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Greetings and welcome to the course of
Urban Planning. Today, we are going to develop
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a conceptual understanding of the urban areas.
We will identify its distinctions, look at
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varied definitions and terminologies involved.
To start with, we are first going to explore
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the differences we experience between urban
and rural areas in the Indian context in the
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section Differentiating the Urban from the
Rural Areas. This will be an experiential
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and perception approach which we will adopt
to see those distinctions. Thereafter, we
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will look at some of the expressions, definitions
provided by key authors and institutions in
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the domain of urban studies in the section
Concepts of Cities. Following that in the
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section Administrative Definition
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used by Various Countries, we will explore
various definitions used across the globe
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by different countries. Thereafter we are
also going to familiarize ourselves with different
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boundaries recognized in the urban planning
domain in the section Geographical Boundaries
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of Urban Areas and Terminologies. Finally,
we will cover the classification of urban
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areas and the local governing authorities
in Indian context in the section Classification
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of Urban Areas and Local Governing Authorities
in India
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Learning outcomes targeted in today’s lecture
are to develop the ability to identify the
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distinction between the urban and the rural
areas, to nurture the potential, to deliberate
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and quote key concepts of cities. We should
be able to identify different key authors
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who have written in these areas and should
be able to discuss on the conceptual understanding
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of cities. Further, we should be able to build
this skill, we should be able to synthesize
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and review various definitions of urban areas
at the global and the national level. Further,
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we target to instill the aptitude to recognize
various geographical boundaries of urban areas
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and label the terminologies. To inculcate
the ability to distinguish various areas and
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the governing local authorities, this would
our final outcome which will be focusing in
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this particular lecture.
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Coming to the first segment where we look
at how urban areas are different from the
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rural areas. In these 2 pictures we see the
major difference
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what we have experienced all of us either
live in the rural area or live in the urban
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area. Main major difference what we see is
that we are less people in the rural area,
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whereas we see large population in the urban
area. So these 2 pictures show you the contrast
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between these rural and the urban areas.
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We further also notice that in the rural areas
we are almost similar kind of people, we are
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from the same group, cultural orientations,
even the educational background. Whereas,
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in the urban areas we find there is lot of
heterogeneity. We see that people have different
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occupation, different culture, different religious
aspects. So we see lot of heterogeneity in
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the urban area. Likewise, we also see that
in the urban areas people use lot of collective
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places. They share facility like
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transportation, the school, colleges, recreational
spaces whereas in the rural areas these places
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might be lesser in number. And probably less
of sharing happens there. Other thing which
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is very much evident is, especially in Indian
context is the nature of the houses. We see
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that lot of permanency is seen in the urban
areas
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with the kind of structure we see. And in
the rural area, the houses which are there
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are more of a temporary nature, more of vernacular
materials are used, so we identify these distinctions
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as well. (Refer Slide Time: 04:52)
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Other major difference which we see is the
density like in the picture on the left hand
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side you can see high density. Where in a
small pocket of land so many house lives.
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Whereas, on the right hand side you see a
lower density, where lesser people live in
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a piece of land. So these are very marked
distinctions between the urban and the rural
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areas. Further, we see that
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there is also administrative difference, we
see gram panchayat in the rural areas. Whereas,
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we see Municipal Corporation, Municipalities
in the urban areas. So there is a difference
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in the urban administration, rural administration
in these 2 areas.
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Now moving on to the next segment where we
will cover, look at the concepts of cities,
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we see that definition
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given by United Nations. We see that cities
are places where large number of people live
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and work, they are hubs of government, commerce
and transportations. We have seen already
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in the pictures how there is difference in
the population there is difference in the
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nature of work they do, and there is also
difference in the kind of government set up
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and also the transportation and commerce and
all these differences variations we have seen.
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So Untied Nation describes cities as these
places where these differences are there.
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Further we look at the definition given by
Gallion and Eisner to describe cities as confederation
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or the union of the neighboring clans resorting
to a center used as a common meeting place
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for worship, protection and the like. Hence
the political or sovereign body formed by
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such a community. So we see the important
aspect which they highlight here is the confederation
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the union of different neighborhood clans.
So they all come together to use the common
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facility and they have one identity. The another
description which we see is an urban area,
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can be defined as a composite of cells neighborhoods
or communities where people work together
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for common good. Here again we see how the
composite of cells, every unit coming together
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becomes an important distinction of identifying
the urban areas. Here also we see that how
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communities come together for a common good
by coming together they are all benefitted
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by the common aspect as received by them.
Other definitions which we see in this similar
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aspect is urban areas are those locations
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where there is opportunity for diversified
living environment and diverse lifestyles.
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People live, work and enjoy themselves in
social and cultural relationships provided
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by proximities in an urban area. Here we see
that while defining urban areas the location
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aspect comes out also the aspect of opportunity
for all people, opportunity for diversified
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living, diversified life styles is also highlighted
in this definition. Other aspect which we
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see is people live, work and enjoy themselves
so the lifestyle aspect is also here and then
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we also see in the definition the social and
cultural relationship. The heterogeneity which
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we saw in the pictures also comes here in
the definition part. Next definition or description
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which we see by Gallion and Eisner is the
world’s word city implies or concentration
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of people in a given geographic area who support
themselves on a fairly permanent basis. From
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the economic activities of that area, the
city can be center of industry trade, education,
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government or involve all these activities.
So here again we see the concentration of
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people the population aspect the density aspect
come into the picture, the geographical area,
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the location aspect comes into the picture.
The permanent character is also discussed
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in this and then the characteristic, the economic
characteristics, the other characteristic
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industrial education and government that all
come together to define the cities.
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We will look at other definitions specially
given by Lewis Mumford in the architectural
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record. He has described cities as the first
one we see the city is a related collection
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of primary groups and purposive association,
these varied groups support themselves through
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economic organizations. There are likewise
of a more or less corporate, at least publicly
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regulated character and they are all housed
in permanent structure within a relatively
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limited area. So here in this definition,
we see that again the aspect of collectiveness
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is highlighted and also this collectiveness
have a purpose behind it. And we also see
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the other aspect of economic aspect coming
into picture here and permanency nature also
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coming into picture while we define cities.
Other description which we see by Lewis Mumford
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is the city in its complete sense is a geographic
lexus, an economic organization an institutional
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process, a theatre of social action and an
aesthetic symbol of collective unity. So,
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apart from what we have seen in the previous
definitions, certain new aspects come here.
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The geographic lexus where the integration
of all the aspects come. Further, we see the
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institutional process plus we see the social
aspect and most important distinction in this
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particular definition is the aesthetics symbol,
the element of beauty which comes here. The
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other definition which we see in this by Lewis
Mumford is one may describe the city in its
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social aspect. Particularly he describes here
from the social prospective as a special framework
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directed towards recreation of differentiated
opportunities for a common life and significant
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collective drama. So here we see that for
the social aspect they have a goal, they have
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a collective goal where they are moving towards
what they want to achieve in a collective
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form. And then there is lot of things which
happen in a city, so coming to different layers
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of the city here.
The final definition which we also see here
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is by Lewis Wirth, he says that for sociological
purpose a city may be defined as a relatively
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large, dense and a permanent settlement of
socially heterogeneous individuals. Like we
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saw in the pictures as well, we see that population,
the density, the permanent nature and then
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heterogeneity all come together to define
the city. Summarizing this we see that a population
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density administrative aspect, economic aspect,
character of the cities such as organization
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shared facilities, opportunities, socio- cultural
aspects, the geographical areas, they all
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constitute or help us in understanding the
urban areas.
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Moving on to the third segment, here we are
going to cover administrative definition used
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by different countries. We see that government
agencies, the researchers, people who study
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cities simplify the rural urban classification
based on readily available statistics. Such
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as population size, administrative boundaries
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and proportion of adult population and non-agriculture
occupation. So these, based on these usually
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the countries or the people who study cities
classified the urban areas. And key source
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for all of these information is census report.
Mostly all of the classifications are adopted
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for the urban areas from the census documents.
Let us first look at how India defines urban
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areas, this classification has been taken
from census of India 2011.
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The first classification which we see is all
the places with Municipality, Corporation,
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Cantonment Board or notified town area committee
they all are identified as urban and they
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are known as Statutory Towns. These towns
are notified under law by the concerned state
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or the union territory governments and have
local bodies such as Municipal Corporations,
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Municipalities, Municipal Committee irrespective
what their demographic characteristic might
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be. So this is one of the classification which
we see in India, there is another classification
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which we see, the second category of the town
is known as the Census Town. Which includes
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all the other places which
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satisfy the following criteria, criteria number
1 is a minimum population of 5000 people.
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We see criteria 2 which is at least 75% of
the male main working population organized
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in non-agriculture pursuit. Third, component
of this second definition we see density of
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the population of at least 400 persons per
square kilometers. So this is how we identify
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Census Town in our country. So with reference
to this we are going to look at how different
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other countries in the part of the world define
their urban areas. This was the study done
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by UN World Urban Population the report was
published in 2018.
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In this study we see that 59 countries use
administrative designations use as a sole
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criterion. So we saw like in India we use
4 criteria’s, 2 categories we see. So here
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we see that 59 countries, they use just first
category, the administrative designation as
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a criterion for identifying the urban areas.
So here we see that Poland for here which
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you can find out in this place which is someway
here. They use towns and cities with poverty
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status. These are like they, in this country
they identify, they designate which area would
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be the urban. Likewise, we see Turkey here,
Turkey also does the same we find it here
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and within this also they use the same administrative
designation to identify the urban area. So
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we are, so we see here they also do the same
thing. So out of these we are just looking
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at some of the examples here. We also see
Pakistan which also uses the same administrative
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designation to identify their urban areas.
We also see here, Republic of Korea, they
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also do same thing so only one definition
they use whichever is given by the administrative
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designation. Mauritius here, the small place
here, country here that also uses the same
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definition and we also see some Saint Helena
which is somewhere here. We also see this,
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they also have the same criteria we see Saint
Kits and Nevis somewhere here, they also have
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this administrative designation. So they do
not have identify by any other aspect but
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by the administrative designation. The report
also says that 108 countries categorize urban
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areas by population size or population density.
So here we see
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some of the examples out of these 108 countries
we see Canada which uses the population size
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or population density. If I read out the definition,
part of the definition here, we see 1000 inhabitants
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or more or at least 400 inhabitants per square
kilometer. So those areas are identified as
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the urban areas so to certain extent similar
to Indian context, the cut off line 1,000
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here they use 1,000 population whereas we
use 5,000 population. So it all depends on
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the geographical variation. In Germany we
see here their number is even lesser 115 habitants
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per square kilometers. They use density to
identify their urban area. China we see here
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they use 2,000 population size to identify
the urban areas and their density value is
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pretty high which is 1,500 person per square
kilometer. Likewise, we can also see Philippines
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here, here we see 1,000 inhabitants per square
kilometer and we also see that their cut off
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population is 2000 inhabitants or more. Taiwan
we see here, is again, we see 300 inhabitants
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per square kilometer density they specify
and 2000 inhabitants per square kilometer.
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And Cambodia we see here somewhere located
here, we see 200 person per square kilometer
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that is the density they specify and the cut
off population is 2000 inhabitants or more.
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So we see that there are countries which use
criteria, here we see some of the examples
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which use only population size or population
density as an identifying criteria. (refer
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time: 19:52) This study also shows that nearly
37 countries categorize urban areas by a demographic
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characteristic only. So there are no other
aspects like what we see in Indian context,
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they only identify by the demographic characteristics.
Some of these examples which are picked up
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here are like, we can see Mexico which says
2,500 inhabitants and more this place. Then
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we see Portugal which identifies 2,000 inhabitants
or more so their criteria is just this. Luxemburg
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here we see 2,500 inhabitants or more Saudi
Arabia we see 5,000 inhabitants, which is
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similar to our Indian scenario. Qatar also
has the same 5,000 inhabitants. Then we see
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Micronesia here which uses 1,000 inhabitants
or more here. The Madagascar we see 5,000
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inhabitants or more, Nigeria here we see it
has a large population 20,000 inhabitants
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or more. So something which has this kind
of population is only considered as urban
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anything having less than this would not be.
Then we see Senegal, which has a cut off population
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of 10,000 inhabitants or more. So here we
see, so we see that these areas are densely
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populated. And Libya we see here 2,000 inhabitants
or more so we see how countries vary in defining
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their urban areas and these are the countries
with solely defines it by the demographic
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characteristics. Further we see that like
you have already seen the variations in the
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numbers. Here we see that the
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population cut off also varies a lot, we see
that it varies from 200 to 50,000 inhabitants.
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And we identify by 5,000 somewhere. So we
see that Iceland, which is somewhere here,
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it is identifying 200 inhabitants or more.
Sweden is identifying here again by 200 so
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these are very sparsely, less populated, places.
So for them the urban population would be
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where 200 inhabitants live, whereas Japan,
which has the highest 50,000 inhabitants.
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So we see Japan here small place and lot of
people here. So for them the urban area would
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be where 50,000 inhabitants live. Likewise,
we see American Samoa here, which has 2,500
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inhabitants. Bahrain again here 2,500, Albania
we see 400 and then Algeria we see again 5,000
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and Peru it is here which is like 120 units.
So we see lot of diversity and in how every
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country identifies their urban place.
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Now looking at the range here we see that
what we saw in the map here we see here in
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the graph here which we see that the range
is from 200 to 50,000. We are somewhere here
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between India. So from 200 inhabitants to
50,000 inhabitants that is how different countries
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identify their urban areas.
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Further the study also shows that 38 countries
or areas using economic characteristic as
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part of the criteria. Here we see that United
Republic of Tanzania, here it identifies,
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like I will just read out this to you the
definition here. Here we see, all regional
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and district headquarters as well as all wards
with urban characteristics that is exceeding
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certain minimal level of size density criteria.
And or with many of their inhabitants in non-agriculture
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occupation. So the economic profile, the nature
of job people do, also help, is criteria placed
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by some of the countries, we also do that
here. We also see Republic of Moldova this
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also states that cities and urban types localities,
officially designated as such, usually according
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to the criteria based on number of inhabitants
and the predominance of non-agriculture workers
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and their family. So again this non-agriculture
aspect also becomes a criteria for identifying
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the urban areas.
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We also see here, Turkmenistan, here we see
again when we read this cities and urban type
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localities officially designated as such,
usually according to the criteria based on
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number of inhabitants and the predominance
of non-agriculture workers and their families.
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So we see their again, these countries also
identify places as urban based on the economic
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criteria. Likewise, we Tajikistan we see and
Russian federation also identifies in the
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similar manner.
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Next we see that 69 cases use functional characteristics
of urban areas as part of the criteria. So
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here for example out of 69 cases we can see
Panama which uses, here we can find the urban
00:25:50
characteristics such as I will just read it
out, localities with 1500 inhabitants or more
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with all are most of the following urban characteristics.
So they specify the urban characteristics
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such as electricity, water supply, sewerage
system, paved road, access to commercial establishments,
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there can be schools, social and recreational
centers. So these characteristics like if
00:26:14
a place has these characteristics, they would
be identified as the urban areas. Likewise,
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we see Oman is another example which says
that- with at least 3 of the following basic
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services, preparatory or secondary school,
public electricity network, health center
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and telephonic services.
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We also see here, in State of Palestine, here
also they identify with the functional characteristics.
00:26:50
Here we see public electricity network, public
work network, post office, health center with
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full time positions and school offering general
secondary education certificate. So we see
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these characteristic what kind of functional
characteristic urban areas provide that is
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how they define the urban areas. Similar is
this, Slovenia, where we see surplus of workplace,
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sub-urban settlements, that have fewer inhabitants
but are spatially and functionally integrated
00:27:25
with the city.
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Coming to the last part of this we also see
that there are 12 cases in countries where
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there is no definition, so we also see that
some of the countries do not have any definition
00:27:39
or have an unclear definition. So some of
the examples are, we see Myanmar, Nauru which,
00:27:47
there is no official definition which we see
here as stated by the study. Then we also
00:27:53
see there Nauru, you see entire population
as the urban population likewise Saint Vincent
00:28:01
and the Grenadines. Then even the Singapore
and Saint Maarten. So here all we see that
00:28:08
they either do not have definition or have
an unclear definition of how the urban areas
00:28:15
are defined.
00:28:16
So just to summarize this segment, we see
that there is variation in the urban area
00:28:23
classification. So the variations are based
on the administrator definitions, the population
00:28:31
variations, the density variation, even the
characteristic variations. Characteristic
00:28:34
could be the economic aspect or the urban
characteristic or the functional aspect. We
00:28:40
also see that some of the countries do not
have definitions or have very unclear definitions.
00:28:47
And the benefit of these variations, so this,
we do see there is variation, but there are
00:28:52
benefits this variation so that because of
these variations countries can have definition
00:28:58
or have urban areas which align with their
culture, demographic profile and their geographical
00:29:06
profile. However, there is limitation to global
comparison we are not able to do a global
00:29:14
comparison when we do not have very fine definition.
So this was a part of our third segment.
00:29:22
Now we will look at the geographical boundaries
of urban areas and the involved terminologies.
00:29:30
So here we see that multiple boundary definitions
exist for urban areas and internationally
00:29:40
there is no standardized way, criteria for
determining the boundaries of the city and
00:29:46
often we see multiple boundaries are given
in the city. So of one of the type which we
00:29:53
see is City Proper which is described as a
city according to the administrative boundary.
00:30:01
So here we see in this diagram, this is the
City Proper in Indian context we also call
00:30:07
it as a Principle Boundary.
00:30:09
Okay, so this is exactly the administrative
boundary where the city works, performs its
00:30:16
functions. So at the international level they
also call it City Proper we call the municipality
00:30:23
area. We find another definition which is
Urban Agglomeration. Here we see this blue
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line indicating the Urban Agglomeration, this
is the continuous urban area which is around
00:30:36
the main city area. And it falls, it is the
peri-urban area around the municipal boundary
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which is called as the Urban Agglomeration.
The bigger area compared to that is the, called
00:30:54
as the Metropolitan Area and it is the, this
boundary is defined according to the degree
00:31:02
of economic and social inter connectedness
of the nearby areas. So we see that these
00:31:08
places are socially and economically integrated
to this, place this particular main core area.
00:31:16
So based on that this Metropolitan Area is
identified.
00:31:20
Further, we look at why this particular aspect
is significant. We see that with the example
00:31:31
of Toronto, Canada- why it is important for
people to study this or look at the, not just
00:31:37
the urban core but the surrounding areas as
well. So here we see that with the example
00:31:42
of Toronto, Canada that there is difference
in the population size. We see that city proper
00:31:49
has 2.6 million people as per the census 2011.
However, the Urban Agglomeration, the outer
00:31:58
area has 5.1 million, which is twice as large.
So it gives a considerable, like, idea about
00:32:10
like the city is going in the out skirts.
Further we see metropolitan area is further
00:32:16
larger 5.6 million, so by studying all the
areas we really get a complete comprehensive
00:32:22
sense of the urban area we are looking at.
Further we see not just the difference in
00:32:28
the population size but we also see the rate
of population growth across these 3 different
00:32:35
areas. So here we see as per the 2006 and
2011 census- City Proper the average growth
00:32:42
rate it was 0.9%, whereas in the Urban Agglomeration
it was 1.5%. So it is more than this. Further
00:32:51
we see Metropolitan Area is going further,
faster than the City Proper. So we see that
00:32:58
the urbanization process is may be not just
in the urban area but also in the surrounding
00:33:04
area so it is very important that we have
understanding of these boundaries. And then
00:33:08
we also know how these influence our decisions
in the main area. So this was about our forth
00:33:15
segment. We will now summarize this, in this
segment, we saw different terminologies,
00:33:25
different boundaries for which we look at
and then we also saw why looking at this different
00:33:30
boundaries is important. Coming now to the
last segment, where we look at
00:33:38
classification of urban settlements and this
we look at particularly in Indian context.
00:33:44
We see census of India follows 6- fold classification
as per the population size. So, small, so
00:33:54
we see we identify small town, medium town,
large town,
00:34:00
metropolitan city and mega polis. Here we
see that it has also as sub-categories we
00:34:07
identify small town 1, small town 2, this
is based on the population range. 5000 to
00:34:12
20,000 is identified as small town 1 and the
Local Authority which is usually for this
00:34:20
size of population which are almost transforming
into the urban area is Nagar Panchayat. We
00:34:26
see small town 2 which is 20,000 to 50,000
in size, usually they have the Local Authority
00:34:35
as Nagar Panchayat or Municipal Council. We
also see medium town, they are further sub-categorized
00:34:42
into medium town 1 and medium town 2. So we
see 50,000 to 1,00,000 population here, they
00:34:51
are classified as medium town 1 and usually
they have Municipal council. Medium town 2
00:34:59
which is 1,00,000 to 5,00,000 population they
also have Municipal Council. We see large
00:35:06
city which is like 5,00,000 to 10,00,000 population,
they have Municipal Corporation. You must
00:35:14
have heard about the terms here. Then we see
metropolitan city, we sub-classify them as
00:35:20
metropolitan city 1, metropolitan city 2.
We see 10,00,000 to 50,00,000 population the
00:35:29
metropolitan city have Municipal Corporation
or Metropolitan Planning Committee. Here,
00:35:35
further we see metropolitan city 2 which have,
like these are big cities 50,00,000 to 1 crore.
00:35:42
And number of so, these are here, then mega
polis more than 1 crore very big cities, they
00:35:52
are categorized in mega polis and the local
authorities are same as Municipal Corporation
00:35:57
and the Metropolitan Planning Committee. And
accordingly, this table also gives as per
00:36:04
the 2011 census that we have huge number of
small and medium town, which is like we have
00:36:09
7467 cities which are currently small and
medium towns. We also see that in the medium
00:36:20
we also have 372 cities, large city we have
nearly 443 in our country, metropolitan we
00:36:28
have 45 and we see metropolitan city 2 we
have 5 under this category and we have 3 major
00:36:36
mega polis which are 3 here. So we have seen
different classification, sub-classification
00:36:46
used in Indian context and the sub-category
and number of cities here. So we will wind
00:36:51
up here for this session and we will quickly
summarize what we have gone through. So we
00:36:57
saw the
00:36:59
what is the difference between how do we differentiate
between urban and rural areas. We saw different
00:37:05
concepts of cities we also looked at administrative
definitions used by various countries, different
00:37:12
countries we saw that. Before this we saw
the geographical boundaries what all terminologies
00:37:16
are used and finally we saw the classification
of the urban areas and local governing authorities
00:37:23
in Indian context. So that was for today
00:37:28
these are the references, course books which
we have, from where these content have been
00:37:33
made available to you.
00:37:34
Our coverage was limited with the scope to
make you aware of the topic. There are enormous
00:37:39
readings and movies available to explore.
Few are suggested here, this is not an extensive
00:37:45
list. You may feel free to suggest more from
your experience.
00:37:48
Please feel free to ask questions let us know
about any concerns you have. Do share your
00:37:55
opinions, experiences and suggestions looking
forward to interacting and co-learning with
00:38:01
you while exploring cities and urban planning,
thank you.
