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[Music]
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you
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[Music]
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everyone this is lecture 16 for POS 273
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international relations and online
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undergraduate course taught at the
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University of Maine and I'm your
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instructor Robin Glover
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so today is our last lecture this is
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kind of the final wrapping up lecture
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for the course and we're going to look
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specifically at three things one is what
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are the biggest challenges that we will
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face in our global future to is do we as
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a species have the resources and the
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will to confront them a third question
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is how can we utilize what we've learned
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in this class in the future to become
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better citizens and more informed global
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actors so put today you didn't have a
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typical reading you didn't have a
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chapter in the book that you're expected
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to read I did ask you to watch these
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three TED Talks and so we'll kind of go
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through who these people are and say a
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little bit about them then we'll dig
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into the TED Talks themselves and try to
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hopefully kind of explore what are the
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underlying assumptions what are the the
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assumptions that they're making about
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how the world works what we can
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accomplish how we accomplish it the
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policy tools that we have at our
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disposal to to accomplish some of these
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large goals but let's first talk a
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little bit about the three folks that
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you watched for today so one first
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gentlemen all the way to the left is
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Joseph Nye Joseph Nye is a scholar of
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international relations he's a
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researcher at Harvard University and I
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think it's safe to say that Joseph Nye
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operates with what we would call a
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liberal perspective on international
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relations his talk specifically is about
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power and the use of power but he
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doesn't convey that in the kind of
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typical realist way of you know
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maximizing military force or ensuring if
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parity with adversaries he thinks about
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it a broader more diplomatic probably
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more optimistic way or the he talks
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specifically about soft power and he's
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talking about power shifts that have
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occurred globally and what the
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proper disposition with the proper
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response to those power shifts ought to
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be your second speaker is James Hansen
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James Hansen is a climate scientist he
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worked for NASA for a number of years
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and really was one of the pioneers in
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the 1980s of some of the emerging
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science around climate change the ways
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that man-made impacts specifically
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carbon emissions were producing changes
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in our physical environment and some of
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the impacts that those changes would
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have at the time that he started
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publishing some of his early analyses on
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manmade climate change and the impacts
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of manmade climate change people viewed
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him as kind of pessimistic presenting
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worst-case scenarios a lot of the
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predictions that he made about sea level
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rise and global average temperature rise
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were dismissed they were viewed as
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overly pessimistic or not well-founded
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and subsequently some of those
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pessimistic scenarios have been
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confirmed and so he is really viewed as
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a pioneer in climate science and one of
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the first scientists that was going out
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to make bold and ultimately well
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supported claims about the impacts of
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climate change the last speaker that you
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have machine' Nawaz is of Pakistani
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descent is his ethnic origins family
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from Pakistan he grew up in the UK and
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really is an interesting figure for a
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long time he was involved in some
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Islamist extremist groups and had a very
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angry kind of fiery disposition towards
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how Islam ought to be promoted
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throughout the world the advocated for
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violence he was active throughout the
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world in organizations with terrorist
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links and was even briefly jailed for a
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period in Egypt but he
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volved in involved with groups operating
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really kind of transnationally in scope
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and then he essentially had a 180 he
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rejected the use of violence adopted a
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more tolerant open kind of less extreme
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disposition towards political change and
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social change and has really become an
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advocate for non-violence and as you see
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in the TED talk an advocate for
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democracy democratization as a way to
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counter the appeal the allure of global
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extremism so these TED talks if you
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haven't watched them yet I want you to
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pause the lecture and go and watch the
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TED Talks TED Talks are relatively brief
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and they're they're good examples of
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communication or engaging they they ask
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interesting questions they don't they're
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not loaded with jargon they're to the
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point they're compelling so I really do
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encourage you to watch these I will say
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a little bit about the format of TED
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Talks if you're familiar with this TED
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Talks
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Ted stands for Technology education and
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design and this format really you know
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got under way a little over a decade ago
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the idea was to take smart people with
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expertise in some area and really kind
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of train and coach them to be more
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effective communicators and the
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guidelines that you get when you give a
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TED talk are essentially to give the
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best stock of your life to you know
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present what you know in a way that's
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compelling and to the point is simple
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enough for people to understand even if
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you're talking about something very very
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advanced like quantum physics or
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computer programming or
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nuclear war genocide whatever it might
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be you should convey that information in
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a way that's comprehensible for people
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and they tend to be they tend to
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generalize a lot and they tend to be
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relatively optimistic rarely will you
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watch a TED talk and come away thinking
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oh you know everything is hopeless and
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there's nothing I can do about it the
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most TED talks that you see present you
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with some sort of action steps something
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you can do or some behavior you can
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engage in to begin to address a problem
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or a challenge and I think that's really
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the case with the three talks that you
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had for today they're not saying here is
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this challenge that confronts us and
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it's hopeless but they're saying here
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are some ways in which human beings can
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adapt to challenging circumstances so
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let's talk a little bit about what
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specifically they're discussing each
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speaker really presents a difficult
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challenge and all of these challenges
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have global implications
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I say difficult some of these things are
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nearly overwhelming right there they're
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the type of thing that you just kind of
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kick it around in your own head for a
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little bit you might become overwhelmed
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thinking about it so what are they
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talking about well-nigh like we said is
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talking about the future of the global
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power distribution he's saying that the
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global power distribution is changing
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it's shifting and there's a certain type
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of way that we can adapt to those
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changes that is positive and good and we
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ought to adopt and then there are other
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ways that we can think about that
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changing power distribution that are
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dangerous or threatening right so
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specifically what he's advocating for is
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a the use of what he calls soft power
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and we'll go into that more in a sec
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Hansen is talking about the challenge of
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global climate change which we just
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dealt with in the lecture on the
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environment probably you know one of the
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most difficult and thorny challenges
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that that human beings have faced in our
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history
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and he is trying to paint the potential
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impacts of global climate change in a
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way that is you know really kind of
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indisputable and then what that compels
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us to do in terms of action and
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consumption and policy and then Nawaz is
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talking about global extremism and ways
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that we can counter that global
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extremism he says that you know there's
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this this kind of battle for the hearts
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and minds of individuals everywhere and
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global extremism and the path to
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violence is very very tempting and in
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some ways has been packaged and marketed
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in a way that is superior to
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non-violence and so how can we counter
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that that trend towards global extremism
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specifically you know he's talking about
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in the context of you know Islamic
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extremism but I think especially now
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we're seeing you know extremism really
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run through every society we could talk
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about the rise of the far-right in
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Europe to talk about some of the
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violence against religious and ethnic
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minorities that we see in the United
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States right now that's particularly
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troubling the resurgence of you know neo
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Nazism and and other forms of political
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extremism and so you know his message
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about global extremism that I think he
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was making in the context of the post
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9/11 environment is we can really be
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extended even more broadly so these are
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big complex issues I think all of them
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have global implications they're not
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simply limited to you know one country
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or one region but they expand really to
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encompass the entire world and hopefully
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the way that you're thinking about these
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issues after taking a class like this is
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in a little bit more sophisticated way
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and so you should be asking yourself
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after taking this class after working
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through this material
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and learning more about international
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relations and some of the ways to
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understand international relations do I
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do I look at this in a different way do
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I look at this in a slightly more
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sophisticated way so for instance you
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know a social scientist when Nye is
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making a claim about powers shifting
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from from east to west and there are
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these structural changes in the
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character of international relations a
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good social scientist would look at that
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and say okay you know like there's
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something interesting there he seems to
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be making a compelling Hardy net but how
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would I go and investigate that further
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how would I conceptualize power and then
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go out and try to measure power and
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maybe this global power distribution
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that he sees is real and maybe it's not
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we need some more sophisticated evidence
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to go out and understand what is
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happening with regard to the
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distribution of power globally and then
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that more solid understanding can be the
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basis for our action and our behavior or
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nawaz for example is another good
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example he talks about how the current
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era in which we live has been
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characterized by a real diffusion of
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communications communications technology
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has been democratized so I put in the
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hands of the many and so you now as an
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individual can reach a global audience
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and make a global appeal and the case
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he's making is that the extremist
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elements in the world the world the
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element of the world that would push us
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to violence and push us to engaging in
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you know violent behavior has been more
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effective at marketing itself as you
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know the right way to respond to global
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changes then the nonviolent helman right
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the element that privileges peace and
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democracy and diplomacy and here again I
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think you could say well you know is it
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accurate
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how would we go out and investigate that
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how would we explore that
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and kind of try to develop some
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compelling evidence as to one just you
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know the extent to which communications
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has been democratized and made more
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diffuse and to the underlying argument
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that global extremism is more compelling
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and makes more compelling case for for
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individuals who are experiencing
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tremendous and unsettling change so
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hopefully you found yourself kind of
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critically examining arguments
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critically examining assumptions as
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you're listing these TED Talks and
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that's a tool that you've managed to
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hone a little bit and taking this class
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we can talk about these issues that the
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three speakers are discussing in a
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couple of different ways one concept
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that I want to kind of reintroduce or
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harken back to that we talked about
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earlier in the course is levels of
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analysis talked about these different
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levels in which we can understand global
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issues and I think what you're presented
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here presented with here in these TED
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talks is really three levels of analysis
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I think Hansen is dealing with the most
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wide-ranging issue his issue of climate
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change is really global its planetary in
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scope it encompasses the entire world so
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the question he's asking is how we as a
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species may need to alter a resource
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consumption specifically related to
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energy and fossil fuels to preserve a
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livable planet for future generations
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that has implications for all of us as
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individuals but it's the type of issue
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that is so large in scope that we can
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really only address it meaningfully if
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we think in those terms if we think in
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terms of the planet the globe and move
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away from localized membership in a
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country or you know a specific region of
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the world we really need to have a wide
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rate approach to this sort of issue
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now I think is primarily dealing with
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changes to the state system and
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interstate relations so what he's really
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concerned about what he's compelling his
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audience to think about is how we as
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States need to rethink some of the
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concerns about the global power
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distribution to avoid miscalculation and
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inaccurate fears you're saying look
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power is changing power is shifting from
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west to east powers changing in ways
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that the former super powers no longer
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have the same level of control over
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global outcomes that they did before one
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way that we can respond to that is this
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kind of visceral reaction Airy fear in
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which we try to hold on to power in any
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way that we can and potentially even
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engage in violent behavior or
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confrontational behavior to hold on to
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that power and now is really pushing
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against ice saying that's that's the
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wrong approach a shift in the global
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power distribution does not have to be a
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bad thing and we do have ways in which
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we can use power that are that are
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underutilized so there is this realm of
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soft power that is can be tremendously
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influential and important and we tend to
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think of power only in a certain way we
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tend to think of it in more militaristic
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confrontational terms and that's
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potentially problematic I think we see
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that particularly now in the era of the
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the Trump presidency right is that I
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think Trump has this notion that the
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United States is is in decline relative
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to previous periods and the United
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States is being taken advantage of by
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some of these rising powers like China
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for example and he really wants to
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aggressively assert US dominance and try
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to rebuild the the u.s. that existed in
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the 1950s the 1960s and I think now I
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would push back against that and say no
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that's that's the wrong approach you
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need to be adaptive power is always
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fluid power is always changing and if
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you miscalculate what it means to
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exercise power in the world and you base
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your foreign policy on fear and trying
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to hold on to whatever power in the
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traditional sense that you have you can
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get yourself into dangerous situations
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Nawaz I think is digging down into the
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really the societal and even the
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individual level so he's looking at how
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we in societies and even as individuals
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should respond to extremism in what he
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calls the age of behavior says that it's
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really today patterns of behavior and
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not necessarily like ethnicity or
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national identity that is driving
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people's sense of belonging we've
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expanded the scope of communications
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such that we we think of ourselves in
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terms of other like-minded individuals
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that engage in the types of activities
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that we engage in and are excited by and
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drawn to the types of activities that we
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are excited by and we're drawn to and so
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that means that you know what we have to
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do is Mark it really you know kind of
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advocate for ways of behaving in the
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world that are not extremists that are
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not violent we have to think about how
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we encourage people to engage with one
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another respectfully and in terms of
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equality in terms of democracy really
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kind of you know almost build a social
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movement that is a force fighting for
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non-violently you know the most
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democratic the most peaceful the most
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equal society that we have and that
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transcends any kind of national project
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right and really gets down to the
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societies that we construct the
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individual decisions that we make and
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how we interact with the rest of the
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world so I think there's some different
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levels of analysis that are presented
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here and that's kind of interesting
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we could also dig into the underlying
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assumptions of these of these three
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speakers I think Hanson the underlying
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assumption that drives his talk is that
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if we can make human beings aware of the
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risks of climate change and hopefully
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compel them to jar them enough with
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those risks that we stimulate political
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action then we can change consumption
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patterns I mean there is even though
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Hansen's predictions and his assessment
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of the world is pretty dark I think
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there is this underlying optimism that
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if we reach enough people and compel
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them to engage in political action we
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can change their consumption patterns
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I think Knives underlying assumption is
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that bad decisions by States that
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threaten global security are ultimately
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rooted in fear and miscalculation he
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doesn't think that there's this enduring
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human nature that engages us in warfare
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that compels us to be fearful and be
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distrustful he thinks that those things
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are rooted in miscalculation and so it's
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really how we conceptualize power how we
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think about the exercise of power has
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really really important implications for
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what the world looks like and whether
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it's you know primarily diplomatic and
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peaceful and adheres to kind of the
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liberal framework or it is you know
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driven by violence it's characterized by
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warfare and it adheres more closely to
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the realist framework but he doesn't
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think that the realist framework is
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immutable he doesn't think that we're
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stuck in this position of fear and
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conflict he thinks that that's
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ultimately rooted in miscalculation so
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he's compelling people to think about
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power in a slightly different way and
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then Nawaz I think his underlying
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assumption is that if you present human
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beings with a compelling and authentic
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and localized narrative about the
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importance of non-violence the
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importance of democracy they will choose
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democracy over extremism
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so the problem of extremism is not that
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individuals inherently are drawn to
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extremism and violence it's that the
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competitors the other ways of
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understanding the world and the other
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things that would drive their actions
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are just not presented in a compelling
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enough way and so if you reach enough
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people with a compelling authentic
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localized narrative of the importance of
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democracy and importance of the quality
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then they will choose that and I think
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he would use his own case as an example
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I think he does in the TED talk that his
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his experience was once he was presented
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with a compelling narrative favoring
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democracy he moved away from extremism
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the last way that we could look at this
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in a way that really I encourage you to
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be thinking about generalized arguments
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like this is in terms of policy
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implications right when you make an
00:22:42
argument about a global issue even if
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you're not directly articulating this
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there are always policy implications
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there are always public policy choices
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foreign policy choices that would flow
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from the way that you think about the
00:22:58
world I think here Hansen is probably
00:23:00
the most explicit he proposes what's
00:23:03
called a fee and dividend system
00:23:05
essentially what he is trying to do is
00:23:07
attach a cost to carbon emissions hansen
00:23:12
is from a framework which essentially
00:23:13
views carbon emissions as waste right
00:23:16
it's waste in the same way that you know
00:23:19
byproduct of industrial production that
00:23:22
is is produced would be waste it's waste
00:23:27
in the same way that you know
00:23:30
restaurants leftover oil from the
00:23:32
frialator is waste it's waste in the way
00:23:35
that when you change the oil in your car
00:23:36
you have to pay an extra fee so they can
00:23:39
safely dispose of the waste oil you
00:23:42
think the carbon emissions is something
00:23:43
that we've never really attached a cost
00:23:45
to it is a waste product but we don't
00:23:47
bear the costs of carbon emissions and
00:23:49
so therefore there's not an incentive to
00:23:52
decrease use and to develop technologies
00:23:54
that are less intensive in terms of the
00:23:56
carbon that they emit
00:23:57
so the fee and dividend system is really
00:24:00
an attempt to attach some sort of cost
00:24:02
to carbon emissions and that would have
00:24:05
to be something that would be
00:24:06
implemented globally it would impact
00:24:08
some economies more than others but we
00:24:12
have to be a global approach I think 9
00:24:17
you know what you come away from diets
00:24:19
in terms of policy implications is
00:24:21
really a Liberal foreign policy that
00:24:24
doesn't view powers 0 Sun so you know
00:24:28
the fact that power is shifting and
00:24:30
China has more economic power and more
00:24:35
political power than it did 50 years ago
00:24:37
the fact that we have you know rising
00:24:41
powers like South Korea or you know
00:24:45
Kenya Nigeria India economies that 30 or
00:24:52
40 years ago were still experiencing
00:24:54
famines political systems at 30 or 40
00:24:57
years ago we're still very unstable are
00:24:59
starting to to become more stable or
00:25:02
change that doesn't mean that because
00:25:05
other countries are achieving new levels
00:25:07
of power we are losing power
00:25:08
Enochs that power can shift and it can
00:25:11
become diffuse in ways that we should
00:25:13
not immediately view as threatening the
00:25:16
fact that India and China have
00:25:18
experienced this tremendous growth and
00:25:20
now have more power in the global
00:25:21
political system doesn't mean that we're
00:25:24
losing power and so as a result he
00:25:26
thinks that you know really a lot of our
00:25:29
foreign policy efforts should be
00:25:32
targeted at cultural diplomacy you know
00:25:35
being the example of the culture that
00:25:37
people respect and admire and also
00:25:40
diplomacy trying to manage and negotiate
00:25:43
conflicts and tensions where they arise
00:25:45
and address them through communications
00:25:48
as opposed to what we call
00:25:51
saber-rattling fray just kind of tough
00:25:54
talk and building up your military
00:25:55
capacity to attempt to scare the other
00:25:57
side or outright conflict engaging in
00:26:00
violence
00:26:02
nawaz it's tough to say that these are
00:26:04
really policy implications but I think
00:26:06
nawaz's position leads to supporting
00:26:09
social movements around the world that
00:26:11
would promote those localized narratives
00:26:13
of democracy and it leads to some sort
00:26:15
of policy of democracy promotion
00:26:18
all right supporting democracy really as
00:26:20
a broad-based framework for decision
00:26:23
making at all levels rather than simply
00:26:26
an electoral choice so when he says
00:26:28
democracy you know you might be thinking
00:26:31
of going down to the local highschool
00:26:34
gym and making your choice for who your
00:26:37
representatives are going to be but he
00:26:39
means something more intensive than that
00:26:41
he means democracy not just at the
00:26:44
ballot box but democracy in schools
00:26:46
democracy in our workplaces democracy in
00:26:50
our communities and engaging with one
00:26:53
another as a way of life and a way of
00:26:56
making collective decisions rather than
00:26:59
simply choosing the people that are
00:27:01
going to lead us so all of these
00:27:04
arguments even a TED talk is about as
00:27:06
abstract and generalized as an argument
00:27:10
can be there's always a point to a TED
00:27:12
talk it tends to be very very fuzzy just
00:27:16
because it's a it's a compressed time
00:27:17
format you don't have a lot of time to
00:27:19
really develop a sophisticated detailed
00:27:22
argument but I think you can go and dig
00:27:25
deeper in these sorts of talks and pull
00:27:28
out policy implication and hopefully
00:27:30
this class is giving you tools to do
00:27:31
that this class has given you the tools
00:27:34
to when you listen to a speech by a
00:27:36
political candidate or you listen to you
00:27:39
know a journalist or a writer on the
00:27:41
radio who's talking about some
00:27:42
international issue you can dig deeper
00:27:45
and see what the policy implications of
00:27:47
their views would be and and kind of map
00:27:54
them out even if they're not articulated
00:27:56
explicitly
00:27:58
so the last piece here is and the thing
00:28:02
that you should be thinking about
00:28:03
particularly once you get to the level
00:28:05
of policy implications is resources and
00:28:08
will to confront these issues so the
00:28:12
three sets of policy implications these
00:28:14
are types of questions you could ask you
00:28:16
might say okay you know what role is a
00:28:18
state going to play in addressing these
00:28:20
issues one of the core themes of this
00:28:23
class has been that the state is playing
00:28:24
a different role and there are other
00:28:26
actors operating at the global level
00:28:28
whether it be regional intergovernmental
00:28:31
organizations or NGOs or citizen
00:28:35
activists or civil society groups
00:28:38
celebrities who weigh in and influence
00:28:41
public opinion on important issues what
00:28:44
other sorts of actors will need to be
00:28:46
involved and think about that in terms
00:28:48
of Hanson and I and and was like what
00:28:52
types of actors which you need to
00:28:54
involve probably certainly the state
00:28:57
right but what other types of actors
00:28:59
would need to get involved
00:29:01
- what frameworks for global cooperation
00:29:03
on these issues exist so the great thing
00:29:06
about so many years of international
00:29:09
interaction is that we don't have to
00:29:11
reinvent the wheel we have certain
00:29:13
institutions certain norm certain
00:29:15
frameworks certain bodies of
00:29:17
international law that already exist so
00:29:20
what frameworks on these issues exists
00:29:22
what ones would you need to create and
00:29:24
this is really important particularly
00:29:26
when we think about global climate
00:29:28
change how long will it take how much
00:29:31
time do we have the clock is ticking on
00:29:34
some of these issues
00:29:35
and we don't create frameworks for
00:29:37
global cooperation it might be too late
00:29:39
to actually address the issue and
00:29:42
prevent really really serious and
00:29:45
dangerous consequences for Humanity and
00:29:48
then lastly what political will exists
00:29:51
to address these issues sometimes
00:29:53
there's an important issue that everyone
00:29:56
recognizes is important but the scope of
00:29:59
doing something about it is so extreme
00:30:01
is so overwhelming that the political
00:30:04
will just doesn't exist to address the
00:30:06
issue
00:30:08
sometimes there's organized and powerful
00:30:10
interests that
00:30:11
a block change and they don't represent
00:30:13
the majority of society they don't
00:30:14
represent the majority of the global
00:30:17
population but they have a lot of power
00:30:19
and they have a lot of influence and
00:30:21
they can shut down our attempts to
00:30:22
address certain issues so what political
00:30:26
will exist to address these issues and
00:30:28
if it is absent if it is not there how
00:30:30
do you try to create it what is the
00:30:33
method that you use to try and foster
00:30:35
that political will so that's kind of
00:30:38
the next stage once you think through
00:30:40
assumptions once you think through
00:30:41
policy implications then you dig into
00:30:44
these questions of like okay what would
00:30:46
it actually look like to confront some
00:30:48
of these global issues and your
00:30:51
interpretation might be optimistic it
00:30:53
might be pessimistic so that hopefully
00:30:59
has giving you a sense of how you can
00:31:00
use some of what you've learned in this
00:31:03
course hopefully I know there's a lot of
00:31:06
information and we cover it quickly but
00:31:07
hopefully you're getting a sense of this
00:31:09
stuff does matter like it helps you be
00:31:13
an informed citizen it helps you be an
00:31:15
informed consumer and gives you an edge
00:31:18
a certain degree of sophistication in
00:31:20
thinking about these issues that others
00:31:22
might not have so how can you continue
00:31:24
to use what you've learned in this
00:31:25
course one I would say inform yourself
00:31:29
about global issues a lot of what we've
00:31:31
discussed in this course has been
00:31:32
conceptual frameworks theoretical
00:31:35
frameworks concepts ideas ways of
00:31:39
thinking and ways of interpreting the
00:31:41
world the reason I focus so much on that
00:31:44
in an introductory level class is
00:31:46
because those are the tools that you
00:31:47
keep using as you try to understand
00:31:50
global issues the specific details of
00:31:53
some nuclear non-proliferation treaty
00:31:56
yeah that's important right but really
00:31:59
what's most important is to have tools
00:32:01
that you can continue to use and
00:32:03
continue to analyze these issues but to
00:32:07
do that you need to inform yourself
00:32:09
about the global issues so you need to
00:32:11
read about global news you need to
00:32:14
continue to be up to date on current
00:32:16
events and issues happening throughout
00:32:18
the world you probably need to kind of
00:32:21
be a voracious consumer of media and
00:32:24
information
00:32:25
and at the same time the discerning
00:32:28
about where you get your information
00:32:31
there's a lot of misinformation about
00:32:34
global issues that is out right now
00:32:36
particularly with what Nawaz talked
00:32:39
about the democratization of
00:32:41
communication so you have to be careful
00:32:42
about where you're getting your
00:32:43
information but informing yourself is
00:32:46
just really really critical you should
00:32:49
continue to think deeply and critically
00:32:50
about these issues and you should try to
00:32:52
approach the issues from multiple angles
00:32:54
and seek out information on the issues
00:32:57
that matter most to you you can't read
00:32:59
everything you can't be knowledgeable
00:33:01
about everything but the things that
00:33:02
matter to you the issues that you care
00:33:04
about you should seek out information on
00:33:05
those issues and try to think about it
00:33:08
from from different points of view here
00:33:12
in this class we talked about
00:33:13
theoretical perspectives we talked about
00:33:15
how if you have a liberal versa realist
00:33:18
versus a constructivist force a feminist
00:33:21
perspective you're going to arrive at
00:33:23
really different conclusions about the
00:33:25
way that the world works or really
00:33:26
different interpretations of current
00:33:28
events we'll continue to do that right
00:33:31
and in particular when you're talking
00:33:34
about an international issue and there's
00:33:36
a point of view that you're confronted
00:33:39
with that you just can't understand you
00:33:41
can't wrap your head around it why would
00:33:42
someone think that way try to empathize
00:33:45
try to think about okay what is it that
00:33:48
is making this person say that you know
00:33:51
this policy is a good policy or this war
00:33:54
is a just war or this you know this
00:33:59
treaty is a good treaty whatever it
00:34:01
might be try to really dig into those
00:34:05
issues and those positions that you can
00:34:09
understand and think about what would
00:34:11
make an individual feel this way and
00:34:13
then lastly think about action think
00:34:15
about the steps that you can you can
00:34:16
take to continue to have an impact or to
00:34:19
begin to have an impact you play a lot
00:34:21
of different roles right now you're
00:34:24
playing the role of a student but you're
00:34:26
also citizens your consumers your social
00:34:29
agents meaning that you go out and you
00:34:30
interact with people and you probably
00:34:32
have people in your life that value your
00:34:34
perspective and want to hear
00:34:37
you think about things and you're a
00:34:39
human being on this earth right so
00:34:41
therefore you matter you have rights you
00:34:46
have an ability to voice your opinion
00:34:48
and you have ability to vote with your
00:34:51
political vote or vote with your dollars
00:34:53
and so there are ways even if it's a
00:34:55
minor everyday sort of impact there are
00:34:59
ways that you can impact these issues
00:35:00
even if it's just down to your personal
00:35:03
choice so think about the steps that you
00:35:04
can take to have an impact on these
00:35:06
issues and really I just I hope that at
00:35:10
the very least you continue to to think
00:35:12
actively about what's happening at the
00:35:14
global level if you do that then
00:35:16
hopefully you know I've done my work in
00:35:19
this course if you continue to care
00:35:21
about these issues and seek information
00:35:23
about them so we will wrap up there for
00:35:27
next time think about what you've
00:35:29
learned in this course and reflect and
00:35:31
consider those steps that you might take
00:35:33
next they're really this is the last
00:35:35
lecture so there isn't another lecture
00:35:38
to move on to there's just the remaining
00:35:40
assignments for the course reminder that
00:35:42
you do have the exam on Friday format is
00:35:45
basically the same as the midterm exam
00:35:47
and you'll have slightly longer to take
00:35:51
the final exam and the study guide is
00:35:54
available on the course website on
00:35:56
blackboard so if you have any questions
00:35:58
feel free to reach out to me if there's
00:36:00
any material you're unclear on feel free
00:36:02
to reach out to me and then the very
00:36:04
last assignment for the course is your
00:36:06
final reflection paper on the icon
00:36:08
simulation just a reminder that that's
00:36:10
due Sunday by the end of the day in the
00:36:13
assignment Dropbox on blackboard so
00:36:15
again if there's any issues you run into
00:36:18
you have any questions feel free to
00:36:19
reach out reach out to me otherwise I
00:36:22
wish you all the best I hope you've
00:36:24
enjoyed the course thanks very much
00:36:28
[Music]
00:36:34
you
00:36:37
[Music]
