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Today, Inspect History
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is collaborating with @Sejarah_Romawi
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To tells history from Roman times
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Those contents
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Was written by our friend named Frank
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Who's graduated from International Relations
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At General Soedirman University
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In this episode
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We will tell about "Republic"
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and The origins of the Republic of the Romans
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Republic is a term that we hear very often
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In this modern era
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Our country, Indonesia
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Also adheres to this government system
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Republic, as a system of government
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It is not a new innovation
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But has a very long history
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Even so,
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Throughout history
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Generally, the government system that used
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It is not a republic
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But rather in the form of empire
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Where there is a leader that have a power
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Therefore, it is not surprising if throughout history
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We more often find the name of the king or queen that very influential
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And not a president
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From a republican states
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In history, we can see several forms of Republican states
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For example the Republic of Venice and the Republic of Florence,
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Dutch Republic
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United States of America,
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The French Revolution (the process to make it Republic), etc
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Indonesia is a country
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Which adheres to the Republican government system
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But when we talk about the Republic
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Do you know the history of the term itself?
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Republic,
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Has a very long history
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Roman Republican terms
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Is contrast to the term Democracy from Athens
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Both of these terms have a very long history
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We will not explain about Democracy in Athens
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Which later might be explained into its own content
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If this content
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Gaining a lot of audience and support at KaryaKarsa
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The term Republic was used by Roman writers and statesmen
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To refer to their own country
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Republic, which is in ancient Latin
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Is a combination of two basic words
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Namely "Res" and "Publica"
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Where Res means objects, goods or ownership
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Whereas Publica is a feminine form of "Publicus"
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Which means the public, community or citizens
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So "Res Publica"
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Can be translated as "Public Goods"
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Or can also be understood as "Public Issues"
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This word
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Then developed from various languages
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And the word "Republik" was emerged in Indonesian
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Then, what is the deeper origin of Republic?
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We need to go back further
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Precisely in 509 BC
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The year when the last Roman King
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was Exiled from the city of Rome
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And the Romans
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Have Swear that they never to be led by a king
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First, to give context
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The city of Rome was led by a king
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Who had the sole authority of up to 6 successor from king Romulus
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Lucius Tarquinius Superbus
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Is the 7th king, and at the last king in Rome
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it happened because his actions have cause conflict
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Among Roman aristocratic groups
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Finally, he was banished from the city of Rome
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This revolution was led by Lucius Junius Brutus
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And Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus
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After the last Roman king was exiled
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The Romans established a new form of government
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By what is known by modern society
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As a Roman Republic
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The Romans eventually abolished the position of King
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in dividing the power left by the King
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The Romans formed various new institutions
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Which can be broadly grouped into 3 main institutions
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Namely "Senate", "Elected Officials", and "Assembly Council"
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"Elected Officials" have the capacity to run state governments
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Various kinds of "Assembly Councils",
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Capacity to elect officials and pass legislation
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Then the "Senate",
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Acting as a supervisor for the running of government
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We will describe more about this institution
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There are 4 main positions, in "Elected Officials"
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Which are sorted according to their level of authority
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From the lowest to the top
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"Quaestor", which acts as an accountant of state assets
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"Aedile", who served as the domestic administrator in Rome
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"Praetors", who served as judges and had command of Roman troops
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And "Consuls", who acted as law enforcers
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And the highest commander in the Roman army
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In maintaining the stability of the country,
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Politics is not controlled by individuals
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This official,
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Replaced annually through general elections to the Assembly Council
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The Roman Senate itself,
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Is a state body,
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Who has the authority to supervise
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Directing domestic policy
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And formed military & foreign policy
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The Senate consists of 300-500 statesmen
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Who has wealth in accordance with a predetermined threshold
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And also,
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From the former "Elected Official"
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Whose position has expired
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On its progress,
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This institution is dominated by an elite class of nobles
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The so-called "Patrician"
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Whereas the non-aristocracy class is called the "Plebian"
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Feels dissatisfied with the dominance of the Patrician
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Happened an event that called "Secessio Plebis"
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Or the secession of the Plebian people
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Which is a form of large-scale demonstrations
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To demand more political rights
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The first protest took place in 494 BC
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And it happened again 4 times
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The last is 287 BC
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Because of the pressure from this protest,
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Then formed a special position called "Tribune of the Plebs"
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The function of this position,
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Is as a function of supervision
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For the power of other elected officials
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By giving "Tribune of the Plebs"
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In the form of the right to veto the official's decision
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This considerable strength,
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Divided into 10 individuals
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As the "Tribune of the Plebs"
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that selected every year
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Through a new council called "Council of the Plebs"
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Where only Plebian people
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Who can vote
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This system is quite complex
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But able to create domestic stability for some time
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Each position has its own "check & balance"
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its just the senate,
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Which served as a Roman oligarchic institution
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Who guarded the position of the elite class in Rome
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This stability,
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Last until the 3rd century BC
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In that period
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there is an Outbreak of war between Roman republics
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With the Phoenicians from the city of Carthage
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The war was called the Phoenician war
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After the Roman Republic won
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Its dominance extended from the Iberian peninsula to the Middle East
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When there was no longer a country that could rival the Roman Republic,
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Problems actually arise from the inside
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Because social inequality is very high.
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Very fierce political competition,
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And also very ambitious politicians
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Finally the Roman Republic
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Fell into a period of civil war
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First, between Gaius Marius and Sulla
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Then between Julius Caesar and Pompey Magnus
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And the last between Octavian and Mark Anthony
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Octavian's victory over Mark Anthony
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And the coronation as Augustus as the leader
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Used as a point to
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The start of a new era for the Romans
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the era of the Roman Empire
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Practically and de facto
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Roman Republic is no more
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And the power that was once held by the Elected Officials group,
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Senate and Assembly Council
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handled to just one person
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an Emperor
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Nevertheless,
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Augustus formed a very unique system of government
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Mixing autocratic power
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With guarded republican traditions
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Every year
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The Assembly Council still elects "Elected Officials"
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Despite the final decision regarding this position, it was in the hands of the emperor
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And usually this position
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Occupied by the emperor's relatives
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Augustus also never held the Emperor title
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As the term is understood now
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Augustus, prefers the title "Princeps Civitatis"
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Which is usually translated as "First Citizen"
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If so,
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Why does Octavian use the title "Caesar"
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This title cannot be separated from Julius Caesar
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A genius military leader,
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Such is famous and influential
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But was killed due to a conspiracy of a group of politicians and officials
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Who feels caesar power was overwhelming
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And threaten the Roman Republic
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Realizing this fact,
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Octavian acts very carefully
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And not too disturbing the condition of the Republic
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Which has survived for so long in the Romans
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Uniquely
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Writers, statesmen and the general public of the Romans
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Still referring to their country as "Res Publica"
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Or also with the official name of the country of Rome in the Republican period
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"Senatus Populusque Romanus"
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Which translates to "Senate and Roman People"
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"Template" of Augustus's power
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Continue to survive more than 2 centuries
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Until after the great crisis
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For the Romans in the 3rd century AD
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The so-called 3rd century crisis
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Emperor Diocletian
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Which became emperor in 284 AD
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Change the system of "Principate" Augustus, to "Dominate"
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The emperor is no longer referred to as "Princeps"
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But as "Dominus"
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It's no longer "First Citizen"
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But "His Majesty"
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After the fall of Western Rome in 476 AD
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Dominant government system
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Certainly is a monarchy
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A Monarch and his dynasty
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Become a sovereign ruler of a country, region
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And its inhabitants in a feudal society
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Although it certainly varies,
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From country to country
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The Fall of Western Rome
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Signifying a round of new age
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The so-called "Early Middle Ages"
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The existence of the Romans
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Still continued by the Eastern Roman empire
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Or also commonly called the Byzantine empire
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And continue to exist, through the middle ages and also become a great power
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For Republican government
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Where "Elected Officials" run the wheels of government
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Only run by a few countries
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Like the Republic of Venice
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Great interest to the form of republic government
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Reappeared only in "Late Middle Ages" and "Age of Renaissance"
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Where are the old Latin works
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Like the work of Plutarch and Cicero
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was Reinvented
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Emerging Italian city-states
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Like Genoa who chose the Republican form
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And also the form "Merchantile Republic"
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Like "Hanseatic League" and "The Dutch Republic"
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After that, various revolutions also took place
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Which is motivated by a great desire
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To make his country become a Republican state
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Especially in the 17th and 18th centuries
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Like in England with "English Civil War"
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"French Revolution"
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And of course "American Revolution"
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United States,
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was inspired from the Dutch Republic and the Roman Republic
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Even the president's 2 periods leadership
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Often associated with the admiration of George Washington
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Will the Roman figure named "Lucius Quinticus Cincinnatus"
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In the 19th century
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The flow of history turned back
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And Monarchy, even more absolute Monarchism
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Back to dominate in Europe
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With the appearance of figures such as Napoleon Bonaparte and
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Otto Von Bismarck
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Only after world war 1 and 2
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Republic states
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Once again dominates the form of government in the world
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Especially some former European colony
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Like our country, Indonesia
