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all right get your party pants on y'all
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cuz it's time to talk about revolutions
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and we ain't got no time to waste so if
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you're ready to get them brain cows
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milks let's get to it now before we get
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Coy with the major revolutions you need
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to know we need to explore the three
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main factors that got everyone whipped
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up into a revolutionary fervor and the
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first cause and maybe the most important
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was the rise of nationalism which
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describes a sense of commonality among a
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People based on a shared language
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religion social customs and it's often
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linked with a desire for territory this
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was a new development during this period
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like for most of human history as you've
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seen in previous units large states
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incorpor ated many diverse peoples
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within their borders like the Ottoman
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Empire or the Mongol Empire or you know
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insert Empire name here none of those
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Empires were associated with a singular
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people that shared an ethnicity or a
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language or whatever however during this
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period the notion that a people who
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shared a culture and a history and
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ethnicity ought to dwell in their own
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territory and Rule themselves was
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becoming increasingly strong oh and by
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the way if you want no guides to follow
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along with this video in all my videos
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check that link below anyway some states
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actually try to use this growing
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nationalistic fervor to their advantage
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in order to foster a sense of unity
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among their and they did this by
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injecting nationalist themes into their
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schools and emphasizing public rituals
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that glorify the nation and its culture
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and by pushing people into military
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service for example Russian leaders
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required the Russian language to be
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spoken throughout their territorial
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Holdings in order to create a sense of
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unity among the various ethnicities
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under the authority of the state however
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that attempt at nationalistic Unity
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through language backfired in places
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like Ukraine and Poland and Finland each
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Place had their own languages that
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identified them as a people on the
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imposition of Russian only created a
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more powerful counter nationalism
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against Russian Authority in those
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places so you know nationalism fail okay
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now the second cause of revolutions was
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a widespread discontent with monarchist
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and Imperial rule I mean it's a general
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rule of history that ain't nobody likes
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getting squashed under the thumb of Big
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Daddy government although we're going to
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focus in this video on the major
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Atlantic revolutions it's going to be
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important to know that these revolutions
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took place in the context of a much more
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generalized rejection of authority
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across the world for example the safit
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Empire tried to impose harsh new taxes
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and was met with Rebellion from various
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militaristic nomadic groups on the edges
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of the Empire and that resistance led to
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the the weakening of the safid state so
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much that in the early 18th century
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outside Invaders officially put an end
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to the safh or you had the wahhabi
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movement which thought to reform the
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corrupted form of Islam endemic in the
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Ottoman Empire and that combined with
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plenty of other problems contributed to
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the long decline of the Ottoman and the
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third cause of Revolution was the
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development of new ideologies and
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systems of government recall from the
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last video that Enlightenment thinkers
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like lock and rouso and monu whipped
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their thinky thinky Parts into a fury
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and conceived of a new kind of
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governmental structure at the center of
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all of it was the concept of popular
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sovereignty which argued that the power
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to govern was in the hands of the people
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themselves and that naturally meant that
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government should be characterized by
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democracy since in order to exercise
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that power people must have the right to
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vote and influence the policies of the
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government then came the idea of
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liberalism which was an economic and
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political ideology that emphasized the
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protection of civil rights the necessity
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of a representative government the
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protection of private property and
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economic freedom okay now you got the
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causes down so let's get to know the
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major Atlantic revolutions themselves
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all of which were inspired by democratic
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ideal first is the American Revolution
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which began in 177 6 and the short story
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goes like this the British had
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established 13 colonies in North America
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on the Atlantic coast and because
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Britain was so far removed from these
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colonies by this giant honking ocean
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right here those colonies pretty much
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developed a culture a system of
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government and an economic framework
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without interference from Big Mama
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Britain but after the 7 years war part
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of which was fought on the North
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American continent Britain's War debts
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were uh substantial and that's when
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Britain decided to clamp down on those
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colonies and get them to help pay for
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that war with a flurry of new taxes it's
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all because of the stiff imposition of
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new taxes the curtailment of various
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freedoms that the had previously enjoyed
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and a widespread adoption of
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Enlightenment principles of government
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the American Revolution began those
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Enlightenment principles are on full
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display in the Declaration of
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Independence which is positively
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overflowing with ideas of popular
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sovereignty natural rights and the
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social contract anyway with substantial
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help from France the Americans won the
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war and the United States was born in
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1783 this victory was a real big deal
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because it provided the template for
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other nations throughout the world for a
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successful overthrow of oppressive power
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and the establishment of a republican
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style government okay the second
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revolution to know is was the French
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Revolution which began in 1789 now
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remember that France played a big part
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in the American Revolution and as French
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soldiers returned home from war many of
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them were inflamed with ideals of
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democracy and started looking at their
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own Stupid absolutist King with
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suspicion and so when Louis the 16th
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attempted to tighten his control over
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France in order to pay his own enormous
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War debts the people of France rebelled
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and went ahead and overthrew the
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government and established a republic
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and Enlightenment principles likewise
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undergirded the main document of this
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revolution namely the Declaration of the
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rights of man and citizen which
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elegantly championed the ideas of
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natural rights and popular sovereignty
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and then the third Revolution to know is
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the Haitian revolution which began in
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1791 now here's where I tell you that
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Haiti was the colonial property of
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France and it happened to be the most
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prosperous colony in the whole dang
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world and so when the Island's majority
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enslaved black population heard about
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French revolutionaries calling for
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Liberty and equality they were like uh
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yeah that sounds kind of nice and so
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under the leadership of tant latur the
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enslaved Haitians revolted and
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eventually defeated the French
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establishing the second Republic in the
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Western Hemisphere after the United
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States and the first black government in
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this region and the fourth Revolution
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you need to know is actually many
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revolutions but we'll combine them under
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the heading of Latin American
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Revolutions so Spanish and Portuguese
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colonies throughout Central and South
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America were similarly influenced by
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Enlightenment ideas and began to resent
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the increasing control their Imperial
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parents were exerting upon them huh we
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sense in a theme here anyway this
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resentment was especially present in the
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Creole class which was made up of those
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who were of European Heritage but were
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born in the Americans and on the racial
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hierarchy in the Americas that put them
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in the second position below the
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peninsulares who were European also but
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were born so the Crees were kind of like
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the Kirkland's brand of colonial
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Authority and they were none too happy
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about Peninsular getting most of the
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political power and so in 1808
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Napoleon's invasion of Spain and
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deposition of the Portuguese Monarch
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created an unstable political situation
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in the American colonies and that
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created the occasion for the revolution
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in Latin America and so Creole military
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leaders like Simone Bolivar appealed to
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Colonial subjects AC cross racial lines
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with Enlightenment ideals which he
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summarized in his letter from Jamaica
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and that document just like the other
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revolutionary documents we've considered
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contained appeals to popular sovereignty
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and the right to self-rule rule among
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the various Spanish colonies and so
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through a series of long and protracted
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Wars one Latin American colony after
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another won its independence and many of
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them formed Republican governments in
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its weight okay now let's finish by
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talking about a couple other nationalist
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movements during this period and what
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happened as a result and here you just
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need to understand that while
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nationalism was a prime factor in the
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full-blown revolutions we just talked
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about there were also many other
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nationalist movements that resulted not
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in Revolution but for calls for a higher
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degree of self-rule in some cases and
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National unification in other cases so
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first let's talk about the propaganda
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movement in the Philippines this was
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also a Spanish colony and they imposed a
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similar racial hierarchy here as they
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did in their American colonies I mean
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you can't say they weren't consistent
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anyway the Spanish tightly controlled
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opportunities for education in this
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colony and that meant that many of the
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wealthier Creoles and mesos traveled to
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Europe for a university education and
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when they got there Europe was a wash in
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Nationalist and Enlightenment ideas and
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some of those Filipino students absorbed
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those ideas and brought them right on
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home and so they started publishing
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these ideas like mad and even though
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they weren't calling for independence
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from Spain the Spanish authorities knew
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where that kind of thinking could lead
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and so they sought to suppress the
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movement and as a result the Philippine
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Revolution broke out at the end of the
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century and then second nationalism
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played a major role in the unification
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of Italy and Germany so before and
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during this period both Italy and
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Germany were made up of dozens of
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fragmented States but under the
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influence of nationalism military
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leaders from both Nations inspired their
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respective populations to come together
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and unify each place under a single
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government and so through a combination
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of diplomacy and DEA military tactics
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this nationalist fervor resulted in the
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unification of these fragmented regions
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Okay click here to keep reviewing for
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unit 5 and click here if you want to
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grab my video note guides which are
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great for students who hate reading
00:07:32
their textbook but still want to get the
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content of this course firmly crammed
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into their brain fold and I appreciate
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you hanging out and I'll catch you on
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the flip-flop himler out
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