Le Jikji

00:06:46
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u3Jw4FQ19ec

Ringkasan

TLDRJikji, printed in 1377, is the oldest known book using movable metal type, created by Korean monk Baegun. It compiles teachings of Chan Buddhism and was printed at Hŭngdŏk Monastery. Baegun, who achieved Enlightenment, aimed to share his master's teachings. The book's printing combined xylography and typography, techniques developed independently in Korea and Europe. Rediscovered in the late 19th century by Victor Collin de Plancy, Jikji is now housed in France and recognized by UNESCO. Ongoing research seeks to uncover its printing techniques and preservation history.

Takeaways

  • 📚 Jikji is the oldest book printed with movable metal type.
  • 🧘‍♂️ Compiled by monk Baegun, it contains Chan Buddhist teachings.
  • 🖨️ Printed in 1377 at Hŭngdŏk Monastery, South Korea.
  • 🔍 Combines xylography and typography techniques.
  • 🌍 Rediscovered by Victor Collin de Plancy in the late 19th century.
  • 🇫🇷 Currently preserved at the Bibliothèque nationale de France.
  • 🏆 Inscribed in UNESCO's Memory of the World program in 2001.
  • 🔬 Researchers are studying its printing techniques and preservation.
  • 🌳 Reddish-brown stains on pages may be from tree sap or resin.
  • 📜 Represents a significant achievement in printing and Buddhist literature.

Garis waktu

  • 00:00:00 - 00:06:46

    Jikji, the oldest known book printed with movable metal type, was created by Korean monk Reverend Baegun in 1377. It contains teachings of Chan Buddhism and was printed at Hŭngdŏk Monastery in South Korea. Baegun, who achieved Enlightenment in China, compiled Jikji to make these teachings accessible to all before his death. His disciples, with the support of a wealthy nun, funded the printing of the book, marking a significant moment in the history of printing.

Peta Pikiran

Video Tanya Jawab

  • What is Jikji?

    Jikji is the world's oldest known book printed with movable metal type, containing teachings of Chan Buddhism.

  • Who compiled Jikji?

    Jikji was compiled by the Korean monk Baegun in 1372.

  • When was Jikji printed?

    Jikji was printed in 1377 at Hŭngdŏk Monastery in South Korea.

  • What printing techniques were used for Jikji?

    Jikji utilized both xylography and typography techniques.

  • How was Jikji rediscovered?

    Jikji was rediscovered by Victor Collin de Plancy in the late 19th century.

  • Where is Jikji currently preserved?

    Jikji is preserved at the Bibliothèque nationale de France.

  • What recognition did Jikji receive from UNESCO?

    Jikji was inscribed in UNESCO's Memory of the World program in 2001.

  • What is the significance of Jikji?

    Jikji represents a significant achievement in the history of printing and Buddhist literature.

  • What mysteries are researchers trying to uncover about Jikji?

    Researchers are investigating the techniques used for casting characters, the composition of its paper and ink, and its preservation history.

  • What unusual marks are found on Jikji?

    Reddish-brown stains and rings, possibly from tree sap or resin, are found on Jikji's pages.

Lihat lebih banyak ringkasan video

Dapatkan akses instan ke ringkasan video YouTube gratis yang didukung oleh AI!
Teks
en
Gulir Otomatis:
  • 00:00:07
    Jikji
  • 00:00:10
    Jikji is the world's oldest known book printed with movable metal type.
  • 00:00:17
    An exceptional work that contains the teachings of the patriarchs and masters of Chan Buddhism,
  • 00:00:23
    it was gathered and transcribed into Chinese by a Korean monk, Reverend Baegun.
  • 00:00:28
    Jikji’s two volumes were printed in 1377 at Hŭngdŏk Monastery, in the city now known as Ch’ŏngju, South Korea.
  • 00:00:35
    What is the story behind this book, and what incredible path did it take to reach us?
  • 00:00:42
    A Guide for Teaching Buddhism
  • 00:00:46
    Koryŏ Kingdom, 1351. At age 53, the Korean monk Baegun undertakes a journey to Yuan dynasty China
  • 00:00:55
    to study and practice Chan meditation.
  • 00:00:58
    Guided by his master, Shiwu, Baegun, whose name means “White Cloud,” achieves Enlightenment,
  • 00:01:04
    attaining the true nature of the mind.
  • 00:01:08
    Three years later, he learns that his master has died.
  • 00:01:11
    In his hymn of farewell to the world, Shiwu implicitly designated Baegun as his spiritual heir,
  • 00:01:17
    entrusting him with the responsibility of transmitting his teachings about Chan,
  • 00:01:21
    which is pronounced “Sŏn” in Korean, and “Zen” in Japanese.
  • 00:01:25
    White Cloud sees the world changing. Sensing that the end of his life on Earth is approaching,
  • 00:01:31
    he wants to make the teachings of the patriarchs available to everyone.
  • 00:01:35
    So when he is 74 years old, he compiles Jikji during a stay in the mountains in 1372.
  • 00:01:43
    He passes away two years later at Ch'wi'am Monastery.
  • 00:01:48
    Wishing to perpetuate his philosophy and to pay him a final tribute,
  • 00:01:51
    his disciples Sŏkch'an and Talcham decide to print the book.
  • 00:01:56
    Myodŏk, a wealthy Buddhist nun and another disciple, comes up with funding for the project.
  • 00:02:03
    And so Jikji is printed one day during the seventh moon of the year 7 of the Xuanguang era, also known as the chŏng-sa year, or 1377.
  • 00:02:14
    Xylography and Typography in Korea
  • 00:02:18
    During the eighth century, Korea masters the art of printing using engraved wooden plates.
  • 00:02:24
    That is the starting point for the development of a long tradition of xylographic printing that is stimulated by the transmission of Buddhist philosophy.
  • 00:02:32
    The technique makes it possible to print several hundred copies of a book
  • 00:02:36
    and to preserve the engraved matrices for later reuse.
  • 00:02:40
    Typographic printing is used to print more quickly.
  • 00:02:44
    The technique, which first appeared in experimental form in 11th-century China,
  • 00:02:48
    employs movable characters made first out of wood, then later, ceramic, before eventually being cast in metal.
  • 00:02:54
    Those prints are then sent to engravers to make the prestigious xylographic editions.
  • 00:03:01
    So from the 13th century on, Korea takes advantage of both technologies,
  • 00:03:05
    assigning different, complementary roles to each.
  • 00:03:08
    Nonetheless, xylographic printing continues to be the dominant, archivable model for a very long time.
  • 00:03:13
    Right from 1377, both techniques are used to print Jikji.
  • 00:03:19
    Korea and Europe: Two Ways of Printing
  • 00:03:22
    Some 78 years later, in 1455, Gutenberg prints his famous Bible, thanks to the development of his moveable metal characters.
  • 00:03:32
    It is also thanks to his other invention, the printing press, which mechanizes printing,
  • 00:03:37
    while the paper is still being rubbed by hand in Korea.
  • 00:03:41
    Where Gutenberg uses a copper matrix to mold his type,
  • 00:03:46
    the Koreans use a lost-wax or sand casting method.
  • 00:03:51
    The composition of their alloys is not the same either.
  • 00:03:54
    So the inventions take place independently of each other. Each one followed its own path and its own timeline.
  • 00:04:02
    Collin de Plancy’s Unexpected Discovery
  • 00:04:05
    Seoul: Late 19th Century. Victor Collin de Plancy, a French Orientalist and diplomat, acquires an antique book.
  • 00:04:14
    Translating the information provided on the last page, he realizes that he’s holding in his hands a book that was printed
  • 00:04:20
    using cast-metal characters in the year 1377, i.e. 78 years before Gutenberg’s Bible.
  • 00:04:26
    He makes note of the extraordinary find on the cover that had been added to the book.
  • 00:04:30
    Back in Paris, he presents Jikji in the Korean pavilion built for the 1900 World’s Fair,
  • 00:04:35
    alongside the most stunning items from his personal collection.
  • 00:04:40
    Then in 1911, he has his antique books and objects auctioned off. The jeweler Henri Vever acquires Jikji
  • 00:04:49
    for 180 francs, and in 1950, bequeaths it to the Bibliothèque nationale de France, where it is preserved today.
  • 00:04:57
    In 2001, UNESCO inscribes the book in its Memory of the World program.
  • 00:05:02
    The first volume of the metal-type edition has never been found, but the wood-block edition from 1378 –
  • 00:05:08
    the edition that is used as a reference, whose engraved plates were preserved at the Ch'wi'am monastery – is complete.
  • 00:05:14
    Copies of that prestigious edition are preserved at the Academy of Korean Studies
  • 00:05:20
    and the National Library of Korea.
  • 00:05:22
    Jikji’s Final Mysteries
  • 00:05:26
    Nowadays, French and Korean researchers are working together to unravel Jikji’s final mysteries:
  • 00:05:32
    the techniques used for casting the characters and how the book was printed, the composition of its paper and ink,
  • 00:05:39
    and where it was preserved from the 14th to the 19th centuries.
  • 00:05:43
    At the top of the pages, reddish-brown stains and rings can be seen. They were produced by tree sap or resin.
  • 00:05:50
    That strange phenomenon might be explained by the book’s having spent an extended period of time inside a wooden statue.
  • 00:05:56
    According to Buddhist tradition, the ritual required to consecrate a statue involves placing
  • 00:06:00
    sacred texts and symbolic objects inside it.
  • 00:06:03
    Over time, the wood that the sculpture was carved from continues to breathe, and the sap continues to run through it.
  • 00:06:11
    As a sacred relic, Jikji may well have spent several centuries sheltered from light and the aggressions of time,
  • 00:06:18
    so well-preserved that it has come to us practically intact, revealing the true nature of the mind.
Tags
  • Jikji
  • Baegun
  • Chan Buddhism
  • movable type
  • printing history
  • Korea
  • UNESCO
  • Buddhist literature
  • xylography
  • typography