Boko Haram: Journey From Evil
Ringkasan
TLDRFohy ny horonantsary dia mitantara ny tantaran-ohatra, ny ady, ary ny herisetra ateraky ny Boko Haram ao Niger. Voasongadina ihany koa ny fiantraikany lehibe amin'ny fiainam-bahoaka, ny fandraisana andraikitra avy amin'ny olona tsotra sy ny ezaka hampodiana ireo ankizivavy nangalarina. Manasongadina ny firafitry ny fiarahamonina, ny antony mahatonga ny fihenjanana sy ny fanagadrana fa manasa ireo rehetra hiasa ho amin'ny fiainana vaovao ny horonantsary.
Takeaways
- 🕊️ Tranquility sought in Northeast Nigeria.
- 📚 Boko Haram's abduction of over 200 girls ignited global outrage.
- ⚖️ Lack of government action fueled public protests.
- 👩👦 Campaigns led by local women brought international attention.
- 🕵️♀️ Civilians have taken up arms against Boko Haram.
- 🌍 Community resilience shines through adversity.
- 🧠 Psychological trauma remains a significant challenge.
- 🚸 Education is vital for the future and recovery.
- 🤝 Rehabilitation programs aim to reintegrate ex-fighters.
- 📸 Personal stories highlight humanity amid chaos.
Garis waktu
- 00:00:00 - 00:05:00
Ny herin'ny fiainana andavanandro any amin'ny faritra ambanivohitra ao Nigeria dia hitohy indray, saingy ankehitriny dia misy ny ahiahy sy ny tahotra mitranga, indrindra ny fanafihana mety hitranga avy amin'ny Boko Haram. Misy ireo olom-pirenena Nigeriana mampiseho herim-po, miezaka mandresy ny tahotra sy manangana hoavy tsara ho an'ny firenena.
- 00:05:00 - 00:10:00
I Rebecca Solomon dia manatanteraka ny adidiny andavanandro ao Chibok, kanefa nahitana endrika ratsy ny fiainany taorian'ny fanafihana nitranga tamin'ny 14 aprily 2014, izay nandrava ny fianakaviany sy ny fiainany noho ny fisamborana ny zanany vavy, Deborah, sy ny namany 200 tao amin'ny sekoly. Nanangana ezaka ny rehetra hanavotana azy ireo.
- 00:10:00 - 00:15:00
Ny fanafihana an'ireo zazavavy, izay fantatra amin'ny anarana hoe "Bring Back Our Girls", dia nahitana fanehoan-kevitra maneran-tany sy niteraka fientanam-po ho an'ny fanjakana Nigeriana, izay niseho ho sahirana tamin'ny famerenana ireo zazavavy.
- 00:15:00 - 00:20:00
Ny Boko Haram, tarihin'i Abu Bakr Shekau, dia mandrahona mandravaka ny fizarana na inona na inona ara-politika, sy manery ny namana politika ho am-patom-pitehirizana ny hery. Izy ireo dia manovo ho an'ny fanjakana sy ny fanabeazana ho an'ny tanora.
- 00:20:00 - 00:25:00
Raha nanomboka ny ady tamin'ny Boko Haram, dia niteraka fahavoazana tampoka sy ny firosoana am-pahasahiana ireo mpamono terrorista, ary ny Boko Haram dia nangataka anjara amin'ny fiainana politika ao Nigeria.
- 00:25:00 - 00:30:00
Amin'izao fotoana izao, na dia ekena aza ny herisetra sy ny fihetsiketsehana, dia mitaky fepetra mivaingana araka izay mifamadi-pianarana ataon'ny Boko Haram ny fanjakana Nigeriana, na dia eo aza ny vokatra voaray nandritra ny fanafihan'ny tafika.
- 00:30:00 - 00:35:00
Ny Boko Haram dia tany am-pitsarana tamin'ny firaisankina ara-tsaina sy ara-bola, toy ny fandoavana hetra amin'ny sehatra samihafa. Nikatona ny làlan'ny fanjakana sy ireo olom-pirenena, indrindra any amin'ny faritra avaratra atsinanana - indrindra ny ao Maiduguri.
- 00:35:00 - 00:40:00
Nanomboka ny androm-panjakana nitehirizina ny ady, ny Boko Haram, izay seho amin'ny endriny henjana, dia nanatsara ny hafainganam-pandeha sy ny zava-misy, miaraka amin'ireo tondrozotra manomboka ahitana araka ny fandehan-javatra.
- 00:40:00 - 00:45:00
Hatramin'ny nahalasa ny raharaha ho tokony hamehana sy nandrehitra ny tarehimarika vaovao, dia midika izany fa ny fandehan-javatra izay manam-pahaizana amin'ny fanabeazana sy ny fanombohana dia ho an'ny tanora mpianatra mizara ho an'ny fiaviana sy ny famerenam-pahaizana.
- 00:45:00 - 00:54:58
Ambany ny fahantrana sy ny fitsinjovana maharitra ao amin'ny faritra avaratra atsinanana ao Nigeria. Olona 2 tapitrisa no voatery niala nanandrana ny ho sarotra tamin'ny ady sy ny fahantrana.
Peta Pikiran
Video Tanya Jawab
Inona ny anaran'ny vondrona mpampihorohoro ao Niger?
Boko Haram.
Inona no nitranga tamin'ny 14 aprily 2014?
Raha nangalarin'ny Boko Haram ny ankizivavy 200 tao amin'ny sekoly Chibok.
Inona ny tanjon'ny hetsika 'Bring Back Our Girls'?
Mba hampodiana sy hiarovana ny ankizivavy nangalarin'ny Boko Haram.
Ahoana no fiantraikan'ny ady amin'ny fanjanahantany any Niger?
Miteraka olana ara-pôlitika sy ara-toekarena ary ny fahantrana ho an'ny vahoaka.
Inona no zava-nitranga nandritra ny valan'aretina Boko Haram?
Nihena ny filana amin'ny zava-misy sy ny fanangonana raharaham-pirenena.
Ahoana no ahafahan'ny tsirairay manampy amin'ny fijanonana amin'ny Boko Haram?
Mampirisika ny olona hivelatra ny fiarahamonina amin'ny alalan'ny fanabeazana sy fandraisana andraikitra.
Inona ny anaran'ny toerana ahitana ny Boko Haram?
Ny Sambisa Forest.
Inona no dikan'ny 'Boko Haram'?
Midika hoe 'Tsy Eken'ny Fampianarana Andriamanitra'.
Inona no tanjon'ny rafi-pitsaboana an'ny Boko Haram?
Ny hanampy ny olona niaina nahitam-bokatra amin'ny herisetra sy ny ady.
Ahoana no porofon'ny firoboroboan'ny ady ao Niger?
Ny isan'ny mpitombo hatrany, ny ady maharitra mandritra ny taona maro.
Lihat lebih banyak ringkasan video
- 00:00:05[Music]
- 00:00:10someday Tranquility settle upon Bono's
- 00:00:13state in Northeast Nigeria
- 00:00:16[Music]
- 00:00:17the ordinary rhythms of life in the
- 00:00:19rural areas will return
- 00:00:22as will the everyday bustle of the city
- 00:00:26but for now a Restless tension lurks
- 00:00:29beneath the surface not a moment goes by
- 00:00:32without the threat of violence
- 00:00:37without the fear that the militant
- 00:00:39Islamic group Boko Haram might unleash
- 00:00:42an attack
- 00:00:44a grim reminder of a conflict still to
- 00:00:48be resolved
- 00:00:50struggle with extremism an unfinished
- 00:00:52Journey from Evil
- 00:00:56yet there are Nigerians who've stood up
- 00:00:59to the terror who've shown the courage
- 00:01:01to fight back the determination to go
- 00:01:04forward and the resilience to forge a
- 00:01:06new future for their Nation
- 00:01:14[Music]
- 00:01:18thank you
- 00:01:19[Music]
- 00:01:33each morning in the town of chibok
- 00:01:35Rebecca Solomon goes about her chores
- 00:01:42but what may appear a simple life became
- 00:01:44for her a nightmare that began on April
- 00:01:4714 2014.
- 00:02:01that evening Rebecca's daughter Deborah
- 00:02:03was staying overnight in a government
- 00:02:05School dormitory preparing to take exams
- 00:02:07the next day
- 00:02:09the exams never took place
- 00:02:12foreign
- 00:02:31girls believed to be held in a remote
- 00:02:33Forest hideout
- 00:02:41so
- 00:02:43foreign
- 00:02:58Debra's abduction along with over 200
- 00:03:01other girls exposed to the world Boko
- 00:03:04haram's ruthlessness as well as the
- 00:03:07dysfunction of Nigeria's government and
- 00:03:09Military and it stirred many Nigerians
- 00:03:12to take action on their own
- 00:03:17had planned a career as a human
- 00:03:20resources consultant in Abuja Nigeria's
- 00:03:22capital
- 00:03:24but then to 2014
- 00:03:26happened and that just opened me up to
- 00:03:32another life entirely
- 00:03:36bookie became a Frontline campaigner for
- 00:03:39the Bring Back Our Girls movement
- 00:03:52will stop us we will keep coming up
- 00:03:58what do we want aided by social media to
- 00:04:02Bring Back Our Girls campaign sparked
- 00:04:04worldwide condemnation of Boko Haram
- 00:04:07[Music]
- 00:04:16like millions of people across the globe
- 00:04:18my husband and I are outraged and
- 00:04:22heartbroken over the kidnapping of more
- 00:04:25than 200 Nigerian girls from their
- 00:04:27school dormitory in the middle of the
- 00:04:30night
- 00:04:31Boko haram's leader Abu Bakr shekau
- 00:04:34capitalized on the group's sudden
- 00:04:36notoriety threatening to convert the
- 00:04:39girls to Islam marry them after his
- 00:04:41commanders or sell them into slavery
- 00:04:48it was personal this is simply because I
- 00:04:52was once that girl
- 00:04:55even though I've not been abducted
- 00:04:57before but I know what it means to be
- 00:04:59sexually molested I know what it means
- 00:05:01to have to do something because you want
- 00:05:04to stay alive with the International
- 00:05:06Community watching the Nigerian
- 00:05:09government issued promises to save the
- 00:05:11girls but the lack of Swift action
- 00:05:13angered parents if the government cannot
- 00:05:17take action we are asking for the United
- 00:05:19Nation to come in and help us or if the
- 00:05:22new United Nations reject us we just
- 00:05:25don't know what to do
- 00:05:26within two weeks of the chibok
- 00:05:28kidnappings bookie had made up her mind
- 00:05:30to stay on the front lines and keep
- 00:05:32protesting until the
- 00:05:34came home
- 00:05:36and we were screaming like 15 old days
- 00:05:40some parents have not seen their
- 00:05:41children 15 old days where are they and
- 00:05:45then we had to commemorate 30 days
- 00:05:48and we could not live with that reality
- 00:05:52in truth the reality was worse bookie
- 00:05:56had no idea at the time but the 30 days
- 00:05:58would eventually stretch into more than
- 00:06:01three years
- 00:06:05Nigeria
- 00:06:08rich in oil and natural gas
- 00:06:11a nation seeking to present itself as
- 00:06:14the image of modern Africa
- 00:06:18but a country that is far from United
- 00:06:22180 million people plus
- 00:06:25250 ethnic groups thereabouts this is a
- 00:06:28difficult country to govern at the best
- 00:06:30of times
- 00:06:32splitting the north from the oil Ridge
- 00:06:34South are cultural and economic fault
- 00:06:36lines that date far back to Nigeria's
- 00:06:38Colonial past
- 00:06:40in the predominantly Rural and
- 00:06:41traditionally Muslim Northeast that
- 00:06:44fault line is fragile
- 00:06:48although Nigeria collects billions of
- 00:06:49dollars selling its oil each year more
- 00:06:52than 60 percent of Nigerians live in
- 00:06:54poverty many on less than two dollars a
- 00:06:57day
- 00:06:59in the Northeast the poverty rate is
- 00:07:02even higher
- 00:07:03we're speaking about Northeastern
- 00:07:06Nigeria that is really one of the most
- 00:07:08published and marginalized regions of
- 00:07:10the country this is a region that had
- 00:07:13one of the lowest literacy rates in the
- 00:07:15country one of the highest infant
- 00:07:17mortality rates in Nigeria so things the
- 00:07:20the nature of governance was really poor
- 00:07:22to begin with and people were frustrated
- 00:07:24and seeing the growing levels of
- 00:07:26inequality in this community poverty and
- 00:07:30inequality along with neglect by those
- 00:07:32with political power helped sow a
- 00:07:35rebellious brand of Islam in the
- 00:07:37Northeast
- 00:07:38its leaders took as their model one of
- 00:07:41the world's most brutal and dogmatic
- 00:07:43islamist movement it was at that time in
- 00:07:452003 that there was a community of
- 00:07:48individuals
- 00:07:50that moved to the Borderlands of Nigeria
- 00:07:52and Niger in an attempt to create a
- 00:07:55purist Islamic Society based on the
- 00:07:58model of the Taliban in Afghanistan
- 00:08:01originally the group was peaceful and
- 00:08:03its message inclusive what they preached
- 00:08:06to us we have an alternative system if
- 00:08:09the system you believe in does not value
- 00:08:11you and leaves you out we will not do
- 00:08:15that
- 00:08:15we will include we are more inclusive we
- 00:08:18will take care of you we are doing
- 00:08:20Allah's will and we will Define our own
- 00:08:24society and alternative society that is
- 00:08:26just and good so that was very appealing
- 00:08:29especially for people who felt left out
- 00:08:32but eventually this alternative Society
- 00:08:35split
- 00:08:37the leader of its dominant faction
- 00:08:39wanted a pure form of Islam and an
- 00:08:42outright Insurrection against the
- 00:08:44government
- 00:08:46his name Muhammad Yusuf
- 00:08:49Yusuf was intelligent and charismatic
- 00:08:52but bent on confrontation
- 00:08:55people began calling his movement Boko
- 00:08:58Haram literally Western education is
- 00:09:02forbidden
- 00:09:04although the group disavowed the name
- 00:09:05and still does it captured yusuf's
- 00:09:08essential beliefs he preached that
- 00:09:10Western values were undermining Islam
- 00:09:13and he called for a holy war
- 00:09:17difficult for the West to understand
- 00:09:20Jihad in part because our modern
- 00:09:23societies by their very nature
- 00:09:25essentially secular
- 00:09:28we've we've come to terms that religion
- 00:09:31is not a reasonable Pathway to organize
- 00:09:34modern society
- 00:09:37whereas those who are pushing for Jihad
- 00:09:40are saying that religion is the correct
- 00:09:42way to shape a righteous
- 00:09:45Muslim Society a land of faithful
- 00:09:48Muslims so invariably those two
- 00:09:52positions are going to be extremely
- 00:09:54difficult to reconcile
- 00:09:57okay
- 00:09:59yusuf's base was the northeastern city
- 00:10:01of maiduguri the capital of Borno State
- 00:10:05as his sermons became more militant
- 00:10:08tensions with local authorities grew
- 00:10:12then in 2009 Boko Haram exploded into
- 00:10:16Nigeria's wider consciousness
- 00:10:19that June police clashed with some of
- 00:10:22yusuf's followers on their way to a
- 00:10:23funeral wounding more than a dozen
- 00:10:27foreign
- 00:10:35Yusuf denounced the government actions
- 00:10:37and a few weeks later his followers
- 00:10:39struck back
- 00:10:41with guns and grenades they attacked
- 00:10:43police stations in several cities with
- 00:10:45the heaviest assault in my degree over
- 00:10:49four days of fighting the police
- 00:10:51response was merciless
- 00:10:56ended up Boko Haram suspects killing
- 00:10:58them in the street
- 00:11:02move out
- 00:11:04they destroyed yusuf's mosque then they
- 00:11:07captured him and took him for
- 00:11:09interrogation
- 00:11:10thank you
- 00:11:12hours later his body was in the street
- 00:11:16he'd been shot multiple times
- 00:11:19and he became a martyrdom figure to Boko
- 00:11:22Haram and since 2009 until today all
- 00:11:26factions of Boko Haram consider him
- 00:11:28their inspiration more than a thousand
- 00:11:31people died in four days of fighting
- 00:11:33that July
- 00:11:34afterward Boko Haram disappeared
- 00:11:38but when they returned a year later it
- 00:11:41was with more weapons and a new leader
- 00:11:45a bombastic and violent use of deputy
- 00:11:49Abu Bakr shekau
- 00:11:52he proclaimed all-out War
- 00:11:57their argument is a very simple one
- 00:11:59you've come up after us
- 00:12:02you've killed many of us you've killed
- 00:12:05us literally by the thousands
- 00:12:07you feel you've decimated our community
- 00:12:09we will fight back now we will take
- 00:12:12Jihad to you
- 00:12:14over the next four years Boko Haram put
- 00:12:17the Nigerian military and civilian
- 00:12:19Security Forces on their heels
- 00:12:22within that period
- 00:12:24the militancy and the Insurgency of Boko
- 00:12:27Haram grew stronger and stronger and
- 00:12:29it's in this context that Boko Haram was
- 00:12:31able to acquire a land a quiet territory
- 00:12:33with limited Nigerian response
- 00:12:37Boko Haram expanded its domain
- 00:12:40[Music]
- 00:12:42but my degree remained Ground Zero
- 00:12:45the city of more than half a million had
- 00:12:47a teaching hospital and a University
- 00:12:50before the Insurgency medugri was a very
- 00:12:53quiet peaceful town
- 00:12:56fatty abubakar was a nursing student
- 00:12:58living with her family in my degree at
- 00:13:01the time Boko Haram began its assault in
- 00:13:032010.
- 00:13:05we were known for being very traditional
- 00:13:08conservative people and we all knew our
- 00:13:11neighbors it was a very diverse
- 00:13:13Community before Boko Haram
- 00:13:18within months fatty became a witness to
- 00:13:20the wholesale destruction of her
- 00:13:22hometown I watched everything happen
- 00:13:24from the tension the Bomb Blast the dead
- 00:13:28bodies on the streets you know the
- 00:13:30houses burning sometimes our house would
- 00:13:33Shake because of a Bomb Blast
- 00:13:35people soon fled
- 00:13:38fatty and her family left in late 2012.
- 00:13:42at the time they were killing boys and
- 00:13:46kidnapping girls so my parents were not
- 00:13:49comfortable with that and then we moved
- 00:13:51to Abuja and I lived there for six
- 00:13:54months before I
- 00:13:57I went to London to study fatty
- 00:14:00completed her studies in London writing
- 00:14:02a dissertation about the effects of War
- 00:14:04on the psychological health of refugees
- 00:14:08she found an outlet to help her cope
- 00:14:10with the loss she felt as a refugee
- 00:14:13herself
- 00:14:20all that was happening around my degree
- 00:14:22and I was really interested in how you
- 00:14:25can do visual storytelling and still
- 00:14:28have an impact on the community
- 00:14:32fatty returned to my degree in 2015.
- 00:14:37when I came back people had become
- 00:14:39desensitized you know it was like a
- 00:14:42transformation they didn't even feel any
- 00:14:45of it they just kept going so that was
- 00:14:47what you know had my attention
- 00:14:50thank you
- 00:14:51fatty imagined another side of the place
- 00:14:54she called home a Humane side she wanted
- 00:14:57to show the world
- 00:14:59it was the opposite of the images of war
- 00:15:02and destruction of flooding the global
- 00:15:04news
- 00:15:05from the deluded propaganda of Boko
- 00:15:07Haram
- 00:15:11in its videos Boko haram's leader shakao
- 00:15:15glorified the group's violence in the
- 00:15:17name of Islam but hidden inside his
- 00:15:20secretive caliphate the reality was
- 00:15:23starkly different
- 00:15:26Boko Haram brutalized fellow Muslims
- 00:15:30beating and killing them at will to
- 00:15:32maintain control and religious piety
- 00:15:37graphic evidence of the group's conduct
- 00:15:39surfaced in 2016 when voice of America
- 00:15:42journalists obtained and authenticated
- 00:15:45some 18 hours of videos shot by Boko
- 00:15:48haram's own photographers
- 00:15:50the raw footage is an unflinching record
- 00:15:53exposing how one of the world's
- 00:15:55deadliest extremist movements operates
- 00:15:58behind the scenes a daily Diary Of
- 00:16:02Terror
- 00:16:04[Music]
- 00:16:06at public tribunals designed to enforce
- 00:16:09Authority by intimidation and fear
- 00:16:12villagers were herded together for
- 00:16:14displays of discipline
- 00:16:17for small sins offenders were flogged
- 00:16:22sometimes by their peers
- 00:16:25[Applause]
- 00:16:27but for offenses like selling drugs the
- 00:16:30punishment was Ultimate no pleading for
- 00:16:34the accused
- 00:16:35just a bullet in the heart
- 00:16:38or the head
- 00:16:41Winbrook arm first became violent the
- 00:16:44attacks were mostly on the Nigerian
- 00:16:47State itself so government offices
- 00:16:50prisons Police Headquarters as time went
- 00:16:54on and it seems that bucharan felt more
- 00:16:57and more aggrieved
- 00:16:58its targets widened and widened until
- 00:17:01now
- 00:17:02it seems to be anybody
- 00:17:06[Music]
- 00:17:09in their encampments Boko Haram soldiers
- 00:17:12many mere boys trained for Warfare
- 00:17:16and played like children
- 00:17:20the media characterizes Boko Haram as
- 00:17:23madman as crazy as Psychopaths
- 00:17:28but what we can see in the footage of
- 00:17:31the foot soldiers is that in many
- 00:17:33respects they go around their daily
- 00:17:36business just like kids in any other
- 00:17:38part of the world
- 00:17:41we also see them receiving pep talks
- 00:17:45before battle where they're told some of
- 00:17:47you are going to die and some soldiers
- 00:17:49are going to die the difference is the
- 00:17:51soldiers aren't going to go to paradise
- 00:17:53and you are
- 00:17:55and this goes to show that ideology
- 00:17:57plays a very important part of
- 00:18:00motivating them to engage in Acts of
- 00:18:02killing
- 00:18:07[Music]
- 00:18:07um
- 00:18:15and after a period of time these young
- 00:18:18boys become regular Boko Haram Fighters
- 00:18:20willing to sacrifice their lives for the
- 00:18:22broader mission of the commanders to
- 00:18:24establish some form of Islamic
- 00:18:25governance
- 00:18:27it's impossible to know how many
- 00:18:30Nigerian boys have been conscripted into
- 00:18:32Boko Haram likely it's several thousand
- 00:18:37the penalty for refusal is severe
- 00:18:42danladi was abducted when he was 12 but
- 00:18:46found a way out later
- 00:18:48shown the Boko Haram video footage he
- 00:18:51recognized some commanders and recounted
- 00:18:53how boys were forced to fight
- 00:18:57foreign
- 00:19:00foreign
- 00:19:14[Music]
- 00:19:21would cleanse Nigeria of anyone who
- 00:19:24didn't Subs to its brand of Islam men or
- 00:19:28women
- 00:19:28young or old Christian or Muslim
- 00:19:34the Chicago faction of Boko Haram has a
- 00:19:38belief system whereby any Muslim that
- 00:19:42does not join their group
- 00:19:44is an apostate
- 00:19:46because they are fighting a legitimate
- 00:19:49Jihad and therefore the idea that a
- 00:19:52Muslim would get killed in a Boko Haram
- 00:19:55attack either because they're targeted
- 00:19:58or because it's collateral damage is
- 00:20:00really not something that the Chicago
- 00:20:02faction worries about
- 00:20:04because their penalty for not joining
- 00:20:06the group and being apostates is death
- 00:20:08anyway
- 00:20:112015 marked a shift in the war
- 00:20:17the Nigerian Army aided by military from
- 00:20:19neighboring Chad Cameroon and Niger
- 00:20:22began reclaiming towns and territories
- 00:20:25once under Boko haram's control
- 00:20:29the momentum quickened under a new
- 00:20:32president
- 00:20:32muhammadu buhari elected that year
- 00:20:39but the government's success also
- 00:20:42brought disturbing allegations of Human
- 00:20:44Rights abuses excesses by the military
- 00:20:48and civilian vigilantes in their Zeal to
- 00:20:51defeat Boko Haram
- 00:20:54Amnesty International cited thousands of
- 00:20:56summary executions arbitrary arrests and
- 00:21:00instances of torture by Nigerian forces
- 00:21:03war crimes the group said went
- 00:21:05unpunished
- 00:21:08the Nigerian government
- 00:21:10somehow have some doubts in what amnesty
- 00:21:15is doing but all the same they have come
- 00:21:20clean and set up a presidential task
- 00:21:23force and you have to take into account
- 00:21:26the composition of members of the panel
- 00:21:31they are not people that could be
- 00:21:33manipulated they can be manipulated and
- 00:21:36they are judges of repute and we wait
- 00:21:40and see the results
- 00:21:42as the government ramped up its pursuit
- 00:21:45of Boko Haram Abu Bakr shekau changed
- 00:21:48his strategy too
- 00:21:50Boko Haram officially aligned with the
- 00:21:53Islamic State
- 00:21:55or Isis the Jihadi group Waging War in
- 00:21:59Iraq and Syria
- 00:22:01Chicago in 2015 formally pledged
- 00:22:06allegiance to Isis and Isis responded to
- 00:22:09this
- 00:22:10some see this as because this coincided
- 00:22:13with the time when bookingham was coming
- 00:22:15under increasing pressure from the
- 00:22:17Nigerian military it was being pushed
- 00:22:19back after this you had the pledge of
- 00:22:22allegiance to Isis so it's read as
- 00:22:25actually this is something of a
- 00:22:27desperate move on the part of of bokaham
- 00:22:34Boko Haram could claim affiliation with
- 00:22:37the largest Jihadi group in the world it
- 00:22:39began using Islamic State templates in
- 00:22:42its social media postings but it was an
- 00:22:45Insurgency on the Run
- 00:22:50[Music]
- 00:22:52at least three times the Nigerian
- 00:22:55military claimed Chicago had been killed
- 00:22:58yet each time he survived
- 00:23:01reappearing like a ghost in new videos
- 00:23:05recorded in a remote hideout
- 00:23:07somewhere deep in the Northeast bush
- 00:23:11[Music]
- 00:23:14the Sambisa Forest
- 00:23:16thick jumble of phony scrub and
- 00:23:19Scattered trees spread across five
- 00:23:21northern states
- 00:23:23a portion was set aside as a game
- 00:23:25reserve but its once abundant Wildlife
- 00:23:28has been depleted by War now parts of
- 00:23:32the sun Visa are Boko haram's Sanctuary
- 00:23:35a vast area of danger for anyone who
- 00:23:39dares enter
- 00:23:44in a village nearby Aisha bakari gombi
- 00:23:47lives with her family
- 00:23:50Monday
- 00:23:52yeah
- 00:23:59in her part-time job as a seamstress she
- 00:24:01works with hands and feet
- 00:24:04in Creative concentration
- 00:24:07at peace away from the violence that
- 00:24:09prowls in the countryside
- 00:24:14but the rhythm of the sewing machine is
- 00:24:16only one facet of her world
- 00:24:21Aisha knows the Sambisa well it was
- 00:24:25there as a young girl that she was
- 00:24:27initiated in a long-standing family
- 00:24:29tradition
- 00:24:32foreign
- 00:24:37[Music]
- 00:24:42[Music]
- 00:24:44raided her Village three times before
- 00:24:47the Nigerian government allowed people
- 00:24:49to fight back on their own
- 00:24:53now instead of hunting Antelope baboons
- 00:24:56and birds
- 00:24:57Aisha goes after a different prey
- 00:25:01Boko Haram militants she is part of a
- 00:25:05group of hunters who go out in search of
- 00:25:07insurgents ready to fight if the
- 00:25:09situation arises
- 00:25:45at the start of their patrol the hunters
- 00:25:47take part in spiritual rituals they
- 00:25:50believe it will protect against enemy
- 00:25:52bullets and other dangers in the forest
- 00:25:56s
- 00:26:07[Music]
- 00:26:30thank you
- 00:26:35Aisha and her team not only search for
- 00:26:37insurgents they're also on the lookout
- 00:26:40for captives fleeing from Boko Haram
- 00:26:42camps
- 00:26:46their stories can be heartbreaking
- 00:26:49hmm
- 00:26:51urians anymore
- 00:27:24Aisha's efforts fighting Boko Haram
- 00:27:27earned her the respect of fellow
- 00:27:28villagers
- 00:27:29call her
- 00:27:31Queen Hunter
- 00:27:44later that day Aisha and her band
- 00:27:46apprehended three Boko Haram Fighters
- 00:27:49they delivered them to authorities by
- 00:27:51truck
- 00:27:53a commotion of curious villagers
- 00:27:55parading behind them
- 00:27:57cool success like this inspires her to
- 00:28:01continue the work
- 00:28:03despite the danger
- 00:28:09ous
- 00:28:27they appear in seemingly endless streams
- 00:28:30fleeing Terror bringing with them only
- 00:28:33what they can carry
- 00:28:36day and night they've lost their homes
- 00:28:40their Farms their livestock
- 00:28:43in the worst case is their children and
- 00:28:47for now they have no hope of returning
- 00:28:52the world knows Boko Haram mostly
- 00:28:54through reports of bombings kidnappings
- 00:28:56and suicide attacks but the Insurgency
- 00:28:59has also made millions of Nigerians
- 00:29:02homeless
- 00:29:04and laid waste to the rural economy that
- 00:29:07long sustained the region
- 00:29:09in Village after Village
- 00:29:13devastation
- 00:29:16foreign
- 00:29:22houses born
- 00:29:26our Market is best we need good Market
- 00:29:29we will not get eat food
- 00:29:35has survived two Boko Haram attacks the
- 00:29:39first time they took his crops the
- 00:29:42second time they burned his farm to the
- 00:29:45ground
- 00:29:46foreign
- 00:30:11foreign
- 00:30:25farmers are not the only ones suffering
- 00:30:28from Boko haram's plundering these
- 00:30:30herders narrowly escaped a Boko Haram
- 00:30:33surprise attack with their cattle
- 00:30:35they're aware that next time they may
- 00:30:38not be so lucky
- 00:30:42because
- 00:30:56foreign
- 00:31:00terrorized and having to run away from
- 00:31:03the place they've been able to work for
- 00:31:05a long time we were told that farmers do
- 00:31:07have seeds we were told that farmers do
- 00:31:09still have some of the tools what they
- 00:31:11don't have is the confidence to go back
- 00:31:13to their land because they're worried
- 00:31:15that if they're men they'll be shot
- 00:31:16they're worried that if they're a woman
- 00:31:18they'll be raped or kidnapped so the key
- 00:31:21issue here is security
- 00:31:22okay
- 00:31:26although the Nigerian military has
- 00:31:28recaptured and garrisoned some larger
- 00:31:30towns the northeast's Bread Basket
- 00:31:33remains a free fire zone
- 00:31:38much of the food production
- 00:31:39infrastructure
- 00:31:41granaries markets Wells is in Ruins
- 00:31:46rebuilding it will take months
- 00:31:48if not years
- 00:31:50Northeast Nigeria borders Lake Chad a
- 00:31:55vast Inland Sea supplying fresh water to
- 00:31:57about 70 million people in four
- 00:32:00countries
- 00:32:01fishing forms an integral part of
- 00:32:03household economies in the region
- 00:32:08but since the Insurgency Boko Haram has
- 00:32:10controlled fishing by demanding attacks
- 00:32:12from those playing their trade
- 00:32:15as a result many fishermen have fled
- 00:32:17choking off the once thriving industry
- 00:32:22most are reluctant to talk openly about
- 00:32:24the insurgents fearing reprisals
- 00:32:38[Music]
- 00:32:42foreign
- 00:32:55deprived of their livelihoods Farmers
- 00:32:58herders and fishermen along with their
- 00:33:00families wind up in the camps for the
- 00:33:03displaced that have sprung up across the
- 00:33:05Northeast
- 00:33:08official estimates put the number forced
- 00:33:10to leave their homes at 2 million or
- 00:33:13more
- 00:33:14for years the lack of security kept many
- 00:33:17humanitarian agencies from entering the
- 00:33:20region
- 00:33:21now that more military are present
- 00:33:23they are returning to learn that the
- 00:33:25crisis is much worse than they predicted
- 00:33:30I think a lot of humanitarian Aid
- 00:33:32workers are saying that they didn't
- 00:33:33realize the situation was that bad some
- 00:33:37have described it as famine-like
- 00:33:40conditions
- 00:33:42unfortunately if it was addressed sooner
- 00:33:45it wouldn't have gotten to the extent
- 00:33:46that it is now
- 00:33:49according to the United Nations more
- 00:33:52than one billion dollars in humanitarian
- 00:33:54Aid was needed to help 8.5 million
- 00:33:58people in the Northeast and Lake Chad
- 00:34:00region in 2017. most of it for food
- 00:34:06children are particularly vulnerable
- 00:34:09because their bodies are growing their
- 00:34:11minds are growing and developing and if
- 00:34:13they don't have the nutrition that they
- 00:34:14need in the first two years of life that
- 00:34:16has lifelong consequences for them so a
- 00:34:19child you know who's one year old who
- 00:34:22doesn't get enough to eat will see her
- 00:34:24growth is stunted she will have possibly
- 00:34:27trouble in you know cognitive
- 00:34:28development of her brain you know that
- 00:34:30will affect her performance in school
- 00:34:31later on it'll affect her ability to
- 00:34:33earn a living later on so she will be
- 00:34:35paying the price for our failure for the
- 00:34:38rest of her life if we can't get that
- 00:34:39food and nutritional support to her nap
- 00:34:42without continued Aid or Rebound in
- 00:34:45agriculture Nigerians may be on the edge
- 00:34:48of famine for years to come
- 00:34:54the emotional and psychological damage
- 00:34:57of the war has deep consequences and may
- 00:35:00pose the most difficult challenge of
- 00:35:02Nigeria's recovery
- 00:35:04is
- 00:35:14foreign
- 00:35:30these stories have become all too common
- 00:35:34when we're coming out to Insurgency it's
- 00:35:36one thing to rebuild homes
- 00:35:38and to rebuild hospitals and to rebuild
- 00:35:40schools but the most important thing is
- 00:35:42to rebuild people
- 00:35:44Dr Fatima akilu leads the neem
- 00:35:48Foundation a non-profit that is taking
- 00:35:50on the country's psychological
- 00:35:52reconstruction
- 00:35:54the work focuses on Nigerians who are
- 00:35:57homeless suffered violence and Trauma or
- 00:36:00who were captives under Boko Haram
- 00:36:05by sharing their stories they help heal
- 00:36:09one another our main objective is to
- 00:36:12hear their experience
- 00:36:15I want to share our experience together
- 00:36:17so that we can see how we can support
- 00:36:19ourselves what we're looking at is the
- 00:36:21mental health status their
- 00:36:23post-traumatic stress disorder needs
- 00:36:25depression anxiety insomnia
- 00:36:28psychosomatic symptoms
- 00:36:31these group sessions run for a month to
- 00:36:34build trust
- 00:36:37counselors help with translation they
- 00:36:40left any time she remember her son she
- 00:36:43can't sleep because she didn't even see
- 00:36:45the body of her son one woman told of
- 00:36:48losing multiple family members when
- 00:36:50there was one attack in this in
- 00:36:53maiduguri here a suicide bomber came to
- 00:36:55where they were staying and that was how
- 00:36:57her husband was killed
- 00:37:14that she's really feeling better ever
- 00:37:17since she started coming to this place
- 00:37:19and she's very grateful
- 00:37:23the councilors use cognitive therapy to
- 00:37:25help victims control traumatic
- 00:37:27flashbacks
- 00:37:30we focus on trying to get them to alter
- 00:37:33their negative thinking about the event
- 00:37:35that has happened we tried to teach them
- 00:37:38thought-stopping behaviors and we try to
- 00:37:40teach them resilience through group
- 00:37:45two months after their initial therapy
- 00:37:48members of the group reconvened to see
- 00:37:50whether they're continuing to cope that
- 00:37:53in this Gathering if you come to this
- 00:37:55Gathering after hearing everybody's
- 00:37:57experience you realize that your own
- 00:37:59problem somebody has a bigger problem
- 00:38:02than you owe
- 00:38:04Dr akilu says victims can cure these
- 00:38:08deep emotional wounds
- 00:38:10it just takes time as a psychologist I
- 00:38:13have a role that I can play and I can
- 00:38:16bring people together to show that there
- 00:38:18is an alternative way
- 00:38:19rebuilding the lives of Boko haram's
- 00:38:22victims is only part of the healing
- 00:38:24process
- 00:38:27another challenge is finding
- 00:38:29alternatives for those who perpetrated
- 00:38:31the violence
- 00:38:33these men are Boko Haram fighters who
- 00:38:36have recently surrendered they're about
- 00:38:39to enter Operation Safe Corridor where
- 00:38:42insurgents who've renounced Boko Haram
- 00:38:44can undergo Rehabilitation while in
- 00:38:47prison is a federal government
- 00:38:49initiative aimed at the
- 00:38:52radicalizing
- 00:38:54rehabilitating and reintegrating willing
- 00:38:57and surrendered Boko Haram back into the
- 00:39:00society
- 00:39:02the man will undergo three months of
- 00:39:05counseling to dispel their
- 00:39:06indoctrination under Boko Haram
- 00:39:09Dr akilu helped start an earlier
- 00:39:11de-radicalization effort in Nigeria
- 00:39:14all these programs work on multiple
- 00:39:17levels one would be ideology because
- 00:39:20that was what they used to recruit
- 00:39:22second was to look at their mental
- 00:39:25States so we had psychological
- 00:39:26engagement that we felt art was
- 00:39:28important because they were so against
- 00:39:30Art and art allowed some way to express
- 00:39:32themselves in ways and expect it to that
- 00:39:34person and we taught them a skill a
- 00:39:38trade different for different people and
- 00:39:40we also gave them a medication for those
- 00:39:42who wanted it under deradicalization the
- 00:39:46Boko Haram militants are classified as
- 00:39:48repentant Fighters
- 00:39:51VOA was allowed to visit one class but
- 00:39:54authorities refused to allow cameras
- 00:39:56inside to protect ex-fighters from being
- 00:39:59identified
- 00:40:01so we are hoping that when you leave
- 00:40:03here which we hope will be very soon you
- 00:40:05will all go back and
- 00:40:12you all go back and all the skills that
- 00:40:15is being impacted now you will use them
- 00:40:18to the benefits of your families and to
- 00:40:20the benefit of Nigeria
- 00:40:23in terms of the radicalization the
- 00:40:27positive there for us is there are more
- 00:40:29and more of the ex-combatants
- 00:40:34actually uh um disengaging
- 00:40:38disengagement is key
- 00:40:40so I admonish all of you to
- 00:40:43take this program very very seriously
- 00:40:47there is a debate about whether
- 00:40:49de-radicalization works or is
- 00:40:52appropriate
- 00:40:54among those who took part in Dr akilu's
- 00:40:57initial program was an Imam who joined
- 00:40:59Boko Haram in his early stages then
- 00:41:02preached against Western education
- 00:41:05caught by Nigerian forces he was sent to
- 00:41:09prison with other Fighters
- 00:41:11[Music]
- 00:41:15foreign
- 00:41:32brought in quranic Scholars who
- 00:41:35persuaded him that Boko Haram
- 00:41:37manipulated key texts in the holy book
- 00:41:40to suit their agenda
- 00:41:43when we started working with bokaram
- 00:41:45members I think for me the biggest
- 00:41:48surprise was how little knowledge they
- 00:41:50had of the Quran itself and even
- 00:41:53including them Chief Imam they had
- 00:41:56memorized parts of the Quran but without
- 00:41:58context
- 00:41:59foreign
- 00:42:16[Music]
- 00:42:29foreign foreign
- 00:42:31but whether such success can be repeated
- 00:42:33on the scale that's needed is unclear
- 00:42:36the problem is if it doesn't work then
- 00:42:39what we must have something on the table
- 00:42:41that works at the moment it is the
- 00:42:43radicalization look
- 00:42:45the reality is that these people they
- 00:42:47are Nigerians and the fundamental
- 00:42:50question we should ask to what extent
- 00:42:53did the Nigerian Society contribute for
- 00:42:55them to become what they have become and
- 00:42:58what should the Nigerian Society do to
- 00:43:00get them back to living normal lives
- 00:43:05the conflict with Boko Haram casts
- 00:43:08Northeastern Nigeria as a dark dangerous
- 00:43:11place overcome with suffering and need
- 00:43:14[Music]
- 00:43:16months after returning home to maiduguri
- 00:43:19in Borno State
- 00:43:20hi abubakar set about to change that
- 00:43:23image armed with her camera
- 00:43:26we're usually bombarded with images of
- 00:43:29you know people dead bodies on the
- 00:43:31street you know sites of bomb blasts
- 00:43:34some children in the hospital it's just
- 00:43:37a complete you know portrayal where you
- 00:43:40just think that there are no survivors
- 00:43:42and of this conflict
- 00:43:44there are different kind of stories that
- 00:43:47I felt they were completely neglected
- 00:43:49and I wanted people to see that yes or
- 00:43:52no state is struggling but there's still
- 00:43:54people living there and they're
- 00:43:56continuing their lives
- 00:43:57[Music]
- 00:43:59fatty posts her photography on bits of
- 00:44:02Bono a website She's created for many
- 00:44:06it's become a source of inspiration and
- 00:44:09renewal
- 00:44:10she has over 7 000 followers on her
- 00:44:12Facebook page
- 00:44:149000 on Instagram
- 00:44:16what they see is another side of Bono
- 00:44:19state
- 00:44:20proud region showcasing the rich
- 00:44:23diversity of Nigeria's people
- 00:44:26I have to be highly inclusive in this
- 00:44:30visual storytelling so I try as much as
- 00:44:32possible to document all of the tribes
- 00:44:35in the community to ensure that it
- 00:44:37represents the whole of Borno State
- 00:44:40and the schwa tribe are very beautiful
- 00:44:42very colorful tribe
- 00:44:46[Music]
- 00:44:47the portraits I do I feel are in a
- 00:44:50quintessential people of Borno State and
- 00:44:53then I asked them questions about how
- 00:44:55life is and then when I do a lot of the
- 00:44:58interviews I transcribe and then I post
- 00:45:01the images on social media together with
- 00:45:04the narratives
- 00:45:06in her regular job fatty works as a
- 00:45:10Communications officer for Unicef
- 00:45:13immersed in the northeast's humanitarian
- 00:45:16crisis She searches for moments of
- 00:45:18compassion and caring
- 00:45:21so I do a lot of human interest stories
- 00:45:24and photo essays and I document all of
- 00:45:27unicef's activities so that we can post
- 00:45:30on social media UNICEF has come in and
- 00:45:33done a lot for our people and for me
- 00:45:35it's especially fulfilling to see that
- 00:45:38foreign
- 00:45:43to areas where the war left its scars
- 00:45:47looking deeper to document how people
- 00:45:49have survived the Insurgency
- 00:45:52and what I've learned is that even in
- 00:45:55the midst of adversity you know people
- 00:45:57are able to continue and move on people
- 00:46:01do not stop because of a Bomb Blast
- 00:46:05I gravitate to children because of their
- 00:46:08exuberance
- 00:46:10even when you find them in a situation
- 00:46:12that is really bad they're very bubbly
- 00:46:14and very Lively and that kind of keeps
- 00:46:17me going
- 00:46:19I photograph a lot of Street children
- 00:46:22and homeless children as well and a lot
- 00:46:26of children that are escaping Boko Haram
- 00:46:29and you see them mostly by the river or
- 00:46:33under the bridge living on their own
- 00:46:36but for these children usually you kind
- 00:46:38of feel traumatized by their experience
- 00:46:42you would wish for them to have a great
- 00:46:44future but you know it will take a lot
- 00:46:46for them to have the kind of life that
- 00:46:49you would want for them
- 00:46:51I just want people to know that you know
- 00:46:53Boko Haram is a small percentage of
- 00:46:56people that are reaching havoc on a
- 00:46:59community and the majority of people
- 00:47:02from Borno State are very peace loving
- 00:47:04very hospitable very highly intelligent
- 00:47:07individuals who are the same as every
- 00:47:10average Nigerian we just want to live
- 00:47:12our lives
- 00:47:14if Nigeria is to heal from the war the
- 00:47:17Country Must recover the bonds of
- 00:47:19humanity within its people
- 00:47:22one picture at a time fatty is bringing
- 00:47:25that Humanity to light
- 00:47:32three years after Boko Haram kidnapped
- 00:47:35the chibok girls
- 00:47:37bukisanibare is still campaigning for
- 00:47:40their release
- 00:47:41she posts photos on social media marking
- 00:47:44the days of their captivity unwilling to
- 00:47:47let their plight fade from public memory
- 00:47:53even during her daily routines the girls
- 00:47:56are never far from her thoughts
- 00:47:58[Music]
- 00:47:59thank you
- 00:48:00[Music]
- 00:48:02my major fear is by the time we have
- 00:48:06these girls come back inevitably so at
- 00:48:09least for the number that can come back
- 00:48:10what life would they live for the rest
- 00:48:12of their lives they've washed
- 00:48:15amputations happen in front of them
- 00:48:16they've watched killings they've watched
- 00:48:19draining of blood they've washed
- 00:48:21airstrikes they've got people being
- 00:48:23buried in Shallow Graves they've been
- 00:48:25abused some of them come back with
- 00:48:27children how do you take those memories
- 00:48:29away from them
- 00:48:31while campaigning for the girls release
- 00:48:34bookie is battling the militants on a
- 00:48:37second front a brazenly symbolic one
- 00:48:43she launched a charity project called
- 00:48:46School in a bag
- 00:48:49it delivers backpacks loaded with
- 00:48:51writing materials to children who don't
- 00:48:53have them and instructional kids to
- 00:48:56teachers
- 00:48:58the best way to win against those that
- 00:49:01have abducted your children is to use
- 00:49:03other children as a perfect example and
- 00:49:07a perfect testimony and representation
- 00:49:10of a better life that can happen because
- 00:49:13education is there
- 00:49:15we are telling both program that you
- 00:49:17lost and we are winning
- 00:49:22April 14 2017 marked the third
- 00:49:25anniversary of the chipper kidnappings
- 00:49:28at that time only 21 chipper girls had
- 00:49:32been freed
- 00:49:33[Music]
- 00:49:36then on May 7th
- 00:49:391120 days after being taken 82 more
- 00:49:43girls were released
- 00:49:46foreign
- 00:49:47[Music]
- 00:49:50erupted at Unity Square in Abuja
- 00:49:55bring back our girls campaigners have
- 00:49:57kept their long protest vigil
- 00:50:01[Music]
- 00:50:04the fact that we can have 82 of our
- 00:50:07guests come back is a validation of
- 00:50:10everything we have been doing here every
- 00:50:13day so 106 girls out of 219 that we've
- 00:50:19been waiting for for three years three
- 00:50:22weeks and two days today they have come
- 00:50:24back and that is a big deal
- 00:50:28news reports soon revealed that the
- 00:50:31release was part of a swap in the
- 00:50:34exchange the Nigerian government had
- 00:50:36freed several Boko Haram militants
- 00:50:39but for bookie no price is too high to
- 00:50:42pay for the girl's freedom
- 00:50:44for the girls it means life to them that
- 00:50:47was a life they had before they were
- 00:50:49abducted they were going to school to
- 00:50:52them it means I am coming back to
- 00:50:55civilization I am coming back to life I
- 00:50:58can't believe I can sleep with my two
- 00:51:00eyes closed
- 00:51:05what does the future hold for Nigeria
- 00:51:08the future of Nigeria is actually not as
- 00:51:12Bleak as people make it to be I think
- 00:51:14it's really very important to understand
- 00:51:16that Boko Haram is not Nigeria and
- 00:51:19Nigeria is not Boko Haram
- 00:51:22after eight years of conflict some
- 00:51:24twenty thousand dead and millions of
- 00:51:27lives disrupted how does the nation move
- 00:51:30forward
- 00:51:31so we've got to remake our society we've
- 00:51:33got to have Justice we've got to have
- 00:51:35inclusion people must feel part of the
- 00:51:37state they must be many platforms and
- 00:51:39spaces for youth to self-actualize
- 00:51:42they've got to be other paths that
- 00:51:44children can feel that they can
- 00:51:46contribute to society
- 00:51:49yeah
- 00:51:51in a country so rich in diversity
- 00:51:55tribal cultural language
- 00:51:59religion
- 00:52:01[Music]
- 00:52:03core Humanity survives
- 00:52:06one thing I've found with Nigeria is
- 00:52:08that sometimes the country pushes itself
- 00:52:10to an edge
- 00:52:11and at that edge it pulls itself back
- 00:52:15and things move you know one of the
- 00:52:18someone told me a joke and said you know
- 00:52:21um
- 00:52:22it always seems as if the edge of
- 00:52:24uncertainty is Nigeria's comfort zone
- 00:52:27when you think things are going to
- 00:52:29crumble it always comes back together
- 00:52:33and I think it's really the people in
- 00:52:35Nigeria there is this can-do spirit in
- 00:52:37Nigeria there's this Spirit to thrive
- 00:52:39there's the spirit to overcome the
- 00:52:41impossible in Nigeria
- 00:52:48[Music]
- 00:52:54[Music]
- 00:53:09foreign
- 00:53:15[Music]
- 00:53:28[Music]
- 00:53:43foreign
- 00:53:48[Music]
- 00:54:02[Music]
- 00:54:08[Music]
- 00:54:14foreign
- 00:54:47foreign
- Boko Haram
- Niger
- adventure
- adf
- terrorism
- human rights
- resilience
- Chibok girls
- rehabilitation
- community support