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zenan from sidium before becoming a
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philosopher zenan was a merchant once he
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experienced a shipwreck and lost all his
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wealth he arrived in Athens as a very
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poor man however his fate changed when
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zenan turned his attention to philosophy
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he was fascinated by interesting ideas
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so he actively studied philosophy with
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various teachers then he was able to
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create his own philosophical School in
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Athens called
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stoicism those who practice this
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philosophy are called called stoics
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xenon's teaching is characterized by a
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primary focus on establishing the inner
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Independence of the individual according
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to Xenon the world is governed by a
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certain Force fate but the world itself
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is a living whole permeated with Cosmic
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breath he also believed that in human
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behavior the primary thing is the
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movement of the Soul determining the
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reasons for individual human actions
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Xenon lived to a very old age and
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according to Legend he died by purposely
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holding his breath in other words ending
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his life by Suicide stoic ethics
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considered this acceptable if it was
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deemed reasonable Clines in his youth
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clenis was a boxer once he came to study
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with zenan in Athens with only four
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drmas which he paid for the right to
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attend lectures and at night he carried
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water and needed flour after zenon's
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death Clines became the head of the
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stoic School of philosophy among his
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many writings a large text College him
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to Zeus is preserved in this work the
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universe a is depicted as one big living
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being whose soul is God and the heart is
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the sun clas is credited with
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translating senica's expression into
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Latin fate leads the willing and drags
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along the
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unwilling according to Legend Clines
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following the extreme principles of
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stoicism starved himself to death at the
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age of 100 cipus from Soul cipus was a
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runner in a aete but in his younger
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years he came to Athens and started
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attending lectures by clinty after
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clinty passed away cipus took over the
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school he is credited with giving final
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shape to early stoicism his work focused
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on formalizing and developing stoic
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ethics and logic he had an incredible
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breadth of interests and productivity
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writing up to 500 lines a day cipus a
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renowned stoic stood out for his
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dialectic
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skills for the systematic coherence and
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logic of his philosophical constructs he
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was comparable only to Aristotle in the
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ancient world and in logic he even
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surpassed him cipus developed the
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doctrine of the periodic destruction and
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Rebirth of the World by the deity in
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ethics cipus asserted the unity of the
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soul and unlike a Zeno of sidium Saw
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passions not as consequences of mistaken
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judgments but as the mistaken judgments
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themselves he was also a proponent of
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living in harmony with nature
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cipus was the first to use the term
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instinct to describe the behavior of
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birds and other animals according to one
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version CPUs died from a fit of laughter
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he saw his donkey eat his figs then he
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shouted to an old woman that now they
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should give the donkey some pure wine to
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wash down its throat then he burst out
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laughing and died this wise man lived
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for 73 years epicus epicus was a slave
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of epaphroditus in Rome epaphroditus
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served as a secretary to the dramatic
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Emperor Nero epaphroditus accompanied by
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his slave epicus attended lectures by
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the famous stoic musonius Rufus whom
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I'll talk about later in the video it's
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likely that it was in these lectures
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that epicus was inspired by stoic ideas
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once when his master was angry and began
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beating him epicus calmly said you will
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break my leg when epaphroditus did
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indeed break his leg epicus cooly added
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did I not tell you that you would break
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it epaphroditus was amazed by his
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slave's patience and felt ashamed of his
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own cruelty while epicus remained lame
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for life it's unclear when but epicus
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gained his freedom which allowed him to
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found his own philosophical School
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Epictetus preached stoic ideas his
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philosophy aimed to teach us to
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distinguish what is within our control
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and what is not we cannot control
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everything outside us only our thoughts
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and desires and therefore our happiness
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are under our control his teaching also
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emphasized ethics self-analysis and
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acceptance of Fate his famous brief
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manual for ethical living called the
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idian is a key text of
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stoicism epicus died an old age in the
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mid2 century on epictetus's grave was
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inscribed the Epitaph Epictetus the
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slave lame and poor friend of the
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Immortals senica Lucius anus senica was
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a Roman philosopher po ician and writer
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he is known for his essays and treatises
00:05:03
in which he discusses many aspects of
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stoic philosophy including ethics the
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nature of fate and inner peace his life
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was full of contradictions on one hand
00:05:14
he served as an adviser to the
00:05:15
scandalous Emperor Nero and on the other
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he pursued the ideals of wisdom Justice
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and
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self-reflection his essays and letters
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filled with wise advice and
00:05:26
philosophical Reflections still inspire
00:05:28
people and help help them find a path to
00:05:30
Inner Tranquility in the chaos of the
00:05:32
modern world during the Youth of Emperor
00:05:35
Nero Sena was effectively the ruler of
00:05:38
Rome but later he was pushed aside from
00:05:40
power when he refused to sanction
00:05:42
repressions against Nero's opponents and
00:05:44
against Christians as a stoic senica
00:05:47
emphasized the unity of all things but
00:05:49
he believed in the possibility of
00:05:50
unlimited human knowledge unlike
00:05:53
classical stoicism senica's philosophy
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has a clear religious element and his
00:05:58
thoughts align so closely with
00:06:00
Christianity that he was considered a
00:06:03
secret Christian and was credited with
00:06:05
correspondence with the Apostle Paul
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Sena ended his life by Suicide at the
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order of Nero to avoid
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execution Marcus
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aelius Marcus aelius was a great emperor
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philosopher and symbol of ancient Roman
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wisdom while he fought for the
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well-being of the Roman Empire on the
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political stage his mind was immersed in
00:06:27
the depths of stoic philosophy his
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meditations written by him represent a
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sincere internal dialogue he has with
00:06:35
himself a source of Eternal wisdom and
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moral perfection in these writings we
00:06:40
find not only guidance on proper
00:06:42
behavior but also profound Reflections
00:06:44
on the meaning of life the nature of
00:06:47
humanity and its relationship with the
00:06:49
world Marcus Aurelius was not without
00:06:52
problems and trials he became emperor in
00:06:54
one of the most challenging times for
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Rome and his Reign was accompanied by
00:06:58
many difficulties
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moreover aelius faced heavy losses in
00:07:02
his family one of the most painful
00:07:04
losses was the death of his wife his
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children died at a young age bringing
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him much sorrow and
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grief Marcus Aurelius understood that
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life is full of changes and
00:07:14
uncertainties and that true wisdom lies
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in the ability to maintain inner balance
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and Justice in the face of the trials we
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encounter Marcus aurelus is often
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counted among the so-called five good
00:07:25
Emperors who ruled the Roman Empire from
00:07:28
96 to 10 ad ad this period is often
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described as the Golden Age of Rome
00:07:34
despite poor health Marcus Aurelius
00:07:36
often found himself among his troops
00:07:38
immersing himself in the military
00:07:40
environment this gave him incredible
00:07:42
Authority among Roman soldiers and
00:07:44
officers therefore Marcus Aurelius met
00:07:47
his death during a military campaign
00:07:49
against the quadi and maramani his death
00:07:52
marked the end of the era of the five
00:07:54
good Emperors and the beginning of a
00:07:56
period of political instability in the
00:07:58
Roman Empire known known as the crisis
00:08:00
of the 3rd Century musonius Rufus
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musonius Rufus was known for his passion
00:08:06
for philosophy and dedication to its
00:08:08
ideals he was a teacher of epicus and
00:08:11
famous for his essays on ethics and the
00:08:13
philosophy of Life musonius views are
00:08:16
largely similar to epictetus's
00:08:18
philosophy but with a more pragmatic and
00:08:20
socially oriented approach the central
00:08:23
belief in his ethics is that all people
00:08:25
have the potential for living virtuously
00:08:28
unlike many of his contemporaries
00:08:30
masonius Rufus advocated for equality
00:08:32
between men and women he argued that
00:08:35
education and wisdom should not be
00:08:36
dependent on gender both men and women
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can achieve high standards of virtue
00:08:41
musonius is philosophy had a strong
00:08:43
influence on late antique and Christian
00:08:47
authors athenodorus
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Canaanites athenodorus Canaanites was a
00:08:51
stoic philosopher he was born in canania
00:08:54
near Tarsus athenodorus was a teacher of
00:08:57
the great emperor Octavian Augustus
00:08:59
he wrote interesting philosophical Works
00:09:02
highly praised by his contemporaries but
00:09:04
unfortunately none have survived it is
00:09:07
known that athenodorus assisted Cicero
00:09:09
in writing the political Treatise on
00:09:11
duties and it is also speculated that
00:09:13
this work influenced senica and the
00:09:15
Apostle Paul once athenodorus rented a
00:09:18
cheap house in Athens he was satisfied
00:09:21
with the new home for its low rent late
00:09:23
at night while athenodorus was writing a
00:09:25
philosophical essay a ghost wrapped in
00:09:28
Chains appeared to him him and beckoned
00:09:30
him to follow the spirit led him to the
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Courtyard where it suddenly disappeared
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athenodorus marked the spot and the next
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day obtained permission to dig they
00:09:39
found the skeleton of an old man Bound
00:09:41
in Chains after burying the skeleton the
00:09:44
ghost never appeared in the house
00:09:46
again researchers believe that the
00:09:48
writer Oscar wild wrote The canterville
00:09:51
Ghost inspired by athenodorus
00:09:54
story athenodorus Canaanites led a
00:09:57
modest life striving for inner
00:09:59
Perfection and harmony with nature he
00:10:02
preferred spiritual riches over material
00:10:04
wealth and his example inspired others
00:10:06
to seek truth and virtue perhaps that's
00:10:09
why after athenodorus his death annual
00:10:12
festivals were held in his honor in
00:10:14
Tarsus actually there were many more
00:10:16
stoic philosophers who brought beautiful
00:10:18
ideas about wisdom and Spiritual
00:10:20
Development into our world so feel free
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to write in the comments about any of
00:10:24
them thank you for your attention to
00:10:26
this video see you soon
