ANIMAL PHARM - INSIDE GMO TRANSGENICS AND CLONING

00:46:33
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CL4z9HUI2IY

Zusammenfassung

TLDRVideoen tager seerne med på en udforskning af en hypotetisk gård med genetisk modificerede dyr og planter og diskuterer de potentielle fordele og ulemper ved genetisk manipulation. Eksempler inkluderer fluorescerende kaniner, fjærløse kyllinger skabt til at klare varme klimaer uden behov for fjernelse af fjer, og genmodificeret laks der vokser hurtigere og mere effektivt under forskellige vandforhold. Desuden præsenterer videoen en Enviro Pig, der kan fordøje fosfor mere effektivt for at løse miljøproblemer, og Golden Rice, en risvariant designet til at bekæmpe vitamin A-mangel. Videoen adresserer både fascinationen og frygten omkring genetisk teknologi og stiller spørgsmålet om, hvorvidt denne teknologi kan redde verden eller føre os mod en etisk og økologisk krise.

Mitbringsel

  • 🔬 Genetisk teknologi kan ændre liv.
  • 🐇 Fluorescerende kaniner bruges i forskning.
  • 🐔 Fjærløse kyllinger til tropiske klimaer.
  • 🐟 Superlaks vokser hurtigere og er mere effektiv.
  • 🐖 Enviro Pig reducerer fosforforurening.
  • 🌾 Golden Rice modvirker vitamin A-mangel.
  • 🧬 Transgenen kan flyttes mellem arter.
  • ⚖️ Etiske overvejelser om gensplejsning.
  • 🌍 Miljøfordele ved genetisk modifikation.
  • 🌱 Kloning og kødfremstilling i laboratorier.

Zeitleiste

  • 00:00:00 - 00:05:00

    Debatten om anvendelsen af genetisk ingeniørvirksomhed bliver præsenteret. På den ene side står biologen Olivia Judson, der ser potentialet i at forbedre verden gennem denne teknologi. På den anden side står madjournalist Giles Corin, der er bekymret for de etiske konsekvenser af sådanne videnskabelige indgreb.

  • 00:05:00 - 00:10:00

    Menneskeheden har selektivt avlet planter og dyr i årtusinder, og dette har bidraget til mange af de fødevarer, vi kender i dag. Eksempler som orange gulerødder og forskellige typer af roser er resultatet af sådanne avlsmetoder, hvilket understreger manipulationens lange historie før moderne videnskab.

  • 00:10:00 - 00:15:00

    Videnskaben presser grænserne ved at avle fjervilde kyllinger for bedre at kunne overleve i varme klimaer. Disse kyllinger har fordelen af lettere at afgive kropsvarme og kræver mindre energi. Dette projekt viser, hvordan genetisk selektion kan bruges til specifikke udfordringer som overophedning.

  • 00:15:00 - 00:20:00

    Introduktion til transgenik, hvor forskere kan indsætte gener fra en art til en anden, f.eks. at gøre kaniner fluorescerende med gener fra gopler. Denne metode har potentiale for medicinsk forskning ved at spore cellers bevægelse, men rejser også etiske spørgsmål om manipulation af liv.

  • 00:20:00 - 00:25:00

    Genetisk modificereret laks er blevet udviklet til at vokse hurtigere ved at ændre deres genetiske struktur. Disse laks viser en markant forskel i væksthastighed og kan reducere pres på vilde laksebestande. Der er dog bekymringer om konsekvenserne, hvis disse laks slipper ud i naturen.

  • 00:25:00 - 00:30:00

    Introduktion af 'miljøgrise' der kan fordøje fosfor bedre for at reducere miljøpåvirkningen af deres affald. Disse grise er genetisk modificerede og kunne potentielt løse miljøproblemer forårsaget af svineaffald. Teknikken anses for banebrydende, men der er offentlig modstand mod transgenisk teknologi.

  • 00:30:00 - 00:35:00

    På trods af de opnåede resultater forbliver genetisk modification kontroversiel. Golden Rice, udviklet for at bekæmpe vitamin A-mangel, er eksempelvis stadig underlagt strenge restriktioner, trods det potentielle sundhedsudbytte. Offentlig frygt for genetisk teknologi ses som en forhindring for dens udbredelse.

  • 00:35:00 - 00:40:00

    Kloning bliver udforsket som en måde at opretholde bestemte kvaliteter i husdyr, med eksempler som den verdenskendte kapløbshest Scamper, der er blevet klonet for at bevare sine unikke genetiske egenskaber. Alligevel er der samfundsmæssige og etiske bekymringer vedrørende opdræt og måden vi bruger denne teknologi.

  • 00:40:00 - 00:46:33

    Afslutningsvis bliver mulighederne for at dyrke kød uden dyr fremstillet som en mulig løsning på de etiske dilemmaer ved dyrehold. Den teknologi kan potentielt revolutionere fødevareproduktionen, men det er stadig en ukendt faktor, hvordan dette påvirker smag og forbrugernes accept.

Mehr anzeigen

Mind Map

Video-Fragen und Antworten

  • Hvad er genmanipulation?

    Genmanipulation er processen, hvor man modificerer genomet af en organisme ved at indsætte, fjerne eller ændre gener.

  • Hvad er formålet med at skabe fluorescerende kaniner?

    Fluorescerende kaniner anvendes til medicinsk forskning for at spore cellebevægelser i kroppen, hvilket kan hjælpe med behandlingen af sygdomme som blindhed og knoglesygdomme.

  • Hvordan kan genmodificeret laks gavne miljøet?

    Genmodificeret laks vokser hurtigere og kræver mindre foder, hvilket reducerer miljøbelastningen fra opdræt.

  • Hvad er en Enviro Pig?

    En Enviro Pig er en genetisk modificeret gris, der kan fordøje fosfor i deres foder og dermed reducere fosforudledningen i miljøet.

  • Hvordan kan genmodificerede organismer hjælpe mod vitamin A-mangel?

    Golden rice er en genetisk modificeret ris, der indeholder beta-karoten, og kan hjælpe med at modvirke vitamin A-mangel ved at producere det nødvendige vitamin i kroppen.

  • Hvad er kloning?

    Kloning er en proces, hvor man laver en genetisk kopi af en organisme ved at indsætte DNA fra den ønskede organisme i en ægcelle, der derefter bliver til en klon.

  • Hvordan kan kødfremstilling uden dyr komme til at se ud?

    Fremtidens kød kan dyrkes i laboratorier fra stamceller, hvilket eliminerer behovet for at opdrætte eller slagte dyr.

  • Hvorfor er genetisk modificerede organismer kontroversielle?

    Kontroversen om genetisk modificerede organismer stammer fra bekymringer om sikkerheden, miljøkonsekvenserne og de etiske implikationer ved at ændre naturlige organismer.

  • Hvad er Golden Rice?

    Golden Rice er en genetisk modificeret form for ris, der er beriget med beta-caroten for at reducere vitamin A-mangel hos mennesker.

  • Hvad er fordelene ved fjærløse kyllinger?

    Fjærløse kyllinger kan bedre regulere deres temperatur i varme klimaer og er lettere at slagte, da der ikke er behov for plukning af fjerene.

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Automatisches Blättern:
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    if scientists can create a rabid that
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    glows in the
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    dark is this a good
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    thing if they can help the environment
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    by mixing the genes of different species
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    would that be
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    right and if they can make a chicken
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    that grows without
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    feathers is this going too
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    [Music]
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    far since time began Evolution has
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    produced weird and wonderful creatures
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    now man can do the
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    same science has allowed us to unlock
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    the secrets of life
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    itself so are we as some believe on the
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    verge of a terrible nightmare in a world
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    gone mad or could genetic engineering be
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    a force for good to help create a world
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    where nobody goes hungry thank you very
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    much where our bodies
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    regenerate this is not tomorrow
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    world it's happening
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    now if all the plants and animals that
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    have been created by science were
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    gathered together on one Farm then this
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    is what it would look
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    [Music]
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    like the farm is imaginary but all the
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    plants and creatures you about to see
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    are real
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    [Music]
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    Welcome to our Animal
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    [Music]
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    [Music]
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    Farm we've placed two people on our arm
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    to guide us around scientist Olivia
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    Judson is a strong supporter of genetic
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    engineering and wants to persuade you
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    that it really can improve the world I'm
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    a biologist I spend my time learning
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    about animals plants fungi bacteria I
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    find genetic engineering amazing it's a
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    new frontier of science that has the
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    possibility of transforming all of our
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    lives for me genetic engineering isn't
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    so much frightening as inspiring it
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    opens up a world of
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    Wonder food journalist Giles Corin is a
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    passionate advoca for organic
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    farming he finds what's being done in
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    the name of science a real cause for
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    concern as a food writer I spend a lot
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    of my time seeking out the best natural
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    food that I can organically grown fruit
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    and vegetables free range meat and eggs
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    and as far as I'm concerned when it
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    comes to feeding the planet Nature has
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    made a pretty good job of it so when I
  • 00:02:50
    hear about the Brave New World of
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    genetic engineering and the Franken food
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    that it produces it strikes me as
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    completely pointless and to be honest
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    very scary
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    Olivia Judson and Giles Corin are about
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    to see some plants and animals that are
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    truly beyond
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    belief are these modern-day
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    Frankenstein's monsters or could they
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    transform our lives in the world for the
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    better for them and us it's time to
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    decide Char's tour around our farm
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    begins in the
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    cowsheds he's going to meet some
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    extraordinary creatures the
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    Schwarzeneggar of the cow world
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    [Music]
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    [Music]
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    well I found the whole experience deeply
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    disturbing they call it natural
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    selection but it's been designed by men
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    to exploit animals for their own
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    ends whilst to Giles this seems shocking
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    and
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    unnatural scientist Olivia Judson has a
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    very different view of what's natural in
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    the first place it's always fascinated
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    me that what we think of as natural is
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    often anything but take this Farmhouse
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    Treasure Trove the classic image of
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    Nature's Bounty but nothing on this
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    table is simply the product of Natural
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    Evolution we've been genetically
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    manipulating fruit and vegetables for
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    thousands of years take the carrot crisp
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    juicy
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    orange but until about 300 years ago
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    carrots usually look like this white the
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    Dutch selectively bred orange carrots as
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    a tribute to their royal family the
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    house of
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    orange the pink grapefruit we eat are
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    all clones of one original mutant
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    grapefruit we've forgotten that the
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    potato was originally poisonous the
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    wheat was once just a scrawny wild grass
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    Farmers have been interfering with
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    nature for thousands of years on our
  • 00:05:00
    farm they are still at it next Olivia is
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    about to meet a new kind of chicken
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    which may come as a bit of a
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    [Music]
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    surprise these chickens may look normal
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    but they've been bred to grow as fat and
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    as fast as
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    possible greedy chickens have hard rates
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    as high as 300 beats a
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    minute they have a high metabolism and
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    find it difficult to cool
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    [Music]
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    down in charge of solving the problem of
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    overheated chickens is geneticist Dr
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    abigor
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    Kahana as long as they are kept in cool
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    environment this is not a problem at all
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    because this heat is dissipated through
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    the legs through the face and that's
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    sufficient however once this the peny of
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    these birds are reared in the tropics in
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    hot conditions because the gradient in
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    temperature between the body temperature
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    and the ambient is so small they can
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    hardly dissipate the heat so it's as if
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    I go to the tropics wearing a fur coat
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    that's right and I just can't get cool
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    enough that's right since I a geneticist
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    I was looking for a genetic solution
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    that mean instead of cooling the
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    environment of the of chickens with
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    feathers is helping them feel cool by
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    just removing the feathers so I decided
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    to go to the extreme situation of
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    developing boilers without feathers at
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    all can we have a look sure let go all
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    right chickens without the gene to make
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    feathers hey I'm fascinated to see what
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    they look
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    like God it's hot in here yeah it is hot
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    and here they are the featherless
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    chickens they look like miniature
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    dinosaurs what we have here is that the
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    original mutant this is a female she's
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    amazingly smooth yeah it's quite
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    extraordinary this is the male and as
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    you can see no scales on the feet that's
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    why the mutation is called scales they
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    got little claws on the on the ends of
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    their wings you can certainly imagine
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    them as as little little miniature
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    dinosaurs yeah sexually mature males
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    they're bright red become red it's a
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    interaction between the sex hormone and
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    the life I see which create this
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    testosterone plus light B turns red
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    that's right these are adult birds this
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    is mature body size they will never be
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    bigger than this when I started I
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    started to cross birds like this ones
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    with the ones with the ones that we saw
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    well they tried to Flap they still know
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    how to Flap they're rather sweet having
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    successfully bred small featherless
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    chickens Dr Kahana wanted to see if he
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    could create a big commercial sized
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    bird that was the challenge and indeed
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    we managed to do it as you can see here
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    is huge this is an adult abely huge this
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    male is identical in body size to the
  • 00:08:10
    males that we saw over there in the
  • 00:08:12
    other house which have full feathers the
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    only thing that we Chang is that we took
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    advantage of this Gene the scales Gene
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    that eliminates or avoids the
  • 00:08:22
    development of the feathers but and by
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    this doing this we allowed these birds
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    to grow nicely and comfortably in hot
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    conditions these chickens are the result
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    of Dr kahana's selective breeding
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    program and after six generations of
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    mating the chickens with the featherless
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    jeans this is what we've ended up with I
  • 00:08:45
    can imagine most people's reactions at
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    seeing these chickens is one of
  • 00:08:48
    revulsion but if you were a chicken in
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    100° heat you wouldn't want feathers
  • 00:08:53
    believe me and anyway they're not the
  • 00:08:55
    first animal bred to have their natural
  • 00:08:57
    covering removed
  • 00:09:00
    look at pigs wild boar are
  • 00:09:03
    furry and even we humans were once Apes
  • 00:09:06
    entirely covered in
  • 00:09:08
    hair so perhaps they're not as weird as
  • 00:09:10
    they first
  • 00:09:14
    seem what is the future of these
  • 00:09:16
    chickens are we going to see them in our
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    supermarkets soon hopefully in the
  • 00:09:19
    supermarkets in the tropical countries
  • 00:09:22
    in Nigeria in Indonesia where it's very
  • 00:09:24
    old for these Farmers is easier and more
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    efficient because there's no need you
  • 00:09:30
    don't have to PLU them that's right
  • 00:09:31
    there's no need to pluck them the
  • 00:09:33
    proportion of meat on these birds is
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    higher so so featherless chickens in the
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    tropics they grow faster than a bird
  • 00:09:39
    with feathers because they don't they
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    they don't get held up by the fact
  • 00:09:43
    they're getting too hot they're
  • 00:09:44
    healthier they cost less because you
  • 00:09:46
    don't have expensive housing sounds
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    fantastic that's right good for the
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    person good for the
  • 00:09:55
    bird selective breeding is just the
  • 00:09:58
    first tool in our quests to control the
  • 00:10:00
    natural world but it still takes
  • 00:10:03
    generations to accomplish and is quite
  • 00:10:06
    imprecise the big breakthrough really
  • 00:10:08
    came when scientists could identify
  • 00:10:11
    individual genes not only that but they
  • 00:10:14
    developed the technology to extract them
  • 00:10:17
    one of the great discoveries of the last
  • 00:10:18
    20 years is that you can move a gene
  • 00:10:20
    from one species into another entirely
  • 00:10:22
    different one which gives us almost
  • 00:10:23
    Limitless
  • 00:10:25
    possibilities that's right on our farm
  • 00:10:28
    it's time to enter into the world of
  • 00:10:30
    transgenics and genetic
  • 00:10:33
    modification it's time to enter the
  • 00:10:36
    rabbit
  • 00:10:37
    [Music]
  • 00:10:41
    hutch the man in charge of transgenics
  • 00:10:44
    is Dr HUD beine in the hutch he's
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    created dozens of transgenic
  • 00:10:50
    rabbits so what does it mean transgenic
  • 00:10:53
    rabbits if you look at the word trans
  • 00:10:55
    Gene this means that the gene was
  • 00:10:57
    transferred a foreign Gene was
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    transferred to the animal so which Gene
  • 00:11:01
    have they got well it comes from a
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    jellyfish from Pacific
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    [Music]
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    Ocean in case you miss that Dr hudin has
  • 00:11:12
    successfully used transgenics to insert
  • 00:11:14
    a jellyfish jean into a
  • 00:11:18
    rabbit and what does the gene do uh the
  • 00:11:20
    gene gives a green color to jellyfish
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    and then green color to the rabbits so
  • 00:11:26
    the rabbits glow Green in the dark yes
  • 00:11:29
    absolutely can I see oh
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    sure charged up with blue ultraviolet
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    light and viewed through special glasses
  • 00:11:39
    the skin and the eyes of these rabbits
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    glow green just like a jellyfish look oh
  • 00:11:46
    yes oh yes extremely green so the
  • 00:11:49
    difference is great because they have
  • 00:11:51
    red eyes yes in normal light and green
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    with this light it looks quite peculiar
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    I will say
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    this is no trick of the light these
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    rabbit's eyes and skin really do glow
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    green it's amazing what he's
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    done this is transgenics in action
  • 00:12:13
    scientists have managed to isolate a
  • 00:12:15
    tiny bit of jellyfish DNA that makes
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    them fluores known as the gfp
  • 00:12:21
    gene Dr hudan has simply taken that Gene
  • 00:12:25
    and inserted it into
  • 00:12:27
    bacteria as the B IIA reproduce the gene
  • 00:12:30
    is
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    Multiplied and then these genes are
  • 00:12:34
    injected into the fertilized egg of a
  • 00:12:37
    rabbit Dr hudan then places the egg into
  • 00:12:41
    the
  • 00:12:42
    mother as the egg grows to form the
  • 00:12:45
    rabbit embryo it copies the fluorescing
  • 00:12:47
    gene into every
  • 00:12:49
    cell 31 days later you've got
  • 00:12:52
    fluorescent
  • 00:12:54
    bunnies you may be surprised to hear
  • 00:12:56
    that Dr hudan does all this with
  • 00:12:58
    jellyfish jeans he orders off the
  • 00:13:00
    internet show because it's I find it
  • 00:13:02
    still impressive you know that tube very
  • 00:13:05
    small and you have a very very tiny drop
  • 00:13:08
    yes and this is the gene itself that was
  • 00:13:11
    injected in these animals and uh with
  • 00:13:14
    that small quantity that you can see
  • 00:13:16
    which is absolutely you can micro inject
  • 00:13:18
    hundreds of
  • 00:13:19
    UMO Dr hudin has a fresh litter for me
  • 00:13:22
    to take a look at B if we want to look
  • 00:13:25
    and see them green take the spectacle
  • 00:13:27
    and uh the the effect of the gfp gene is
  • 00:13:30
    even more pronounced in the newly born
  • 00:13:32
    babies can I can I hold one oh sure oh
  • 00:13:35
    yes oh wow most of them are green but
  • 00:13:40
    one or two of them are not green because
  • 00:13:43
    they uh the father was green but not the
  • 00:13:45
    mother so statistically half of them are
  • 00:13:49
    green and the second half is
  • 00:13:53
    not but why on Earth I hear you say make
  • 00:13:57
    animals that glow in the dark well these
  • 00:14:00
    rabbits are being bred to help medical
  • 00:14:01
    researchers across the world track the
  • 00:14:03
    movement of cells the jellyfish genes
  • 00:14:05
    are being used like a fluorescent marker
  • 00:14:08
    pen by tagging certain cells with the
  • 00:14:11
    glowing jellyfish genes scientists can
  • 00:14:13
    work out which cells go where after an
  • 00:14:15
    organ transplant the technology is
  • 00:14:18
    helping us find treatments for problems
  • 00:14:20
    like blindness and bone disease I think
  • 00:14:23
    it's amazing that you can take a gene
  • 00:14:25
    from a jellyfish and put it into a
  • 00:14:27
    bacteria or a mushroom or rabbit and it
  • 00:14:30
    works it does the same thing it did in
  • 00:14:32
    the jellyfish and jellyfish and rabbits
  • 00:14:34
    have been separated for more than 600
  • 00:14:37
    million years and yet the jellyfish Gene
  • 00:14:40
    still works I think that's
  • 00:14:42
    [Music]
  • 00:14:47
    incredible so transgenics can be useful
  • 00:14:50
    for medical
  • 00:14:51
    research but what happens when it hits
  • 00:14:54
    your dinner
  • 00:14:55
    table for our next stop let's head head
  • 00:14:59
    to the fish farm to meet the genetically
  • 00:15:01
    modified fish our very own Super
  • 00:15:22
    salmon in the fish tanks on our farm Joe
  • 00:15:26
    mogol is using transgenics to create a
  • 00:15:29
    salmon that grows extra fast for your
  • 00:15:31
    dining
  • 00:15:34
    pleasure so down here in this tank we
  • 00:15:37
    have um transgenic fish that are a year
  • 00:15:40
    old during this period of their lives
  • 00:15:42
    they're growing about four to six times
  • 00:15:44
    faster than standard salmon grow we can
  • 00:15:47
    take this out and we can compare it with
  • 00:15:48
    a with a standard non-transgenic salmon
  • 00:15:51
    um and you can take a look and see how
  • 00:15:53
    they compare uh both for size and for
  • 00:15:56
    condition after just one year's growth
  • 00:15:59
    Joe's salmon are four times larger than
  • 00:16:02
    non-gm salmon of the same age well what
  • 00:16:05
    we have are two same age fish uh the the
  • 00:16:08
    larger one as you can see is the
  • 00:16:09
    transgenic that we've just taken out of
  • 00:16:11
    the tank these fish are virtually
  • 00:16:13
    identical except for one has a trans
  • 00:16:15
    Gene it grows faster during this first
  • 00:16:17
    year of
  • 00:16:18
    Life traditionally a salmon only grows
  • 00:16:21
    in warm
  • 00:16:22
    water but as soon as the water gets cold
  • 00:16:25
    in Winter the gene controlling the
  • 00:16:27
    Salmon's growth switch is off and the
  • 00:16:30
    fish stops
  • 00:16:31
    growing not
  • 00:16:33
    anymore Joe takes the genetic switch
  • 00:16:36
    which controls growth from another
  • 00:16:38
    species of fish that grows in cold water
  • 00:16:41
    he inserts that into the salmon
  • 00:16:44
    egg the presence of this genetic switch
  • 00:16:47
    means the new salmon now grows all year
  • 00:16:49
    round whatever the water
  • 00:16:53
    temperature Joe really does seem to love
  • 00:16:56
    his fish as you can see here the these
  • 00:16:59
    are beautiful fish there's there's
  • 00:17:00
    virtually nothing uh wrong with them in
  • 00:17:03
    any way they're uh streamlined they're
  • 00:17:05
    torpedo shaped there is virtually no
  • 00:17:07
    deformity they look exactly like
  • 00:17:09
    conventional fish this is not like a
  • 00:17:12
    bodybuilder situation or people using
  • 00:17:14
    steroids in order to bulk up these fish
  • 00:17:16
    are essentially producing what they need
  • 00:17:19
    internally under their own genetic
  • 00:17:20
    control Joe sees himself as a farmer of
  • 00:17:23
    the future he really seems to believe
  • 00:17:26
    that using transgenics to create these
  • 00:17:28
    super salmon could make salmon farming
  • 00:17:30
    less damaging to the environment and
  • 00:17:31
    protect the few remaining stocks of wild
  • 00:17:33
    salmon you can reduce the environmental
  • 00:17:36
    footprint of conventional salmon farming
  • 00:17:37
    in a couple of ways one is that these
  • 00:17:39
    fish are more efficient at feed
  • 00:17:41
    conversion they gain about 30% more
  • 00:17:45
    weight per gram of food they eat
  • 00:17:48
    compared to Conventional salmon and as a
  • 00:17:50
    result they also produce about 30% less
  • 00:17:52
    waste that waste would otherwise end up
  • 00:17:55
    in the water column or on the bottom of
  • 00:17:57
    the ocean in each of the these trays
  • 00:17:59
    Joe's got enough eggs to grow super
  • 00:18:01
    salmon on an industrial scale each one
  • 00:18:04
    of these contains about 10,000 eggs and
  • 00:18:06
    uh there's um something in the
  • 00:18:08
    neighborhood to 160 of them uh each one
  • 00:18:11
    is a unique family and each one uh can
  • 00:18:13
    be bred forward into the
  • 00:18:16
    future but what on Earth would happen if
  • 00:18:18
    one of these monster salmon escaped and
  • 00:18:21
    swam off to breed with ordinary
  • 00:18:24
    fish the concerns that the trans genus
  • 00:18:28
    out there and there no calling it back
  • 00:18:29
    you've changed the world forever now in
  • 00:18:31
    point of fact the fish are sterile they
  • 00:18:33
    can't breed at all there's no
  • 00:18:35
    possibility of a trans Gene that exists
  • 00:18:38
    in an Atlantic salmon escaping from the
  • 00:18:42
    species so because the salmon is sterile
  • 00:18:45
    Joe's certain there's no danger of the
  • 00:18:47
    gene getting out and causing
  • 00:18:50
    chaos novelist gets paid for imagining
  • 00:18:53
    those kinds of things um fish breeders
  • 00:18:56
    get paid for producing a fish that can
  • 00:18:58
    provide food uh into the future without
  • 00:19:01
    the problems of overh harvesting stocks
  • 00:19:04
    that will frankly disappear if we keep
  • 00:19:06
    hitting
  • 00:19:09
    them here on the farm super salmon
  • 00:19:12
    aren't the only genetically modified
  • 00:19:14
    animals that could help save the
  • 00:19:17
    environment for our next appointment
  • 00:19:19
    we're heading to the pigy to meet some
  • 00:19:22
    creatures who could help us out of a
  • 00:19:24
    sticky situation
  • 00:19:33
    I like bacon as much as the next person
  • 00:19:36
    but the amount of pork we eat is causing
  • 00:19:39
    serious
  • 00:19:40
    problems last year we killed more than 2
  • 00:19:43
    billion pigs and these creatures provide
  • 00:19:46
    more dietary protein more cheaply to
  • 00:19:49
    more people than any other
  • 00:19:51
    animal but all this consumption comes at
  • 00:19:54
    a
  • 00:19:54
    cost animal agriculture is a major
  • 00:19:57
    consumer of the natural environment that
  • 00:20:00
    is the impact on the atmosphere upon
  • 00:20:04
    water utilization and in particular Pig
  • 00:20:07
    agriculture or hog agriculture produces
  • 00:20:10
    copious amounts of
  • 00:20:11
    manure manure it's a natural product but
  • 00:20:15
    on an industrial scale it's a serious
  • 00:20:17
    environmental
  • 00:20:20
    pollutant and Pooh from pigs is
  • 00:20:22
    particularly
  • 00:20:24
    toxic pig manure has a very high level
  • 00:20:27
    of phosphorus
  • 00:20:29
    within it from normal diets through
  • 00:20:31
    normal pigs and that phosphorus usually
  • 00:20:34
    is more than is required by crops
  • 00:20:37
    produced on land fertilized with pig
  • 00:20:39
    manure pig manure is packed with
  • 00:20:42
    phosphorus because pigs simply can't
  • 00:20:44
    digest it and this excess is causing
  • 00:20:47
    some serious
  • 00:20:48
    damage it runs off into the water supply
  • 00:20:51
    causing the overgrowth of algae and
  • 00:20:53
    killing
  • 00:20:55
    fish it seems an impossible problem of
  • 00:20:58
    bi ology but John Phillips has found a
  • 00:21:01
    way to fix it a very simple and
  • 00:21:04
    effective solution to the environmental
  • 00:21:07
    problems caused by high phosphorous pig
  • 00:21:09
    manure found right behind these
  • 00:21:12
    [Music]
  • 00:21:15
    doors to tackle the problem johon has
  • 00:21:18
    created something he calls the Enviro
  • 00:21:23
    Pig this animal looks normal but it's
  • 00:21:26
    anything but
  • 00:21:28
    these pigs are unlike any other pigs in
  • 00:21:30
    the world they're different because they
  • 00:21:33
    carry a very special Gene that allows
  • 00:21:35
    them to digest all of the phosphorus in
  • 00:21:37
    their diet the gene is constructed in
  • 00:21:39
    the laboratory that we
  • 00:21:41
    use the remarkable thing about the envir
  • 00:21:44
    pigs is that they carry a man-made Gene
  • 00:21:47
    which John has created from
  • 00:21:50
    scratch one part comes from eoli
  • 00:21:53
    bacteria which produces an enzyme that
  • 00:21:56
    can break down phosphorus
  • 00:21:58
    and the other comes from a mouse which
  • 00:22:00
    produces a genetic switch that allows
  • 00:22:02
    this special enzyme to be made in
  • 00:22:05
    saliva these two bits of DNA were
  • 00:22:08
    combined to form a new compound Gene
  • 00:22:10
    which was then inserted into a
  • 00:22:12
    fertilized Pig
  • 00:22:14
    [Music]
  • 00:22:15
    egg now every time John's pigs eat and
  • 00:22:18
    produce saliva they also make the
  • 00:22:20
    phosphorus busting
  • 00:22:22
    enzyme helping to make their poo more
  • 00:22:24
    environmentally
  • 00:22:26
    friendly the aim ultimately we think is
  • 00:22:30
    that the global environment would be
  • 00:22:32
    best served if every Pig could digest
  • 00:22:35
    all of its organic phosphorus in its
  • 00:22:37
    diet the way these pigs do so John wants
  • 00:22:41
    every pig in the world to be an Enviro
  • 00:22:44
    Pig I think it's an idea with Merit but
  • 00:22:47
    he's encountered a lot of obstacles
  • 00:22:49
    there are many people out in the
  • 00:22:52
    community uh that do have concerns about
  • 00:22:55
    transgenic changes in animals and and
  • 00:22:58
    some of these people have gone about
  • 00:23:01
    intentionally frightening the public
  • 00:23:03
    about this technology so we have an
  • 00:23:05
    uphill battle uh in terms of people's
  • 00:23:08
    perceptions this is an effective way of
  • 00:23:11
    dealing with a serious environmental
  • 00:23:14
    problem it's simple it can be propagated
  • 00:23:17
    very rapidly any other technology cannot
  • 00:23:20
    touch this in terms of the rapidity of
  • 00:23:23
    its application on the farm or the
  • 00:23:25
    extent of the change that can occur as a
  • 00:23:27
    result of the technology nothing comes
  • 00:23:29
    close to
  • 00:23:30
    [Music]
  • 00:23:36
    this all over the farm scientists are
  • 00:23:39
    discovering that genetic modification is
  • 00:23:41
    an immensely powerful tool but it's also
  • 00:23:45
    a controversial one Olivia Judson is
  • 00:23:48
    convinced that we shouldn't be afraid of
  • 00:23:52
    it I personally would much rather have
  • 00:23:54
    uh would much rather eat an organism
  • 00:23:56
    that has been genetically modified to
  • 00:23:58
    grow f fast than one that has been
  • 00:23:59
    injected with a lot of hormones to grow
  • 00:24:01
    fast certainly would have no objection
  • 00:24:02
    to eating an animal that has been
  • 00:24:04
    genetically modified I mean what is a
  • 00:24:06
    gene it's an instruction to make a
  • 00:24:08
    protein it it's not anything mystical I
  • 00:24:12
    think to a lot of people it probably is
  • 00:24:13
    something mystical but it's not I mean
  • 00:24:16
    there is nothing mystical about a gene
  • 00:24:17
    we know what it is we can describe it we
  • 00:24:19
    can build them there is nothing
  • 00:24:20
    mysterious and all it does is contain
  • 00:24:23
    the instruction for making a protein you
  • 00:24:24
    know you add one you take one away so
  • 00:24:26
    what but having understood how it works
  • 00:24:29
    to then start changing it and meddling
  • 00:24:30
    with it is another step isn't it well we
  • 00:24:33
    already have I mean nothing in this
  • 00:24:35
    Countryside in this landscape is natural
  • 00:24:37
    it's been modified by us we haven't done
  • 00:24:39
    it precisely but we certainly have
  • 00:24:41
    altered which sheep are growing which
  • 00:24:44
    grass is growing we just don't have such
  • 00:24:46
    a thing as a natural landscape in in
  • 00:24:48
    most of the world I mean it's just
  • 00:24:49
    complete you know it's a fantasy we've
  • 00:24:52
    created
  • 00:24:55
    it what Giles and so many other people
  • 00:24:58
    don't seem to appreciate is that genetic
  • 00:25:01
    engineering is one of the most highly
  • 00:25:02
    regulated Technologies in the
  • 00:25:05
    world it's so highly regulated that even
  • 00:25:07
    when GM could really help save lives
  • 00:25:10
    we're not allowed to use
  • 00:25:14
    [Music]
  • 00:25:16
    it absurdly this greenhouse is classed
  • 00:25:20
    as a biohazard containment facility the
  • 00:25:22
    sort of thing where you'd keep a sample
  • 00:25:24
    from
  • 00:25:25
    Mars to stop what some people call
  • 00:25:27
    genetic pollution
  • 00:25:29
    cross-pollination none of these plants
  • 00:25:31
    are allowed into the open air for a
  • 00:25:33
    moment but inside are simply new strains
  • 00:25:36
    of the crops billions of people eat
  • 00:25:38
    every day what's more every cutting is
  • 00:25:42
    meticulously cataloged and
  • 00:25:44
    recorded the point is scientists working
  • 00:25:46
    here have been trying to cure a
  • 00:25:48
    condition that kills 2 and a half
  • 00:25:49
    million people a
  • 00:25:51
    year vitamin A deficiency it's a huge
  • 00:25:56
    problem half the world popul gets almost
  • 00:25:59
    all their nutrition from rice but
  • 00:26:02
    unfortunately rice doesn't have in it a
  • 00:26:04
    set of simple chemicals called
  • 00:26:06
    catenoids that's the stuff that gives
  • 00:26:08
    color to vegetables like carrots and
  • 00:26:11
    peppers our bodies use catenoids from
  • 00:26:14
    vegetables to make vitamin A and if you
  • 00:26:16
    don't get enough vitamin A you have real
  • 00:26:20
    problems vitamin A deficiency suppresses
  • 00:26:24
    the immune system but before it does
  • 00:26:26
    that it makes individuals blind
  • 00:26:28
    most of the children who are affected
  • 00:26:30
    are less than five most of them die
  • 00:26:31
    within two years of becoming blind
  • 00:26:34
    people suffering from vitamin A
  • 00:26:35
    deficiency die from diseases which
  • 00:26:38
    healthy people can survive so vitamin A
  • 00:26:41
    deficiency kills 2 and a half million
  • 00:26:43
    people a year that's equivalent to a 911
  • 00:26:46
    every 12 hours to a tsunami every month
  • 00:26:50
    to 250 people dying during the course of
  • 00:26:52
    1hour television
  • 00:26:55
    program so the scientists set to work to
  • 00:26:58
    see if they could manage to make rice
  • 00:27:00
    high in vitamin A by persuading it to
  • 00:27:03
    produce the
  • 00:27:04
    catenoids their science was
  • 00:27:06
    pioneering they identified not one or
  • 00:27:10
    two but three genes two from the
  • 00:27:13
    daffodil and one from a bacteria which
  • 00:27:15
    they thought would help produce
  • 00:27:17
    catenoids they then tried to insert all
  • 00:27:20
    three of these into rice
  • 00:27:22
    DNA in 1999 after years of trial and
  • 00:27:25
    error they finally managed to create r
  • 00:27:28
    that produced beta
  • 00:27:30
    carotene they could tell that this was
  • 00:27:32
    being produced because the genetically
  • 00:27:34
    engineered rice was colored yellow they
  • 00:27:37
    christened it golden
  • 00:27:40
    rice that was amazing science it still
  • 00:27:42
    is amazing science at the time no other
  • 00:27:45
    genetically modified plant had more than
  • 00:27:46
    one gene expressing they put three in
  • 00:27:49
    and turned on a
  • 00:27:54
    pathway it's been a long road to perfect
  • 00:27:57
    their plants
  • 00:27:59
    but now a bowl of golden rice can
  • 00:28:01
    provide an individual with enough
  • 00:28:03
    vitamin A to meet their daily
  • 00:28:04
    [Music]
  • 00:28:06
    needs but absurdly golden rice is still
  • 00:28:10
    locked in green houses like
  • 00:28:12
    this Dr Adrian dubok finds this
  • 00:28:15
    completely frustrating and I can
  • 00:28:17
    understand why genes occur in all the
  • 00:28:21
    food we eat they occur in all organisms
  • 00:28:23
    biology is the most powerful tool and
  • 00:28:25
    there's nothing to be frightened of in
  • 00:28:27
    this technology the history shows it's
  • 00:28:29
    extremely safe it's the most regulated
  • 00:28:31
    technology of any technology that's ever
  • 00:28:33
    been introduced so how can rich people
  • 00:28:35
    in Europe stand in the way of choice for
  • 00:28:38
    poor people in the developing World
  • 00:28:39
    especially when standing in the way of
  • 00:28:40
    that choice kills
  • 00:28:42
    them golden rice sums up what I find so
  • 00:28:46
    frustrating there may be issues about
  • 00:28:48
    who exploits this technology and there
  • 00:28:50
    have been worries about
  • 00:28:52
    cross-pollination but the basic
  • 00:28:53
    underlying fear remains
  • 00:28:56
    irrational the science at the heart of
  • 00:28:58
    this is so
  • 00:29:00
    effective and the plant scientists
  • 00:29:02
    who've made the breakthroughs are trying
  • 00:29:04
    to make the world a better
  • 00:29:14
    place once scientists have gone to the
  • 00:29:16
    trouble of improving on
  • 00:29:18
    Evolution either through GM or
  • 00:29:21
    traditional
  • 00:29:22
    breeding the next question is how to
  • 00:29:24
    preserve their success
  • 00:29:28
    and now we get to the most extraordinary
  • 00:29:30
    technique scientists are using on our
  • 00:29:33
    farm
  • 00:29:35
    cloning you've probably heard of Dolly
  • 00:29:37
    the sheep but what you may not know is
  • 00:29:41
    that since then scientists have created
  • 00:29:43
    whole herds of cloned cows pigs and
  • 00:29:46
    flocks of
  • 00:29:48
    sheep for our next stop we're going to
  • 00:29:51
    meet the prizewinning herd of Longhorn
  • 00:29:53
    cattle an entire paduk of clones
  • 00:29:57
    [Music]
  • 00:30:04
    the adult cows are surrogate mothers and
  • 00:30:07
    all of their calves are
  • 00:30:09
    [Music]
  • 00:30:11
    clones in this pen I have uh clones of
  • 00:30:14
    five different animals when you say
  • 00:30:16
    surrogate mothers did they carry the
  • 00:30:18
    eggs that they They Carried the embryos
  • 00:30:21
    the complete gestation and gave birth to
  • 00:30:24
    these calves everything is as it would
  • 00:30:26
    be
  • 00:30:28
    right it will if they weren't cloned so
  • 00:30:30
    you don't like to use the word well you
  • 00:30:33
    know looking there you know you can't
  • 00:30:34
    say that they're abnormal they no they
  • 00:30:36
    look very healthy and although they're
  • 00:30:38
    beautiful and lovely and I always love
  • 00:30:40
    seeing cows and particularly small ones
  • 00:30:41
    I'm slightly disappointed that they're
  • 00:30:43
    not all identical you know cloning you
  • 00:30:45
    can't guarantee that they're going to
  • 00:30:47
    look identical you're just guaranteeing
  • 00:30:49
    that the genetics are identical that's
  • 00:30:51
    the purpose of cloning is is to provide
  • 00:30:54
    the exact genetic I kind of expected
  • 00:30:56
    them all to be running belg together in
  • 00:30:58
    rows you know like finishing at the same
  • 00:31:00
    time in a race Mir image of the same cow
  • 00:31:03
    over and over so it's not quite like
  • 00:31:04
    that no it it's not you know like I said
  • 00:31:07
    they uh they'll act similar but um they
  • 00:31:11
    don't know they're a clone and each calf
  • 00:31:14
    has its own
  • 00:31:15
    [Music]
  • 00:31:22
    personality so just how do you create a
  • 00:31:26
    clone expert clone owner Earl hang is
  • 00:31:29
    Keen to show Olivia just how it's
  • 00:31:32
    done still kind of hard to
  • 00:31:35
    see let me see if I can get it today
  • 00:31:39
    we're working with Bine so it's a cow
  • 00:31:41
    egg yes these eggs come from a
  • 00:31:44
    slaughterhouse and what I'm basically
  • 00:31:45
    doing is taking out all the DNA and
  • 00:31:48
    creating a blank for the uh uh actual
  • 00:31:50
    cloning process to to begin so in order
  • 00:31:53
    to clone you need an empty egg exactly
  • 00:31:56
    and so you're plunging this this glass
  • 00:31:58
    pipet into the egg and just suctioning
  • 00:32:02
    out the DNA yes it's an extremely
  • 00:32:05
    delicate operation it is you have to be
  • 00:32:08
    you have to have good hand eye
  • 00:32:09
    coordination and have to be gentle with
  • 00:32:12
    the eggs you don't want to don't want to
  • 00:32:14
    kill them and that's what's amazing
  • 00:32:17
    about cloning it doesn't require
  • 00:32:19
    particularly complicated chemistry just
  • 00:32:22
    a microscope a very sharp glass
  • 00:32:24
    needle and Incredibly steady hands
  • 00:32:29
    and I'll I'll go in with the pipe
  • 00:32:31
    pet and draw it up like juices from a
  • 00:32:35
    turkey I have to say it's extremely it's
  • 00:32:37
    fascinating to see it next Earl has to
  • 00:32:41
    Hoover up the cells containing the DNA
  • 00:32:43
    of the animal he wants to
  • 00:32:45
    clone these are cells grown from the
  • 00:32:48
    skin of the animal that we want to clone
  • 00:32:51
    exactly it amazes me that you can put a
  • 00:32:54
    a cell from a grown-up animal into an
  • 00:32:58
    empty egg and something
  • 00:33:00
    happens well the cell basically contains
  • 00:33:03
    the whole genetic makeup of that animal
  • 00:33:06
    you now insert the DNA of the animal you
  • 00:33:08
    want to clone into the empty egg one
  • 00:33:11
    cell into each egg you see there's a
  • 00:33:13
    little little pocket of space what I'll
  • 00:33:15
    do is puncture the egg and just
  • 00:33:19
    carefully deposit the cell in there last
  • 00:33:22
    of all you need to wake up the egg
  • 00:33:24
    containing the new DNA all it takes is a
  • 00:33:28
    spark of
  • 00:33:31
    electricity Earl May make it look easy
  • 00:33:34
    but in fact it's immensely difficult to
  • 00:33:36
    pull off in practice Dolly the sheep was
  • 00:33:39
    the only Survivor of 300
  • 00:33:42
    attempts but if you can Master it the
  • 00:33:45
    rewards are huge because once you found
  • 00:33:48
    your perfect animal you can create a
  • 00:33:50
    clone and repeat it Time After Time like
  • 00:33:53
    a biological
  • 00:33:56
    photocopier and it's not only farmers
  • 00:33:58
    who have their eye on this
  • 00:34:00
    [Music]
  • 00:34:02
    technology for our next appointment
  • 00:34:05
    let's head to the Stables to meet a
  • 00:34:07
    world famous sporting Duo who have just
  • 00:34:09
    made scientific
  • 00:34:13
    history hi M hi this is
  • 00:34:19
    Scamper so what's so special about this
  • 00:34:21
    horse um he's a 10- time world champion
  • 00:34:24
    barrel racing horse and he won those 10
  • 00:34:27
    champions ships consecutively what is
  • 00:34:29
    barrel racing exactly barrel racing is a
  • 00:34:31
    timed event around three Barrels in a
  • 00:34:33
    clover leaf pattern it's Ed so barrels
  • 00:34:35
    are in the ground the barrels are uh 50
  • 00:34:38
    gallon drums there's three of them Set
  • 00:34:40
    uh in a clover leaf pattern and uh it's
  • 00:34:43
    time to electronically right into the
  • 00:34:45
    hundredth of a second and when you ride
  • 00:34:46
    round and round and around as fast as
  • 00:34:48
    you can who was you riding him I yeah I
  • 00:34:50
    was the only one who rode him um Scamper
  • 00:34:53
    was a bron when he was young um and yeah
  • 00:34:57
    he uh he
  • 00:34:58
    he he bucked a lot of people off there's
  • 00:35:01
    no telling what kind of abuse he had
  • 00:35:03
    being that he was so mean he went
  • 00:35:06
    through three or four sail yards nobody
  • 00:35:08
    wanted
  • 00:35:09
    him so Scamper had a troubled childhood
  • 00:35:12
    but just when everyone else had given up
  • 00:35:14
    on him charmain came to his rescue it's
  • 00:35:17
    like Sea Biscuit it's a proper romance
  • 00:35:19
    yeah and I was a little 11-year-old girl
  • 00:35:21
    that just was horse crazy and and uh he
  • 00:35:24
    met me for the first time and we just
  • 00:35:26
    basically fell in love it was a match
  • 00:35:29
    match made in heaven love at first sight
  • 00:35:32
    Scamper made me who I was and what I was
  • 00:35:34
    and he did you know I lived every day of
  • 00:35:36
    my life with him for 10 years while I
  • 00:35:38
    was winning a world championship never
  • 00:35:40
    left him but all good things come to an
  • 00:35:43
    end so when did when did Scamper stop
  • 00:35:45
    racing he's been retired for around 10
  • 00:35:47
    years now so when he was retired did you
  • 00:35:49
    carry on racing on on different horses
  • 00:35:51
    yes and they weren't as good oh no what
  • 00:35:53
    was it they didn't have the other horses
  • 00:35:56
    they didn't have what whatever Scamper
  • 00:35:58
    was made of Scamper is a world famous
  • 00:36:01
    horse and in theory his genetics
  • 00:36:03
    basically his sperm are worth of Fortune
  • 00:36:06
    but in fact it's more complicated than
  • 00:36:08
    that and Scamper never had any children
  • 00:36:12
    no he's a gilding oh poor fellow and
  • 00:36:15
    when you met him he was he was already a
  • 00:36:17
    he was already a gilding so what do you
  • 00:36:19
    do when you've got a million dooll
  • 00:36:20
    racehorse on no way to reproduce him
  • 00:36:23
    well here on the farm there's an obvious
  • 00:36:26
    solution so he can't have children so
  • 00:36:29
    you've decided to clone him we decided
  • 00:36:31
    to clone him so we could get that same
  • 00:36:33
    genetics how did it come about how how
  • 00:36:35
    did they clone Scamper they took cells
  • 00:36:37
    from him or yeah they uh they took a
  • 00:36:40
    biopsy just a little small amount of
  • 00:36:42
    tissue from Scamper and uh of course we
  • 00:36:45
    Gan banked him and then when they had
  • 00:36:47
    the science to you Gene banked him
  • 00:36:48
    before they had the science yes and then
  • 00:36:50
    what they they they gave you a call when
  • 00:36:52
    they had the technology yes um when they
  • 00:36:54
    knew they had it right they said okay
  • 00:36:56
    we're ready to go
  • 00:36:59
    scamp's little clone is named
  • 00:37:02
    Clayton and the champion is about to
  • 00:37:04
    meet his younger
  • 00:37:10
    self there's Clayton
  • 00:37:13
    a well he looks pretty normal but this
  • 00:37:16
    is crazy stuff and I reckon it must be
  • 00:37:19
    even weirder for
  • 00:37:20
    Scamper have they met many times before
  • 00:37:23
    they this is the second time they've met
  • 00:37:26
    and Scamper is not real fun fond of
  • 00:37:27
    Clayton he likes his mama really yes so
  • 00:37:32
    he's protecting uh the mama from the
  • 00:37:34
    baby is he is that a kind of that's a
  • 00:37:36
    man thing that's a Scamper thing is this
  • 00:37:39
    chopping mouth is that a threat yes so
  • 00:37:43
    scampa doesn't think much of his clone
  • 00:37:45
    but what about charmain you see
  • 00:37:47
    similarities between the two already he
  • 00:37:49
    carries himself the same he has the same
  • 00:37:51
    arch in his neck um he's just very
  • 00:37:55
    confident the first time I saw him I
  • 00:37:57
    just couldn't take my eyes off of him I
  • 00:37:59
    just makes the hair on the back of your
  • 00:38:01
    neck stand out to to think to think that
  • 00:38:04
    this is how Scamper was when he was a
  • 00:38:06
    baby and and it's a it's real
  • 00:38:09
    emotional he doesn't look identical I
  • 00:38:13
    mean maybe that is that cuz he's young
  • 00:38:14
    is that is that what Scamper looked like
  • 00:38:15
    when he was a kid um I didn't see
  • 00:38:17
    Scamper when he was a baby but
  • 00:38:19
    confirmation wise the shoulder the the
  • 00:38:23
    hips everything looks the same from what
  • 00:38:24
    I understand the white migrates in the
  • 00:38:27
    womb so that has nothing to do with the
  • 00:38:29
    uh DNA Clayton's been created to do what
  • 00:38:32
    Scamper can't produce sperm which will
  • 00:38:35
    then be sold to other
  • 00:38:37
    breeders but what if it was scamp's
  • 00:38:39
    tough childhood more than his DNA that
  • 00:38:41
    took him to the top we are obviously
  • 00:38:43
    don't know how much of his past life
  • 00:38:46
    made him try as hard as what he did kind
  • 00:38:49
    of like the kids that grow up and bad
  • 00:38:51
    part of town and and they knew they had
  • 00:38:54
    to overcome a lot kind of the same thing
  • 00:38:56
    I guess only time will tell but while
  • 00:38:58
    Charmaine is delighted about Clayton's
  • 00:39:00
    arrival not everyone is thrilled that
  • 00:39:02
    he's
  • 00:39:03
    here we've had a few uh negative
  • 00:39:06
    comments um such as I think that we're
  • 00:39:09
    playing God and now that we've uh
  • 00:39:11
    created Clayton now what if they clone
  • 00:39:14
    Osama Bin
  • 00:39:15
    Laden that's what they said yes God how
  • 00:39:18
    many that would be scary but he wouldn't
  • 00:39:20
    be much good at barrel racing would he
  • 00:39:21
    Osama in spite of the Skeptics
  • 00:39:24
    charmaine's certain she's done the right
  • 00:39:26
    thing I think the people who really
  • 00:39:28
    don't understand the science behind it
  • 00:39:31
    may uh oppose it but the reasons I did
  • 00:39:34
    it were yeah I love Scamper but I have a
  • 00:39:37
    passion for great horses and their
  • 00:39:39
    ability and I've struggled with other
  • 00:39:42
    horses past him that had so many
  • 00:39:44
    physical problems from competing that
  • 00:39:46
    it's hard to get past all that and if we
  • 00:39:48
    can start breeding some horses that
  • 00:39:51
    stayed as sound as him mhm then uh I
  • 00:39:54
    think we're doing a real Noble thing
  • 00:39:58
    [Music]
  • 00:40:00
    so cloning is an irresistibly powerful
  • 00:40:02
    tool for some
  • 00:40:06
    breeders and it's been around a lot
  • 00:40:08
    longer than you might
  • 00:40:12
    think cloning to a lot of people I think
  • 00:40:14
    suggests a Xerox copy exactly what it
  • 00:40:16
    suggest to me and that's not that's
  • 00:40:18
    obviously not what it is I mean
  • 00:40:20
    technically speaking an identical twin
  • 00:40:22
    as a clone apples for example are all
  • 00:40:25
    clones almost all fruits is made by
  • 00:40:28
    grafting so as to avoid the U the
  • 00:40:32
    genetic Lottery um well every apple is a
  • 00:40:35
    is is is there's no there's no unique
  • 00:40:36
    apples um well we could grow them from
  • 00:40:39
    seed but then they' taste horrible and
  • 00:40:40
    would be useful only for making cider in
  • 00:40:42
    what sense is it a CL apples are grown
  • 00:40:44
    by grafting so that you don't have to
  • 00:40:48
    take the risk of sex sex breaks up good
  • 00:40:50
    Gene combinations The Offspring of an
  • 00:40:52
    apple that tastes good often don't taste
  • 00:40:54
    very good because the genes that made
  • 00:40:57
    the your Apple taste very good have been
  • 00:40:59
    shuffled up in that case let's accept
  • 00:41:02
    the fact that the cloning of an apple is
  • 00:41:03
    not especially scary is it that's not
  • 00:41:05
    the thing that worries people it's
  • 00:41:06
    cloning uh it's cloning people it's
  • 00:41:07
    cloning cloning cattle for the for for
  • 00:41:10
    eating that scares people why we don't
  • 00:41:13
    know what the long-term dangers are
  • 00:41:15
    likely to be is the species not
  • 00:41:17
    strengthened by constant cross
  • 00:41:19
    fertilization are we not storing up some
  • 00:41:21
    time bomb we might have a problem if
  • 00:41:24
    every cow on the planet was a clone but
  • 00:41:26
    we're not I mean that's not what's going
  • 00:41:27
    to happen would you eat a a clone yes
  • 00:41:31
    really absolutely would you uh I would
  • 00:41:36
    eat applesauce made from a cloned apple
  • 00:41:39
    with a normal Pig but I I wouldn't
  • 00:41:41
    wouldn't eat a Clon
  • 00:41:45
    Pig so Giles wouldn't eat a clone but as
  • 00:41:48
    his tour around the farm ends are there
  • 00:41:51
    any of the animals on our farm he would
  • 00:41:53
    be prepared to give the taste test
  • 00:41:56
    to they don't look very different dead
  • 00:41:59
    than alive do they I mean they're
  • 00:42:02
    they're still all muscle there's almost
  • 00:42:03
    no difference between the animal with
  • 00:42:05
    the skin on and the skin off you you're
  • 00:42:07
    quite you you're quite right yeah that's
  • 00:42:08
    right I mean you would say if you didn't
  • 00:42:11
    know that this had been selectively bred
  • 00:42:13
    over 100 years to get to this stage and
  • 00:42:15
    that it was just an animal randomly
  • 00:42:17
    killed and you would say that that
  • 00:42:19
    animal must have had a very a very
  • 00:42:21
    strenuous life I mean you know that why
  • 00:42:23
    has this animal got all these muscles it
  • 00:42:24
    must be for a reason but then the meat
  • 00:42:26
    wouldn't be very good because that meat
  • 00:42:27
    would be very tough you see so the
  • 00:42:29
    beauty of the Belgian Blue is that
  • 00:42:30
    because of that double muscle all the
  • 00:42:32
    food is converted into um muscle but
  • 00:42:36
    these muscle remain very tender you
  • 00:42:39
    see now for the Moment of Truth has all
  • 00:42:43
    the effort been
  • 00:42:44
    worthwhile what will this ultr lean
  • 00:42:46
    double muscled meat actually taste
  • 00:42:52
    of that is very very lean no fat at all
  • 00:42:57
    [Music]
  • 00:43:03
    so this uh double muscle Belgian Blue
  • 00:43:05
    Steak is not genetically modified it's
  • 00:43:07
    been specifically selected over
  • 00:43:09
    Generations 30 or 40 years it's all
  • 00:43:11
    muscle there's no fat generally speaking
  • 00:43:13
    English people like me I generally think
  • 00:43:15
    that you need fat on a on a steak to
  • 00:43:17
    give it the flavor that that's where the
  • 00:43:18
    interest lies but can they really taste
  • 00:43:19
    of anything at
  • 00:43:21
    all we about to find
  • 00:43:24
    out thank you very much was
  • 00:43:36
    see doesn't taste of anything at
  • 00:43:43
    all very
  • 00:43:47
    chewy it's a bit like biting your
  • 00:43:51
    tongue I don't know why you put all that
  • 00:43:53
    time and energy into this
  • 00:43:58
    H tastes like
  • 00:44:02
    horse so the Belgian Blues aren't to
  • 00:44:05
    everyone's
  • 00:44:07
    taste but as our tour around the farm
  • 00:44:09
    comes to a close Olivia has one last
  • 00:44:13
    surprise up her sleeve and it's one of
  • 00:44:16
    the most revolutionary Concepts we've
  • 00:44:18
    encountered you will never have seen
  • 00:44:21
    this
  • 00:44:22
    before one possible use of genetic
  • 00:44:25
    technology is to just get rid of the
  • 00:44:27
    animal all together and just grow steaks
  • 00:44:29
    in Vats um I know this this looks a bit
  • 00:44:32
    unappetizing um oh
  • 00:44:34
    no it's a depends what it is well it's a
  • 00:44:38
    prototype steak in a vat this is meat
  • 00:44:41
    grown in a Petri dish a burger from
  • 00:44:44
    mince that has never been part of a cow
  • 00:44:46
    or bull it opens up a world where no
  • 00:44:48
    animals need live or die to feed you
  • 00:44:52
    it's from Grown from stem cells it's
  • 00:44:54
    it's grown from stem cells not human
  • 00:44:56
    stem cells cow stem cells
  • 00:44:58
    right this prototype non-animal Burger
  • 00:45:02
    may look slightly odd but you could just
  • 00:45:05
    be looking at the future of
  • 00:45:07
    food you could eventually you could just
  • 00:45:10
    grow a hamburger in a vat or grow a
  • 00:45:13
    large piece of breast meat in a vat and
  • 00:45:15
    get rid of the animal alt together and
  • 00:45:17
    so if you're worried about the ethical
  • 00:45:18
    treatment of animals you might then want
  • 00:45:20
    start eating meat again surely you
  • 00:45:22
    couldn't make one of these tasty prob
  • 00:45:23
    the life of the animal is what makes the
  • 00:45:24
    thing tasty isn't it I mean I have to do
  • 00:45:27
    the
  • 00:45:28
    experiment next time on Animal Farm we
  • 00:45:32
    look at how biotechnology is changing
  • 00:45:34
    the world of
  • 00:45:35
    medicine we meet the cows that are
  • 00:45:38
    milked for their
  • 00:45:39
    blood the sheep with humanized organs
  • 00:45:43
    and the mice who can regenerate
  • 00:45:47
    themselves um we we have uh gone to all
  • 00:45:50
    this trouble to prepare this food so uh
  • 00:45:52
    might as well eat it do you want to do
  • 00:45:54
    you want to start with the do you want
  • 00:45:55
    to carve the super salmon oh
  • 00:45:58
    cheers to genetic modification to Mother
  • 00:46:01
    Nature
  • 00:46:02
    [Music]
Tags
  • genetisk modificering
  • etik
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  • teknologi
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