San Jacinto Symposium 2014 part one
Zusammenfassung
TLDRThe video presents highlights from the San Jacinto Symposium, an event dedicated to discussing the history of the Battle of San Jacinto and its broader implications on the history of Texas. Keynote speakers, including historians like Raul Ramos and Francis Galan, discuss forgotten narratives, especially the roles of Hispanic Texans, known as Tejanos, in the Texas Revolution. The symposium strives to uncover historical inaccuracies, debunk myths, and bring to light the complex cultural interactions that shaped early Texas history, such as those between Anglo-Americans and Tejanos. The event places significant emphasis on the educational responsibility to present accurate and inclusive histories, fostering a deeper public understanding of Texas's multifaceted past. This 14th iteration of the symposium serves as both a celebration and a critical examination of Texas history through diverse lenses and scholarly debates.
Mitbringsel
- 🎤 The San Jacinto Symposium is a gathering to discuss Texas's historical legacy and battles like San Jacinto.
- 📚 The event emphasizes correction of historical inaccuracies and promotes diverse perspectives.
- 🏛️ Historians like Jeff Dunn and Raul Ramos provide insights into Texas's past.
- 🌎 Discussions highlight the roles of Tejanos and Anglo-Americans during the Texas Revolution.
- 🗣️ The symposium fosters public awareness and understanding of complex historical narratives.
- 🕵️♀️ It sheds light on lesser-known facets of Texas history, including myths and truths.
- 🏅 Celebrating 14 years, the symposium remains pivotal in historical discourse.
- 🤝 The event unites scholars and the public in exploring multicultural histories.
- 📜 A strong focus is placed on education and responsible storytelling in history.
- 🔍 Critical examination of Texas's multifaceted past is a key theme at the symposium.
Zeitleiste
- 00:00:00 - 00:05:00
A conference is being held where the speaker describes the San Jacinto Conservancy's efforts in preserving the historic battleground, including purchasing land and conducting archaeological research. The San Jacinto Symposium is also highlighted, with educational programs aimed at enriching Texas history knowledge.
- 00:05:00 - 00:10:00
A proclamation is presented acknowledging the Battle of San Jacinto Symposium and its significance. The event is recognized for its aim to preserve the battleground and educate the public about Texas history, especially highlighting the roles of Native soldiers in the Texas Revolution.
- 00:10:00 - 00:15:00
The speaker reflects on personal experiences and emotions tied to the history of the Tejanos, expressing the importance of learning from history and addressing prejudices. The symposium aims to provide insights into historical events and foster understanding among participants.
- 00:15:00 - 00:20:00
Jeff Dunn is introduced to discuss the historical context of the Battle of San Jacinto, highlighting its geographic and strategic importance during the Texas Revolution. The battle's significant outcome was the capture of Santa Anna, making it a pivotal event.
- 00:20:00 - 00:25:00
Dunn explains the geographical context of Texas during 1835-1836, emphasizing its strategic location. He describes the Battle of San Jacinto, focusing on the decisive victory for Texas and the capture of Mexican President Santa Anna, which secured Texas independence.
- 00:25:00 - 00:30:00
The tactical aspects of the Battle of San Jacinto are detailed, with a focus on geography and troop movements. The Texans' unexpected victory in a short battle led to a significant morale boost for the Texan cause and was pivotal in Mexican leader Santa Anna's capture.
- 00:30:00 - 00:35:00
Further details on the battle include the Texans' tactics and eventual victory, capturing Santa Anna. The consequences were far-reaching, affecting political careers and Texas' future. Myth and truth often mix in historical accounts of the event.
- 00:35:00 - 00:40:00
The importance of revisiting historical sources is emphasized to gain new insights. The symposium's theme focuses on the roles of ethnic groups in Texas during the revolution, particularly highlighting the complex allegiances of Tejanos and their contributions.
- 00:40:00 - 00:45:00
Dr. Jim Crisp, the moderator, introduces the ongoing struggle to appropriately include Hispanic contributions to Texas history in education. He highlights the lack of representation in educational narratives and the continuous effort to address this.
- 00:45:00 - 00:50:00
Dr. Raul Ramos begins his talk by contrasting the different regional reactions to the Battle of San Jacinto, exemplifying how historical memory varies. He argues for more contextualized understandings of events like the Battle of the Alamo.
- 00:50:00 - 00:55:00
Ramos discusses how the perception of the Alamo has evolved, often separated from its historical context. He emphasizes the importance of recontextualizing historical symbols to incorporate diverse perspectives, including Tejano experiences.
- 00:55:00 - 01:00:00
Ramos challenges traditional terminology, using 'secession' for the Texas Revolution. This lens invites reconsideration of common historical narratives, particularly how they portray ethnic groups' roles and motivations during the conflict.
- 01:00:00 - 01:05:00
The importance of rewriting educational standards about the Texas Revolution is highlighted, with Ramos critiquing narratives that don't question assumed freedoms. He advocates for viewing history as a series of questions rather than settled facts.
- 01:05:00 - 01:10:00
Ramos emphasizes various interpretations of the Texas Revolution's impact on different ethnic groups in Texas. He argues that Tejanos faced uncertainty and shifting allegiances, influenced by factors like language, cultural ties, and economic interests.
- 01:10:00 - 01:15:00
The talk highlights how Tejanos navigated complex social and political landscapes during the revolution, balancing allegiances. Their varied experiences reflect broader themes of contested identity and belonging in a transforming Texas.
- 01:15:00 - 01:20:00
Ramos discusses the long-term consequences of the revolution for Tejanos, focusing on economic and political disenfranchisement. He calls for acknowledging these impacts in contemporary historical narratives as part of understanding Texas history.
- 01:20:00 - 01:25:00
Dr. Francis Galan discusses the often-overlooked contributions and experiences of East Texas Tejanos, highlighting their complex alliances and survival strategies during the Texas Revolution.
- 01:25:00 - 01:30:00
Galan recounts historical events involving Tejanos in East Texas, portraying an intricate network of commerce and kinship that often transcended revolutionary conflicts. They managed their alliances with both Anglo settlers and Mexican authorities.
- 01:30:00 - 01:35:00
Galan highlights the diverse backgrounds of Nacogdoches residents, many of whom were Tejanos with deep roots in the region. By focusing on personal stories and local narratives, Galan emphasizes the nuanced realities of frontier life.
- 01:35:00 - 01:40:00
Discussing the challenges faced by East Texas Tejanos, Galan explains their strategic neutrality and adaptability in the face of simmering tensions before the Texas Revolution, revealing their pragmatic approach to survival.
- 01:40:00 - 01:45:00
Galan provides a detailed examination of social dynamics in Nacogdoches, illustrating the Tejanos' integration into a multicultural community. Their strategic decisions during conflicts are underscored as pivotal for community survival.
- 01:45:00 - 01:50:42
The symposium highlights the variability in historical narratives concerning the Texas Revolution, focusing on the need for inclusive history that reflects the complex identities and experiences of all groups involved in this pivotal period.
Mind Map
Häufig gestellte Fragen
What is the San Jacinto Symposium about?
It's a historical event focusing on the Battle of San Jacinto and its significance in Texas history, highlighting various cultural perspectives.
Who was involved in organizing the San Jacinto Symposium?
The San Jacinto Conservancy and various historians, including Jeff Dunn and Jan Hart.
What was discussed about the Texas Revolution in the symposium?
Speakers discussed the diverse cultural involvement and effects, including contributions from Tejanos and the implications of Texan independence.
How did the symposium address historical inaccuracies?
The symposium aimed to shed light on myths and errors while promoting accurate storytelling, emphasizing multiple cultural narratives.
Who are Tejanos and what role did they play in the Texas Revolution?
Tejanos are Texans of Hispanic descent who played complex roles during the Texas Revolution, often caught between conflicting loyalties.
What themes were covered by Dr. Raul Ramos?
Dr. Ramos discussed the Tejanos of Bexar County, their struggles, and perspectives during the Texas Revolution.
What insights did Dr. Francis Galan provide?
Dr. Galan provided insights into the lesser-known history and involvement of East Texas Tejanos in the Texas Revolution.
How does the symposium contribute to public historical awareness?
It educates the public about rich, complex histories, emphasizes diverse cultural perspectives, and questions historical narratives.
What was the consensus on Tellano involvement in the Texas Revolution?
The involvement was complex, with many Tejanos having diverse motivations and facing uncertainty during the conflict.
What was unique about the history of East Texas discussed at the symposium?
East Texas had a unique blend of cultures, including Anglo-Americans and Tejanos, with complex interactions during the revolution.
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- 00:00:00e
- 00:00:36it is such a pleasure to see all of you
- 00:00:39this morning uh we are so honored that
- 00:00:42you would be here and for the sake of
- 00:00:44time um I'm I'm just trying to I know
- 00:00:47there are a lot of people who are still
- 00:00:49coming in um and I think there's some
- 00:00:52still at the registration desk but um in
- 00:00:57fact I don't see where all of the San
- 00:01:00ground Conservancy board is yet here but
- 00:01:02let me tell you just a little bit about
- 00:01:06us um my colleague Jeff Dunn is here and
- 00:01:11Jeff raise your hand um Jeff Dunn called
- 00:01:15me in the summer of 2002 we had worked
- 00:01:18on the San jento historical Advisory
- 00:01:21Board together which is both of us had
- 00:01:23been appointed by Governor George W bush
- 00:01:27our job was to advise Texas parks and
- 00:01:29Wild life on the historical
- 00:01:31interpretation of the San jento
- 00:01:34Battleground there was a need the two of
- 00:01:36us felt like there was a need for an
- 00:01:39organization a
- 00:01:41501c3 who was dedicated to the
- 00:01:44preservation of that Battlefield it is a
- 00:01:48National Historic Landmark it is one of
- 00:01:51the great battles of the world and there
- 00:01:55was not an organization dedicated to the
- 00:01:58preservation
- 00:02:00conservation Reclamation of that
- 00:02:03Battlefield so one of the first things
- 00:02:05we did we started buying land uh which
- 00:02:08we we own uh roughly 30 Acres if you
- 00:02:12have ever looked at purchasing land on
- 00:02:14the well what is now the Houston Ship
- 00:02:16Channel it is extraordinarily expensive
- 00:02:19the second thing we we really D dove
- 00:02:22into was doing uh archaeology at the
- 00:02:25site people had believed that it was a
- 00:02:27sterile Battleground and I know Greg
- 00:02:30Demi is here and Greg where are you um
- 00:02:33Greg is is right over here uh Greg
- 00:02:36shared um a committee and through uh the
- 00:02:40first grant we got um Anne Hamilton and
- 00:02:43I know an is here um an Hamilton ended
- 00:02:47up um letting us see outside the
- 00:02:53perimeters of what is Park land if
- 00:02:56indeed there were
- 00:02:57artifacts um we ended up with eventually
- 00:03:01an American Battlefield Protection
- 00:03:03Program Grant which allowed us to uh
- 00:03:07find um what is the surrender site we
- 00:03:10took over 800 battle related artifacts
- 00:03:13so that is not a steril
- 00:03:17battlefield and it's something that we
- 00:03:19are learning about every day but that is
- 00:03:23um I'll have to say one of the the
- 00:03:26things that we really put our heart and
- 00:03:27soul into is also the jento Symposium
- 00:03:32this is the 14th Symposium that we have
- 00:03:35done and we also do educational
- 00:03:38educational programs but I I did want to
- 00:03:41tell you a little bit about what we do I
- 00:03:44hope you will enjoy the day and we have
- 00:03:47some very special guests and I want to
- 00:03:49introduce one right now um I've had the
- 00:03:52pleasure of uh working with Sylvia
- 00:03:55Garcia when she was the commissioner for
- 00:03:57Precinct 2 and syia is loves Texas
- 00:04:01history she is someone who is also
- 00:04:04devoted to San jento and um she has been
- 00:04:07at our Sy symposia before and I would
- 00:04:11love for her if she has a a moment uh to
- 00:04:15say a few words to you she is now a
- 00:04:18state
- 00:04:26senator thank you Jan and if you will
- 00:04:29just stay right here cuz I'm going to
- 00:04:31present a proclamation further away well
- 00:04:34I thought I was doing pretty
- 00:04:36good um because I can hear myself so I
- 00:04:39know y'all can hear me back there but uh
- 00:04:41it's a pleasure for me to welcome you
- 00:04:43this morning to my district uh it's
- 00:04:45really great for me this morning that I
- 00:04:47was just like 10 minutes away and all I
- 00:04:50had to do is just sort of get up throw
- 00:04:52on the jeans and I'm here uh but for me
- 00:04:55it's it's just uh another one of those
- 00:04:57opportunities to really sink my teeth in
- 00:04:59to more history I think the more that we
- 00:05:02know about where we came from uh the
- 00:05:04better we'll do in get it going into the
- 00:05:06future uh so I'm here in behalf of the
- 00:05:09Senate uh to present a resolution which
- 00:05:12was passed by the Senate and it reads in
- 00:05:15part whereas the state of Texas is
- 00:05:17pleased to recognize the Battle of s s
- 00:05:21Symposium which is taking place April
- 00:05:2412th 2014 and whereas the Sano
- 00:05:27Battleground conserv Conservatory is
- 00:05:30sponsoring the Battle of San jendo
- 00:05:32Symposium as part of its mission to
- 00:05:34preserve reclaim and restore the San
- 00:05:37jendo Battleground and build greater
- 00:05:40public awareness of the battle of sanino
- 00:05:42and whereas a symposium will look at the
- 00:05:44Texas Revolution Through The Eyes of
- 00:05:46Native Native born tanos who fought for
- 00:05:49independence six notable historians will
- 00:05:52share Regional accounts of the theano
- 00:05:53Revolutionary experience from the siege
- 00:05:56of bear and the battle of sanino
- 00:05:59and the Texas Revolution was a
- 00:06:01remarkable milestone in our state's
- 00:06:03history yet the story cannot truly be
- 00:06:06told without sharing the integral
- 00:06:08experiences of the many Native soldiers
- 00:06:10who joined the fight for independence
- 00:06:12now therefore be it proclaimed that the
- 00:06:15Senate of the State of Texas hereby
- 00:06:17recognize the Battle of San hinto
- 00:06:19Symposium as a treasured event and
- 00:06:22commend all who work to preserve our
- 00:06:24states rich in complex history and be
- 00:06:28further resolved that a copy of this
- 00:06:30Proclamation be prepared is an
- 00:06:32expression of a esteem from the Texas
- 00:06:34Senate and it's signed by our Senate
- 00:06:36secretary paty Spa so congratulations
- 00:06:39Jen and everybody involved and thank you
- 00:06:41Ripley house for hosting this great
- 00:06:43event right here in our neighborhood and
- 00:06:46let's move on thank
- 00:06:47[Applause]
- 00:06:54Youk she is terrific and her door is
- 00:06:57always open to her constituents and
- 00:06:59anyone interested in Texas history um
- 00:07:03it's this is a very personal Symposium
- 00:07:06uh for me because I actually started
- 00:07:08school in Caracus Venezuela and I was
- 00:07:11telling Frank last night I never could
- 00:07:13understand the
- 00:07:14reason um why my mother would not let me
- 00:07:18play with the maid's children and my
- 00:07:21mother had never been out of of Central
- 00:07:25Texas until uh she got on that plane um
- 00:07:29going to to Caracus so um this is this
- 00:07:33is something that has been a very
- 00:07:35emotional thing for me when I I read
- 00:07:38about the old stories of uh the tahos in
- 00:07:41their struggles and I realize that we um
- 00:07:45are sometimes victims of prejudices that
- 00:07:47are passed down from generation to
- 00:07:49generation so I'm hoping today we will
- 00:07:52be able to uh peel away
- 00:07:56um some some truth like uh history uh
- 00:08:01some we will learn something from this
- 00:08:03and the reason I'm stumbling is I see I
- 00:08:05want to thank uh publicly uh Felix
- 00:08:09froga uh for all of his help in putting
- 00:08:12this Symposium together and he has he
- 00:08:15just sat down and he is accompanied by
- 00:08:17Robert gagos who is a city councilman
- 00:08:21new city councilman for um the city of
- 00:08:25Houston ni I see Dr tarus has just come
- 00:08:28in thank you for being here so what a
- 00:08:32distinguished audience we have
- 00:08:35distinguished because you are here too
- 00:08:37to learn like I
- 00:08:40am about our past now having said this
- 00:08:44we call this the Battle of San jento
- 00:08:46Symposium uh my colleague Jeff Dunn um
- 00:08:51is an attorney in Dallas he's an
- 00:08:54avocational historian everyone I mean
- 00:08:57from the Jim Chris and the Frank de laas
- 00:09:00of the world defer to Jeff when it comes
- 00:09:03to the Battle of San jento so without
- 00:09:06any further Ado Jeff would you tell us
- 00:09:09about that
- 00:09:16battle see if this
- 00:09:19works
- 00:09:21um thank you Jan and howdy and welcome
- 00:09:25uh to our 14th San jenta Symposium we
- 00:09:29made even have a discussion today on how
- 00:09:31to pronounce the name of the battle uh
- 00:09:34seems to be debate over that uh the when
- 00:09:38you talk about this battle and these
- 00:09:41events of 1835 and
- 00:09:431836 you have to initially think about
- 00:09:45the geography and the context of where
- 00:09:48Texas was during that time period And as
- 00:09:51you see on this map uh Texas was uh at
- 00:09:55that time uh in the far Northern reaches
- 00:09:58of what was in Mexico and right on right
- 00:10:01on the adjacent western border of the
- 00:10:03United States uh right on the Gulf of
- 00:10:05Mexico so it was in a very strategic
- 00:10:08location and and and because of that uh
- 00:10:12and because of the fertile soil it was
- 00:10:13very attractive uh to many immigrants
- 00:10:16from the United States and very coveted
- 00:10:19by the nation of
- 00:10:22Mexico now this map shows it's a modern
- 00:10:25map of Texas and it shows the location
- 00:10:28of where the the battle uh was in East
- 00:10:31Harris County and here just a few basic
- 00:10:33facts about the Battle it was the final
- 00:10:36military Encounter of the Texas
- 00:10:38Revolution in 1835
- 00:10:401836 took place over a two-day period
- 00:10:43April 20th and 21st near where Buffalo
- 00:10:46bio empties into the San jenta River in
- 00:10:49presentent East day Harris
- 00:10:52County on April 21st the Texan army
- 00:10:55under the command command of General Sam
- 00:10:58Houston
- 00:10:59uh numbering about 900 men attacked and
- 00:11:02defeated an advanced division of the
- 00:11:04Mexican Army under the command of
- 00:11:07General Antonio Lopez to Santa Ana
- 00:11:09numbering about, 1300 men is this noise
- 00:11:13am I am I getting a little Echo
- 00:11:17here
- 00:11:19okay uh what made the battle significant
- 00:11:22though was not so much the defeat of
- 00:11:24Santa Anna's Advanced effis but the fact
- 00:11:27that he was actually captured the next
- 00:11:28day this was a particularly alarming
- 00:11:31event to the government of Mexico since
- 00:11:34he was actually had the title of
- 00:11:35President and was also a fairly
- 00:11:38spectacular result uh as commented upon
- 00:11:41by many of the newspapers in the United
- 00:11:43States that this ragtag Army could
- 00:11:45somehow uh after all these defeats at
- 00:11:48the Alamo and golad somehow manage a
- 00:11:50victory like this and manage to capture
- 00:11:53the president of Mexico at the same
- 00:11:55time because of the consequences of the
- 00:11:58battle it's it's widely regarded as a as
- 00:12:01the pivotal decisive event of the Texas
- 00:12:03Revolution that secured Independence
- 00:12:05Texas independence from Mexico and it
- 00:12:07was also a ticket to uh various
- 00:12:10political careers all three presidents
- 00:12:13of the Republic of Texas uh Sam Houston
- 00:12:15marabel Lamar and Anson Jones were
- 00:12:17Veterans of the battle uh and 15 Texas
- 00:12:20counties were named after Veterans as
- 00:12:23well of the battle one of the great
- 00:12:26events of the Texas Revolution of course
- 00:12:27is the the sieg of fall the Alamo which
- 00:12:30was in March of 1836 which occurred
- 00:12:32right about the time just right after
- 00:12:34Texas was declared independence at
- 00:12:36Washington on the brazas this map
- 00:12:38illustrates uh the strategy that Santa
- 00:12:41Ana had in moving across Texas he
- 00:12:43divided his army into three groups uh
- 00:12:45urea along the coast uh a center A
- 00:12:48Center Route which was commanded by
- 00:12:51Ramirez eessma and later santaan himself
- 00:12:54and then gona who was supposed to go to
- 00:12:55nacadas but only made it to Bastrop and
- 00:12:58then back down to s Philippi and
- 00:13:00meanwhile the only uh obstacle in the
- 00:13:03way of the advancing Mexican Army was uh
- 00:13:05the uh ragtag Army of Sam Houston which
- 00:13:08was put together at Gonzalez and you see
- 00:13:10that Illustrated in the blue line so s
- 00:13:13Sam Houston was retreating Eastward also
- 00:13:15uh trying to advance farther away from
- 00:13:18uh from Santa Ana's
- 00:13:20troops Santa Ana finally enters uh
- 00:13:23Harris County actually ahead of
- 00:13:25Houston's Army on April 15th uh aims for
- 00:13:28Harrisburg which is with ston throw from
- 00:13:31where we are today and that was where
- 00:13:33the Texan Capital had fled from
- 00:13:34Washington on the brazes uh the the
- 00:13:37Texan government uh managed to leave by
- 00:13:39boat and horse you see the Blue Line uh
- 00:13:42they managed to escape the oncoming
- 00:13:44Mexican Army by going down to Galviston
- 00:13:46uh meanwhile Santa Ana moves over to New
- 00:13:49Washington which is today Morgan's
- 00:13:52Point while San An is at Morgan's Point
- 00:13:55Sam Houston's Army enters Harris County
- 00:13:57from the northwest arrives opposite
- 00:14:00Harrisburg which incidentally had been
- 00:14:02burned by Santa Ana the previous day uh
- 00:14:05from a captured Courier finds out that
- 00:14:07where Santa Ana is located realizes that
- 00:14:10he has split himself off from the rest
- 00:14:12of his army and learns that Santa Ana is
- 00:14:15going to cross the San jenta River uh
- 00:14:17near a place called lynches so on April
- 00:14:2119th Houston crosses Buffalo bio marches
- 00:14:24to lynches in an attempt to intercept
- 00:14:26Santa Ana's further advance and he
- 00:14:29succeeds in doing so he gets to the
- 00:14:32place where the battlefield is today
- 00:14:34Santa Anna on April 20th Burns New
- 00:14:37Washington and starts heading to the
- 00:14:39same place in an attempt to uh reach
- 00:14:41that Crossing as
- 00:14:44well this this is a map from yokum's
- 00:14:46history of Texas which was published in
- 00:14:481856 it is without question the best map
- 00:14:51we have of the battle and the
- 00:14:53battlefield and it illustrates not only
- 00:14:55the movements of the armies but also the
- 00:14:58topography of the area you see a lot of
- 00:15:00marsh land uh trees and open Prairie all
- 00:15:05of these features were very significant
- 00:15:07in determining how this battle
- 00:15:10unfolded the Texan army actually reached
- 00:15:13Lynch's Ferry you see that on the bottom
- 00:15:15part of that map and then backtrack to
- 00:15:18the blue line that you see along Buffalo
- 00:15:20bio protected by trees and as Santa Ana
- 00:15:24approached from New Washington you can
- 00:15:26see that the line of the Texan army was
- 00:15:28BL blocking the route uh that Santa Ana
- 00:15:31would have to take to Lynch's
- 00:15:33Ferry Santa Ana realizes this deploys
- 00:15:36his men and on the early part of April
- 00:15:3820th we see the first interaction
- 00:15:41between the two armies just an artillery
- 00:15:43Duel not much of anything else no one
- 00:15:45was hurt although the Texan commander of
- 00:15:47the of the two Canon the twin sisters
- 00:15:50was was wounded during that
- 00:15:52exchange Santa Ana
- 00:15:55Retreats uh moves back Beyond uh uh over
- 00:15:59Hill so the armies are barely seeing
- 00:16:01each other uh but later that evening
- 00:16:04there was a Cavalry
- 00:16:06Skirmish uh the Skirmish was led on the
- 00:16:09Texans Side by cydney Sherman uh and uh
- 00:16:13there's a lot of debate and controversy
- 00:16:15over uh why that occurred and the
- 00:16:17results of that uh but the uh but the
- 00:16:20consequence was that neither side scored
- 00:16:23a significant Victory and they both went
- 00:16:25back to their respective camps
- 00:16:29they uh spent the night about a mile
- 00:16:31from each other on what is now the San
- 00:16:33jenta
- 00:16:34Battlefield and the next day uh the
- 00:16:37Texans lined up and eventually late in
- 00:16:40the afternoon Al there was a lot of
- 00:16:41discussion during the day about what
- 00:16:43what they should do uh they decided to
- 00:16:45attack the Mexican Camp uh at 4M this
- 00:16:48was largely because they were expecting
- 00:16:50Santa Ana to attack their camp but he
- 00:16:52didn't do so San Ana was going to wait
- 00:16:54till the next day so this map shows the
- 00:16:58clashes of the Army and you often hear
- 00:17:00about the 18-minute Battle that's what
- 00:17:02occurred during this period of time that
- 00:17:04was the amount of time that uh was lapse
- 00:17:07between the initiation of the Texan
- 00:17:09attack and the breaking up of the
- 00:17:10Mexican lines uh this is a remarkable
- 00:17:13map it shows the uh the armies in in
- 00:17:17great detail how they uh met each other
- 00:17:21this is the famous painting by Henry
- 00:17:22McArdle that illustrates the Battle of
- 00:17:24course there there were no there was no
- 00:17:26internet back then be believe it or not
- 00:17:28or TV or radio or or you know only thing
- 00:17:31they had were newspapers so a lot of
- 00:17:34these uh paintings came of course in
- 00:17:36many years
- 00:17:37later the uh Mexican Army scattered uh
- 00:17:41the Texans continued to pursue for
- 00:17:43several hours this was the uh period of
- 00:17:46time that's considered the the greatest
- 00:17:49Slaughter uh there was a lot of pent up
- 00:17:51uh anger and frustration among the
- 00:17:54Texans um and most of the Mexican dead
- 00:17:57occurred during this period uh the LA
- 00:17:59latter couple of hours before sunset uh
- 00:18:02some of the activity actually continued
- 00:18:04with calary skirmishes and chases
- 00:18:07outside of the battlefield all the way
- 00:18:08up to Pasadena and the the uh star there
- 00:18:13on the left side of the screen is uh
- 00:18:15near Vincent bio which is where Santa
- 00:18:17Ana was captured the next
- 00:18:20day uh two interesting significant
- 00:18:23aspects of the battle Sam Houston was
- 00:18:24wounded his horse was killed of course
- 00:18:26he recovered um here he is wounded in
- 00:18:29and meeting Santa Ana the next day and
- 00:18:33this famous painting by huddle uh
- 00:18:35illustrates it as well there Santa Anna
- 00:18:38with Sam Houston on the
- 00:18:40ground um the uh there were about eight
- 00:18:42Texans killed they were buried in a
- 00:18:44trench near the Texan camp this Monument
- 00:18:47on the right the briam monument marks
- 00:18:49that site uh which is the first Monument
- 00:18:51built on the battlefield and plac there
- 00:18:53in
- 00:18:551882 and until the big Monument was
- 00:18:57built that was known as the senta
- 00:18:59monument up until the
- 00:19:031930s
- 00:19:06so when we think about this battle it is
- 00:19:08it is a compelling story and it is a
- 00:19:11story that has been told many times um
- 00:19:15and it's often told uh with a mixture of
- 00:19:18Truth error and myth uh but this is not
- 00:19:21really peculiar to the Texas Revolution
- 00:19:24or or the Battle of San jeno Winston
- 00:19:26Churchill once said uh his history will
- 00:19:29be kind to me because I intend to write
- 00:19:31it and and that's essentially what the
- 00:19:33Texans did they wrote it in the context
- 00:19:35of how they wanted to present this uh
- 00:19:38this pivotal event in the history of uh
- 00:19:41of the place that we today call Texas so
- 00:19:43the challenge to
- 00:19:45historians is to try to get to the truth
- 00:19:48of the matter uh knowing that the truth
- 00:19:51is really never really attainable um all
- 00:19:54you can really do is try to revisit the
- 00:19:57historical resources from time the time
- 00:19:59to uh locate new resources to shed new
- 00:20:03light on the situation as well as to
- 00:20:05interpret older resources and provide uh
- 00:20:08new uh new insights on what these
- 00:20:11sources uh mean now this year's
- 00:20:16theme
- 00:20:18is a topic that's often spoken
- 00:20:21about uh but rarely examin on the level
- 00:20:24of uh detail that we are likely to get
- 00:20:27today uh of the ethnic groups living in
- 00:20:29Texas in 1835 and
- 00:20:321836 those Texans of Hispanic descent
- 00:20:36today we refer to them as the
- 00:20:39tanos uh were were very few in number
- 00:20:41some estimates were about one/ tenth of
- 00:20:43the total population of Texas at that
- 00:20:46time but they were unique as a group
- 00:20:49because uh many of them most of them
- 00:20:52maybe all of them were conflicted as to
- 00:20:55uh whether to support or oppose uh this
- 00:20:58uh concept of Texas Independence for
- 00:21:01Mexico certainly had uh very um
- 00:21:04significant
- 00:21:05consequences to them as well so to help
- 00:21:09guide us today uh I'm honored to
- 00:21:11introduce Dr Jim crisp who will be our
- 00:21:15moderator uh Dr Chris was born in
- 00:21:18Henrietta Texas and he graduated from
- 00:21:21rice and received his PhD in history
- 00:21:23from Yale and for many years has taught
- 00:21:26history at North Carolina State
- 00:21:28um he has uh won many awards in this
- 00:21:32field he's been our moderator for 12
- 00:21:35years
- 00:21:36and um he um uh has done done a
- 00:21:40fantastic job in helping us bring all
- 00:21:43our speakers together today so without
- 00:21:46further Ado I'll welcome Dr Chris and
- 00:21:49thank you very much for coming today
- 00:21:58move this out of your
- 00:22:03way can you hear me
- 00:22:05okay as Jeff uh suggested this ain't my
- 00:22:08first rodeo uh this is my 14th annual
- 00:22:12San Joo Symposium I was privileged along
- 00:22:16with uh Greg deck to be a speaker in the
- 00:22:18very first one in
- 00:22:202001 uh I was a mere Heckler in the
- 00:22:23audience in 2002 and in order to prevent
- 00:22:26me from ever doing that again they made
- 00:22:27me moderator for
- 00:22:30life
- 00:22:33uh in 1968 the spring of 1968 uh
- 00:22:38students of Hispanic descent from three
- 00:22:40high schools in San
- 00:22:42Antonio uh marched into their
- 00:22:45administrator offices and said there's
- 00:22:47something wrong with the history we'
- 00:22:49being we're being taught uh and they
- 00:22:51were exactly right uh none of the people
- 00:22:55uh from whom they had descended were in
- 00:22:58the books or in the
- 00:23:01classroom uh and it's taken a long time
- 00:23:06to try to redress those grievances I
- 00:23:08graduated as Jeff said from rice in
- 00:23:121968 and I'd lived in Texas for 22 years
- 00:23:15and never heard of
- 00:23:16once I didn't hear of once until I went
- 00:23:19to
- 00:23:20Connecticut that ain't
- 00:23:22right and much of what this panel uh has
- 00:23:28been doing over their scholarly
- 00:23:30career uh careers and and and much of
- 00:23:33what we're doing today is striving once
- 00:23:37more to redress the Grievances the
- 00:23:39genuine grievances the honest and
- 00:23:41accurate grievances of those high school
- 00:23:44students from Bayer County uh th those
- 00:23:47many years ago
- 00:23:51um I'm going to not take much more time
- 00:23:56uh but to uh Begin by introducing one at
- 00:23:58a time our speakers uh for this
- 00:24:02morning uh the first uh of these is R
- 00:24:06Ramos uh a native of San Antonio who
- 00:24:10went off to the ivy league but came back
- 00:24:12to Texas I can relate to that uh Raul
- 00:24:17the nicest thing I can say about
- 00:24:19Raul he just said uhoh I don't think you
- 00:24:22heard that uh no one of the very nicest
- 00:24:24things I can say about rul is that he is
- 00:24:27my editor uh rul co-edited with Monica
- 00:24:31parales uh a really amazing little book
- 00:24:33published here in Houston by the AIT
- 00:24:35publo press um recovering the Hispanic
- 00:24:39history of txas and if you haven't seen
- 00:24:41that book and haven't read the articles
- 00:24:43in that you can buy it over at the
- 00:24:44University of Houston campus um and
- 00:24:46perhaps from Texas bookstores around
- 00:24:48here and it is really a
- 00:24:51revelation uh and I know from uh
- 00:24:54personal experience how important having
- 00:24:56a good editor is they make you look good
- 00:24:59and Raul certainly and Monica certainly
- 00:25:02did that in the case of the little essay
- 00:25:04that I did uh for that uh for that
- 00:25:07volume um rul is associate professor of
- 00:25:10history at
- 00:25:12uh at the University of Houston and R
- 00:25:15are you the director of the
- 00:25:16undergraduate program now too I've heard
- 00:25:18that rumor uh director of undergraduate
- 00:25:21the direct director of undergraduate
- 00:25:22studies that means he has to do a lot of
- 00:25:24the sort of scut work around the
- 00:25:26department uh but it's it's an honor
- 00:25:29nevertheless that and and they certainly
- 00:25:31are trusting him with their students uh
- 00:25:34Raul has written a book that has won
- 00:25:37multiple prizes including the TR
- 00:25:39ferenbach award from the Texas
- 00:25:41historical commission uh called Beyond
- 00:25:43The Alamo uh uh the forging of a of a
- 00:25:47Mexican ethnicity and identity among
- 00:25:50those uh those folks in San Antonio who
- 00:25:53found themselves uh with you know they
- 00:25:56say Six Flags Over Texas they saw five
- 00:25:58of them uh with one flag after another
- 00:26:01and each time having to deal with uh
- 00:26:04with uh new issues and new difficulties
- 00:26:07and uh uh and uh the story is an
- 00:26:11interesting one and an important one for
- 00:26:12Texas uh R today is going to talk to us
- 00:26:16about the tonos of San Antonio in beay
- 00:26:19County uh and there are a few people
- 00:26:21better equipped to do that so please
- 00:26:23welcome Dr Raul Ramos
- 00:26:46good morning how's everyone doing
- 00:26:49today uh first of all I want to thank
- 00:26:51the sanino commission the I want would
- 00:26:55especially like to thank Jim and Frank
- 00:26:58and Jan and David and everyone I'd like
- 00:27:01to say one thing first of all this is
- 00:27:02not my first rodeo with this rodeo in
- 00:27:06particular either um gosh it's
- 00:27:10been almost 10 years ago I pinch hit for
- 00:27:14someone I don't know if you remember the
- 00:27:16third the third Symposium that's right
- 00:27:20um first of all I I have to tell you
- 00:27:23guys that um the program that Jim has
- 00:27:25put together every year year after year
- 00:27:27is impressive
- 00:27:28if you've ever tried to put together a
- 00:27:31group of academics uh to speak on a
- 00:27:33subject you'll know how difficult it is
- 00:27:36and he's done a masterful job every time
- 00:27:38but every once in a while there's a
- 00:27:39hitch in this case they were bringing a
- 00:27:41historian from Mexico City or from
- 00:27:44Mexico uh and he had to cancel last
- 00:27:46minute so they said
- 00:27:48Raul can you give us the Mexican side of
- 00:27:50the Texas Revolution I said um okay and
- 00:27:55um and actually I'm going to speak a
- 00:27:57little bit about this question of sides
- 00:28:00uh to the revolution in a second uh but
- 00:28:02what I did uh in this case it was kind
- 00:28:05of fortunate timing because at that
- 00:28:07moment um the UN was voting on whether
- 00:28:12to um approve uh was voting on the Iraq
- 00:28:16War and Mexico happened to be on the
- 00:28:18security Council that year and Mexico
- 00:28:21voted against the United States uh in
- 00:28:25the security Council and there was a
- 00:28:27kind kind of shock that folks had said
- 00:28:31you know how could Mexico do this
- 00:28:33they're our neighbor how you know that I
- 00:28:35thought we were on the same side here
- 00:28:37and
- 00:28:39um but if you were study history study
- 00:28:42Mexican history study American history
- 00:28:44this should not come as any shock at all
- 00:28:47uh it beginning with the fact that the
- 00:28:50United States invaded Mexico and and uh
- 00:28:53and continuing on to the present
- 00:28:56questions of foreign intervention and
- 00:28:58American Mexican relations have uh have
- 00:29:01always been uh fraught and contentious
- 00:29:04and and full of this um history so it's
- 00:29:07it's not an easy path um so in this case
- 00:29:11it was an easy connection for me to make
- 00:29:15um we can make a similar we can make
- 00:29:18similar points about Russia and the
- 00:29:19Ukraine for instance and talk about
- 00:29:21Texas and and Mexico uh and and uh and
- 00:29:25the United States in a similar context
- 00:29:27but let me talk about San Antonio today
- 00:29:29um I'm gonna I'm going to pretend I have
- 00:29:32a clicker
- 00:29:33here okay but I want to begin uh by
- 00:29:36talking about first of all the memory of
- 00:29:39the memory of San jinto and there's G to
- 00:29:42be a few more talks on on historical
- 00:29:44memory in the afternoon but I'm going to
- 00:29:45begin with historical memory because in
- 00:29:47many ways that's our job to talk about
- 00:29:50this memory to talk about what we're
- 00:29:51doing and um the you have to pardon me I
- 00:29:57I walk around I I like to walk around
- 00:29:58when I speak and and I feel like I'm I'm
- 00:30:02about to jump out of my shoes here um
- 00:30:05the
- 00:30:07um I wanted to begin by comparing by
- 00:30:10comparing um the let me just tilt this
- 00:30:13up a little bit uh by comparing um San
- 00:30:16Antonio comparing reactions to the
- 00:30:20actual San jinto oh um I I didn't plug
- 00:30:24it into my it's running through my
- 00:30:25computer so didn't thank you um
- 00:30:29and in particular I wanted to um compare
- 00:30:33reactions to the the way the um the
- 00:30:37actual Battle of Sano was memorialized
- 00:30:40in the two places and in this case in
- 00:30:421886 um I I I I saw an account in the
- 00:30:47Dallas Morning News about um a
- 00:30:49celebration the celebration of the
- 00:30:51battle of Sano that was epic um there
- 00:30:54were thousands of people there was a
- 00:30:56huge parade there was a picnic there
- 00:30:58were speeches and songs and poems and
- 00:31:01they wheeled out veterans and it was an
- 00:31:04amazing amazing celebration meanwhile I
- 00:31:07don't know if you can read it from where
- 00:31:08you're sitting in the San Anton the same
- 00:31:10Dallas Morning News mentioned that in
- 00:31:12San Antonio there was a quiet
- 00:31:15commemoration now this could be for a
- 00:31:17variety of reasons maybe there was a
- 00:31:19bigger celebration around other things
- 00:31:21in San Antonio maybe Dallas wanted to
- 00:31:23put down San Antonio in their own
- 00:31:24newspaper but if you click uh to the
- 00:31:27next slide you'll see that the Dallas
- 00:31:28Morning News
- 00:31:30had many many column inches de devoted
- 00:31:33to this uh to this commemoration of of
- 00:31:36the battles on hinto and and they
- 00:31:38published full speeches and and and you
- 00:31:40could really get a sense for the attempt
- 00:31:43to make that battle make that moment the
- 00:31:46key moment in uh Texas
- 00:31:50history um but what I want to turn to
- 00:31:53then is next is um the Alamo itself and
- 00:31:57some ways in San Antonio the Alamo has
- 00:32:00become a symbol has become a way of
- 00:32:04decoding
- 00:32:05deciphering uh the the past um but in
- 00:32:09many ways uh it one of the challenges I
- 00:32:12think as a historian that I face much of
- 00:32:15the time is how the the Alamo itself has
- 00:32:18been taken out of its context in mult
- 00:32:21multiple ways and in some ways there's
- 00:32:23been attempt to universalize it I have
- 00:32:26here what I call the postcard image of
- 00:32:28the Alamo because it is a postcard and
- 00:32:32um and it's kind of how you imagine the
- 00:32:33Alamo sapphire blue skies no people in
- 00:32:37front of it um I I always ask people
- 00:32:40this question I w't I I I always feel
- 00:32:43compelled to ask it so I'm gonna ask it
- 00:32:44again what was your think back to the
- 00:32:47first time you ever went to the Alamo
- 00:32:49what was can somebody raise your hand
- 00:32:51and tell me what was your first thought
- 00:32:53your first reaction when you saw it back
- 00:32:56there how many of you had that same
- 00:32:58reaction it was so small okay the
- 00:33:00majority of you right why why do we
- 00:33:04always think it's a lot smaller than we
- 00:33:14imagined it's a well that's another
- 00:33:16question too but you're right yes I took
- 00:33:19I took a group of school kids there
- 00:33:21right teacher and theyed to the basement
- 00:33:24well right that because of peew Herman
- 00:33:27in that case
- 00:33:28right that's
- 00:33:29right that's a that's although this
- 00:33:32generation probably already forgot that
- 00:33:34movie but the
- 00:33:35um the the
- 00:33:38um I don't think it's a I don't think
- 00:33:40it's a coincidence uh one more comment
- 00:33:44yes
- 00:33:49uhuh that exactly that's a big part of
- 00:33:51it the The Legend of the Alamo how
- 00:33:54legendary it is in our mind in our
- 00:33:57history in our memory looms so large
- 00:34:00that that's one way that we think that
- 00:34:02that's one way that it has become larger
- 00:34:04in our mind but I would also suggest it
- 00:34:06has to do with the way it's been
- 00:34:08represented what what's missing in this
- 00:34:10photo people are missing you don't have
- 00:34:12a sense of scale how big is it next to a
- 00:34:14person what else is missing the
- 00:34:15buildings around it we don't see how it
- 00:34:18we don't see it in its proper context we
- 00:34:20don't even see it in its real context
- 00:34:22can you click one more
- 00:34:23time here's another context we might see
- 00:34:25the Alamo in uh oops well well we go
- 00:34:28ahead and U click again this is uh a an
- 00:34:33an 1856 watercolor of of the ruins of
- 00:34:37the Alamo and this might be one way you
- 00:34:39would have seen it in the early 19th
- 00:34:41century I mean excuse me in the late um
- 00:34:44the late 19th century when you see it
- 00:34:46this way the Alamo doesn't seem quite as
- 00:34:49iconic as Majestic it seems like ruins
- 00:34:54it looks like Mayan ruins if you will
- 00:34:56with plants growing out of it sort of um
- 00:34:59what it was a Battleground that the that
- 00:35:03the the trauma the violence of the
- 00:35:06battle really comes through in this kind
- 00:35:08of image what if this was the image that
- 00:35:10we remembered of the Alamo instead of
- 00:35:13that iconic postcard image how would we
- 00:35:15think differently of that history how
- 00:35:17might we be able to talk about other
- 00:35:18histories Deano history for instance uh
- 00:35:21if this was the way we remembered the
- 00:35:23Alamo literally um I small footnote here
- 00:35:28I I had asked my publisher to make this
- 00:35:31the cover of my book um and he said well
- 00:35:34we got a problem here R I'm like what's
- 00:35:36that said you're your the title of your
- 00:35:38book is beyond the Almo and I said yes
- 00:35:40and then if but you really only devote
- 00:35:43about out of 300 pages about two pages
- 00:35:45to the actual Battle of the Alamo so so
- 00:35:49uh so if you put an Alamo on the front
- 00:35:51and call it Beyond The Alamo it's going
- 00:35:54to seem a little bit like false
- 00:35:56advertising or bait and switch if you
- 00:35:58will so I let him go by and and U had
- 00:36:01another 19th century painting instead uh
- 00:36:04can you click one more time yes
- 00:36:12question
- 00:36:23right well that's a good point we are
- 00:36:26every generation
- 00:36:28writes writes history in the context of
- 00:36:30it of what it's living now and that's
- 00:36:32what I'm and that's a large theme of
- 00:36:34what I'll be talking about um or that
- 00:36:36and that's exactly the place I'm going
- 00:36:37to end how is this generation going to
- 00:36:39write that write that history so again
- 00:36:41when we start putting the Almo in
- 00:36:42different contexts here we have the
- 00:36:43Google Map uh context we see it when we
- 00:36:47start looking at in different ways
- 00:36:48picking it up and turning it turning it
- 00:36:50visually turning it historically
- 00:36:52temporally culturally thinking about
- 00:36:54things of the question I always ask my
- 00:36:56students is not really who built the
- 00:36:58Alamo I mean who actually put brick on
- 00:37:00top of brick in the Alamo it wasn't the
- 00:37:03priests
- 00:37:04right it was it was uh the indigenous
- 00:37:08people that were being brought into the
- 00:37:09mission right here so here and then and
- 00:37:11what was it being built as it was being
- 00:37:13built as a mission so here you have the
- 00:37:15Alamo this symbol of Texas history te of
- 00:37:18the of the Texas Revolution as ALS as
- 00:37:21built by indigenous people built by
- 00:37:24Indians um to become a Catholic mission
- 00:37:27right so you you have that history is in
- 00:37:29there it's not like we have to look
- 00:37:31anywhere else it's right in front of our
- 00:37:32noses the question is how do we talk
- 00:37:35about that and what do we make of it
- 00:37:37next now um another way of of doing
- 00:37:41this turning around recontextualizing
- 00:37:45thinking about it in different ways is
- 00:37:47by thinking about the names we give to
- 00:37:50these events and to these people one of
- 00:37:53one of the one of the issues um that I I
- 00:37:56don't even make an issue I just start
- 00:37:58talking about the war the the Texas
- 00:37:59Revolution as the war of Texas secession
- 00:38:02now many people would think and that was
- 00:38:04a conscious choice if I use the word
- 00:38:07secession anytime and especially if I'm
- 00:38:09talking to an American audience and I
- 00:38:10use the word secession certain things
- 00:38:12are going to click automatically right
- 00:38:15number one the Civil War um
- 00:38:19slavery
- 00:38:21um brother brother battling brother
- 00:38:24right brother versus brother and in in
- 00:38:26the case of Mexico go this was a civil
- 00:38:28war this was in the middle of a Mexican
- 00:38:30civil war and sometimes we need to be
- 00:38:32reminded of that and there's a way that
- 00:38:35uh that using terms like Texas
- 00:38:37Revolution because of the baggage that
- 00:38:39they carry has become part of that
- 00:38:40universalized constant and every once in
- 00:38:42a while we need to break out of that out
- 00:38:45of that um
- 00:38:48um customary way of thinking next so one
- 00:38:52of the things this has done and you'll
- 00:38:55excuse me I'm have to read this real
- 00:38:56quick
- 00:39:00the importance of this cannot be o
- 00:39:04overestimated u we have Frank here who
- 00:39:07has been um hired with other among with
- 00:39:11a group of historians to write the Texas
- 00:39:14standards uh for for um for grade school
- 00:39:18history and in particular looking at the
- 00:39:20way school kids are being taught Texas
- 00:39:23history and what we've seen year after
- 00:39:25year is that this is still an editing
- 00:39:28process you hear you have right if you
- 00:39:30go to the to the State Board of
- 00:39:32Education text uh standards um you'll
- 00:39:36see that the actual revisions of these
- 00:39:39of that history is written into the code
- 00:39:41itself so you can see the original
- 00:39:44language what was added by one group
- 00:39:45what was taken out by another group what
- 00:39:47was added by the next group and you'll
- 00:39:49see that it's a constant iteration in
- 00:39:51this case the this section that refers
- 00:39:55that initially referred to the Battle of
- 00:39:56Sano but then was shifted to the Texas
- 00:39:58Revolution emphasizes one particular
- 00:40:03point and and what I want you to to
- 00:40:06focus in here is the word Freedom okay
- 00:40:09that it brought civil political and
- 00:40:10religious freedom to Texas because
- 00:40:13that's the question and again here it's
- 00:40:15not put as a question um one of the and
- 00:40:19and that's what makes teaching Texas
- 00:40:21that that's by the way what makes te
- 00:40:22teaching history in general interesting
- 00:40:25and useful and important and a tool for
- 00:40:28thinking about the present and thinking
- 00:40:30about the future is if we can raise it
- 00:40:32as a question rather than as a given we
- 00:40:35have we feel more empowered in changing
- 00:40:37the future as well
- 00:40:39next so when we when we think of of um
- 00:40:44whether the Texas Revolution brought
- 00:40:46political CI Civic political and
- 00:40:48religious freedom and and I'm and I'll
- 00:40:50put the question and Mark in myself did
- 00:40:52it bring this kind of Freedom then we
- 00:40:55there are certain places we need to look
- 00:40:58now I'll just start right here by saying
- 00:41:02um if you were black in Texas it most
- 00:41:06definitely did not bring freedom it
- 00:41:08brought the opposite of freedom to you
- 00:41:11period there's I mean it's not even a
- 00:41:14question in this case uh you just need
- 00:41:16to look at the at the uh constitution of
- 00:41:18the State of Texas to see that if you
- 00:41:20were black and you were not enslaved you
- 00:41:22had to leave there were those were your
- 00:41:24only options uh to to Frankly Speaking
- 00:41:27and that was written into the
- 00:41:30Constitution but let's but let's
- 00:41:32continue if you were Indian if you were
- 00:41:34Mexican what did this mean and so to
- 00:41:37really understand the meaning of the
- 00:41:39battle of San jasinto to really
- 00:41:41understand the meaning of the of the war
- 00:41:43in San Antonio I think we need to look
- 00:41:45at it into this in this brighter context
- 00:41:47I'm I really wanted U I'm G to go
- 00:41:50through my slides real quickly and then
- 00:41:51I'll leave some time for question and
- 00:41:52answer if it's okay thank you um and and
- 00:41:55as a historian the way we are the way I
- 00:41:59teach my students to think about
- 00:42:00importance and significance is by
- 00:42:01situating it temporarily to understand
- 00:42:04an event we need to know what happened
- 00:42:06before what happened during what
- 00:42:07happened after to get an understanding
- 00:42:09of that context um you when when you go
- 00:42:13to um the Sano Monument there etched in
- 00:42:16stone is a a case made for why the
- 00:42:20battle is important and this case it's
- 00:42:21put in terms of American westward
- 00:42:23expansion on the monument itself and I
- 00:42:25want to talk about other cont text so if
- 00:42:28we're talking about the the context of
- 00:42:30San Antonio in particular in Texas more
- 00:42:32broadly we need to understand this in
- 00:42:34terms of what was happening before which
- 00:42:36is Texas was a frontier province of a of
- 00:42:39a newly formed nation in this case
- 00:42:41Mexico that was struggling with many of
- 00:42:43the of the of the Growing Pains of
- 00:42:46becoming a new nation particularly
- 00:42:47around what kind of political for what
- 00:42:49kind of government form of government
- 00:42:50they were going to have and in this case
- 00:42:52Texas came out on the Federalist side of
- 00:42:54that argument it was one that was
- 00:42:56attempting to establish peace and a kind
- 00:43:00of uh um relations with various
- 00:43:03indigenous groups some which had been
- 00:43:05there for Millennia and others who had
- 00:43:07just arrived being pushed out of the
- 00:43:11American South uh groups like the
- 00:43:13Cherokee who were coming into Texas as a
- 00:43:15place of refuge and in the context of
- 00:43:18slavery um the context by which American
- 00:43:20immigrants were brought into
- 00:43:22Texas U and slavery was um not just
- 00:43:27allowed but was seen as a necessary part
- 00:43:29of that and where Theos were advocates
- 00:43:33for uh for allowing slavery particularly
- 00:43:38uh as as a way of establishing the kind
- 00:43:41of economic um um safety net that was
- 00:43:45going to be necessary to keep Texas
- 00:43:47going now again during the war we we
- 00:43:50need to look at what how people reacted
- 00:43:52during the war what did people do now we
- 00:43:54tal one of the things we've been talking
- 00:43:55about that already came up was Theos
- 00:43:57being on on the on the texian side of
- 00:44:00the war Theos being on the Mexican side
- 00:44:02of the war but I have to be honest with
- 00:44:04you the vast majority of
- 00:44:06tanos didn't R didn't pick up a weapon
- 00:44:09they went and they they they left town
- 00:44:13think about where the Texas Revolution
- 00:44:14happened it happened mostly in and
- 00:44:16around meico
- 00:44:18homes around their homes around their
- 00:44:21ranches so they uh they left they
- 00:44:24retreated they did they wanted to
- 00:44:26protect their kids they wanted protect
- 00:44:27their family and they really wanted to
- 00:44:29Fig they didn't know how things were
- 00:44:30going to shake out there was really the
- 00:44:32if there's one message you have for
- 00:44:34Toano is it's uncertainty and not
- 00:44:36knowing how things are going to turn out
- 00:44:38and finally the Legacy in
- 00:44:40memory if we are to gauge what the
- 00:44:42impact of the war we need to think of
- 00:44:44how me meos deos um endured uh during
- 00:44:49the after the war what happened and not
- 00:44:51only that but how slavery boomed during
- 00:44:53that period uh immediately after the war
- 00:44:55so we so we need to so these are the
- 00:44:57contexts that we'll look at the war next
- 00:45:00as I mentioned before Mexico in this
- 00:45:02case was in the the midst of a civil war
- 00:45:04I'll call it a civil war for for uh for
- 00:45:07that for that context and and in this
- 00:45:10case for many of the tanos for many
- 00:45:12tanos especially in San Antonio the lens
- 00:45:15which they were looking at what the
- 00:45:17events in Texas was through this
- 00:45:19Federalist lens now this is not the
- 00:45:22first time the hos had been involved in
- 00:45:24a kind of larger National struggle
- 00:45:26strugg some of the first battles of
- 00:45:28Mexican independence from Spain took
- 00:45:30place in 1811 and 1813 in San Antonio in
- 00:45:33San Antonio out on the frontier you had
- 00:45:36Theos you had Theos already eager to
- 00:45:39establish the Mexican
- 00:45:41Nation um perhaps the bloodiest battle
- 00:45:46in the history of Texas took place in
- 00:45:48the Battle of Medina in 1813 think about
- 00:45:50it there haven't been
- 00:45:52many many battles in Texas to begin with
- 00:45:55but many battles that produced this many
- 00:45:57deaths as the Battle of Medina uh
- 00:46:00between um between Theos and and the the
- 00:46:03Spanish crown and the Spanish soldiers
- 00:46:05so we have here uh an important moment
- 00:46:07in Texas history that rarely gets put in
- 00:46:09context but what I'm suggesting here is
- 00:46:11we need to look at it at the H reactions
- 00:46:13in that in that context as well so
- 00:46:16what's going on in in Texas is going on
- 00:46:19in other parts of the Mexican Republic
- 00:46:21you have a revolts against Santana
- 00:46:23taking place in in yukatan and sakas qu
- 00:46:27other parts of quaa I mean this is part
- 00:46:29of they see themselves as part of a
- 00:46:31larger movement in some ways and so this
- 00:46:33is um if we're going to connect what's
- 00:46:36going on with the hos we need to connect
- 00:46:37it not only in terms of uh of the
- 00:46:39American side but in terms of the
- 00:46:41Mexican side as well
- 00:46:45next the other context we need to look
- 00:46:47at this is in the Indigenous context as
- 00:46:49I mentioned before Cherokees were coming
- 00:46:51in in larger numbers um escaping
- 00:46:54essentially the the the um difficult
- 00:46:57situation they were put in by American
- 00:46:59settlers in Georgia and
- 00:47:02Alabama and um and uh uh in Upland areas
- 00:47:06um we also had a development of a of a
- 00:47:09very extensive trading and raiding
- 00:47:11Frontier uh led by the kamanche that
- 00:47:13we're finding more and more about where
- 00:47:15kamanche were ranging across that that
- 00:47:17those Plains between New Mexico and and
- 00:47:19Texas as uh and further north and
- 00:47:23further south down as far as South as s
- 00:47:25Lis ptoi where you had raing parties
- 00:47:27going in and out um rating on the one
- 00:47:29rating in Mexico and then selling to the
- 00:47:31Americans on the other side so you had
- 00:47:33this extensive network that we see as
- 00:47:35random violence but one that is is
- 00:47:37really U part of a larger um battle
- 00:47:40going on uh at that time and finally we
- 00:47:43see the work that uh early work that
- 00:47:45missions undertook with other indigenous
- 00:47:49groups uh both to attempt to secularize
- 00:47:51and assimilate those indigenous groups
- 00:47:53sometimes successfully sometimes
- 00:47:55unsuccessfully but ones that created a
- 00:47:57different kind of relationship with
- 00:47:58Mexico and Mexican people next finally
- 00:48:01we have to think about the options that
- 00:48:04the honel faced
- 00:48:06as as um tensions Rose between the UN
- 00:48:11between Mexican government and and Texas
- 00:48:14the HS were being forced into a position
- 00:48:16where they had to choose sides if you
- 00:48:17will um they were negotiating what they
- 00:48:20were trying to negotiate what was going
- 00:48:22on in in a shifting landscape and this
- 00:48:26so this takes me back to again trying to
- 00:48:28understand where the particular Theos
- 00:48:30and San Antonio fit in the picture of
- 00:48:31American westward American uh
- 00:48:33immigration into Texas um it was the
- 00:48:37hanos who were essentially playing the
- 00:48:40middleman role um for the empresario
- 00:48:44system they were the ones along with
- 00:48:46Austin but they were they were uh they
- 00:48:48were the ones that were supporting um
- 00:48:51various projects in in saltio they were
- 00:48:54the ones who were representing
- 00:48:57uh many of the essos in San Antonio and
- 00:48:59in satio they were the ones who were who
- 00:49:01were um overseeing the not only the
- 00:49:04system but whenever there were problems
- 00:49:05Whenever there were tensions attempting
- 00:49:07to smooth those over and attempting to
- 00:49:09keep the the the program
- 00:49:11going so as angl Texans began to demand
- 00:49:14statehood uh can you go back just real
- 00:49:16quick as Anglo Texans were starting to
- 00:49:18demand statehood um and and wanting to
- 00:49:21take those demands to Mexico City the
- 00:49:22hanel were in a put in a bind did they
- 00:49:25side with the hos and demand statehood
- 00:49:27with them which brought a new problem
- 00:49:30which as was mentioned before they
- 00:49:32didn't have numeric they didn't have the
- 00:49:34numbers uh in Texas at that point so
- 00:49:36were Texas to become a state they would
- 00:49:38they would immediately become the
- 00:49:39minority in that state as long as they
- 00:49:42were part of guaa they still had
- 00:49:45equality if you will uh so they there
- 00:49:47was a variety of reasons why they
- 00:49:49weren't quick to jump on statehood not
- 00:49:50to mention that they also realized that
- 00:49:52that would um be seen at the process by
- 00:49:55which angles the the the texians were
- 00:49:58pursuing for stay Hood would be seen as
- 00:50:00um threatening to the Mexican Nation as
- 00:50:03well on the other hand Mexican political
- 00:50:05the theel were part of these conflicts
- 00:50:08going on in Mexico they were again
- 00:50:11taking this Federalist side so they were
- 00:50:13already in opposition to certain parts
- 00:50:14of the Mexican Government so when we
- 00:50:16start thinking about the question of
- 00:50:18Allegiance this idea of Texas side what
- 00:50:21side are you on well it's really
- 00:50:22complicated because there's multiple
- 00:50:24sides here it's not just one either or
- 00:50:27there there's a a shifting landscape a
- 00:50:29complicated landscape that really has to
- 00:50:31do with where people are in their lives
- 00:50:33and where they're coming from versus
- 00:50:35what somebody externally is imposing on
- 00:50:37them
- 00:50:39next finally there's the context of
- 00:50:41American expansion and in this case we
- 00:50:43think of American expans westward
- 00:50:44expansion in Broad terms Manifest
- 00:50:46Destiny and so forth but I really want
- 00:50:48to focus on one part of expansion here
- 00:50:49which is what the role that Texas played
- 00:50:51not just in expansion but in the
- 00:50:52expansion of slavery Westward Texas was
- 00:50:55seen as
- 00:50:57the it was seen as the growth of for it
- 00:51:00was a growth area for the South was a
- 00:51:02way of expanding cotton production um
- 00:51:04and and and slavery was a key necess
- 00:51:08many felt that slavery was the most
- 00:51:10important part for that expansion so we
- 00:51:12have to put it in that context as well
- 00:51:14next
- 00:51:17slide in some ways the the tensions came
- 00:51:21to a head and boiled over during the Law
- 00:51:23of April 6 1830 um when as a resp
- 00:51:27Tan's report um to to Mexico report to
- 00:51:31Mexico City um the colonization laws
- 00:51:34were modified uh in two ways in two two
- 00:51:38of those modifications had resulted in
- 00:51:41key responses by anglo-americans are
- 00:51:43seen as threatening the first was
- 00:51:45restrictions to slavery and as soon as
- 00:51:48and one of the things we have to always
- 00:51:49remember when we're thinking of the 19th
- 00:51:50century is any any restriction to
- 00:51:53slavery was seen as a the beginning of
- 00:51:56the end anytime something would come up
- 00:51:58it was seen as the way people talk about
- 00:52:00in history is the slippery slope right
- 00:52:02as soon as you had one restriction it
- 00:52:04would mean the elimination of slavery
- 00:52:05altogether and there was no middle
- 00:52:07ground there was no like you could you
- 00:52:09know shape it it was either you allowed
- 00:52:11it totally or or you were it was going
- 00:52:13to
- 00:52:13disappear and and and that was a
- 00:52:15thinking at the time so anytime you saw
- 00:52:17restrictions of slavery pop up that was
- 00:52:20that was immediate reaction and secondly
- 00:52:22there was a a halt put to American
- 00:52:24Immigration into Texas and that was also
- 00:52:26seen as how else could it be taken for
- 00:52:28Americans as um as a threat to not only
- 00:52:32the future of immigration into Texas but
- 00:52:34as a kind of indictment of those who had
- 00:52:35come what we do know historically is
- 00:52:38that Americans continued to come even uh
- 00:52:40after the Law of April 6 1830 but it
- 00:52:43also started raising the stakes if you
- 00:52:44will so this leads us to the Texas war
- 00:52:48was it a revolution or a war of
- 00:52:50secession depends on it depends on where
- 00:52:53who you're talking about people side by
- 00:52:55side can often have fighting side by
- 00:52:57side can often have different
- 00:52:58motivations that often often have
- 00:53:00different reasons for fighting you could
- 00:53:02be fighting for your family you could be
- 00:53:03fighting for the person next to you you
- 00:53:05could be fighting for your cdio you
- 00:53:07could be fighting for your padrino you
- 00:53:09could be fighting for a variety of
- 00:53:10reasons and so we until we until we able
- 00:53:13to see that the war could mean different
- 00:53:15things we won't be able to understand
- 00:53:17everyone's involvement in that war or
- 00:53:19those different meetings so part so even
- 00:53:22if we look at angle participation we see
- 00:53:24that that the war itself changed over
- 00:53:26time
- 00:53:27beginning initially involving Anglo
- 00:53:30Texans who had been there for for for
- 00:53:32many years for a
- 00:53:34decade um and theano Federalists but one
- 00:53:37that as the war continued shifted into
- 00:53:40more um American uh volunteers coming
- 00:53:43from um coming from um the United States
- 00:53:46from places like Tennessee who had never
- 00:53:49lived in Texas but we're now claiming
- 00:53:51Texan uh belonging
- 00:53:55next so so as we think of the war in
- 00:53:58Texas I just again I you've noticed I've
- 00:54:00been talking about how we talk about it
- 00:54:03why and how we refer to it not
- 00:54:05necessarily in an attempt to try to
- 00:54:07become somehow uh historically accurate
- 00:54:10in the sense that that's the language
- 00:54:11that people Ed back then because we know
- 00:54:14language changes the meanings change but
- 00:54:16one in order to to use language of today
- 00:54:18to help us unpack and untangle the past
- 00:54:22so when we refer to uh Anglo Texans do
- 00:54:24we refer to them as colonists or do we
- 00:54:26refer to them as
- 00:54:28immigrants they were immigrating from
- 00:54:30the United States to Mexico after all
- 00:54:32weren were they not so to talk but and
- 00:54:35then to use the word immigrant in our
- 00:54:37contemporary context brings up a whole
- 00:54:40set of of of of beliefs and assumptions
- 00:54:45but what I want to suggest here is that
- 00:54:47we shouldn't be afraid of those we tend
- 00:54:49to fear those and and and maybe that's
- 00:54:52going to be my closing theme like don't
- 00:54:54be afraid of that this is actually an
- 00:54:56opportunity and and I'll I'll I'll
- 00:54:58continue that in a second the second is
- 00:55:01perhaps um my initial reluctance to say
- 00:55:04um to understand that theano side what
- 00:55:08we do know is that not only were there
- 00:55:10different perspectives and motivations
- 00:55:12among uh different people living in
- 00:55:13Texan Theos had different positions as
- 00:55:16well there were those Danos who had
- 00:55:17connections to Louisiana who had
- 00:55:19business connections to Louisiana that
- 00:55:20had one set of interest there were other
- 00:55:22tanos who had say connections to monter
- 00:55:25or Salo there were others who who there
- 00:55:27were others who had lived there for
- 00:55:30generations and just wanted to be left
- 00:55:32alone there were others who had uh
- 00:55:35alliances with with uh texians um you
- 00:55:38know business alliances family alliances
- 00:55:40inter marriages uh and then there were
- 00:55:43others who saw te who saw angl Texans as
- 00:55:46a threat who saw them as as as um as saw
- 00:55:50experience mistreatment firsthand in
- 00:55:53places like across Texas so you can't
- 00:55:56generalize about that there was one
- 00:55:59Deano side but even asking that question
- 00:56:02I think helps us helps us understand
- 00:56:05that that there that it's not just a
- 00:56:08Mexican side and and a and an Anglo side
- 00:56:10but really a much more complicated
- 00:56:12picture finally it's this question of
- 00:56:14Liberty and freedom we talk about the
- 00:56:16Texas War as one about as as I mentioned
- 00:56:19in in these Texas standards as one of
- 00:56:21Liberty and freedom but we need to
- 00:56:23understand what Liberty and freedom
- 00:56:24means to everybody uh what does liberty
- 00:56:27and freedom mean to indigenous peoples
- 00:56:28what does liberty and freedom mean to
- 00:56:30enslaved peoples what does liberty and
- 00:56:32freedom mean to Theos uh on a ranch what
- 00:56:35does uh Liberty and freedom mean to uh
- 00:56:38indigenous people who lived who used to
- 00:56:40live in a mission that had now been
- 00:56:41secularized and the land that they were
- 00:56:43supposed to receive uh from that mission
- 00:56:45land uh starts getting sold away from
- 00:56:48underneath their feet um and by other
- 00:56:52tanos and so this is this is a a a comp
- 00:56:55this is a much more complicated picture
- 00:56:58one where it's not just an easy answer
- 00:57:00where there was a war and then everybody
- 00:57:02was better this this was a long
- 00:57:05complicated process that had already
- 00:57:06been underway for uh for decades before
- 00:57:10next and as I wanted to emphasize for
- 00:57:13Theos in particular and if we were to
- 00:57:16try to understand H their experience
- 00:57:18from the war what I wanted to
- 00:57:20emphasize I talked about before during
- 00:57:23and now after the aftermath of the war
- 00:57:25for them was un
- 00:57:26certainty um and I have to say um I
- 00:57:30don't think it's a coincidence um put a
- 00:57:34different way that we spent a lot of
- 00:57:37time in in history class when I was a
- 00:57:40kid at least talking about the Texas
- 00:57:42Republic
- 00:57:44and we might talk about the Texas
- 00:57:46Republic now as a an um a a viable
- 00:57:49Nation but certainly anybody living
- 00:57:52during that period didn't experience it
- 00:57:54that way and so it should it should for
- 00:57:56us as historians to think about what was
- 00:57:58this Republic of Texas and the if you
- 00:58:02were living in San Antonio the Republic
- 00:58:04of Texas or well let me start uh U Dr
- 00:58:09Val Humes is going to talk about U the
- 00:58:11valley where the Republic of Texas was
- 00:58:13almost non-existent uh if we go to San
- 00:58:16Antonio it's existent but tenuous we
- 00:58:20have two invasions that take place in
- 00:58:221842 right by uh by Vasquez first and
- 00:58:25then by uh General Alan
- 00:58:27wall uh in September of 1842 where the
- 00:58:30Mexican Army marches into San Antonio
- 00:58:33and retakes San Antonio in
- 00:58:361842 and U raises the Mexican flag once
- 00:58:39more celebrates Jess SE once more as a
- 00:58:41Mexican uh town and then promptly packs
- 00:58:45up and returns to Mexico taking some
- 00:58:48families with them and leaving in a
- 00:58:51sense a kind of uh
- 00:58:54message that um
- 00:58:58that what I would well two messages one
- 00:59:01is that the message that they were
- 00:59:02directly giving Which is they were they
- 00:59:04required um the the the San Antonio um
- 00:59:08government to uh sign a note a letter
- 00:59:11saying they would protect the rights of
- 00:59:13tanos of the Mexican population that
- 00:59:15stayed in San Antonio um so you already
- 00:59:18had a sense that there was a threat that
- 00:59:20there was there was there were threats
- 00:59:22uh underlying um the feeling threaten a
- 00:59:26threatening feeling that was underlying
- 00:59:28many Tano people uh in San Antonio at
- 00:59:30that time but for me as a historian the
- 00:59:33message it sends is one of contingency
- 00:59:35one
- 00:59:37of things are not as certain things are
- 00:59:39not as absolute as they may seem and
- 00:59:41that ground is not as stable and so what
- 00:59:43does that mean for for for Mexican
- 00:59:45families living in San Antonio it
- 00:59:47actually had a kind of negative uh uh
- 00:59:49impact and that impact was one where for
- 00:59:52many Tano families that Mexican Invasion
- 00:59:55um in a sense destabilized their claims
- 00:59:59to being to belonging one where um it it
- 01:00:03was never quite certain whether tanos
- 01:00:06when it would come down to it would side
- 01:00:07with Mexico or would side with the
- 01:00:08United States certainly the war of
- 01:00:111846 uh between the United States of
- 01:00:13Mexico raised some of this question
- 01:00:15although we should also ask that
- 01:00:16question for say Irish Texans living in
- 01:00:18Corpus and so forth so we this question
- 01:00:20of Allegiance comes up again and again
- 01:00:23um theel were were forced to sign
- 01:00:26loyalty oats U particularly if they
- 01:00:27wanted to access uh headright land
- 01:00:30grants and and and other um other U uh
- 01:00:35um value and other rewards of the of uh
- 01:00:38of the of the war um finally if we're to
- 01:00:41measure the impact not only the impact
- 01:00:43on San Antonio was the decline in
- 01:00:45population Mexican population but more
- 01:00:47importantly the decline in political
- 01:00:49power and economic power in San Antonio
- 01:00:51as over that period between the 1850s
- 01:00:54and 1880s uh
- 01:00:56wealth and political power shifted from
- 01:00:59texano hands to texian hands to to Anglo
- 01:01:03Anglo hands um in in San Antonio from
- 01:01:05that period
- 01:01:07on uh finally uh one of the things about
- 01:01:09writing a book is you know that was the
- 01:01:12way I was thinking about it 10 years ago
- 01:01:15now we look at it and I'm constantly
- 01:01:17learning New Perspectives I'm constantly
- 01:01:19learning different ways of thinking
- 01:01:20about the war in Texas the Texas war was
- 01:01:23it one of American Redemption as Brian
- 01:01:25DeLay talks about it his book War of a
- 01:01:26thousand deserts was it a war U that was
- 01:01:29driven by slavery as um as uh Randolph
- 01:01:33Campbell is talked about and as as a uh
- 01:01:35work by tget is is brought up more
- 01:01:38recently is it is this the place where
- 01:01:40the the roots of Latino culture
- 01:01:43Nationwide in the rest of the United
- 01:01:44States took place here in Texas as uh
- 01:01:47asul gonado has has recently uh
- 01:01:50suggested um there's still so much we
- 01:01:52need to know about Texas in this period
- 01:01:54and finally so I want to end then uh
- 01:01:58last slide uh with this question of the
- 01:02:01future how do we talk about the F the
- 01:02:04the Texas future and and one of the
- 01:02:06things that uh always amazes me is how
- 01:02:09this is an unsettled question not only
- 01:02:11we talking about battles going on in
- 01:02:14Austin over the curriculum not only we
- 01:02:17uh but we're talking about that
- 01:02:19symbolism constantly
- 01:02:22um I I saw um um uh Senator Garcia up
- 01:02:27here and for me my memory of Senator is
- 01:02:30is involvement in the Houston in the in
- 01:02:32the Houston 1836 soccer naming um
- 01:02:36uh event that happened in 2006 here in
- 01:02:39Houston where uh the soccer team the
- 01:02:42Dynamo the world champion Dynamo um were
- 01:02:46uh were initially going to be called the
- 01:02:48Houston 1836 and that that raised a
- 01:02:51Citywide debate over is that what does
- 01:02:54that mean what does it mean for
- 01:02:56a fan base that's going to be a half
- 01:02:58Latino to be celebrating to be cheering
- 01:03:01for a team named after the defeat of the
- 01:03:05Mexican Army in
- 01:03:061836 um was and immediately said well
- 01:03:09you're Texan you shouldn't care about
- 01:03:11the defeat of the Mexican Army and my
- 01:03:14point here is and this is my my my this
- 01:03:17is my takeaway Point here that what for
- 01:03:21deos today how you talk about the Texas
- 01:03:25Revolution how you talk about the Texas
- 01:03:26War has become a litness test for
- 01:03:29whether you're American or you're not or
- 01:03:30you're unamerican and I thought we'd
- 01:03:33been gotten away from the Inquisition I
- 01:03:36thought we had gotten away from the
- 01:03:37house and American Activities Committee
- 01:03:39but but it's but my suggestion here is
- 01:03:42it's a it that that it is a difficult
- 01:03:46terrain and one that as a as a
- 01:03:49professional historian uh we feel I feel
- 01:03:51that it's important that we continue to
- 01:03:53walk through that we continue to to
- 01:03:56make mistakes if we do but we need to
- 01:03:58make those mistakes because we need to
- 01:03:59keep trying to get not only a more
- 01:04:02accurate image but one that is more
- 01:04:04expansive and gives and helps us
- 01:04:06understand the reality of that period as
- 01:04:07well I'll take a few questions oh no uh
- 01:04:10there'll be time for qu um I know there
- 01:04:12was a couple questions as we were going
- 01:04:13along uh but we're going to have another
- 01:04:15speaker and then a few qu then both of
- 01:04:16us will come up and and answer questions
- 01:04:18and we'll before the next break is that
- 01:04:20correct okay thank you very much
- 01:04:32our tradition is to have questions at
- 01:04:34the end of the afternoon however Dr
- 01:04:36Ramos who's in uh great demand is going
- 01:04:39to have to leave before lunch today
- 01:04:42because he has to get to another
- 01:04:43conference I think in
- 01:04:45another in Atlanta uh and uh so if you
- 01:04:49want him to sign your copy of Beyond The
- 01:04:51Alamo or if you want to ask him a
- 01:04:54question you need to NAB him the break
- 01:04:56uh that we will take uh this is General
- 01:04:59Vasquez and general wo and they've just
- 01:05:08invaded uh I would also be remiss if I
- 01:05:10didn't uh recognize in Greater extent
- 01:05:12than has been done before uh someone
- 01:05:14mentioned before that Dr Tarina is is
- 01:05:17here uh he is not our Reserve Medic in
- 01:05:19case we uh in case someone has a heart
- 01:05:21attack uh do this doctor Tarina is as
- 01:05:24they say a real doctor uh uh professor
- 01:05:27of history and I would uh if you if
- 01:05:29you're not aware of his book uh Danos
- 01:05:32and and and Texas under the Mexican flag
- 01:05:35you really need to be it's it's uh it's
- 01:05:37the Bible from which we all uh uh bring
- 01:05:40our our perspectives I think uh and one
- 01:05:43that uh that has really taught me a
- 01:05:45great deal uh Andre will you raise your
- 01:05:48hand just so people can
- 01:05:52see so people can see how
- 01:05:54extraordinarily handsome you are and one
- 01:05:58more thing if you have a cell phone with
- 01:05:59you either silence it or make it vibrate
- 01:06:03or U or or turn it off entirely because
- 01:06:06we don't need to have the the cell
- 01:06:08phones uh ringing um speaking of San
- 01:06:11Antonio uh we have a native of San
- 01:06:14Antonio uh who's going to be coming up
- 01:06:16next he's taught at four universities in
- 01:06:19San Antonio currently uh Texas A&M in
- 01:06:22San Antonio but uh Dr Francis is going
- 01:06:26to be talking to us today about probably
- 01:06:28the least known of all the tanos of the
- 01:06:32early 19th century and those are the
- 01:06:34tanos of East Texas um I spent a week in
- 01:06:37nacadas uh doing research several years
- 01:06:39ago and learned a great deal uh from not
- 01:06:44only the archives uh which were
- 01:06:47revelatory uh much of what I had been
- 01:06:49told what I've I've given a talk before
- 01:06:52called lies damn lies in Texas history
- 01:06:55uh and uh many of those many of those
- 01:06:58lies uh apply to East Texas even more so
- 01:07:01than perhaps uh South Texas but there is
- 01:07:04a secret history of
- 01:07:05nadas uh uh and uh Dr Galan is going to
- 01:07:10share that with us like all three
- 01:07:11speakers this morning Craig real who's
- 01:07:13coming next rul Ramos Dr Galan uh is a
- 01:07:17teacher uh as well as a scholar and uh
- 01:07:21almost all of these Scholars who are
- 01:07:23with us today have have have earned
- 01:07:25teaching Awards as well as scholarly
- 01:07:28Awards and I for one am very anxious to
- 01:07:31hear what Dr Francis Galan is going to
- 01:07:33teach us about East Texas tanos today
- 01:07:37Francis
- 01:08:09good morning
- 01:08:11everybody it is an extreme honor to be
- 01:08:14here standing in front of everybody here
- 01:08:17such an Eclectic group of people and I
- 01:08:21must say that I am indebted in terms of
- 01:08:25studying about deos and in particular
- 01:08:28East Texas um to Dr Tarina um who really
- 01:08:34provided a lot of inspiration for me at
- 01:08:36the very beginning starting on this work
- 01:08:40in uh my dissertation at SMU under David
- 01:08:42Weber and uh Dr Frank DEA for serving on
- 01:08:47my committee and realizing oh boy um I
- 01:08:50better be careful um but uh when I was
- 01:08:55asked asked to talk about East Texas
- 01:08:58tanos and the Texas
- 01:09:01Revolution my first thought was
- 01:09:07honestly I'm really
- 01:09:09screwed and I heard that from my dad um
- 01:09:14growing up because he was a immigrant
- 01:09:16from Cuba and um and he would always uh
- 01:09:21but he would always call me bancho and I
- 01:09:23never forget understand why he would
- 01:09:24call me bancho if we go to Miami to
- 01:09:26visit relatives or go to Spain to visit
- 01:09:28my mom's relatives and um then once I
- 01:09:32started graduate school he said that
- 01:09:34well his uh his grandfather was actually
- 01:09:38Mexicano from verac Cruz Mexico and at
- 01:09:42some point around the Mexican Revolution
- 01:09:44of 1910 had married a kubana a Cuban
- 01:09:48woman and so um I guess the Poncho is is
- 01:09:53fitting but my birth are certificate
- 01:09:56actually indicates um Francis and he
- 01:10:00just my dad just couldn't say Francis um
- 01:10:03but in thinking about that in the
- 01:10:05parallels of Revolution and realizing
- 01:10:07you know like what I was saying about
- 01:10:08you know are you either for us or
- 01:10:10against us and in this case as it was a
- 01:10:12Santa an um you know you realize gosh
- 01:10:17you don't know how this is going to turn
- 01:10:18out so um I realized though my
- 01:10:22dissertation work was on the community
- 01:10:24of Los Tas which people in Texas don't
- 01:10:28even know about um this fort um was a
- 01:10:31Spanish Fort established in 1721 and
- 01:10:34designated the capital of Spain in
- 01:10:361729 but the archaeological site is in
- 01:10:38Northwestern Louisiana and since it's
- 01:10:40not on this side of the Border we really
- 01:10:42don't talk about it and in Louisiana say
- 01:10:45in Lafayette at a history conference
- 01:10:48there not part of the Lower Mississippi
- 01:10:50Valley and so it's not really part of
- 01:10:52Louisiana it's just kind of abandoned if
- 01:10:54you will
- 01:10:55um orphaned in history um and so in a
- 01:10:59sense I began to conceptualize uh the
- 01:11:01region then as a border um because of
- 01:11:05the fact that Spain had tried to prevent
- 01:11:08the French from establishing or
- 01:11:11capturing the silver trade of Mexico
- 01:11:13Overland because France had been denied
- 01:11:16um free trade at the legal Port of verac
- 01:11:19Cruz and so if you can't do it legally
- 01:11:22why not go the back door and that was to
- 01:11:24go from Louisiana
- 01:11:26uh through Texas into the northern
- 01:11:28Mexico and um so a lot of my research
- 01:11:31was based upon the 18th century and so
- 01:11:34getting to the 19th century is a lot
- 01:11:35more tricky uh but um this is really
- 01:11:39just the beginning of what I want to
- 01:11:41share with you
- 01:11:43here on Thursday February the 11th
- 01:11:471836 Colonel William Gray a veteran of
- 01:11:49the War of 1812 and lawyer related in
- 01:11:52his diary how he awoke early that day
- 01:11:54intending to have breakfast at the SIMS
- 01:11:57house 16 mil away but was delayed
- 01:12:00crossing the streams apparently the Bas
- 01:12:02Creek and present Madison County along
- 01:12:04the old Madisonville Bas Road upon
- 01:12:07arrival at 11:00 in the morning Colonel
- 01:12:10gray stated we quote we found the house
- 01:12:13to be kept by a Mexican named Antonio
- 01:12:15Rios a native of Nacadoches who spoke
- 01:12:19the English language well and gave his
- 01:12:21name as Rivers but his Gypsy likee
- 01:12:24Visage betrayed his origin he is smart
- 01:12:27obliging fellow who has rented the place
- 01:12:30of Sims a rude House of two rooms and an
- 01:12:33open passage the common style gray and
- 01:12:36his horses were fed at the cost of
- 01:12:3975 but gray
- 01:12:41added here we found a company of 11 men
- 01:12:44from Tennessee going to join the Army
- 01:12:47end
- 01:12:48quote decades later in 1904 just 5 years
- 01:12:54before Colonel Gray's died diary was
- 01:12:55first published a 77-year-old Madison
- 01:12:59County resident named gray Ariola gave
- 01:13:01an interview to the local paper claiming
- 01:13:04that among those who stopped and rested
- 01:13:05at SIMS Place were Davy Crockett and
- 01:13:07James Buie on their way to the Alamo
- 01:13:10regardless of the precise details these
- 01:13:13stories not only capture the essence of
- 01:13:15tanos in East Texas offering food and
- 01:13:18shelter to strangers but also the
- 01:13:20complex web of Commerce and kinship that
- 01:13:23transcended Wars and
- 01:13:26revolutions Sims the name Colonel gray
- 01:13:29mentioned first refers to the family of
- 01:13:32Richard Sims an Englishman who married
- 01:13:35Maria concepion perz on September 22nd
- 01:13:391789 at nages
- 01:13:41Louisiana two years later Richard moved
- 01:13:44to Nacadoches became a farmer and
- 01:13:46established a home where Maria joined
- 01:13:48him by 1793 and together they had five
- 01:13:51children two boys Jose De Jesus and Jose
- 01:13:55gasio and three daughters gandaria
- 01:13:57Antonia and Maria Maria P Sims and her
- 01:14:00parents were tanos from San Antonio
- 01:14:03de by 1809 according to the Spanish
- 01:14:07census for NE doas that year among the
- 01:14:10SS neighbors were Edmund Norris a farmer
- 01:14:14from Maryland who established his Ranch
- 01:14:17Nichi in 1804 where he and his wife
- 01:14:20Sarah Sanders also raised five children
- 01:14:23two sons Nathaniel and Samuel and three
- 01:14:26daughters tomasa Susana and Jane another
- 01:14:29neighbor edman Quirk a farmer from
- 01:14:32Virginia established his Ranch theana at
- 01:14:36nacadas in 1800 where his parents Edmund
- 01:14:40and Anna alsa cour resided together with
- 01:14:44his daughter and an agregado or that is
- 01:14:46somebody who is not blood but a
- 01:14:48political in- law named William suel
- 01:14:52from Pennsylvania other immigrants to
- 01:14:54nak doas besides Virginia Maryland and
- 01:14:58Pennsylvania Hil from the United States
- 01:15:01uh Canada Europe Cuba Africa Mexico as
- 01:15:05well as the Apache the majority of
- 01:15:08nacadas residents however were Theos
- 01:15:11more specifically alos Soldier settlers
- 01:15:15born at the Spanish Fort of losas in
- 01:15:18Northwestern Louisiana that had been
- 01:15:20abandoned in
- 01:15:221773 as well as the beo from San
- 01:15:28Antonio and so there
- 01:15:31is oh there is then um at
- 01:15:37ladas this marker that indicates this
- 01:15:41was the site for this old Spanish Fort
- 01:15:44and it's located only 15 about 15 miles
- 01:15:47west of nades and it's along uh State
- 01:15:50Highway 6 which if you cross from the
- 01:15:53Texas side along state Highway 21 um you
- 01:15:57end up coming along and it's the the old
- 01:16:00Camino and it is there then uh that the
- 01:16:04um Spanish had tried to check French
- 01:16:07Westward Expansion and the Old Stone
- 01:16:10Fort in the image on the left the the
- 01:16:12left hand side there established um
- 01:16:16after nacadas had been founded in 1779
- 01:16:19by Antonio gilaro who was a native from
- 01:16:22loas I mean from yes from loas born
- 01:16:25there in 1729 where his father Mel was
- 01:16:29already a soldier and interestingly
- 01:16:30enough before Mao had gone out to loas
- 01:16:34he had a daughter baptized in the M
- 01:16:36Mission San Antonio de valo which later
- 01:16:39became famous as the AL so he had that
- 01:16:42tie to San Antonio as well and um but
- 01:16:45then many of the uh settlers who um were
- 01:16:50at loas they were ordered by the king to
- 01:16:53abandon their post and in 7 1973 you had
- 01:16:56a kind of internal trail of teers in
- 01:16:58which these settlers are forced to come
- 01:17:00to San Antonio some of them stay there
- 01:17:02others return and uh they're temporarily
- 01:17:05on the lower Trinity River at bukari um
- 01:17:08disease um Kaman Reids forced them um to
- 01:17:12nacadas and they established the post
- 01:17:15there in
- 01:17:161779 which is a side of an former
- 01:17:19Spanish mission and it also has this
- 01:17:21connection with the naad DOI the Catt um
- 01:17:25Indians as well so perhaps their claim
- 01:17:27to being the oldest town in Texas you
- 01:17:29know do have some kind of ring of truth
- 01:17:31to it um if you include the Native
- 01:17:33American
- 01:17:37um
- 01:17:39among those residents at na nadas was a
- 01:17:44beadel named Juan sigin age 47 farmer
- 01:17:48who migrated to nacadas in
- 01:17:511799 with his wife josea Gomez where
- 01:17:54they had a daughter named Manuela sein
- 01:17:57and an Antonio Ariola aged 48 farmer
- 01:18:02from Stan Antonio deard who had helped
- 01:18:05Antonio gilaro establish nadas in
- 01:18:091779 where Ariola and his wife Anna Hova
- 01:18:13Eis a tahano native from Los settled and
- 01:18:16had a son named Eduardo meanwhile the
- 01:18:19Antonio Rios mentioned in Colonel Gray's
- 01:18:22diary May in fact be the one listed on
- 01:18:24the 1809 nead census as Jose Antonio de
- 01:18:29Rio age not shown son of Manuel de Rio
- 01:18:34age 22 farmer from Nacadoches and Aina
- 01:18:38Padilla age 18 also from Nacadoches and
- 01:18:41siblings Jose vivano and hakina ages not
- 01:18:45given it's quite likely the case that
- 01:18:48Antonio Rio's parents were originally
- 01:18:51from losas especially since my own list
- 01:18:55of those tanos originally from loas
- 01:18:57includes an Antonio de Rio who appears
- 01:19:01in a 1782 census of San Antonio deard
- 01:19:05despite having signed a petition with
- 01:19:07hibo in 1773 to return to East texes
- 01:19:11Antonio Deo evidently stayed behind
- 01:19:15since his name appears on another
- 01:19:16petition in 1778 for better lands to
- 01:19:19settle in San
- 01:19:23Antonio and so these are some of the
- 01:19:25more um frequent names that appeared uh
- 01:19:29for L losas but these come from Census
- 01:19:33records Spanish Census records that I
- 01:19:35pulled from the 1780s and 90s from San
- 01:19:39Antonio um for nacadas in the 1790s and
- 01:19:43even Lavia which is uh became Goliad in
- 01:19:471829 um for the census their census of
- 01:19:511809 and so a lot of the names that
- 01:19:53appear on here are Nam that um end up
- 01:19:56being involved in one way or another um
- 01:19:59with the Texas
- 01:20:00Revolution um it's just that uh in terms
- 01:20:03of East Texas toos um this really not
- 01:20:07part of this discussion um and yet
- 01:20:10there's such deep ties between San
- 01:20:13Antonio and uh East Texas is not even
- 01:20:15funny um ra mentioned the Battle of
- 01:20:19Medina when when uh the the Spanish
- 01:20:22military under um Dondo basically they
- 01:20:26they they killed about a thousand of the
- 01:20:29of the rebels and many of the tanos many
- 01:20:32of them had fled become refugees they
- 01:20:35fled to Louisiana they went to nades and
- 01:20:37so you can see the names of of bharos
- 01:20:40there buried um at nacadish at least
- 01:20:44according to the uh um St Francis
- 01:20:46Catholic Church records there and um and
- 01:20:49so then it's like you just have like
- 01:20:51this this um um you know repetition in
- 01:20:55terms of these relations of tanos and
- 01:20:58nades Louisiana and it's in that context
- 01:21:02then that you know you have um stepen F
- 01:21:05Austin um arriving to Texas um from
- 01:21:10nadesh and um is being escorted by um a
- 01:21:14group of tanos and um so there are these
- 01:21:18tremendous ties then um and movement
- 01:21:21because soldiers from that fort in losas
- 01:21:24were stationed
- 01:21:25elsewhere in Texas um so then getting
- 01:21:28back to this um we must keep in mind
- 01:21:31that the dropping of prefixes and use of
- 01:21:34middle names in spanish are not uncommon
- 01:21:36especially on the frontier not to
- 01:21:38mention um and I'll show you later on
- 01:21:41another slide anglicized um versions of
- 01:21:44these Hispanic names um for example uh
- 01:21:49Del Rio that becomes uh rivers and
- 01:21:53there's many other names as well and so
- 01:21:56um we're related in ways that we don't
- 01:21:58even realize
- 01:22:00um regardless the point here is that the
- 01:22:04children of tanos in East Texas
- 01:22:06including anglos such as Nathaniel
- 01:22:09Norris and another named John dur
- 01:22:12together with adenos and beos fought and
- 01:22:15died in the Battle of nacadas against
- 01:22:17the Mexican Government many years later
- 01:22:19In
- 01:22:201832 after having survived the violence
- 01:22:23and Chaos of Independence from Spain and
- 01:22:26the fredonian
- 01:22:36rebellion and so in the Battle of
- 01:22:38nacadas August 2nd of
- 01:22:411832 the yo that is the local government
- 01:22:45at nacadas refused to give up their
- 01:22:47arms sounds like a very Texan thing not
- 01:22:51to refuse to give up your arms
- 01:22:54come and take it as ordered by Colonel
- 01:22:58Jose deas Pedas commander of the Mexican
- 01:23:0012 permanent Battalion at Nacadoches
- 01:23:03tensions were high due to the
- 01:23:05controversial immigration law of 1830
- 01:23:08that Mexico passed prohibiting further
- 01:23:10immigration from the United States into
- 01:23:12Texas as well as the confrontation over
- 01:23:14taxes and commerce at
- 01:23:17anaak many Texans initially supported
- 01:23:20General Santana when he opposed the
- 01:23:22centralist in Mexico City and and
- 01:23:24favored states rights under the
- 01:23:26Federalist Banner in constitution of
- 01:23:301824 and that's one of the things that's
- 01:23:32rather interesting is that there is a
- 01:23:35conversion that takes place among Sana
- 01:23:37himself because you got to keep in mind
- 01:23:39that he had become the hero of Mexico
- 01:23:42most recently in
- 01:23:451829 when he helped lead the um
- 01:23:48resistance to the invasion of Spain
- 01:23:51trying to take Mexico back at as a
- 01:23:56colony and santaana had handed over the
- 01:23:59presidency and he retired he went back
- 01:24:02to his estate and of all places verac
- 01:24:04Cruz and he could have lived out his
- 01:24:06retirement much like I dare say Eran
- 01:24:10Cortez could have just stayed in Cuba
- 01:24:12and he didn't have to go to
- 01:24:15Mexico but Santana would end up uh
- 01:24:19changing his political um
- 01:24:22position and so then
- 01:24:24the nacadas local government had formed
- 01:24:28a national militia in response to the
- 01:24:30threat Colonel Pedas posed after he
- 01:24:33refused to resend his order and declare
- 01:24:35for santanaa beas positioned his men at
- 01:24:37the Old Stone Fort a local church and in
- 01:24:41his headquarters which became known as
- 01:24:43the red
- 01:24:48house after initial withdrawal following
- 01:24:51a Mexican cavalry charge the Texans
- 01:24:54fought back house to house captured the
- 01:24:56Stone Fort Sim's Tavern Thorn's store
- 01:24:59and Robert's store forcing the Mexicans
- 01:25:01back into their main forication and
- 01:25:03ultimately driven away from the red
- 01:25:05house where Colonel Pedas and his troops
- 01:25:09evacuated and headed to San
- 01:25:14Antonio and so there's a a marker in U
- 01:25:17nacadas to this battle of um nacadas
- 01:25:221832
- 01:25:24and um we'll come back to the to the
- 01:25:26names here uh in a little bit um but
- 01:25:30it's quite interesting the next day some
- 01:25:3316 Texans including James Buie gave
- 01:25:36Chase and skirmished with Mexican troops
- 01:25:38at Buckshot Crossing on the Angelina
- 01:25:40River Colonel Pedas hid in the home of
- 01:25:44John Durst near present Douglas where
- 01:25:47his men turned against him Captain
- 01:25:49Francisco Medina took command from um
- 01:25:53pedras and surrendered beas and his men
- 01:25:57um who were then escorted back to
- 01:25:59nacadas ASA Edwards a member of the
- 01:26:03national militia and a name um
- 01:26:06associated with that pronia Rebellion
- 01:26:09that stepen F Austin had opposed in
- 01:26:1118261 1827 transferred Colonel PES to
- 01:26:15San felipa and handed it over to S
- 01:26:17Steven F Austin Colonel Pedas was
- 01:26:19paroled and headed to Mexico while Buie
- 01:26:22marched uh pes's remaining soldiers to
- 01:26:24San Antonio where they were discharged
- 01:26:27in the aftermath of the battle Colonel
- 01:26:29Pedas had lost 47 men who were killed
- 01:26:32and around 40 wounded while three Texans
- 01:26:34were killed and four wounded and just
- 01:26:38down the list on the left hand side
- 01:26:40there um among Texans killed in this
- 01:26:44battle was a tahano named Don Francisco
- 01:26:48incar Chirino a alal or city councilman
- 01:26:53from Nao es and a descendant of the
- 01:26:56Torino boys from loas the first one was
- 01:26:59a was a lero chinos who was a servant in
- 01:27:05the Ramon expedition of 1716 when Spang
- 01:27:08was trying to take back e Texas for the
- 01:27:10second time and um and then his sons
- 01:27:14become soldiers at loas in 1735 there's
- 01:27:18like six of them and some of them end up
- 01:27:20at the San Antonio Garrison and others
- 01:27:22at the load
- 01:27:25and
- 01:27:26um and so then you have the town of
- 01:27:30Chino
- 01:27:32Texas although pronounced locally as
- 01:27:35Sharina and I went in thinking not
- 01:27:38Shino like Sharina Texas located midway
- 01:27:43between nacadas and San Augustine off
- 01:27:45State Highway 21 along the old was named
- 01:27:49for this Brave
- 01:27:51theano and so when you drive in through
- 01:27:54there and you go into these little
- 01:27:56little towns in the back country you
- 01:27:58know it's like you can't help but just
- 01:28:00ask questions like who are these people
- 01:28:02because you see MOA and cherino and IAD
- 01:28:05and it's like well I knew people like
- 01:28:07that growing up in San Antonio they were
- 01:28:10my friends but you didn't really make
- 01:28:12that connection um until much
- 01:28:19later among the leaders of the national
- 01:28:22militia and Veterans of the battle were
- 01:28:24Vicente Cordova who served as one of the
- 01:28:27captains as did bayy Anderson senior
- 01:28:30Isaac Burton Hyatt Hanks Wyatt Hanks and
- 01:28:34Frederick Mo followed by Lieutenant
- 01:28:36Nathaniel Norris and the incense Antonio
- 01:28:39machaka not Frank de hus Chaka um Juan
- 01:28:43MAA and Odus
- 01:28:47Aur and so you had in this battle these
- 01:28:51individuals then who knew each other ahe
- 01:28:54had many years of living on the Texas
- 01:28:58Frontier as a late historian Archie
- 01:29:01McDonald stated the Battle of Nacadoches
- 01:29:03is an important lesser-known conflict
- 01:29:07that cleared East Texas of military rule
- 01:29:10and allowed the citizens to meet in
- 01:29:12convention without military intervention
- 01:29:15from Mexico City for the East Texas
- 01:29:18tanos at Nacadoches having lived and
- 01:29:21worked intimately with anglos over the
- 01:29:22years on the frontier at Farmers Cowboys
- 01:29:25or Soldiers the arrival of many new
- 01:29:27immigrants in the 1820s and 1830s from
- 01:29:30the United States tested their loyalties
- 01:29:32beyond the Mexican Nation to the region
- 01:29:35and to each other on the eve of the
- 01:29:38Texas Revolution before the first shots
- 01:29:40fired at Gonzalez in October 1835
- 01:29:43anglo-americans surrounded tanos and the
- 01:29:45newly created mun municipalities of San
- 01:29:49Austine Sabine Tana Jasper and Red River
- 01:29:55all carved out of the vast nacadas
- 01:30:01district and so um the more Northern
- 01:30:04ones don't show up on this map um but
- 01:30:07you can see a few of them you can see
- 01:30:09nadas you can see San Austine um and you
- 01:30:13can
- 01:30:17see um let's see over there to the East
- 01:30:23and
- 01:30:24Liberty is further down uh to the to the
- 01:30:28South and um and so then you have all
- 01:30:31these districts Liberty being created in
- 01:30:351731 um and uh and nacadas municipality
- 01:30:40being created in 1831 and then the
- 01:30:42others s Augustine 1834 and uh the rest
- 01:30:46in
- 01:30:481835 historian Paul lack argues that a
- 01:30:51nervous neutrality descended upon these
- 01:30:54Texas Toano is because communities
- 01:30:55Committees of violence and safety which
- 01:30:58had formed in response to the rise of of
- 01:31:00power of Santa Ana and has switched to
- 01:31:03the centralist cause threatened
- 01:31:04confiscation of property belonging to
- 01:31:07anyone who refused to cooperate with
- 01:31:09measures of the committee like
- 01:31:11statements that urged a political break
- 01:31:13with Mexico according to lack Captain
- 01:31:16viente Cordova of the local militia
- 01:31:18nadas made rhetorical appeal appeals to
- 01:31:21God the law tradition tranquility
- 01:31:24and preservation of property that
- 01:31:26reflected mainstream conservative ideals
- 01:31:29rather than an open political commitment
- 01:31:31one way or another Captain Cordova
- 01:31:33agreed not to resist the Texas
- 01:31:36Revolution whose leaders did not insist
- 01:31:39that too's figh in the war against other
- 01:31:41Mexicans Cordova's militia in effect
- 01:31:44became a permanent homeg
- 01:31:46guard however by November
- 01:31:491835 Cordova ordered his company to
- 01:31:52dissolve after the SE of bead had begun
- 01:31:55and rebel Texan forces joined by tanos
- 01:31:59and a few Mexican
- 01:32:01Federalists fought General K's Mexican
- 01:32:03troops in San Ana in San Antonio and the
- 01:32:06Alamo apparently Cordova had grown
- 01:32:10doubtful of the objective of the Texas
- 01:32:13Revolution by early 1836 nacadas became
- 01:32:16more divided than ever over the decision
- 01:32:19of Texas leaders to move towards
- 01:32:23independence altogether and abandoned
- 01:32:25Mexican federalism East Texas tanos were
- 01:32:28openly against the independence in March
- 01:32:32which made them suspect among the angle
- 01:32:34majority there were rumors since
- 01:32:36December of the previous year that tanos
- 01:32:38and eoas had planned a Revolt with Santa
- 01:32:40Ana and the Cherokees which stoked
- 01:32:42greater alarm when Mexican centralist
- 01:32:44troops Advanced Eastward in April
- 01:32:46meanwhile the uneasy peace at nacadas
- 01:32:49was nearly destroyed after April 9th
- 01:32:52when the local alal David Hoffman
- 01:32:54notified residents of the requirement by
- 01:32:57the Texas Convention of the previous
- 01:32:59month for military conscription and that
- 01:33:02East Texas tanos in particular should be
- 01:33:04organized into a separate unit those
- 01:33:07tanos who did not line up to serve were
- 01:33:09to move to Louisiana something that they
- 01:33:12had been familiar with or west of the
- 01:33:17Brazos tanos did form a company but so
- 01:33:20did around 250 anglo-american volunteers
- 01:33:23who set about to disarm tanos by April
- 01:33:2714th Cordova made it clear that any
- 01:33:30confiscated weapons had to be returned
- 01:33:32as evidence of Faith otherwise he
- 01:33:34declared quote if the Mexicans are thus
- 01:33:37to be treated and suspected I beg it may
- 01:33:41be remembered that they have it in their
- 01:33:43power if they are so disposed to do much
- 01:33:46mischief and quote the local Texas
- 01:33:50military commander um Aran accepted
- 01:33:54Cordova's terms and his militia were
- 01:33:56allowed to protect
- 01:33:58nacadas by April 17th Just 4 days before
- 01:34:02the Battle of San jento Commander Aran
- 01:34:05wrote General Sam Houston that the
- 01:34:07tahano militia at nades nacadas sorry
- 01:34:10was ready to defend the country against
- 01:34:14the Indians who are pillaging but will
- 01:34:17not fight their countrymen in the
- 01:34:20present instance in other words um that
- 01:34:23they were of use to the Anglo Texans by
- 01:34:26mentioning the fact that we you also
- 01:34:29have uh Indians out there as well not
- 01:34:31just Cherokees um but as one of the
- 01:34:34sensus shows um there are also about 200
- 01:34:36Chaka and there were about another 100
- 01:34:39or so um band of of Catt
- 01:34:43um not to mention out on the plains the
- 01:34:50kames as lack notes while these Tex Tex
- 01:34:53tanos did not rise in armed Rebellion
- 01:34:57against the Texas cause in 1836 they
- 01:35:00refused to support war against the
- 01:35:02centralist government in me in Mexico
- 01:35:04City and Santa
- 01:35:07Ana that said however I would argue that
- 01:35:10East Texas tanos also carried themselves
- 01:35:13as their ancestors had done long before
- 01:35:16Having learned from C neighbors to play
- 01:35:19off both sides East Texas tanos were
- 01:35:22skill for Frontier trade amongst any
- 01:35:25racial or ethnic groups and intermarried
- 01:35:28whenever such opportunities to expand
- 01:35:30Commerce or ranching presented all the
- 01:35:32while maintaining peaceful relations
- 01:35:34despite the world closing in upon them
- 01:35:37in other words as historian Raul Ramos
- 01:35:41argues for tanos and San Antonio the
- 01:35:43East Texas tanos had always been trying
- 01:35:45to find the
- 01:35:47balance on a frontier far from Mexico
- 01:35:50City and so close to Louisiana
- 01:35:54and like any good theano on the Texas
- 01:35:57Frontier likely to disobey disent
- 01:36:00government officials whose views did not
- 01:36:02reflect the reality of their lives at
- 01:36:04home and the desire for free trade God
- 01:36:07land and Liberty whether that government
- 01:36:10be Spanish Mexican or
- 01:36:14American Texan or American whether David
- 01:36:17Crockett or Jim Buie actually stopped at
- 01:36:20Sim's home as recounted by Gray adiola
- 01:36:23only reinforces the notion that
- 01:36:25volunteers from the United States did
- 01:36:27stop to rest eat and drink in East Texas
- 01:36:30on their way to San Antonio and
- 01:36:33interacted with tanos from Nacadoches
- 01:36:35but more than that East Texas tanos
- 01:36:39hedged their bets on the Texas
- 01:36:41Revolution in case the new generation of
- 01:36:44anglo-american immigrants turned against
- 01:36:47them regardless of whether or not they
- 01:36:49help to defeat San
- 01:36:52Ana future research on anglos and their
- 01:36:55children listed in the nacadas census of
- 01:36:571809 who
- 01:37:00knew the East Texas Tano's best and
- 01:37:03became comrades in arms at the Battle of
- 01:37:06nacadas In
- 01:37:091832 as well as their business dealings
- 01:37:11May reveal the possibility that at least
- 01:37:13some East Texas anglos also hedge their
- 01:37:17bets certainly the anglos listed in the
- 01:37:201835 Census records for the newly
- 01:37:22created municipal ities of East Texas
- 01:37:25also deserve closer scrutiny just like
- 01:37:28the family backgrounds of Theos who were
- 01:37:31truly texting to the coure and so then
- 01:37:35the slides that I have that follow um I
- 01:37:38just started going through the Census
- 01:37:40records um that I've had with me in my
- 01:37:44possession for probably 10 or 12 years
- 01:37:46and I said someday I want to get to
- 01:37:481830s I get out of the 18th century um
- 01:37:52but what's amazing is is is how um when
- 01:37:55you look at these lists um the first uh
- 01:37:59like the first six Census records you
- 01:38:02end
- 01:38:03up that's my timer um you end
- 01:38:08up noticing that there are various um
- 01:38:13different um Census records and you have
- 01:38:17uh uh in this first one the census for
- 01:38:19nacadas this is where the where the
- 01:38:21Theos were the
- 01:38:24madas um you see 668 total
- 01:38:28residents majority of the families are
- 01:38:31Hispanic uh 37 servants and among among
- 01:38:35those servants there were four that that
- 01:38:36had Hispanic surnames but you have the
- 01:38:39one moras Antonio Manaka Jose anel
- 01:38:42Chirino even Miguel de los Santos Koy
- 01:38:45which is connected to um Trinidad and
- 01:38:47his brother Antonio deos Santos Koy from
- 01:38:49San Antonio but you also have um anglos
- 01:38:53that are settled there right there in
- 01:38:55nacadas among them and uh including
- 01:38:58Henry ruag um who actually is an
- 01:39:00immigrant from Switzerland and adula
- 01:39:03Stern who was a merchant from Germany
- 01:39:07and apparently whose uh father was Jew
- 01:39:09and his mother was um Lutheran and um
- 01:39:13Allan and his brothers from New York or
- 01:39:15Roberts from Virginia or Rus from South
- 01:39:19Carolina and so they were among these
- 01:39:22tanos in
- 01:39:24nadas and you end up seeing as well
- 01:39:28another census um that has maybe a few
- 01:39:32names that overlap with the previous
- 01:39:33slide I showed you um but the majority
- 01:39:36also Hispanic and so you see Jose De
- 01:39:41Santos that wasn't originally part of
- 01:39:43loas but um basically what happened was
- 01:39:47that in the aftermath of the Louisiana
- 01:39:50Purchase of
- 01:39:521803 you had Spain having tried to
- 01:39:54establish defensive settlements and so
- 01:39:57um some of the and especially on the the
- 01:39:59Trinity River and so some of these um um
- 01:40:02names that appear as Theos later um they
- 01:40:05came out of these um uh generation the
- 01:40:09of the Spanish troops that were
- 01:40:11established around the time of the
- 01:40:13Louisiana Purchase and
- 01:40:16um and Manuel cherino Teresa MOA but you
- 01:40:20also have interestingly enough Ariola
- 01:40:22Caron on Cordova Gonzalez Rodriguez and
- 01:40:26an Anglo sample as well and again seeing
- 01:40:29these names there even of vente melli
- 01:40:31who is a merchant from Italy who ended
- 01:40:33up becoming a land Speculator and
- 01:40:35acquiring ranches beginning in the
- 01:40:391790s um had requested permission to
- 01:40:42establish a cotton gin in San Antonio in
- 01:40:451804
- 01:40:46um so you you're beginning to see um
- 01:40:50immigrants who are settling in and
- 01:40:52amongst the tanos in nadas and then when
- 01:40:55I was looking for the name of visenta
- 01:40:57Cordova um I guess it would only be
- 01:40:59natural that he would be east of town uh
- 01:41:01to to a toak but why he's the only one
- 01:41:04listed on this particular census I don't
- 01:41:07know um but nonetheless um and his
- 01:41:11occupation is not listed as well
- 01:41:16um but we continue then and I'm just
- 01:41:18kind of go through this to kind of speed
- 01:41:20up the process we have Southwest of
- 01:41:22nacadas
- 01:41:24um we have then Northwest of
- 01:41:28nacadas and then we have the berry
- 01:41:31settlement uh um which is also um
- 01:41:35reported along with
- 01:41:38nacadas and we keep
- 01:41:42going and you see then from west to
- 01:41:47Angelina except now you're talking about
- 01:41:49um mostly um Anglo families
- 01:41:54and um a higher number of um um
- 01:41:57African-Americans who are listed as
- 01:41:59Negal in the Spanish Census records and
- 01:42:01translated as black and um and you do
- 01:42:04have some tanos who are present there as
- 01:42:07well and you'll notice the names of
- 01:42:10Durst at the
- 01:42:12bottom and so we keep going then it's
- 01:42:15like there's the Williams settlement uh
- 01:42:17near Nacadoches which is um all Ang
- 01:42:21except for one too and a mixed um couple
- 01:42:25of Anglo and Hispanic um and so then we
- 01:42:30get to then San Austine and San
- 01:42:33Augustine established as as a
- 01:42:35municipality in
- 01:42:371834 um you see no tanos who are settled
- 01:42:41there but what's interesting here is
- 01:42:44that the category for religion um is
- 01:42:46listed unlike it was for nacadas and
- 01:42:50although overwhelmingly listed as
- 01:42:52Catholic they are more nominally
- 01:42:53Catholic because um and in this
- 01:42:55particular instance um it just says one
- 01:42:57Protestant and one Universalist but as
- 01:43:00we see through um the next census and
- 01:43:03why it's separated again although and
- 01:43:05there's not much overlap is you end up
- 01:43:08having um Baptists and methodists who
- 01:43:11are also listed as well um and um and so
- 01:43:14then uh perhaps then you're talking
- 01:43:17about uh anglos who are um nominally
- 01:43:21Catholic but in actuality they are
- 01:43:23methodists and Baptists and in the case
- 01:43:25of the Spanish Empire of the new world
- 01:43:26it wasn't uncommon that say if you were
- 01:43:29peblo Indian uh if you were um Spanish
- 01:43:32six days of the uh you know one day of
- 01:43:34the week on Sunday the rest of the week
- 01:43:36you were Pueblo um or if you were a Jew
- 01:43:39and you were expelled the result of the
- 01:43:41Inquisition you be you were a conver and
- 01:43:44um you ended up becoming spartic and we
- 01:43:47don't even really know that story or
- 01:43:49discuss that story but the fact of the
- 01:43:51matter is that
- 01:43:54um this issue then of religion is is
- 01:43:57interesting because it's not so much
- 01:43:59just from this American perspective from
- 01:44:02but from the Mexican perspective the
- 01:44:04holy Office of the Inquisition wasn't
- 01:44:06fully finally dissolved until
- 01:44:091820 and so then um with the rise of
- 01:44:13this liberalism of this federalism
- 01:44:15versus centralism and the rise of
- 01:44:17liberalism and versus liberals versus
- 01:44:19conservative not only in Mexico but
- 01:44:21across Latin America you have the
- 01:44:23beginnings of this um advance of um a
- 01:44:28another Frontier contending um a the
- 01:44:32Catholic church that was concerned in
- 01:44:34the 1830s within this Con context of the
- 01:44:37Civil War in Mexico of losing their fos
- 01:44:40their their special
- 01:44:42privileges that the military also had
- 01:44:45and this was a constant struggle for
- 01:44:47Mexico um as a matter of fact against
- 01:44:50the church until 1929 when they finally
- 01:44:53called the
- 01:44:54truce and so there's another element in
- 01:44:56here that is quite quite fascinating um
- 01:45:00but for the most part then uh you have
- 01:45:04other municipalities being
- 01:45:06established and that's it okay and I
- 01:45:10couldn't stop I couldn't stop going
- 01:45:13through the Census records and so
- 01:45:18um thank you very much
- 01:45:33I thought of four or five things I
- 01:45:34wanted to say about East Texas uh while
- 01:45:36Francis was speaking but I'll defer um
- 01:45:40just before we take our break now let me
- 01:45:42please urge you to be back before 11:15
- 01:45:46because we're going to begin right on
- 01:45:48time but uh first I want to uh give
- 01:45:52Professor Angelina AO uh about 2 minutes
- 01:45:55to explain the questionnaire that you
- 01:45:57received from her and her colleagues
- 01:45:59today uh and then we'll take our break
- 01:46:02and be back promptly before
- 01:46:1011:15 good morning everyone oh that's
- 01:46:13loud further away okay good morning um
- 01:46:17right now I'm it helps if you don't
- 01:46:18touch it with a private effort right now
- 01:46:21in Austin Texas we're trying to get a
- 01:46:23statue made in honor of Lorenzo deala
- 01:46:25and the questionnaire in front of you is
- 01:46:28the half a page it should be yellow in
- 01:46:29color uh we are trying to get feedback
- 01:46:34if first Lorenzo disal is a good choice
- 01:46:37and second um if we could get a second
- 01:46:40possible statue uh who do you think
- 01:46:43would be the best person to represent uh
- 01:46:46Founding Father of the Texas Republic
- 01:46:49and when you have uh filled out your
- 01:46:52forms
- 01:46:53um please uh leave them at the table in
- 01:46:55the front uh so far uh good news you
- 01:46:59know we're only uh needing uh feedback
- 01:47:01from our area here in this part of the
- 01:47:04state Brownsville and El Paso otherwise
- 01:47:07we've had feedback from everyone so far
- 01:47:09it's been very positive um and many
- 01:47:13historical associations have been on
- 01:47:14board and hopefully we'll be doing well
- 01:47:16uh word on the capital is um the good
- 01:47:19news
- 01:47:21is sorry
- 01:47:24if we're not able to get it directly in
- 01:47:27the building then we can get it in the
- 01:47:29uh library with Lorenzo Deal's name but
- 01:47:34like I said we just need to have
- 01:47:36feedback and support as long as we have
- 01:47:38enough people who are interested in this
- 01:47:40then we can make this happen so uh
- 01:47:42please uh do uh give your response thank
- 01:47:45you so much for your
- 01:47:46time thank you Lorenzo deala is of
- 01:47:49course the name on the state archives of
- 01:47:51Texas also lenzo desala Jr was a
- 01:47:54prominent citizen of Houston uh in the
- 01:47:57early years of the Texas Republic and
- 01:47:59you saw him although you might not have
- 01:48:01recognized him in that picture of the
- 01:48:03surrender of Santana uh at San jento he
- 01:48:06was one of the translators uh so uh this
- 01:48:10has been uh wonderful so far thank you
- 01:48:12for your patience and attention take a
- 01:48:14break and we'll start promptly at 11:15
- 01:49:21e
- 01:49:51e
- 01:50:21e e
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