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welcome to AP World History my dear
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pupils we're going to begin right in the
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beginning and talk about developments in
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East Asia from 1200 to 1450 and it was
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China who arguably possessed the biggest
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popsicle of power in that time and oh
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baby it was a tasty one so if you're
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ready to get them brain cows milked Song
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Dynasty style well let's get to it so
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we'll begin this course around the year
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1200 and we'll start by getting
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acquainted with the song dynasty in
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China and the truth is China 's kind of
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the biggest deal there was in the
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ancient and post-classical World okay so
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first we're going to focus on how the
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Song Dynasty maintained and Justified
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its power all right stop what in the
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fresh heck do those words mean well it
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means we're going to talk about how song
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rulers stayed in charge and how they
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convinced everyone that they should stay
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in charge after all if there was only
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one popsicle of power in song China then
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song rulers wanted to make sure that
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they licked that puppy clean so how did
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they do it well I got two ways you need
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to know but before I tell you what they
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are you might want to get that clicky
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finger out and check out my AP World
00:00:51
heimler review guide It's got everything
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you need to get an A in your class and a
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five on your exam inmate including whole
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unit review videos that are not here on
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YouTube no guides to follow along
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practice questions in AP Style full
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practice exam it is the fastest way to
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study so check out the link in the
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description and now back to how song
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rulers maintained and Justified their
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power first song rulers carried over a
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Revival of Confucianism from the
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previous Tong Dynasty now Confucianism
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became the official Chinese State
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philosophy way back during the Han
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Dynasty about 200 BCE basically this
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philosophy taught that human society was
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hierarchical by nature which is to say
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Society was composed of unequal
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relationships fathers were greater than
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Sons husbands greater than wives rulers
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greater than subjects you get the idea
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so in order to make this kind of society
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work properly the greater entity should
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treat the lesser entities with concern
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and benevolence while the Lesser entity
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should drink a tall glass of shut the
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heck up and obey their superiors and if
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everyone lived according to their roles
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well
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which is nice and one of the key ideas
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in this whole system was filial piety
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which was the practice of honoring one's
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ancestors and parents this was
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emphasized by Chinese rules because hey
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if people could learn how to honor their
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deceased grandpappies and their living
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parents well that served us a pretty
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good training to honor the Emperor as
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well so you know bonus anyway those
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confusion ideals work to keep ancient
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Chinese Society working for a long time
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but once the Han Dynasty fell
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Confucianism fell along with it and
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their cultural Harmony fractured until
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it sounded more like
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[Music]
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not pretty but starting with a Tong
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Dynasty the one right before the Song
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Dynasty Confucianism experienced a
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Revival and that Revival was carried
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into song Rule now because this was a
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new implementation of an old philosophy
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we call it neo-confucianism Neo meaning
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new and Confucianism meaning you know
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Confucianism and one thing that made it
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new is the influence of Buddhist and
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Taoist philosophical ideas so don't miss
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what I just said because this is 100
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showing up on your test the Revival of
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Confucianism demonstrates historical
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continuity between ancient China and the
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song period but it also illustrates
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Innovation Tong and song rulers didn't
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just Jam the old crusty version of
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Confucianism into their society they
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changed it to suit their contemporary
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purpose anyway back to the point song
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rulers use this hierarchical view of
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society to maintain and justify their
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rules again they were the ones in charge
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and if everyone just deferred to their
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rightful leadership in Chinese Society
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would flourish hey that sounds great for
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the people on top of the hierarchical
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pile but maybe not so great for those on
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the bottom case in point women in song
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China now under the system of
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Confucianism women were relegated to the
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subordinate position in the hierarchy
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men didn't want to make their own
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sandwiches so the best candidate in
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their eyes was the women so for example
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under song rule women's legal rights
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were restricted poor woman's property
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became her husband's and if she was
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widowed or divorced she was forbidden to
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remarry but maybe the most dramatic
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example of female subordination of the
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Song Dynasty was the practice of foot
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binding here are the feet of young girls
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were broken and bound up tightly for a
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period of time until their feet were
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much smaller than they were to begin
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this often meant that women had trouble
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walking or in some cases they couldn't
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walk at all and to be clear this
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practice was especially prevalent among
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the more Elite members of society
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because it was kind of a status symbol
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for elite men like if your wife couldn't
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walk she couldn't very well perform
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manual labor or household labor and that
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meant you were wealthy enough to hire
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servants to do the rest okay now the
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second Way song rulers maintained and
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justify their power was with the
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increasing use of an imperial
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bureaucracy now a bureaucracy in case
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that's not a word that you and your
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friends throw around casually at the
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lunch table is a governmental entity
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that carries out the will of the emperor
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so the emperor lives over here and he's
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all like widowed women can't get
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remarried but China's a big honking
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place with a metric butt load of people
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so how is the Emperor gonna make sure
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everyone in these places obeys oh that's
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what the bureaucracy is for is made up
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of tens of thousands of government
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officials Fanning out across China to
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make sure everyone was obeying the
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emperor's dictator okay now during the
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Song Dynasty the Imperial bureaucracy
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grew in scope and thus helped them to
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maintain their rules and how did it do
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that well in order to get a good job in
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the bureaucracy eligible men had to take
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and pass a civil service examination
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this exam was heavily based on Confucian
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Classics and that did two things to help
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song rulers maintain and justify their
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power first it meant that the
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bureaucracy was only staffed with the
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most qualified member so that means
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bureaucratic jobs were awarded by Merit
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and not based on who you knew which is
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kind of how they did things back in the
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Han Dynasty hey you want a job I got a
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guy so this system helped song rulers to
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maintain their rule because the best men
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got the jobs and thus increased the
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competency and efficiency of
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bureaucratic taxes okay now because song
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China was kind of a big deal on the
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world stage during this time it probably
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is not going to surprise you to know
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that it had significant cultural
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influence on various states around it
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and here I'm going to mention three of
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them first let's visit our friends in
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Korea right here on China's Northeastern
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border the Korean Empires were pretty
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much much independent politically but
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they were able to do that because they
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maintained a tributary relationship with
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the big boys in China what that means is
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that from time to time Korean officials
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would visit the song Court acknowledged
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that China was the awesomest and then
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fall prostrate on the floor before the
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emperor acknowledging that his power
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popsicle was the biggest and most
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delicious of all as long as that kind of
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tribute was paid China and Korea were
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able to maintain friendly political and
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economic relationships now because of
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this close relationship some aspects of
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Chinese culture were adopted by the
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Korean for example the Korean Court used
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a similar Civil Service examination to
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staff their bureaucracy additionally
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Korea adopted many confusion principles
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which organized their family structures
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and went even further than China in
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marginalizing the role of women however
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to be fair much of the Chinese Cultural
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influence here applied mostly to the
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elite members of Korean Society okay
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second let's go visit Hyun Japan right
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over here don't miss what's obvious that
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Japan is separated from China by a big
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honking chunk of ocean even so China
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still influenced Japanese culture but
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the big point to remember here is that
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whatever cultural traits the Japanese
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adopted they did so voluntarily and not
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because like Korea there was is always
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the looming threat of being invaded so
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you know that's nice anyway the biggest
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chunk of Japan's cultural borrowing from
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China occurred before our time period
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that we're dealing with here it was
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around the 7th and 9th century CE and
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during that time they attended a
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large-scale overhaul of their power
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structure and organized it according to
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what they observed in China's imperial
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bureaucracy and then later on Chinese
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Buddhism took root among the Japanese
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Elite as well as the Chinese writing
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system so whatever Japan found useful
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about Chinese society and politics they
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used and adopted and whatever they
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thought was a turd they flushed and
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third we need to visit our friends in
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the Kingdom of Vietnam right here now
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because Vietnam had its hind Parts
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shoved squarely against China's Southern
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border it had a similar relationship
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with China as we saw in Korea now
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Vietnam was also basically independent
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politically but they still participated
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in the China is the best tributary
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system additionally Elite members of
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Vietnam Society adopted Confucianism
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Buddhism Chinese literary techniques and
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the Civil Service examination system
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however despite the Vietnamese adoption
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of Confucianism women in Vietnam were
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not nearly as marginalized as they were
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in China you can see evidence of a
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higher view of women by the fact that
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several of their nature did these were
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female and they conceived of a female
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version of the Buddha who if I know
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anything ain't gonna be making nobody's
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sandwiches more to the point Vietnam
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never adopted foot binding and for that
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matter neither did Korea or Japan okay
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now I've mentioned Buddhism in China a
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couple of times already but let's stop
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dancing around it and look that puppy
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Square in the face now Buddhism has a
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belief system originated in South Asia
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right over here but it had spread to
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China by the time of the Han Dynasty
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basically the whole of Buddhism is
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summarized in its Four Noble Truths life
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is suffering we suffer because we crave
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we see suffering when we cease craving
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and the Eightfold Path leads to the
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cessation of suffering and craving and
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basically the Eightfold Path outlines
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the principles and practices that a
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Buddhist must follow most notably a
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moral lifestyle and a practice of
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meditation additionally Buddhism carried
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over several features from the dominant
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religion of South Asia namely Hinduism
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features like Karma and rebirth so it's
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a very simplified explanation of
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Buddhism in its original form but once
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it began to spread significant changes
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occur first you need to know Terra Vada
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Buddhism which originated here in Sri
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Lanka and it was pretty close to the
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original form of Buddhism with an
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emphasis on escaping the cycle of birth
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and death however here Buddhist practice
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was mainly restricted to monks who
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devoted their entire lives to you know
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monkey and therefore this kind of
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Buddhism was only available to a select
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few however as Buddhism spread from
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there into East Asia it changed again
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and this region gave birth to another
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branch called Mahayana Buddhism and the
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main difference here is that the
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Mahayana Branch emphasized that Buddhist
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teachings were available to all and not
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just to select few additionally Mahayana
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Buddhism emphasized compassion and made
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the Buddha into a kind of God or at
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least you know an object of devotion but
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then as Buddhism spread over here into
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Tibet yet another Innovation took place
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and it was known as Tibetan Buddhists
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again it had all the same basic
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doctrines as the others but its
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practitioners emphasized more mystical
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practices like lying prostrate and
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elaborate imaginings of deity so the
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point is although the Song Dynasty made
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it their policy to emphasize more
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traditional Chinese ideas like
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Confucianism Buddhism continued to play
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a significant role in their society and
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even more to the point the Chinese
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developed their own distinct version of
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Buddhism known as Chan Buddhism okay now
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finally we need to talk about the
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prodigious amounts of boom boom China
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was raking in during this period which
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is to say we need to talk about the song
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economy and baby that economy was
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humming however the song rulers were not
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completely responsible for that
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magnificent Prosperity because that
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Trend began in the Dynasty before namely
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the tong Dynasty anyway how did they do
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it well I got four ways you should know
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first was the widespread
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commercialization of the economy
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basically that just means that China
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produced more Goods than they needed to
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survive and then sold the excess on the
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World Market and in order to become that
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land-based Tony Stark that they were
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song officials moved more and more
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toward the use of paper money which
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resulted in related practices of using
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credit and promissory notes and all that
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meant that China was thoroughly
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commercialized and then they could focus
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on building that indestructible flying
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suit they always want okay second
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China's home industry is producing Iron
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and Steel exploded during this period by
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the 11th century both large-scale
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manufacturers and home-based Artisans
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were producing enough Iron and Steel to
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create all the suits of armor needed for
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war all the coins needed for trading
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Taxation and many of the tools needed
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for agriculture and speaking of
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Agriculture the third cause of China's
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economic Prosperity was Innovations in
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agriculture in addition to the
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widespread use of iron plows and rakes
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one of the most significant agricultural
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Innovations was the introduction of
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Champa rice which came to China via the
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Champa Kingdom in Vietnam look I know
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you're not used to getting excited about
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rice but dang this stuff was awesome for
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example it was drought resistant and it
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could be harvested not once but twice a
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year effectively doubling the
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agricultural output so what who cares
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you care because China was the most
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populous state in the world at that time
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and what does that mean metric butt
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loads of mouth holes to feed because
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Chomper rice came into stuffed those
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mouth holes full with plenty left over
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that led to a population explosion y'all
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and as a general law of the universe
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more food equals more babies and finally
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fourth Transportation Innovations also
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contributed to the prosperity to the
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song economy they expanded the Grand
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Canal which linked the yellow and young
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sea rivers and made trade among
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different regions much cheaper you know
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as far as canals go this one's pretty
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Grand but in addition to that several
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other Innovations and transportations
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were made during this time as well for
00:11:00
example the Perfection of the magnetic
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compass which improved navigation on the
00:11:03
water and further facilitated sea-based
00:11:05
trade among various regions and then
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there were new ship building techniques
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for example song Engineers improved the
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design of the massive trade ships called
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junks by creating water type bulkheads
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and Stern mounted Rudders which made
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navigation more accurate which in turn
00:11:17
led to more trade among various regions
00:11:19
and that led to even more economic
00:11:21
prosperity in the Song Dynasty Okay
00:11:22
click here to keep reviewing other
00:11:24
topics you need to know for unit one and
00:11:25
if you're feeling spicy you might want
00:11:26
to click right here and grab my AP World
00:11:28
heimler review guide which has
00:11:29
everything you need to get an A in your
00:11:30
class and a five on your examination so
00:11:32
I'll catch you on the flip-flop I'm the
00:11:33
route
