- 00:27:21it determined your character it
- 00:27:22determined your position in civilization
- 00:27:25it determined your destiny can the black
- 00:27:27racers become civilized
- 00:27:29i should say not
- 00:27:31he saw racial conflict and extermination
- 00:27:35happening all around the world
- 00:27:37it was natural
- 00:27:38for him to believe that racial types
- 00:27:41were bound to struggle
- 00:27:43and that
- 00:27:44the
- 00:27:45superior races would dominate the
- 00:27:47naturally inferior ones
- 00:27:49the saxon race will never tolerate them
- 00:27:51never amalgamate never be at peace it is
- 00:27:54a war of extermination
- 00:27:56one or other must fall
- 00:27:59robert knox was not a lone voice
- 00:28:03in america a group led by the renowned
- 00:28:05craniologist samuel george morton had
- 00:28:08begun to collect the skulls of different
- 00:28:10races
- 00:28:11and compare them
- 00:28:14skulls were chosen to be measured
- 00:28:15because it was reckoned that the skull
- 00:28:18was the container of the most important
- 00:28:20part of the human body the brain
- 00:28:22the bigger the skull the bigger the
- 00:28:24brain the shape of the skull the shape
- 00:28:26of the brain
- 00:28:28the american school of race scientists
- 00:28:30concluded that the races as measured
- 00:28:33through their skulls were so different
- 00:28:35as to be separate species
- 00:28:40tasmanians africans american indians
- 00:28:44were not the lower races of men they
- 00:28:46were perhaps not fully human at all
- 00:28:49[Music]
- 00:28:56one writer compared the extermination of
- 00:28:59these races by white settlers
- 00:29:01as being like the melting of snow before
- 00:29:04the advancing rays of the sun
- 00:29:10but the theory that was to have the most
- 00:29:12powerful impact upon race
- 00:29:14came not from the anatomists or the
- 00:29:16skull measures
- 00:29:18but from the work of one of the 19th
- 00:29:20century's greatest minds
- 00:29:28the origin species really threw a
- 00:29:29bombshell first of all into science it
- 00:29:31really invented the science of biology
- 00:29:34and then into religion and into society
- 00:29:37and what darwin did in some ways was to
- 00:29:39give an alibi for being
- 00:29:41and what darwin did in some ways was to
- 00:29:43give an alibi for being a judge
- 00:29:45if evolution had changed the races and
- 00:29:48the species of the world
- 00:29:50why hadn't it done the same to humans
- 00:29:53many believe that darwin's laws had done
- 00:29:56just that
- 00:29:57natural selection they claimed
- 00:30:00neatly explained and justified the
- 00:30:03global expansion of the great british
- 00:30:07race
- 00:30:08life favors a hierarchy of specialists
- 00:30:12[Music]
- 00:30:15and you find that throughout the plant
- 00:30:17in the animal world
- 00:30:19[Music]
- 00:30:22there are bugs on top of bugs on top of
- 00:30:24bugs each one surviving at another's
- 00:30:26expense each one filling a niche that
- 00:30:29another can't occupy
- 00:30:30[Music]
- 00:30:36people darwin said are the same way
- 00:30:39they are expansive organisms in other
- 00:30:42words english
- 00:30:43are just like other organisms they are
- 00:30:46successful because they are good at
- 00:30:49expanding
- 00:30:50[Music]
- 00:30:51those who understood colonialism and
- 00:30:53human competition in terms of darwin's
- 00:30:55theories became known as the social
- 00:30:58darwinists
- 00:31:00men like the radical biologist thomas
- 00:31:02henry huxley and the famous economist
- 00:31:06herbert spencer
- 00:31:08and social darwinism foresaw very
- 00:31:10different fates for the various races of
- 00:31:13mankind
- 00:31:15evolution was in operation
- 00:31:19it was advancing the
- 00:31:22most recently evolved
- 00:31:24the most successfully evolved that is
- 00:31:26the
- 00:31:27northern europeans the british
- 00:31:30but evolution also suggested
- 00:31:32that there had to be losers
- 00:31:35in this great cosmic process
- 00:31:38and the losers were those peoples who
- 00:31:40could not compete
- 00:31:43and once put into competition with
- 00:31:45superior races were doomed to disappear
- 00:31:49and this was likely to happen
- 00:31:51to all the native peoples in north
- 00:31:53america in the pacific and in africa
- 00:31:57across the world the crimes of
- 00:31:59imperialism now came to be taken as
- 00:32:01proof that the social darwinists were
- 00:32:03right
- 00:32:12in north america
- 00:32:14centuries of disease and war had
- 00:32:16devastated the native americans
- 00:32:18whole nations had been all but
- 00:32:20annihilated
- 00:32:22in parts of the australian mainland the
- 00:32:25peoples of the outback were it seemed
- 00:32:27going the same way as their cousins in
- 00:32:29tasmania
- 00:32:30and across africa the scramble for
- 00:32:33empire had brought the might of europe
- 00:32:36to bear against innumerable peoples
- 00:32:38killing literally millions
- 00:32:44[Music]
- 00:32:48the social darwinists predicted a future
- 00:32:50in which these races like many animal
- 00:32:53species would only be remembered as
- 00:32:55curios
- 00:32:56stuffed exhibits in anthropological
- 00:32:58museums
- 00:33:00the white man's burden and the christian
- 00:33:02dream of benign imperialism were
- 00:33:04rendered obsolete
- 00:33:07old missionaries who still talked about
- 00:33:10the equality of humanity and talked
- 00:33:13about everyone descended from adam and
- 00:33:15eve
- 00:33:16and talked about that the truth the only
- 00:33:19truth came from the bible
- 00:33:21was seen as being extraordinarily
- 00:33:23old-fashioned who simply had failed to
- 00:33:25come to terms with the great scientific
- 00:33:28thinking of the age
- 00:33:31and these racial theories were not only
- 00:33:34applied in new colonies but also in the
- 00:33:36oldest parts of the empire
- 00:33:40[Music]
- 00:33:42in the traditional story of imperialism
- 00:33:45british india has usually been
- 00:33:46represented as an example of benign
- 00:33:48imperial rule
- 00:33:50the british raj we are told was run by
- 00:33:52men who were competent professional and
- 00:33:54wise
- 00:33:55men who brought order and prosperity to
- 00:33:58a chaotic land
- 00:33:59but there is an aspect of indian history
- 00:34:01that has been written out of this
- 00:34:03account of the imperial past
- 00:34:07[Music]
- 00:34:09in the mid 1870s the great decam plain
- 00:34:12of india was affected by the climatic
- 00:34:15phenomenon we now know as el nino
- 00:34:18and within months millions of peasants
- 00:34:20had begun to starve
- 00:34:23the monsoons had failed people had eaten
- 00:34:25their food reserves india stood on the
- 00:34:28precipice of a great human tragedy
- 00:34:31at this point the viceroy of india
- 00:34:34lord linden was totally absorbed in what
- 00:34:37was probably the largest party in world
- 00:34:39history
- 00:34:41uh celebrating the
- 00:34:42coronation
- 00:34:44of queen victoria's empress of india
- 00:34:47this is one of the great catering feats
- 00:34:50in history since it meant whining and
- 00:34:52dining
- 00:34:53uh more than 60 thousand sat traps and
- 00:34:56princes and retainers
- 00:34:58and
- 00:34:59friends of the british empire
- 00:35:01in india over the course of a long week
- 00:35:10as lord lytton and the ruling elite of
- 00:35:12the raj feasted at banquets and posed
- 00:35:14for official photographs
- 00:35:16millions were slowly dying in the
- 00:35:18countryside
- 00:35:20and the viceroy justified his inaction
- 00:35:22with arguments gleaned from the social
- 00:35:24darwinists
- 00:35:27this was a very very crass use of a
- 00:35:30darwinian evolutionary notion of
- 00:35:33survival of the fittest whereby a famine
- 00:35:36could be actually seen as an instrument
- 00:35:40of of darwinian winnowing yes that
- 00:35:43people who were unfit
- 00:35:45would effectively perish as a result of
- 00:35:47this and to intervene to stop them
- 00:35:49perishing was really to interfere with
- 00:35:52almost a rule of nature
- 00:35:57what made the famine especially deadly
- 00:36:00was that the british had dismantled
- 00:36:02ancient systems that had for centuries
- 00:36:04prevented food shortages from turning
- 00:36:06into famines
- 00:36:09if you'd had a poor monsoon and there
- 00:36:10was a food shortage many people still
- 00:36:13had enough they may have had less but
- 00:36:15they would have had enough because they
- 00:36:16grew their own food or they would have
- 00:36:18had access to it from from other groups
- 00:36:20in the community who would share it with
- 00:36:22them during a time of crisis
- 00:36:25all this had been wiped away when the
- 00:36:27british forced the poorest peasants to
- 00:36:29grow cash crops like wheat and rice for
- 00:36:31export
- 00:36:32thereby ushering them into a global
- 00:36:34market
- 00:36:36and in the 1870s that market condemned
- 00:36:38them to death
- 00:36:41by 1877
- 00:36:43millions in southern and central india
- 00:36:45were starving
- 00:36:47in desperation parents sold their
- 00:36:49children for scraps of food
- 00:36:51many thousands committed suicide and in
- 00:36:54some places the people were forced into
- 00:36:56cannibalism
- 00:37:00and all the while the food that could
- 00:37:02have saved them was piled up on the
- 00:37:04docks of madras ready to be shipped to
- 00:37:06britain and america
- 00:37:11but to lord lytton it was no more than
- 00:37:14an unfortunate byproduct of the iron
- 00:37:16laws of social darwinism
- 00:37:20if you read the letters of lord litton
- 00:37:23what is so striking about them is not
- 00:37:25simply their fanatical devotion to uh to
- 00:37:28the market and then and and market
- 00:37:30forces
- 00:37:31it's not simply their
- 00:37:34you know parsimony and desire to spend
- 00:37:36as little as possible
- 00:37:38but the
- 00:37:39enormous calm
- 00:37:41with which they accept the fact that
- 00:37:43millions of indians would die because
- 00:37:44these are indians they believe are the
- 00:37:46useless part of the population the
- 00:37:48poorest of the poor people condemned to
- 00:37:50death by nature
- 00:37:56when finally litten was pressured into
- 00:37:58action
- 00:37:59his solution proved just as deadly as
- 00:38:02the famine itself
- 00:38:05lord lydon sets up a system of outdoor
- 00:38:08relief that looks more like nazi
- 00:38:10concentration camps than anything
- 00:38:12representing uh decent human charity
- 00:38:15first of all there's the obligatory test
- 00:38:18you can't be relieved that is given a
- 00:38:20job or food within 10 miles of residence
- 00:38:22you must walk and you must walk
- 00:38:24sometimes distances of hundreds of
- 00:38:26kilometers and tens of thousands of
- 00:38:28people die in the course of that then
- 00:38:30you're put to work doing heavy labor
- 00:38:32very heavy labor breaking stone working
- 00:38:34on the railroads
- 00:38:36and you can find them to swallowed camps
- 00:38:38where your daily diet is in caloric
- 00:38:41terms less than that provide to inmates
- 00:38:43of buchenwald and other nazi
- 00:38:45concentration camps they become
- 00:38:47literally and simply death camps
- 00:38:50and perhaps worst of all children were
- 00:38:51now too weak and small to do the
- 00:38:53necessary uh work children became the
- 00:38:57the main victims of flinton's
- 00:38:58cool-hearted policy
- 00:39:03[Music]
- 00:39:08eight million indians died in the
- 00:39:11famines of the
- 00:39:121870s but they were not the only famines
- 00:39:15of the british raj and they were not the
- 00:39:17last
- 00:39:18famines returned in the 1880s and the
- 00:39:211890s
- 00:39:22and in all almost 30 million indians
- 00:39:25starved to death under british rule a
- 00:39:28story airbrushed out the glorious
- 00:39:30accounts of the raj and the men who
- 00:39:32ruled over it
- 00:39:36[Music]
- 00:39:56social darwinism had justified genocidal
- 00:39:59policies in the colonies
- 00:40:01and in the same years it also fueled new
- 00:40:03fears amongst the british elite
- 00:40:05fears of other dangerous races living in
- 00:40:08their midst
- 00:40:09the working classes of their own cities
- 00:40:14[Applause]
- 00:40:16race and class are actually very close
- 00:40:17to each other if you look at books about
- 00:40:20race around darwin's time they often
- 00:40:22talk about the cockney race the english
- 00:40:25country race that's cut the scottish
- 00:40:27race
- 00:40:29they were drawings of the head of a
- 00:40:31typical member of the cockney race and
- 00:40:34the word was used quite seriously
- 00:40:37there were maps made of where the
- 00:40:39criminal races lived
- 00:40:42these were the rookeries this was the
- 00:40:44east end the uh the melting pot of all
- 00:40:46the horrors have been about infect the
- 00:40:48rest of the population
- 00:40:53race scientists and social reformers
- 00:40:56visited prisons to study the criminal
- 00:40:57races at first hand
- 00:40:59and among them was charles darwin's
- 00:41:01cousin francis galton
- 00:41:04gorton was terrified by the fact that
- 00:41:06the underclass were reproducing faster
- 00:41:08than the middle classes
- 00:41:10darwinian law had it seemed been turned
- 00:41:12on its head
- 00:41:14the least fit was surviving
- 00:41:16reversing this situation became his
- 00:41:18mission darwin that looked backwards
- 00:41:21where we come from
- 00:41:22galton turned the telescope around and
- 00:41:25looked forward where were we going and
- 00:41:27he devoted much of the rest of his life
- 00:41:29to the idea of understanding homo
- 00:41:31sapiens us as a species and trying to
- 00:41:34direct where homo sapiens was going to
- 00:41:36go in order to become more sapient more
- 00:41:39wise in the future more of a genius and
- 00:41:41less of what he saw more stupid more
- 00:41:44ignorant and more
- 00:41:46decayed
- 00:41:50galton designed a new science of human
- 00:41:52selective breeding
- 00:41:54he dreamed of encouraging the middle
- 00:41:55classes to have more children and
- 00:41:57inhibiting breeding amongst the lower
- 00:41:59and criminal classes
- 00:42:01and he named his new science eugenics
- 00:42:05in the last decades of the 19th century
- 00:42:08it became widely respected
- 00:42:10attracting an array of high-profile
- 00:42:12supporters
- 00:42:14they included many of the great figures
- 00:42:16of the late 19th early 20th century
- 00:42:17people like george vernon choice g wells
- 00:42:19uh winston churchill all of them
- 00:42:22absolutely convinced eugenicists
- 00:42:25[Music]
- 00:42:32in the first years of the 20th century
- 00:42:35all the racial theories developed in the
- 00:42:36victorian age eugenics social darwinism
- 00:42:40and scientific racism
- 00:42:42came together in a forgotten outpost of
- 00:42:44colonialism
- 00:42:48this is namibia
- 00:42:49but at the dawn of the 20th century it
- 00:42:52was the german colony of south west
- 00:42:54africa
- 00:42:55and home to an ancient people called the
- 00:42:57herrero
- 00:42:59in 1904 they rebelled against brutality
- 00:43:02of german rule
- 00:43:04what followed was to prefigure the worst
- 00:43:06crimes of the 20th century
- 00:43:11the germans committed innumerable
- 00:43:13massacres and atrocities but they were
- 00:43:15unable to hunt down and destroy all the
- 00:43:17herrero people across such a vast
- 00:43:20landscape
- 00:43:21and when the nama another namibian
- 00:43:23peoples rose up the germans turn instead
- 00:43:26to a recent invention
- 00:43:28the concentration camp
- 00:43:30[Music]
- 00:43:35in these camps the herrero and nama were
- 00:43:38imprisoned and enslaved
- 00:43:40thousands will work to death
- 00:43:43others raped beaten or simply murdered
- 00:43:46by the guards
- 00:43:57the most infamous and deadly of the
- 00:44:00camps was at a place called shark island
- 00:44:07island was established
- 00:44:09for the express purpose
- 00:44:11of killing people
- 00:44:13anybody placed on that island everybody
- 00:44:15knew they were going to die
- 00:44:20people knew that the german officers
- 00:44:22knew that
- 00:44:23if i were to have to use the language of
- 00:44:26the nazi period
- 00:44:28then i would certainly see shark island
- 00:44:30as a death camp
- 00:44:34the people were
- 00:44:37banged together in shack island from all
- 00:44:39over namibia heroes tamaras
- 00:44:45and they had cool blooded mother there
- 00:44:50my own family my ancestors
- 00:44:53that i would also keep
- 00:44:55there
- 00:44:57in this desolate place
- 00:44:59on the southern edge of africa three and
- 00:45:01a half thousand people were exterminated
- 00:45:04with the speed and efficiency that was
- 00:45:06to become the hallmark of 20th century
- 00:45:08slaughter
- 00:45:10the genocides which took place in
- 00:45:12namibia in 1904 to 1909 they are the
- 00:45:15precursor to what happens
- 00:45:17in the nazi period they are the
- 00:45:19precursor they have
- 00:45:21the same
- 00:45:23symptoms in the sense that you can see
- 00:45:25the bureaucratization of mass killing
- 00:45:28and this for me is the central thing is
- 00:45:30not just killing
- 00:45:31for killing no
- 00:45:33it's a combination between
- 00:45:36killing and bureaucracy
- 00:45:40today
- 00:45:41shark island is a campsite for
- 00:45:44tourists the africans who were frozen
- 00:45:47and starved to death here have been
- 00:45:49almost erased from memory
- 00:45:55[Music]
- 00:46:00but a century after the namibian
- 00:46:02genocide the true horror of what
- 00:46:04happened on shark island is beginning to
- 00:46:07re-emerge
- 00:46:09[Music]
- 00:46:15in a recently discovered mass grave
- 00:46:18just a few kilometers from the site of
- 00:46:19shark island
- 00:46:21lie some of the victims of the 20th
- 00:46:23century's first genocide
- 00:46:32[Music]
- 00:46:41other victims were denied even the
- 00:46:43meager dignity of a mass grave
- 00:46:47they became the raw material of racial
- 00:46:49science
- 00:46:56their skulls
- 00:46:57and even severed heads were sold to
- 00:47:00museums in europe and used to prove the
- 00:47:03inferiority of africans
- 00:47:05[Music]
- 00:47:09the trade in skulls was so accepted that
- 00:47:12it was even depicted on a postcard
- 00:47:24in the aftermath of the genocide
- 00:47:26german racial scientists continued to
- 00:47:28use namibia as a field laboratory and
- 00:47:31the african peoples who had survived as
- 00:47:33their subjects
- 00:47:38in 1908 a eugenicist called eugene
- 00:47:41fisher traveled to the small town of
- 00:47:43riobov
- 00:47:44home to a people of mixed boar and
- 00:47:46african heritage who called themselves
- 00:47:48the rear both bastards
- 00:47:52fisher and his assistants spent months
- 00:47:55photographing measuring and examining
- 00:47:58the inhabitants of this town
- 00:48:00people whose descendants still live here
- 00:48:06the person at the
- 00:48:08bottom there
- 00:48:10is my grandfather
- 00:48:13malcolm mcnabb
- 00:48:15and above him is his brother charles
- 00:48:18mcnabb
- 00:48:21my grandfather used to talk a lot about
- 00:48:24what they did
- 00:48:26measurements the eyes the nose the lips
- 00:48:29the ears
- 00:48:30etc
- 00:48:34they was not aware
- 00:48:36of the nature of the
- 00:48:39experiment
- 00:48:40[Music]
- 00:48:44lying in the vaults of an archive in
- 00:48:46modern day namibia eugene fisher's
- 00:48:49original files and photographs remain as
- 00:48:51he left them a century ago
- 00:48:54they reveal his methods and also his
- 00:48:57aims
- 00:48:58here oregon fisher has lined the
- 00:49:00different pictures up next to each other
- 00:49:02to try to trace
- 00:49:03very specific facial features like the
- 00:49:05eyes or the noses and the reason he's
- 00:49:07done this is to try to show how very
- 00:49:10specific african facial features like
- 00:49:12high cheekbones and the drawn out eyes
- 00:49:14that represent the african genes
- 00:49:17are very prominent and become more
- 00:49:19prominent through the degenerations
- 00:49:23organ fischer came to namibia to prove
- 00:49:25one basic point and that was that racial
- 00:49:28mixing was always bad and that the
- 00:49:30african gene is dominant over the white
- 00:49:33gene
- 00:49:36[Music]
- 00:49:41fischer's work in rearboth sealed his
- 00:49:43reputation as one of germany's leading
- 00:49:45racial scientists
- 00:49:47it also brought in recognition from a
- 00:49:50nation that was then experiencing the
- 00:49:52greatest influx of immigration the world
- 00:49:54had ever seen
- 00:49:57in the first years of the 20th century
- 00:49:59the ethnic makeup of america was being
- 00:50:02transformed as millions of immigrants
- 00:50:04poured into her great cities
- 00:50:08many of those who feared that mass
- 00:50:09immigration would lead to widespread
- 00:50:11racial mixing look to the ideas of
- 00:50:13eugenics an increasingly powerful
- 00:50:16science
- 00:50:17eugenics flourished mutated and went out
- 00:50:20of control when it got to the united
- 00:50:22states
- 00:50:23and the irony is that the eugenics
- 00:50:26movement in the united states which
- 00:50:29which
- 00:50:30certainly descended directly from galton
- 00:50:34had the great advantage of having a lot
- 00:50:36of money huge amount of money
- 00:50:40[Music]
- 00:50:42some of that money was used to establish
- 00:50:44the eugenics records office
- 00:50:47ran by the infamous charles davenport
- 00:50:50in order to defend the health and purity
- 00:50:52of the white race davenport and his
- 00:50:55followers sought to identify those
- 00:50:57classes and those races in america whom
- 00:51:00they considered genetically unfit
- 00:51:03identified and monitored the scientists
- 00:51:06would then take control of their lives
- 00:51:08and their fertility
- 00:51:13once you were identified as a certain
- 00:51:15class it meant what school you could go
- 00:51:17to
- 00:51:18what cemetery you could be buried in
- 00:51:20where you could live was a matter of
- 00:51:22life and death
- 00:51:24marriage laws were established in dozens
- 00:51:26of states around the united states
- 00:51:28saying that people could not marry
- 00:51:29outside of their group blacks could not
- 00:51:31marry whites
- 00:51:32indians could not marry blacks
- 00:51:35in virginia if you married the wrong
- 00:51:36person meaning interracial marriage they
- 00:51:39would unmarry you they would invalidate
- 00:51:41your marriage
- 00:51:4427 states passed eugenics marriage laws
- 00:51:48an eugenicist spread their message using
- 00:51:50the new medium of cinema
- 00:51:59[Music]
- 00:52:05the propaganda was intended to protect
- 00:52:08the genetic health of the white race
- 00:52:13[Music]
- 00:52:18this would be achieved by eradicating
- 00:52:20those deemed unworthy through forced
- 00:52:23mass sterilization
- 00:52:28they went about methodically tracking
- 00:52:31ancestry
- 00:52:32and target and targeting bloodlines for
- 00:52:35extinction that's eugenics the effort to
- 00:52:38create a white master
- 00:52:41blonde
- 00:52:42blue-eyed
- 00:52:44master race by wiping out
- 00:52:47other bloodlines until they were left
- 00:52:49only with themselves
- 00:52:52and people who resembled themselves
- 00:52:55[Music]
- 00:52:58and what's important here
- 00:53:00is that these people
- 00:53:02thought they were saving humanity
- 00:53:04these people thought they were liberals
- 00:53:06they were reformers
- 00:53:08[Music]
- 00:53:11eugenics was a worldwide movement in
- 00:53:14sweden an official program forcibly
- 00:53:16sterilized sixty thousand people mental
- 00:53:19patients and members of the ethnic
- 00:53:21minorities
- 00:53:22in britain the eugenic society received
- 00:53:24widespread support from across the
- 00:53:26political spectrum
- 00:53:30[Music]
- 00:53:38but it was in germany that the radical
- 00:53:40ideas of the american eugenics movement
- 00:53:43found its most receptive audience
- 00:53:48anything connected to america would seem
- 00:53:51to be modern progressive scientific
- 00:53:53democratic reasonable so it must be good
- 00:53:56america was the future the force of the
- 00:53:58future
- 00:53:59secondly i think that many european
- 00:54:01eugenesis including the germans like the
- 00:54:03tone adopted by american eugenicists
- 00:54:06which was very radical and sort of
- 00:54:08no-nonsense and they didn't use
- 00:54:10euphemisms they said exactly what they
- 00:54:12meant
- 00:54:13the americans provided more than just
- 00:54:15inspiration
- 00:54:17american foundations also bankrolled the
- 00:54:20development of german eugenics
- 00:54:22this was the kaiser wilhelm institute of
- 00:54:25anthropology and human heredity
- 00:54:28in the 1930s the men and women who
- 00:54:30worked here received grants from the
- 00:54:32american rockefeller foundation
- 00:54:35and the leading scientist here was the
- 00:54:38man who made his name in namibia
- 00:54:40oregon fisher
- 00:54:44under the nazis fisher was empowered to
- 00:54:46sterilize the racially mixed people of
- 00:54:48germany's rhineland four hundred of them
- 00:54:51all children
- 00:54:54the majority of those sterilized by the
- 00:54:55nazis before 1939 however were the
- 00:54:58mentally ill
- 00:55:01but when the nazis began their war they
- 00:55:03abandoned sterilization in favor of
- 00:55:05adult euthanasia the nazi euphemism for
- 00:55:09murder
- 00:55:11the victims of this program were amongst
- 00:55:13the first people gasped by the nazis
- 00:55:16but the program wasn't restricted to the
- 00:55:18mentally ill
- 00:55:21when
- 00:55:22they have killed the target figure of
- 00:55:25mental patients they want to kill which
- 00:55:27is roughly 70 000 people they slightly
- 00:55:29exceeded it
- 00:55:30so the first thing they do then is to
- 00:55:32contact the ss who have large numbers of
- 00:55:34what they deem to be sick
- 00:55:37concentration camp prisoners in other
- 00:55:39words people who might have got wear
- 00:55:40glasses or you know be myopic or have a
- 00:55:44wooden leg or something so they want
- 00:55:46them out of the way so these people
- 00:55:47oblige and they take
- 00:55:4915 or 20 000 people from the
- 00:55:51concentration camps and kill them on
- 00:55:53behalf of the ss it's a bit like sort of
- 00:55:55contract work
- 00:55:57and then when the um
- 00:55:59ss and other people have decided they're
- 00:56:01going to go for the big project which is
- 00:56:03to kill the jewish population of europe
- 00:56:06and in particular that of pogon which is
- 00:56:07the biggest population they're concerned
- 00:56:09with then those people push themselves
- 00:56:12forward and say well hey we can do this
- 00:56:14we've done it we have a record of doing
- 00:56:16this we murder people
- 00:56:18and they become
- 00:56:19the core personnel in all the big
- 00:56:21extermination camps
- 00:56:24these killing centers were the second
- 00:56:26network of concentration camps and death
- 00:56:29camps in german history
- 00:56:32and the experts in eugenics or race
- 00:56:35hygiene as the germans called it were
- 00:56:37involved not just in their day-to-day
- 00:56:39running but also in the highest levels
- 00:56:41of planning
- 00:56:44it's worth reminding ourselves that the
- 00:56:46bonsai conference which is the one that
- 00:56:48set up the plan for the final solution
- 00:56:50almost half the people around that table
- 00:56:53had doctorates phd's in race hygiene or
- 00:56:56genetics as we're saying today
- 00:56:58so that really is a genuine link between
- 00:57:01the galtonian agenda and the horrors
- 00:57:04which happened in germany
- 00:57:09the german experts and race hygiene who
- 00:57:12assembled here at the vanci villa
- 00:57:14outside berlin dreamed of racial
- 00:57:16genocide just like their spiritual
- 00:57:18predecessors the race scientists and the
- 00:57:21social darwinists of the age of empire
- 00:57:26but the colonial genocides inspired and
- 00:57:28justified by the 19th century theorists
- 00:57:31have been written out of europe's
- 00:57:33history
- 00:57:35the horrors of the shark island death
- 00:57:38camp the destruction of the tasmanian
- 00:57:41aboriginals
- 00:57:46the 30 million victims of the indian
- 00:57:48famines
- 00:57:51all have been forgotten
- 00:57:56the eurasia of this memory encourages
- 00:57:59the belief that nazi violence was an
- 00:58:01aberration in european history
- 00:58:04though the holocaust itself was
- 00:58:06motivated by the fanatical anti-semitism
- 00:58:09of the nazis
- 00:58:10it can also be seen as part of a longer
- 00:58:13historical continuum
- 00:58:15one that identifies it as a logical
- 00:58:18extension of scientific
- 00:58:20racism but this history
- 00:58:23like the bones in the namibian deserts
- 00:58:26refuses to remain buried forever
- 00:58:44[Music]
- 00:58:51[Music]
- 00:58:54so
- 00:58:57[Music]
- 00:59:05[Music]
- 00:59:13you
- imperialismo
- genocídio
- racismo
- eugenia
- história
- Namíbia
- Tasmânia
- fome na Índia
- Holocausto
- ciência racial