Quanten-Computer #1 - Was sind Quantencomputer

00:12:51
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kBLYe6_IgPs

Zusammenfassung

TLDREsta serie de vídeos explora o fascinante mundo dos ordenadores cuánticos, unha tecnoloxía que promete ser máis avanzada que os computadores convencionais. Os ordenadores cuánticos destacan pola súa habilidade para utilizar qubits, que poden representar múltiplos estados simultáneamente, permitindo procesar información de maneira moito máis eficiente. Este enfoque é especialmente relevante en criptografía, medicina e intelixencia artificial, onde pode revolucionar a maneira na que abordamos a encriptación de datos, a investigación de doenzas e a optimización de algoritmos de aprendizaxe. A serie tamén abordará a creación de software para estas máquinas, sinalando que, aínda que moito se fai con simuladores, a programación cuántica hoxe en día é unha realidade en desenvolvemento. Ademais, o vídeo introduce conceptos básicos pero fundamentais para entender a singularidade da computación cuántica, como os qubits e a superposición, e a súa relación con experimentos clásicos de física.

Mitbringsel

  • 💡 Os ordenadores cuánticos prometen superar os convencionais en eficiencia.
  • 🔍 Os qubits poden estar en estados 0 e 1 simultaneamente.
  • 🔐 Poden alterar a encriptación convencional de datos.
  • 🧬 Axudan na investigación médica ao simular pliegues de proteínas.
  • 🎛️ Ofrecen simulación cuántica para probas de software.
  • ⚛️ Baseados en principios cuánticos como a superposición.
  • 🧪 Relacionados con experimentos de física como a fenda doble.
  • 🖥️ Permiten desenvolver algoritmos máis eficientes.
  • 🔄 Poden examinar todas as rutas posibles nun labirinto simultaneamente.
  • 🌐 Prometen adiantos en varias disciplinas, incluíndo criptografía e IA.

Zeitleiste

  • 00:00:00 - 00:05:00

    Neste novo vídeo comeza unha serie sobre computadoras cuánticas. O presentador explica que estas tecnoloxías son moi agardadas porque permiten realizar máis cousas en comparación coas computadoras convencionais, grazas aos qubits. Resalta que aínda que se simulan, xa é posible deseñar algoritmos para computadoras cuánticas, preparándose para avances futuros. Unha razón pola que as computadoras cuánticas son emocionantes é que surxiron como un efecto secundario do miniaturización continua dos circuítos, o que provoca efectos cuánticos. Estes efectos, xerados a escala nanométrica, fan que as computadoras convencionais sexan menos fiables, pero son esenciais para o funcionamento das computadoras cuánticas.

  • 00:05:00 - 00:12:51

    O presentador introduce qubits, destacando que, a diferenza dos bits tradicionais que son 0 ou 1, os qubits están nun estado cuántico podendo ser simultaneamente 0 e 1 ou nalgo intermedio. Fai unha comparación co experimento conceptual do "gato de Schrödinger" e co exemplo das rachaduras de luz cuántica, ambos ilustrando como a medición afecta os estados cuánticos. Un qubit é máis potente porque explora todas as posibilidades ata que se mide, onde toma un estado definido de 0 ou 1. Avanza a como as computadoras cuánticas poderían revolucionar diversos campos, desde a criptografía ata a medicina, resolvendo problemas complexos como o replegamento de proteínas de maneira moito máis eficiente.

Mind Map

Video-Fragen und Antworten

  • Que é un qubit?

    Un qubit é unha unidade básica da computación cuántica que pode existir nos estados 0 e 1 ao mesmo tempo, ao contrario dos bits convencionais.

  • Como utilizan os computadores cuánticos qubits?

    Os computadores cuánticos aproveitan os estados cuánticos dos qubits para realizar milleiros de cálculos simultáneamente, resolvendo problemas como labirintos de forma máis eficiente.

  • Por que se crearon os ordenadores cuánticos?

    Os ordenadores cuánticos xurdiron como resposta ao problema de que os nosos procesadores convencionais están alcanzando límites microscópicos, xurdindo efectos cuánticos que dificultan o funcionamento convencional.

  • Cal é a diferenza entre bits e qubits?

    Os bits convencionais manexan datos en estados de 0 ou 1, mentres que os qubits poden estar en 0, 1, ou calquera combinación entre ambos ata que son medidos.

  • Que vantaxes teñen os ordenadores cuánticos en criptografía?

    Os ordenadores cuánticos poden romper sistemas de encriptación convencionais rapidamente usando algoritmos baseados en qubits, permitindo analizar todas as combinacións ao mesmo tempo.

  • Como pode a computación cuántica axudar en medicina?

    Pode simular como se pliegan as proteínas en todos os estados posibles simultáneamente, axudando a atopar solucións para enfermidades como o Alzheimer.

  • Que é a superposición en computación cuántica?

    É a capacidade dos qubits de estar en múltiples estados (0 e 1) simultáneamente, o que lle permite realizar cálculos complexos máis eficientemente.

  • Cal é o experimento da fenda doble e a súa relación cos qubits?

    O experimento da fenda doble mostra como partículas como luz ou qubits poden existir en múltiples camiños simultaneamente, similar a como os qubits poden estar en estados 0 e 1 á vez.

  • Que se pretende acadar con esta serie de vídeos?

    Explorar a singularidade dos ordenadores cuánticos, por que son especiais, o papel dos qubits e como desenvolver software para eles.

  • É posible programar para ordenadores cuánticos na actualidade?

    Si, é posible usar simuladores de ordenadores cuánticos para deseñar algoritmos que poderán executarse en hardware cuántico no futuro.

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Automatisches Blättern:
  • 00:00:00
    A very wonderful good day to you all and welcome to a new series of mine
  • 00:00:05
    and this time it's about quantum computers
  • 00:00:08
    Quantum computers are probably the most expected futuristic technology you can imagine
  • 00:00:14
    I think we won't have that much after that
  • 00:00:16
    because we're already doing a lot of AI and quantum computers are the next big thing
  • 00:00:23
    because with quantum computers you can really do more than with conventional computers
  • 00:00:29
    and that's what we want to do in this series
  • 00:00:32
    we want to look at why quantum computers are so cool
  • 00:00:36
    what can they do that conventional computers can't
  • 00:00:39
    and why they were created and what makes them unique
  • 00:00:45
    and last but not least we want to use our own quantum technology to program
  • 00:00:51
    we really want to write software for quantum computers
  • 00:00:55
    that's already possible today, of course it's all simulated
  • 00:00:59
    but you can already design the algorithms for tomorrow
  • 00:01:02
    so that when we get a little further with the current state of technology
  • 00:01:06
    we can go straight to it and do everything you can imagine
  • 00:01:11
    and yes, the topic is an incredibly exciting topic
  • 00:01:14
    I hope you have fun and let's start right away
  • 00:01:17
    because this time we want to clarify why quantum computers are actually created
  • 00:01:22
    and why it's exciting because it's more or less an unwanted side effect of what we already have
  • 00:01:30
    and our circuits are just getting too small
  • 00:01:33
    our processors, that is, what's in your phone, in your PC
  • 00:01:37
    that's just getting so small by now, the circuits
  • 00:01:42
    the things are made in 7 nanometers or something
  • 00:01:45
    and then almost quantum effects are created
  • 00:01:49
    and these quantum effects are actually something that our processors definitely don't do better
  • 00:01:55
    but rather worse because you can no longer rely on them doing what they should do
  • 00:02:00
    that's bad for us but good for quantum computers
  • 00:02:03
    because that's the only way we can build them
  • 00:02:06
    that means we have, so to speak, a negative effect that simply came through the technological progress
  • 00:02:12
    we have made use of it and are now trying to make it better
  • 00:02:16
    and yes, the whole thing is ultimately based on qubits
  • 00:02:20
    and this time I want to give a little bit of a short hint of what qubits are
  • 00:02:24
    we'll go into a little more detail in the next video
  • 00:02:27
    but we want to take a quick look at it now
  • 00:02:30
    and qubits are, well, bits like a computer
  • 00:02:34
    so either 0 or 1, just in quantum state
  • 00:02:38
    that means they can do a little more than the regular bits
  • 00:02:41
    that means we'll hold on to bits that are either 0 or 1 and turn off your computer, so to speak
  • 00:02:48
    every computer, every cell phone, consists of bits that are either 0 or 1
  • 00:02:53
    and your processor, that is, the computer unit of your computer, works only with it
  • 00:02:59
    and your memory consists only of 0s or 1s, every message, every video you watch is a 0 or 1 or a sequence of it
  • 00:03:07
    you have, for example, this video that you are currently watching, 001, 001, and so on and so forth
  • 00:03:12
    quantum bits, i.e. qubits, are a little bit more powerful
  • 00:03:17
    and here's a quick example that probably many of you have done in physics lessons in high school
  • 00:03:22
    maybe, maybe not, I had physics four hours, I think we did a little more there
  • 00:03:26
    it's a relatively well-known experiment
  • 00:03:29
    and that's a laser beam that's being thrown at a two-gutter gap, so to speak
  • 00:03:37
    that means this left ball you see there, that's supposed to be a light object, for example a laser beam
  • 00:03:43
    and then a very typical pattern comes out at the back, which you can see on the right
  • 00:03:48
    and this typical pattern is perhaps different from what you would imagine
  • 00:03:52
    it has such stripes, and not two stripes, but more than two stripes
  • 00:03:58
    and it's not a continuous light, but really nice, straight, defined stripes
  • 00:04:04
    that looks a little bit, or rather very strange at first, but it's really important
  • 00:04:10
    and that's exactly the quantum effects, they only happen in the absolute smallest space
  • 00:04:16
    that means we have Schrödinger's bit, so to speak, that's qubits
  • 00:04:21
    they are simultaneously 1 and 0, or they are something in between, or they are also something in between
  • 00:04:29
    I'll go into that a little bit more in detail in the next video
  • 00:04:32
    so they are 1 and 0 at the same time, or they are even 0.something at the same time
  • 00:04:41
    you can't compare a qubit to a normal bit, it's really more powerful
  • 00:04:47
    they are simultaneously 1 and 0 and something in between, up to the measurement
  • 00:04:53
    when we measure the qubits, that's about the same as we look at this board
  • 00:05:01
    when we look at this board, they take a very specific shape
  • 00:05:07
    that means we shoot this beam of light through this gutter
  • 00:05:12
    and if we don't look at where the beam of light went through, whether it went through left or right
  • 00:05:19
    then it didn't go through either of the two, but the beam of light went through both gutters
  • 00:05:26
    and that seems completely mind-blowing, I understand that, and nobody expects that
  • 00:05:33
    I don't think anyone really understands why that happens, or maybe some physicists who are doing PhDs
  • 00:05:40
    but that doesn't have to be the case if you want to understand quantum computers
  • 00:05:46
    we just have to accept that these qubits are really 1 and 0 and something in between
  • 00:05:53
    and when we measure them, they are either 1 or 0
  • 00:05:57
    so when we measure them, they are really exactly 1 or 0
  • 00:06:01
    but up to that point, they are everything
  • 00:06:05
    I'll go into more detail in the next video, if you're interested, watch the next video
  • 00:06:10
    but we also want to compare this to Schrödinger's cat
  • 00:06:15
    and I think that could be a term for most people
  • 00:06:18
    the cat of Schrödinger, I think many of you know the experiment
  • 00:06:23
    this cat is locked in a box and then a poison is put in this box
  • 00:06:30
    that is exactly 50% lethal
  • 00:06:33
    and the quantum effect behind that is this
  • 00:06:37
    as long as I don't open the box, the cat is dead and alive
  • 00:06:44
    the catch of this experiment is that a cat is way too big to trigger quantum effects
  • 00:06:49
    so it's just way too big
  • 00:06:52
    but if this cat is as small as an electron, very very small
  • 00:06:57
    then it works, so the cat is dead and alive at the same time
  • 00:07:01
    and if I open the box, that means I look up what happened to the cat
  • 00:07:07
    then it's either dead or alive
  • 00:07:10
    that means it takes a certain state
  • 00:07:13
    but before I open the box, it's in both states
  • 00:07:17
    everything seems completely stupid, but luckily for quantum computers, it's actually a fact
  • 00:07:24
    and it's proven that it's true
  • 00:07:27
    I have another example for you, so it's more accessible
  • 00:07:31
    take a conventional light switch
  • 00:07:34
    you can imagine the dead cat as a light switch on or off
  • 00:07:41
    while you can imagine the cat as a dimmer
  • 00:07:48
    which we can't observe, we can't say what this dimmer is doing
  • 00:07:53
    if it's on or off
  • 00:07:55
    so it's possible to look up what's going on
  • 00:08:00
    but as long as we don't look up, the dimmer is on 2.5%
  • 00:08:05
    and off 5%, so a mix of everything
  • 00:08:11
    and these qubits are more powerful than regular bits
  • 00:08:17
    you remember, bits are either 0 or 1
  • 00:08:21
    while qubits are 0 and 1
  • 00:08:25
    at least if they're not measured
  • 00:08:28
    and we want to look at that in more detail
  • 00:08:32
    why these things are actually more powerful
  • 00:08:35
    and I have a little example for you
  • 00:08:37
    I'll take the example of a labyrinth
  • 00:08:39
    which is more accessible with qubits than regular bits
  • 00:08:47
    a regular algorithm goes along a route
  • 00:08:54
    and it's tested if you can reach the destination
  • 00:08:58
    and if you reach a junction, you notice it and go on
  • 00:09:02
    until you reach a dead end
  • 00:09:04
    and then you go along every path
  • 00:09:07
    that's how regular computers solve labyrinths
  • 00:09:11
    that's how things are solved
  • 00:09:13
    so you need luck or a certain amount of time
  • 00:09:17
    you see, you go into a dead end
  • 00:09:20
    and then you have to go back and go to the next junction
  • 00:09:25
    like a normal person would solve a labyrinth
  • 00:09:28
    a qubit or a quantum labyrinth solver looks a bit different
  • 00:09:34
    we'll see that on the right side
  • 00:09:36
    a quantum labyrinth solver can really try out all the solutions in real time
  • 00:09:43
    that means it does the following
  • 00:09:45
    it goes in every direction at the same time
  • 00:09:48
    that means it doesn't just turn right
  • 00:09:51
    but it goes straight ahead right and left at the same time
  • 00:09:56
    and then it goes one step further from there
  • 00:09:58
    and if there's a junction there, it takes all the paths in all directions at the same time
  • 00:10:03
    so in the end, it's a brute force algorithm
  • 00:10:09
    that we can run to solve all the solutions at the same time
  • 00:10:14
    and that makes it much more efficient
  • 00:10:17
    because if we write a brute force algorithm
  • 00:10:21
    we really have to try out everything
  • 00:10:23
    and that takes a long time
  • 00:10:25
    you might know that from my other playlists
  • 00:10:27
    brute forcing is something that takes a lot of time
  • 00:10:30
    that's what you need for password cracking
  • 00:10:33
    if we want to reverse hash functions
  • 00:10:37
    but also things like...
  • 00:10:39
    and we're getting to the application cases
  • 00:10:41
    cryptography is a huge application case
  • 00:10:43
    but also in medicine
  • 00:10:45
    not too long ago, I made a video about a tool
  • 00:10:49
    that brute forces how proteins fold
  • 00:10:54
    you don't need that anymore
  • 00:10:56
    because you can simulate every state of the protein at once
  • 00:11:01
    and then you can see which of those states is possible
  • 00:11:06
    so in which state does the protein work
  • 00:11:09
    in which state doesn't
  • 00:11:11
    and depending on which state is possible
  • 00:11:13
    we have the solution how the protein is folded in practice
  • 00:11:18
    and that gives us solutions for Alzheimer's
  • 00:11:23
    you can cure Alzheimer's
  • 00:11:26
    you can train AI's
  • 00:11:28
    because you have chosen the optimal weights
  • 00:11:31
    you can try out all the weights
  • 00:11:34
    and then check which of those weights has the best recognition rate
  • 00:11:39
    so we don't have to train our AI's anymore
  • 00:11:41
    we just have to check which AI is the best
  • 00:11:46
    and that's how we have very fast and optimal solutions
  • 00:11:51
    and also when it comes to messages
  • 00:11:54
    so data transmission
  • 00:11:57
    you can do a lot with quantum computers
  • 00:12:00
    with a little additional thing
  • 00:12:03
    it's called entanglement
  • 00:12:06
    I want to explain that in the next videos
  • 00:12:10
    so that was a little introduction
  • 00:12:13
    we want to make a few more videos about it
  • 00:12:16
    not too many videos because I'm not a physicist
  • 00:12:19
    I know a lot about computer science
  • 00:12:22
    but not about physics
  • 00:12:25
    so I know a lot about physics
  • 00:12:29
    and I'm probably the wrong person to talk about that
  • 00:12:33
    so they are not in the scope of this course
  • 00:12:36
    but we want to do some quantum programming
  • 00:12:39
    and I don't think a physicist can show you that
  • 00:12:42
    so I hope you liked the video
  • 00:12:44
    leave me feedback
  • 00:12:46
    and we'll see us next time when it comes to superposition
  • 00:12:50
    see you, ciao
Tags
  • computación cuántica
  • qubits
  • superposición
  • criptografía
  • medicina
  • intelixencia artificial
  • fenda doble
  • programación cuántica
  • efectos cuánticos