Introduction to Articulatory Phonetics (Consonants)

00:06:14
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dfoRdKuPF9I

Ringkasan

TLDRThe video covers the basics of articulatory phonetics, focusing on how speech sounds, specifically consonants, are produced in the vocal tract. It explains that producing even a single speech sound involves a complex coordination of different parts of the vocal tract. The discussion centers on North American English consonants, describing them through three criteria: voicing, place of articulation, and manner of articulation. Voicing is about whether vocal folds vibrate (voiced) or not (voiceless). The place of articulation involves where the airflow is constricted in the vocal tract, with examples given for bilabial, labiodental, interdental, alveolar, palatal, velar, and glottal sounds. Manner of articulation describes how the airflow is constricted, covering stops, fricatives, affricates, nasals, liquids, glides, and taps. The video concludes by encouraging viewers to explore more about vowels and the International Phonetic Alphabet.

Takeaways

  • 🗣️ Articulatory phonetics studies how speech sounds are made.
  • 📌 Consonants involve airflow constriction, unlike vowels.
  • 🎤 Voicing determines if sounds are voiced or voiceless.
  • 👄 Place of articulation specifies where the airflow constriction is.
  • 🔊 Manner of articulation explains how airflow is constricted.
  • 🤔 Bilabial sounds use both lips like [p], [b], [m].
  • 🌀 Fricatives create friction-like sounds with narrow airflow path.
  • 🔄 Affricates combine a stop and a fricative, like [ʧ].
  • 👃 Nasals involve airflow through the nose, like [m].
  • 🔄 Taps are quick tongue flicks, as in the word 'butter'.
  • 🔍 Linguists describe consonants using voicing, place, and manner.
  • 🎥 Check out more videos on vowels and phonetic alphabets.

Garis waktu

  • 00:00:00 - 00:06:14

    The video introduces the topic of articulatory phonetics, focusing on how speech sounds are produced, particularly consonant sounds in North American English. It distinguishes between consonants and vowels based on airflow constriction and outlines three criteria for describing consonant sounds: voicing, place, and manner of articulation. Voicing refers to vocal fold activity, with examples of voiced ([z]) and voiceless ([s]) sounds. The speaker details various places of articulation, such as bilabial, labiodental, interdental, alveolar, palatal, velar, and glottal, providing sound examples for each. The manner of articulation is explained through stops, fricatives, affricates, nasals, liquids, glides, and taps, with sound illustrations. The video concludes by summarizing how linguists describe consonants in terms of voicing, place, and manner of articulation, providing examples such as [b] and [s].

Peta Pikiran

Video Tanya Jawab

  • What is articulatory phonetics?

    It is the study of how speech sounds are produced in the vocal tract.

  • What distinguishes consonants from vowels?

    Consonants involve some construction of airflow, whereas vowels do not.

  • How do linguists describe consonant sounds?

    Using three criteria: voicing, place of articulation, and manner of articulation.

  • What does 'voicing' refer to?

    Voicing refers to whether the vocal folds vibrate or not, resulting in voiced or voiceless sounds.

  • What are bilabial sounds?

    Sounds produced with both lips, like [p], [b], [m].

  • How are fricative sounds produced?

    By the tongue approaching but not making contact with a place of articulation, causing a bottleneck of airflow.

  • What are affricate sounds?

    Sounds that result from a rapid succession of a stop plus a fricative, such as [ʧ] and [ʤ].

  • How is the North American English tap sound described?

    It's a rapid flick of the tongue to some place of articulation, as heard in the word 'butter' [bʌɾɹ].

  • Can you provide an example of a voiced and voiceless sound?

    [z] is voiced and [s] is voiceless.

  • What is a flap or tap sound?

    It's a rapid flick of the tongue, such as the sound in 'butter' in North American English.

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Gulir Otomatis:
  • 00:00:05
    Hey everybody. Welcome. Thanks for joining us.
  • 00:00:08
    So today we will be talking about articulatory phonetics.
  • 00:00:12
    This is the study of how speech sounds are produced in the vocal tract.
  • 00:00:16
    All of our articulators in our vocal tracts must work in concert to produce just one speech sound.
  • 00:00:22
    This is to say nothing of the complexity of these motor routines in casual speech.
  • 00:00:27
    So just a note, we will be focusing on the phonetics of spoken languages,
  • 00:00:32
    and more specifically consonant sounds in North American English in this video.
  • 00:00:39
    So what's the difference between consonants and vowels you might ask.
  • 00:00:43
    Well basically consonants involves some construction of airflow, whereas vowels do not.
  • 00:00:50
    When linguists described consonant sounds,
  • 00:00:52
    we use three criteria: voicing, place of articulation and manner of articulation.
  • 00:00:59
    Let's talk about each of these in turn.
  • 00:01:02
    Voicing or state of the glottis refers to what the vocal folds are doing.
  • 00:01:07
    When air passes through open vocal folds,
  • 00:01:09
    we call these voiceless sounds.
  • 00:01:12
    When air passes through vibrating vocal folds,
  • 00:01:14
    we call these voiced sounds.
  • 00:01:18
    You can feel the difference between voiced and voiceless sounds
  • 00:01:21
    by putting your hand right here on your adam's apple if you're male
  • 00:01:22
    or where your adam's apple would be if you're a female.
  • 00:01:28
    So produce these two sounds in succession
  • 00:01:30
    [s]
  • 00:01:31
    [z]
  • 00:01:33
    [s]
  • 00:01:34
    [z]
  • 00:01:36
    Which one produces the vibration?
  • 00:01:38
    You should feel that [z] produces a vibration. So it's a voiced sound.
  • 00:01:43
    whereas [s] does not produce the vibration. So it's a voiceless sound.
  • 00:01:49
    Place of articulation refers to where in the vocal track
  • 00:01:53
    the construction of airflow takes place.
  • 00:01:56
    Bilabial sounds are produced with both lips like [p], [b], [m].
  • 00:02:06
    Labiodental sounds are produced with the upper teeth and the low lips such as [f] [v].
  • 00:02:15
    Interdental sounds are produced with the tongue in between the upper and lower teeth such as [θ] [ð].
  • 00:02:20
    such as [θ] [ð].
  • 00:02:28
    Alveolar sounds are produced with the tongue at or near the ridge right behind upper front teeth
  • 00:02:34
    such as [t] [d] [s].
  • 00:02:40
    Palatal sounds are produced at the hard palate or the roof of the mouth
  • 00:02:44
    such as [ʃ] [ʒ] [j].
  • 00:02:53
    Velar sounds are produced at the velum or soft palate
  • 00:02:56
    such as [k] [g].
  • 00:03:02
    Glottal sounds are produced at the glottis or the space between the vocal folds
  • 00:03:08
    such as [h] or the catch in the throat as in Batman
  • 00:03:15
    Manner of articulation refers to how the airflow is constricted in the vocal tract.
  • 00:03:21
    Stop sounds result from a complete constriction of airflow followed by a release of that air
  • 00:03:26
    such as [p] [t] [k] [b] [d] [g].
  • 00:03:33
    Fricatives are sounds produced when the tongue approaches
  • 00:03:36
    but does not make contact with a place of articulation causing a bottleneck of the airflow.
  • 00:03:41
    This gives the sound a friction like quality
  • 00:03:44
    such as [v] [θ] [z] [ʃ].
  • 00:03:51
    Affricate results from the sequence of stop plus fricative in rapid succession.
  • 00:03:56
    So the affricate [ʧ] represents [t] plus [ʃ]
  • 00:04:01
    just as the affricate [ʤ] results from [d] plus [ʒ].
  • 00:04:11
    Nasal sounds are produced when the velum is lowered
  • 00:04:14
    allowing air to pass through the nasal cavity
  • 00:04:17
    such as [m] [n] [ŋ].
  • 00:04:23
    Liquid sounds are produced by allowing air to pass by one or both sides at the tongue
  • 00:04:28
    and the tongue itself can move a lot to shape the sound
  • 00:04:32
    such as [l] [ɹ].
  • 00:04:38
    Glide sounds are produced with very little constriction of air flow
  • 00:04:42
    so little in fact that they are often referred to as semi-vowels
  • 00:04:46
    such as [w] [j].
  • 00:04:51
    And finally we have tap sounds.
  • 00:04:53
    Tap sounds are involving rapid flick of the tongue to some place of articulation.
  • 00:04:58
    In North American English we only really have one tap, and that's at the alveolar ridge.
  • 00:05:04
    You can hear the tap sound in the word butter butter.
  • 00:05:09
    Notice where we write it with two "t"s in English that your tongue is producing a tap sound there
  • 00:05:14
    rather than a full stop.
  • 00:05:17
    So in North American English you say [bʌɾɹ],
  • 00:05:20
    now as compared to in received pronunciation
  • 00:05:23
    where you say [bʌtɹ] that involves a full [t] stop.
  • 00:05:31
    Okay we discussed these three criteria for describing consonant sounds:
  • 00:05:36
    voicing, place of articulation and manner of articulation.
  • 00:05:40
    and when linguists talk about a consonant sounds they do so in that order
  • 00:05:45
    so for example the sound [b] is considered a voiced bilabial stop.
  • 00:05:51
    [s] is a voiceless alveolar fricative.
  • 00:05:56
    That's it for this video. Thanks so much for watching. Hope you enjoyed it.
  • 00:05:59
    So please check out our other videos including articulatory phonetics and vowels
  • 00:06:04
    and also how to navigate the international phonetic alphabet.
  • 00:06:08
    See later.
Tags
  • articulatory phonetics
  • consonants
  • North American English
  • voicing
  • place of articulation
  • manner of articulation
  • voiced
  • voiceless
  • bilabial
  • affricates