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one of the really strange things about
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cosmology and the study of black holes
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is that in some ways and I stress some
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ways our universe actually resembles at
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least in the math a black hole this gets
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into highly speculative science that we
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really have no idea if it's true and a
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matter of reality or if it's not true
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and just a deliance of current
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alternative thinking and cosmology but
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the idea that our universe is a black
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hole is not new it was proposed by
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several scientists decades ago known as
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black hole cosmology it lays out the
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idea that the observable universe
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everything we can see is in fact the
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interior of a black hole the idea did
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not gain much traction but rather simply
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sat in the background of cosmology as an
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interesting possibility but without a
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deeper understanding of black holes and
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gravity an idea that probably would
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evaporate at some point much like a
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black hole but this idea has had a
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comeback curiously through recent
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observations of the James Webb Space
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Telescope jwst has been a resounding
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success but at the same time has spawned
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a huge amount of new mysteries about the
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universe one of those mysteries stems
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from the observation that the most
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distant galaxies in the universe which
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are also the earliest ones we can see
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have a disparity in their rotation link
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to the paper by Leor Shamir announcing
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the discovery in the description below
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about twothirds of the observed galaxies
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are rotating clockwise whereas only a
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third are rotating
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counterclockwise this should not be in a
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truly random universe you should expect
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to see a 50/50 split between the two but
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in this study we don't this suggests
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that for some reason there is a
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preferred direction for galactic
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rotation the problem is there really
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doesn't seem to be a mundane reason for
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that at least one that readily presents
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itself it should be random based on what
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we know so the observation is based on a
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sampling of 263 galaxies which is a
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fairly large sampling but other surveys
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that have been done did not show this
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effect as a result this paper is causing
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some controversy but it's interesting
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nonetheless and is at least something
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that can be confirmed in the future or
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shot down especially if there was
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selection bias involved if it stands
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there are two main candidate hypotheses
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that may explain the apparent disparity
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and both of them are odd and have
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strange
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implications one is that the universe
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was born rotating if that's the case
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then it agrees specifically with the
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predictions of black hole cosmology and
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that we're inside a black hole though
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the link there is somewhat tenuous that
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would also mean that many of our ideas
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in cosmology are more incomplete than we
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thought they were back to the drawing
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board for more than a few hypotheses
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about the cosmos one of the oddities of
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black hole cosmology also sometimes
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called Schwarzchild cosmology is that it
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implies that our universe being a black
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hole actually is embedded inside of a
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greater parent universe just as black
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holes do our own universe and may
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contain universes of their own this
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would mean that universes are nested
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like dolls in a sense and it's anyone's
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guess how far that extends is it black
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holes within black holes all the way
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through to infinity or its turtles all
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the way down if you will or there is
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some master universe that is not a black
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hole and merely spawns them then the
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spawned universes spawn black holes
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themselves and so on in other words its
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turtles all the way down until you get
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to the pavement moreover how far does it
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extend is there some limit that prevents
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the formation of new black hole
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universes at some point in the chain
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black hole cosmology was formulated
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concurrently by astrophysicist Rajkumar
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Pathria and mathematician good the idea
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is this as you probably know the event
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horizon of a black hole also known as
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the swordschild radius is the point of
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no return for anything passing into a
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black hole go into the event horizon and
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there is no way to get back out due to
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the immense gravity involved not even
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light can escape in black hole cosmology
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the edge of the observable universe is
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in fact an event horizon as well meaning
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that we're inside a black hole aside
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from the idea that I'm glad I host a
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show called Event Horizon instead of the
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source child radius it doesn't quite
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have the same ring to it those spin-off
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called the Schwarz child radius hosted
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by Anna and the possum would be neat but
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I digress there is one thing to note
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here that we live within the event
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horizon may not equate to actually
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living in a black hole of the same type
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that we see inside our universe that may
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not be the case if it is the case and
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the universe is indistinguishable from
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any other black hole then every black
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hole inside this universe could be
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hosting a universe of its own these
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daughter universes would be invisible to
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us because they too would be behind
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event horizons and no information about
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those universes can escape the confines
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of their event horizons in other words
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lo and behold this would be
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indistinguishable from what we see as
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black holes this was further built on by
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physicist
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Nicodemosi black holes as we know them
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come about from gravitational collapse
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the gravity of the accumulated material
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is so great that it overwhelms the
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forces that hold up matter setting
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primordial black holes aside we don't
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actually know if those exist black holes
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are typically formed when a giant star's
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core collapses usually this happens in a
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supernova but there are some odd ideas
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that under the right conditions a star
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can simply collapse into a black hole
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without getting around to a supernova
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regardless a black hole results the end
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result is a singularity of immense
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unfathomable density paplowski's idea is
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that various processes inside the black
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hole actually get the singularity
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spinning so fast that the matter cannot
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ever compress into a singularity so what
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you end up with is an extremely dense
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ball of matter spinning unbelievably
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rapidly in an environment that is
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increasing its mass by creating new
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particles in short the collapse of a
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black hole initially kicks off a kind of
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bounce to prevent a true singularity
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that bounce looks suspiciously in some
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ways like the big bang one such way is
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inflation the math of this model of a
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bounce in a black hole actually
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conveniently creates a finite period of
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time of what looks like cosmic inflation
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in standard big bang cosmology it's
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almost spooky actually and the end
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result is what looks like a flat
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isotropic universe that's also
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homogeneous the two terms are distinct
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and it turns out that this is exactly
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what we live in weirdly this also
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validates the strange prediction of
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relativity of Einstein Rosen bridges
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better known as wormholes because each
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baby universe would be linked to the
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parent universe through a kind of tunnel
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which is the black hole you can't
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traverse such a wormhole but it does
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dovetail with a prediction at least in a
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sense or so we think you can't traverse
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them there is an idea out there that
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through the use of negative matter a
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hypothetical substance we have no idea
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how to make that the universe doesn't
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prohibit that is anti-gravity by nature
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actually might provide a way to enter
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and survive a black hole in some way a
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stretch but the idea is floating around
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out there that's interesting in itself
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but there is another aspect creating a
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black hole is possible both for creating
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micro black holes and powerful
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accelerators to getting a bunch of
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matter together until it collapses into
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a black hole some unbelievably advanced
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godlike alien cardiff type 3
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civilization could if it really wanted
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to create an artificial black hole with
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a universe inside it if this is all
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correct if they somehow had control over
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the parameters of that universe then the
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game changes for how we view highly
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advanced alien
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civilizations there are two things to
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note here maybe the reason we do not see
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card type 3 civilizations is because
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they simply disappear into artificially
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created black holes to live in a
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universe better suited to their needs
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the Firmeny paradox solution here is
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that all sufficiently advanced
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civilizations had two paradise universes
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of their own making they simply stop
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living in this to them subpar universe
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for some reason or perhaps even more
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spooky all civilizations at some point
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try to find a way to somehow get through
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all the turtles back down to the
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pavement after all black holes evaporate
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and maybe the pavement does not the
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other thing to note is that we still
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have the fine-tuning question open about
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the universe we have no idea why it is
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or how it happened but the physical
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parameters of this universe are just so
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to allow for matter and ultimately
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intelligent life to exist that might be
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an indicator that black holes being a
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matter of the laws of physics are all
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the same and that the parameters are
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what they are because there is no other
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way they could be that would imply that
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all universes inside all black holes are
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habitable and may have civilizations in
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them and possibly what set all black
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hole universes on the same path are the
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properties of the original pavement
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universe and in itself who's to say that
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the pavement universe should it exist
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was alone and may itself be in a
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multiverse of otherwise failed universes
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but it just happened to be fine-tuned
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not just for matter and life but the
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creation of black holes lions tigers and
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bears oh my further into this question
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is the idea that maybe this universe is
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fine-tuned because it is in fact an
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artificial black hole that someone
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created and that we just happen to be
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embedded in it this may be someone's
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paradise weekend getaway universe and we
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just haven't seen them yet but back to
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black hole cosmology another prediction
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floating around out there are white
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holes the other end of a black hole
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which is a region that instead of having
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an event horizon that you can't escape
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from it has the inverse a line for which
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you cannot ever enter and everything
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flies away from it sort of like the big
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bang but not exactly as it is a point in
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time not a floating point in space
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unless of course it's a black hole
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floating in another universe but white
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holes do in some way resemble our
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universe but those are also unstable and
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require special physics to even make
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work on the other hand huge physics
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mysteries like the arrow of time are
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solved here because it would simply be
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inherited from the parent turtle I mean
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universe so that's one way of explaining
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the seeming rotation of the galaxies in
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the JWST observations in short the
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universe is rotating we know that black
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holes rotate and if you were in a black
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hole forming a galaxy that would create
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a preferred though not set in stone
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direction of rotation but there is the
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other possibility that it's all an
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illusion and that we're interpreting the
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JWST findings incorrectly that could be
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simple observational or analytical
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biases but also this comes from how
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difficult it is to measure the rotation
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of galaxies relative to the rotation of
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the Milky Way the assumption was that
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the Milky Way is simply rotating too
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slowly to have an effect on the
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observations but if that's not the case
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then this whole thing goes away and new
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problems arise also that we can't easily
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measure the rotation of entire classes
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of galaxies just some of them there's
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rooms for problems here hence the
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controversy this would also mean that
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our distance measurements of deep
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objects like early galaxies are off and
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would need a rework to account for this
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observational problem that actually
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might be a good thing because it ends up
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explaining discrepancies in the
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expansion rate of the universe and the
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ages of galaxies which we know there is
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something off about that for example
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there was recent work done on one of the
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earliest most distant galaxies known and
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they found the signature of oxygen in a
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galaxy that should be too early to have
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enough oxygen to be detectable well that
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might be explained if we have the age
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and distance of the galaxy all wrong
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that may well be interesting times
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indeed and yet again JWST found
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something we were absolutely not
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expecting that telescope is delivering
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delightfully thanks for listening and I
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am futurist and science fiction author
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John Michael Godier currently very
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spooked you see as I noted black holes
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evaporate does that mean universes
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evaporate as well if they are indeed
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black holes what happens when the parent
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universe of this one evaporates or
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multiverse forbid the pavement itself
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comes to some end or its rules change
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will someday all the turtles evaporate
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and it will be as though they were never
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there spooktober and March indeed and be
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sure to check out my books at your
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favorite online book retailer and
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subscribe to my channel for regular
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in-depth explorations into the
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interesting weird and unknown aspects of
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this amazing universe in which we live
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[Music]
