Metabolism | The Metabolic Map: Proteins

00:18:27
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IlnI5-08U8E

Ringkasan

TLDRThe video is the third part of a series on metabolic pathways, focusing specifically on the metabolism of amino acids and their integration into the overall metabolic framework established in parts one and two, which covered carbohydrates and lipids, respectively. The narrator explains how proteins in food are digested into amino acids and absorbed by the body. These amino acids, in various tissues like muscles and the liver, can be stored as proteins or, under conditions of stress and nutrient deficiency, can be broken down into energy. The process of transamination is highlighted, where amino acids react with keto acids to produce new keto acids and amino acids, mainly utilizing certain amino acids like alanine, aspartate, and glutamate. The video also explains oxidative deamination, where glutamate is converted into ammonia and alpha-ketoglutarate, with the toxic ammonia being processed into less harmful urea via the urea cycle for excretion. Furthermore, the video explores how amino acids can feed into gluconeogenesis, especially through intermediates like pyruvate, oxaloacetate, and their role in energy production through glycolysis. The process of gluconeogenesis is shown as critical, especially in converting substrates like glycerol, lactic acid, and minimally, odd-chain fatty acids into glucose. The narrator emphasizes a comprehensive understanding of these processes and their interconnections as crucial for understanding metabolism.

Takeaways

  • 🍔 Proteins in food are broken down to amino acids during digestion.
  • 🔗 Amino acids interconnect with metabolic pathways for energy and gluconeogenesis.
  • 🔄 Transamination transfers amine groups between amino acids and keto acids.
  • 🧠 Oxidative deamination converts glutamate into ammonia and alpha-ketoglutarate.
  • 🚫 Ammonia is detoxified into urea for safe excretion.
  • 🌿 Alanine, aspartate, and glutamate are key amino acids for energy.
  • 🔄 Alpha-ketoglutarate plays a role in the Krebs cycle, gluconeogenesis, and energy production.
  • 🏃‍♂️ Lactic acid can be transformed into pyruvate in the liver.
  • 🌿 Gluconeogenesis synthesizes glucose from amino acids, lactic acid, and glycerol.
  • 🌀 Comprehensive metabolic understanding ties amino acids to carbohydrates and lipids.

Garis waktu

  • 00:00:00 - 00:05:00

    Part three of the metabolic map series focuses on the metabolism of amino acids and their integration into bodily pathways. The video begins by revisiting the breakdown of proteins into amino acids, emphasizing that proteins are polymers of amino acids. These amino acids can be utilized for energy, especially in conditions like starvation or stress. The focus shifts to the amino acids' specific use in energy production and their breakdown process. Some key amino acids like alanine, aspartate, and glutamate are highlighted for their frequent utilization. The reaction of amino acids with keto acids, an essential step for energy utilization, is discussed, emphasizing transamination and the role of transaminase enzymes.

  • 00:05:00 - 00:10:00

    The video continues with the process of oxidative deamination, where glutamate loses an amine group producing ammonia, which is neurotoxic. It is emphasized that ammonia must be quickly converted to urea through the Urea cycle for safe excretion. This conversion is crucial for detoxifying ammonia. The discussion includes how amino acids can transform into various keto acids, like pyruvate, oxaloacetate, and alpha-ketoglutarate, which then enter the Krebs cycle, indicating their potential dual role in energy production and as substrates for gluconeogenesis, depending on the body's current needs.

  • 00:10:00 - 00:18:27

    The final segment ties these metabolic processes together, illustrating how amino acids, glycerol, and lactic acid can be substrates for gluconeogenesis, ultimately forming glucose. This process showcases the interconnectedness of metabolic pathways, including their role in ATP production. The video highlights the importance of understanding these interactions to grasp the principles of metabolism. The presenter concludes by encouraging viewers to appreciate the integrated nature of these pathways rather than memorizing them in isolation, reinforcing the complexity and adaptiveness of metabolic processes.

Peta Pikiran

Video Tanya Jawab

  • What is the focus of metabolic map part three?

    Part three focuses on the metabolism of amino acids.

  • What happens to proteins during digestion?

    Proteins are broken down into amino acids and absorbed into the body.

  • What is transamination?

    Transamination is the process of transferring an amine group from an amino acid to a keto acid, forming a new amino acid and a new keto acid.

  • Why is oxidative deamination important?

    Oxidative deamination removes an amine group from glutamate, producing ammonia and regenerating alpha-ketoglutarate.

  • How is ammonia processed in the body?

    Ammonia is converted into urea in the liver and then excreted by the kidneys.

  • What are the main amino acids used for energy?

    Commonly used amino acids for energy include alanine, aspartate, and glutamate.

  • How are amino acids involved in gluconeogenesis?

    Amino acids can be converted into keto acids like pyruvate, oxaloacetate, or alpha-ketoglutarate, which contribute to gluconeogenesis.

  • What is the fate of alpha-ketoglutarate in metabolism?

    Alpha-ketoglutarate is involved in the Krebs cycle and can contribute to either ATP production or gluconeogenesis.

  • What is the role of lactic acid in metabolism?

    Lactic acid, produced in muscles, is converted into pyruvate in the liver and can be used for gluconeogenesis or ATP production.

  • What are substrates for gluconeogenesis?

    Substrates for gluconeogenesis include amino acids, lactic acid, glycerol, and minimally odd-chain fatty acids.

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Gulir Otomatis:
  • 00:00:07
    hi ninine so we're going to be in
  • 00:00:08
    metabolic map part three and now what
  • 00:00:10
    we're going to do is we're going to talk
  • 00:00:12
    about how amino acids are being
  • 00:00:14
    metabolized and how that feeds into this
  • 00:00:16
    overall intertwining of these Pathways
  • 00:00:18
    so if you haven't already seen it watch
  • 00:00:20
    part one which is on the carbohydrates
  • 00:00:21
    part two which is on the lipids and now
  • 00:00:23
    part three is going to be specifically
  • 00:00:24
    focusing on proteins or amino acids in
  • 00:00:26
    this
  • 00:00:27
    case okay so when we actually eat right
  • 00:00:31
    let's say that we take in a cheeseburger
  • 00:00:33
    or a steak or something like that
  • 00:00:34
    something that actually is going to be
  • 00:00:35
    with meat right that can be rich in a
  • 00:00:36
    lot of proteins well whenever we take
  • 00:00:39
    these actual proteins and whenever we
  • 00:00:40
    eat it we actually digest it down to the
  • 00:00:42
    molecular unit of it the amino acids and
  • 00:00:44
    we absorb it across the digestive tract
  • 00:00:47
    whenever they're taken into certain
  • 00:00:48
    organs like for example the skeletal
  • 00:00:50
    muscles or the cardiac muscles or the
  • 00:00:51
    liver and different tissues in the body
  • 00:00:53
    they can be converted and stored inside
  • 00:00:56
    of our muscles and what's called
  • 00:00:57
    proteins so proteins
  • 00:01:01
    are basically just these these large
  • 00:01:04
    Polymers of amino acids so proteins if
  • 00:01:08
    you guys think about proteins proteins
  • 00:01:10
    are just Polymers of amino acid like for
  • 00:01:12
    example let's say I String out
  • 00:01:16
    here here's a whole protein so on a
  • 00:01:18
    protein you know that a protein has an
  • 00:01:20
    amino end and on one end it has a
  • 00:01:22
    carboxy end and each there's these
  • 00:01:25
    little dots that I'm drawing here and
  • 00:01:27
    these little dots are supposed to
  • 00:01:29
    represent a Amo acids and what's really
  • 00:01:32
    important is that whenever we need to if
  • 00:01:34
    our body needs to it can break down
  • 00:01:37
    proteins he doesn't want to this is
  • 00:01:39
    usually the last source of energy you
  • 00:01:41
    don't really want to have to break down
  • 00:01:42
    your proteins your skeletal uh
  • 00:01:44
    functional proteins within the body
  • 00:01:46
    because it usually means that you have
  • 00:01:48
    have been starving for a while you
  • 00:01:49
    haven't been taking in food adequately
  • 00:01:51
    so you don't want to be breaking down
  • 00:01:52
    proteins this also can happen if there's
  • 00:01:54
    excessive long-term stress like due to
  • 00:01:56
    elevated levels of cortisol too okay but
  • 00:01:58
    we're not going to get into that so
  • 00:01:59
    specific spefically let's say that I
  • 00:02:01
    take these proteins and for whatever
  • 00:02:03
    reason whether it be to severe stress
  • 00:02:05
    whether it be due to uh very very low
  • 00:02:07
    carbohydrate intake or prolong
  • 00:02:09
    starvation I break them down into they
  • 00:02:11
    they're little individual units so what
  • 00:02:14
    is this call when I break down the
  • 00:02:15
    proteins into amino acids so when I
  • 00:02:18
    break down these proteins into these
  • 00:02:20
    individual small units what are these
  • 00:02:23
    individual small units called they are
  • 00:02:27
    called Amino
  • 00:02:31
    acids now amino acids what's special
  • 00:02:34
    about amino acids we're not going to go
  • 00:02:35
    into Super detail I just want you to
  • 00:02:37
    understand really what makes them
  • 00:02:38
    different they have what's called an
  • 00:02:40
    amine Terminus which is like this NH3
  • 00:02:42
    plus side they have a carbon which is
  • 00:02:45
    called the alpha carbon with this Alpha
  • 00:02:47
    hydrogen coming off of it and then also
  • 00:02:49
    has an R Group which makes each amino
  • 00:02:51
    acid different from one
  • 00:02:53
    another and then at the other end it's
  • 00:02:55
    going to have this carboxy Terminus so
  • 00:02:58
    this is the general structure of an
  • 00:03:00
    amino acid and again the R Group varies
  • 00:03:02
    from amino acid to amino
  • 00:03:04
    acid but what happens is in certain
  • 00:03:07
    situations there's some special amino
  • 00:03:08
    acids that can be utilized for energy
  • 00:03:11
    the main ones that our body utiliz you
  • 00:03:13
    can utilize many of these amino acids
  • 00:03:16
    but some of them that we utilize a lot
  • 00:03:17
    of is alanine these are some of the more
  • 00:03:20
    commonly used ones
  • 00:03:24
    aspartate glutamate these are some of
  • 00:03:26
    the the main ones but we can utilize
  • 00:03:29
    other different types of amino acids
  • 00:03:30
    these are just some of the more common
  • 00:03:31
    ones that are utilized within the body
  • 00:03:33
    very very uh in large amounts what I can
  • 00:03:36
    do is I can take these amino acids and I
  • 00:03:39
    can react them with a special type of
  • 00:03:41
    kreb cycle
  • 00:03:42
    intermediate so you know do you know
  • 00:03:44
    what these kreb cycle intermediates are
  • 00:03:46
    called they call them keto acids and
  • 00:03:49
    keto acids again all these keto acids
  • 00:03:51
    are they're just kreb cycle
  • 00:03:53
    intermediates okay and what is special
  • 00:03:56
    about these krep cycle intermediates I'm
  • 00:03:57
    not going to draw all their structures
  • 00:03:59
    I'm going to just put a couple carbons
  • 00:04:00
    here and I'm going to say they have a
  • 00:04:02
    specialized oxygen this carbonal group
  • 00:04:04
    here okay this is my keto
  • 00:04:08
    acid and this is my amino acid what I'm
  • 00:04:12
    going to do is I'm going to react these
  • 00:04:14
    two together I'm going to react these
  • 00:04:16
    two together I'm going to take the am
  • 00:04:18
    group from this amino acid and give it
  • 00:04:20
    to this keto acid I'm going to take the
  • 00:04:22
    oxygen from this keto acid and give it
  • 00:04:24
    to the amino acid and then I'm going to
  • 00:04:26
    form something different in the end what
  • 00:04:29
    would happen if I give an amine group
  • 00:04:31
    from this amino acid to that keto acid
  • 00:04:34
    well what if he has a carboxy Terminus
  • 00:04:36
    at one point
  • 00:04:38
    here and I ended up giving him let's say
  • 00:04:40
    by some chance I actually give him an AM
  • 00:04:42
    group at the end H would that actually
  • 00:04:45
    be something like an amino acid yeah so
  • 00:04:47
    this guy would become a
  • 00:04:50
    new amino
  • 00:04:54
    acid and then this amino acid if it
  • 00:04:56
    loses that am group and it gains this
  • 00:04:58
    oxygen wouldn't it look something like
  • 00:05:00
    this keto acid yeah so you get a
  • 00:05:03
    new keto
  • 00:05:07
    acid okay that's pretty cool if that
  • 00:05:11
    happens then what ises that called when
  • 00:05:12
    I take a keto acid for example one of
  • 00:05:15
    the more common ones in the body that we
  • 00:05:17
    utilize a lot in this process is called
  • 00:05:20
    Alpha
  • 00:05:22
    keto
  • 00:05:25
    glate okay let's just say that I use
  • 00:05:27
    that one and for this amino acid I use
  • 00:05:28
    some generic amino acid it doesn't have
  • 00:05:30
    to be anything special it could be one
  • 00:05:31
    of the amino acids if that happens let's
  • 00:05:35
    go over here and look real quickly at
  • 00:05:37
    what this kind of looks like
  • 00:05:39
    okay well if I take an amino acid I
  • 00:05:45
    react it with a keto acid and then I
  • 00:05:48
    make a new keto acid and a new amino
  • 00:05:51
    acid what is that called
  • 00:05:53
    transamination okay that's called
  • 00:05:55
    transamination and we're going to do
  • 00:05:57
    that with a purple marker right so
  • 00:05:59
    whenever this this keto acid here so
  • 00:06:00
    let's draw it from this guy here getting
  • 00:06:02
    converted into this new amino acid and
  • 00:06:05
    this amino acid reacting right here gets
  • 00:06:07
    converted into this new keto acid what
  • 00:06:10
    is this actually called it's called
  • 00:06:12
    transamination why do you call it
  • 00:06:14
    transamination because the amine group
  • 00:06:16
    is being transferred onto the keto acid
  • 00:06:18
    and the oxygen is being transferred to
  • 00:06:20
    the amino acid also it is very very
  • 00:06:23
    dependent upon these enzymes called
  • 00:06:28
    Trans Am
  • 00:06:30
    ases okay these trans aminase enzymes
  • 00:06:33
    are very very important enzymes in these
  • 00:06:35
    steps because the enzymes are what
  • 00:06:37
    helped to be able to catalyze this
  • 00:06:39
    reaction
  • 00:06:40
    here okay so we're at that point now
  • 00:06:44
    let's say I take this new amino acid and
  • 00:06:46
    usually this amino acid if you start off
  • 00:06:47
    with Alpha ketoglutarate the most common
  • 00:06:50
    type that you generate from this
  • 00:06:51
    transamination process is usually what
  • 00:06:54
    is referred to as glutamate okay it's
  • 00:06:58
    usually in the form of
  • 00:07:00
    glutamate but our body this glutamate
  • 00:07:03
    that we generate because this
  • 00:07:04
    transamination process can happen in
  • 00:07:06
    many tissues but this next step is
  • 00:07:09
    really only happening within the liver
  • 00:07:11
    and a little bit in the muscles very
  • 00:07:13
    very little but a little bit in the
  • 00:07:14
    muscles not very much at all in the
  • 00:07:16
    muscles but a very very small
  • 00:07:18
    amount this
  • 00:07:20
    glutamate can actually have this next
  • 00:07:22
    process occur actually let's let me
  • 00:07:25
    erase this because we don't want to do
  • 00:07:27
    this just yet okay so now if I actually
  • 00:07:30
    have this glutamate what I'm going to do
  • 00:07:32
    is glutamate has an amine on him right
  • 00:07:35
    he has an amine group on him I'm going
  • 00:07:37
    to rip that am group off so let me pop
  • 00:07:40
    this am group off of this glutamate I'm
  • 00:07:42
    going to rip off an amine group okay off
  • 00:07:46
    of this guy and I'm gonna I'm going to
  • 00:07:47
    add an actual H to it so I'm going to
  • 00:07:49
    get this thing right here you see this
  • 00:07:50
    NH3 group this NH3 is called
  • 00:07:56
    ammonia and Ammon ammonia is extremely
  • 00:08:00
    neurotoxic okay so I'm going to produce
  • 00:08:02
    this molecule here called
  • 00:08:04
    ammonia but another thing that I'm going
  • 00:08:06
    to get out of this is I'm also going to
  • 00:08:08
    regenerate a very interesting molecule
  • 00:08:10
    which is called Alpha keto
  • 00:08:15
    glutarate H what is this called whenever
  • 00:08:18
    I take glutamate get rid of an amine
  • 00:08:20
    group in the form of ammonia and then
  • 00:08:22
    form Alpha klutter well let's
  • 00:08:25
    look oh isn't this right here glutamate
  • 00:08:28
    which is an amino acid the new one that
  • 00:08:30
    we made gets converted into a keto acid
  • 00:08:33
    and that keto acid is Alpha
  • 00:08:34
    ketoglutarate and I get rid of a ammonia
  • 00:08:37
    in the form of the amine group right
  • 00:08:38
    what's that called oxidative
  • 00:08:41
    deamination okay so this process here of
  • 00:08:44
    me getting converting this guy into this
  • 00:08:47
    guy and also generating this guy as a
  • 00:08:50
    side product this is called oxidative
  • 00:08:52
    deamination now some people be like oh
  • 00:08:54
    you're removing the ammun group isn't
  • 00:08:56
    that trans amination no because when I
  • 00:08:58
    remove remove the am group I'm not
  • 00:09:00
    transferring it on to anybody and also
  • 00:09:02
    there's a special enzyme involved in
  • 00:09:04
    this process just that we're very clear
  • 00:09:06
    this enzyme involved in this process is
  • 00:09:08
    actually called
  • 00:09:12
    glutamate
  • 00:09:16
    dehydrogenase okay and this involves a
  • 00:09:18
    very important development of nadph
  • 00:09:21
    we're not going to talk too much about
  • 00:09:22
    that we already did in great detail um
  • 00:09:24
    in other videos with this whole amino
  • 00:09:26
    acid metabolism okay now this ammonia
  • 00:09:30
    since it's toxic we don't want it to
  • 00:09:31
    stay in the body in that form we want to
  • 00:09:33
    get rid of it in another form so what we
  • 00:09:35
    do is we take this ammonia in the liver
  • 00:09:38
    and we convert this
  • 00:09:40
    ammonia into a molecule called Ura which
  • 00:09:45
    is still toxic but a lot less
  • 00:09:48
    toxic okay and then this Ura will go to
  • 00:09:51
    the kidneys and it'll be
  • 00:09:53
    excreted okay so it'll be excreted from
  • 00:09:56
    the
  • 00:09:57
    kidneys so we get rid of that ammonia
  • 00:09:59
    form what is this called whenever I
  • 00:10:00
    convert ammonia into
  • 00:10:03
    Ura this is called the
  • 00:10:07
    Ura cycle and this is very important
  • 00:10:10
    this has to happen so that we can
  • 00:10:12
    convert into less toxic form okay now
  • 00:10:16
    what can happen with this Alpha
  • 00:10:17
    ketoglutarate and what can happen with
  • 00:10:18
    these new keto acids well it all depends
  • 00:10:20
    for example let's say that you do
  • 00:10:22
    alanine if you have alanine as one of
  • 00:10:24
    the amino acids one of the keto acids
  • 00:10:26
    that you can generate from this process
  • 00:10:29
    is is actually called pyruvate so let's
  • 00:10:32
    do these in order you get
  • 00:10:35
    pyruvate if you have a sparate reacting
  • 00:10:38
    in this process you'll convert him into
  • 00:10:40
    what's called
  • 00:10:42
    oxal
  • 00:10:44
    acetate if you have glutamate reacting
  • 00:10:47
    in this process this will be converted
  • 00:10:48
    into Alpha
  • 00:10:52
    keto glut now let's think about this for
  • 00:10:56
    a second where are all of these guys
  • 00:10:58
    well huate where was he at huh oh he was
  • 00:11:02
    right here oxaloacetate I mentioned him
  • 00:11:05
    very briefly right where did we say he
  • 00:11:07
    was at oh he was right here in the kreb
  • 00:11:09
    cycle guess where Alpha ketoglutarate is
  • 00:11:11
    also found Alpha ketoglutarate is found
  • 00:11:13
    actually within the kreb cycle also so
  • 00:11:16
    it's also found within the kreb
  • 00:11:18
    cycle now this is really interesting I
  • 00:11:21
    can take this new keto acid that I made
  • 00:11:24
    and I can funnel him in to this process
  • 00:11:28
    here so so for
  • 00:11:30
    example if I were to do this let's say I
  • 00:11:32
    took this pyruvate right here and I'm
  • 00:11:35
    going to put a line here because I'm
  • 00:11:36
    going to feed this in through here let's
  • 00:11:37
    say that I take this keto acid like I
  • 00:11:39
    take
  • 00:11:40
    pyruvate and I convert this right here
  • 00:11:42
    into pyruvate right so I take this new
  • 00:11:45
    keto acid that I formed and there it is
  • 00:11:46
    I make pyruvate or I take this
  • 00:11:50
    oxaloacetate feed that in there or I
  • 00:11:53
    generate Alpha ketoglutarate and I
  • 00:11:55
    funnel that into there you know what's
  • 00:11:58
    really interesting about this
  • 00:11:59
    this watch this so now let's bear with
  • 00:12:04
    me for just a little second here we
  • 00:12:06
    didn't talk about this pathway just yet
  • 00:12:07
    we didn't write it down really either
  • 00:12:09
    but I want to talk about it individually
  • 00:12:11
    because it's it's a whole bunch of
  • 00:12:12
    different processes
  • 00:12:13
    interconnected so now if I take these
  • 00:12:16
    amino acids and I convert into pyruvate
  • 00:12:19
    well you know pyruvate we talked about
  • 00:12:21
    this in the glucogenesis video
  • 00:12:23
    technically there's a step in between
  • 00:12:26
    where actually this is getting converted
  • 00:12:28
    into pyu and that molecule is called
  • 00:12:33
    phospho enol pyu if you guys remember we
  • 00:12:37
    called it
  • 00:12:38
    pep short for
  • 00:12:41
    Pep when falal perate is going to
  • 00:12:43
    pyruvate it's actually it's not
  • 00:12:45
    reversible right this is that's an
  • 00:12:47
    irreversible step but these pathways are
  • 00:12:49
    kind of irreversible what can happen
  • 00:12:52
    is I'm going to take this pyruvate I'm
  • 00:12:55
    going to convert into cetto COA and then
  • 00:12:57
    what will happen is I'll go and make OAA
  • 00:12:59
    but look what can happen with that OA
  • 00:13:01
    watch this I'm going to take this
  • 00:13:04
    OAA and I'm going to eventually convert
  • 00:13:07
    him into phosphoenol pyruvate pep what
  • 00:13:11
    can happen with this pep this can go up
  • 00:13:13
    to glycero 3 phosphate it can eventually
  • 00:13:15
    go up to a fructose Six B phosphate it
  • 00:13:17
    can go through certain enzymes and if
  • 00:13:19
    it's in the liver or in the kidneys or
  • 00:13:20
    in the Git it can make glucose what is
  • 00:13:24
    this whole process here called with
  • 00:13:25
    these blue lines this whole process of
  • 00:13:28
    moving it up I'm only going to write it
  • 00:13:30
    right here but again this whole process
  • 00:13:31
    if you follow the pyruvate to this way
  • 00:13:34
    going down into acoa OAA up to phosphino
  • 00:13:37
    perate all the way up this is called
  • 00:13:40
    gluco neo
  • 00:13:44
    genesis oh it's so beautiful you know
  • 00:13:46
    what else is really cool remember this
  • 00:13:48
    glycerol here I wanted to tell you that
  • 00:13:51
    there was another pathway remember I
  • 00:13:52
    told you that one way is it's going to
  • 00:13:54
    go down but we didn't talk about a lot
  • 00:13:55
    yet guess what this
  • 00:13:57
    glycerol can be converted to dis this
  • 00:14:00
    dihydroxy acetone phosphate right guess
  • 00:14:02
    what can happen he can get converted
  • 00:14:03
    into fructose one phosphate and then
  • 00:14:05
    from fructose one phosphate he can get
  • 00:14:07
    converted into glucose what is that
  • 00:14:08
    called it's called
  • 00:14:10
    gluconeogenesis it's it's amazing so
  • 00:14:13
    again this is called
  • 00:14:16
    gluco neo
  • 00:14:19
    genesis and again what can happen with
  • 00:14:21
    these guys if you imagine for example if
  • 00:14:23
    this uh if it comes from oxaloacetate
  • 00:14:25
    what will happen if it comes from
  • 00:14:27
    oxaloacetate it'll go right into oxal
  • 00:14:29
    acetate into phosph enal pyruvate and
  • 00:14:31
    then up to glucose if it comes
  • 00:14:35
    from alpha ketoglutarate then what will
  • 00:14:37
    happen well the alpha ketoglutarate will
  • 00:14:39
    actually go into the CB cycle it'll
  • 00:14:41
    undergo these different steps it'll
  • 00:14:42
    eventually get converted into OA oh
  • 00:14:44
    phosph pyu and then into glucose but you
  • 00:14:47
    know what else can happen think about
  • 00:14:49
    just this not only can those amino acids
  • 00:14:52
    be utilized to make glucose through
  • 00:14:54
    glucogenesis but if we really need them
  • 00:14:57
    if we really need them for energy what
  • 00:14:59
    can happen during this process I can
  • 00:15:01
    generate fadh2s I can generate nadhs I
  • 00:15:04
    can take that to the electron transport
  • 00:15:06
    chain and make ATP so this process of
  • 00:15:10
    this utilizing these amino acids in
  • 00:15:12
    these actual glycolytic pathway can
  • 00:15:14
    either be for two reasons one one thing
  • 00:15:17
    that can come from this whole
  • 00:15:19
    pathway is two things one is
  • 00:15:24
    gluconeogenesis that's one thing that
  • 00:15:26
    can result from this the second thing is
  • 00:15:28
    you can make
  • 00:15:31
    ATP that's it's cool I think that's
  • 00:15:33
    really cool and again this Alpha ke
  • 00:15:35
    deuterate right here guess what you can
  • 00:15:37
    either regenerate him or he can also be
  • 00:15:40
    using this process also so it's amazing
  • 00:15:43
    you know there's one more mechanism for
  • 00:15:45
    glucano Genesis and then we're going to
  • 00:15:46
    finish this up you's a molecule called
  • 00:15:49
    lactic acid lactic acid you know to
  • 00:15:51
    generate lactic acid from you know we
  • 00:15:54
    can get this lactic acid from skeletal
  • 00:15:55
    muscles so you know you can produce
  • 00:15:57
    lactic acid from muscles right
  • 00:16:00
    you know what's really interesting is
  • 00:16:01
    that let's say this is our muscles and
  • 00:16:03
    our muscles are producing this lactic
  • 00:16:05
    acid so it's producing this lactic acid
  • 00:16:08
    what can happen is this lactic acid can
  • 00:16:10
    get taken up by the muscles I'm Sorry by
  • 00:16:12
    the by the liver so this lactic acid can
  • 00:16:14
    be taken up by the liver and this lactic
  • 00:16:17
    acid can be converted
  • 00:16:21
    into
  • 00:16:23
    pyate what can pyruvate be converted
  • 00:16:26
    into if we need to well it can either go
  • 00:16:27
    down and be used for ATP but what else
  • 00:16:29
    could happen it could go down here to
  • 00:16:31
    aceto it could go through this whole
  • 00:16:33
    process here to make OAA it could go
  • 00:16:35
    back up to phospho enal pyate then back
  • 00:16:37
    up to g3p back up to fructose 16
  • 00:16:40
    phosphate and then up to glucose what is
  • 00:16:41
    that called gluconeogenesis so I want
  • 00:16:43
    you guys to remember three different
  • 00:16:45
    substrates that can be used for glucono
  • 00:16:46
    Genesis what are those three substrates
  • 00:16:49
    for glucogenesis let's write them down
  • 00:16:51
    here in the end corner here so three
  • 00:16:54
    substrates for glucogenesis
  • 00:16:55
    gluconeogenesis you can take amino acids
  • 00:16:58
    I'm going to put AA you can take lactic
  • 00:17:02
    acid or you can take
  • 00:17:07
    glycerol and convert these
  • 00:17:10
    structures
  • 00:17:12
    into
  • 00:17:14
    glucose and if it is converted into
  • 00:17:17
    glucose this is as a whole called
  • 00:17:21
    gluco neo
  • 00:17:24
    genesis technically there is one more
  • 00:17:27
    substrate but it it it contributes the
  • 00:17:29
    very very very minimal amounts I'll add
  • 00:17:32
    it in there in a different color but
  • 00:17:33
    it's not that important it's odd
  • 00:17:37
    chain fatty acids in other words instead
  • 00:17:39
    of it being 16 carbons it would be like
  • 00:17:41
    17 carbons and it'll produce a three
  • 00:17:43
    carbon fragment that could eventually be
  • 00:17:45
    converted into
  • 00:17:48
    glucose all
  • 00:17:50
    right all right guys so in this video we
  • 00:17:52
    covered a lot of information we
  • 00:17:54
    basically tried to intertwine and see
  • 00:17:56
    how all these pathways are connected
  • 00:17:58
    because that's really ones you want to
  • 00:17:59
    be able to do memorizing Pathways
  • 00:18:01
    individually is that's awesome but to
  • 00:18:03
    see how these pathways are actually
  • 00:18:04
    intertwined and actually interacting
  • 00:18:06
    together is really the basic principle
  • 00:18:09
    of metabolism because that's what we
  • 00:18:11
    really want to get how are these
  • 00:18:13
    Pathways reacting in our body in that
  • 00:18:15
    basis all right so all right Engineers I
  • 00:18:18
    hope you guys enjoyed this video I hope
  • 00:18:19
    it all made sense if it did please hit
  • 00:18:21
    the like button subscribe put some
  • 00:18:23
    comments down in the comment section all
  • 00:18:24
    right engine nerds as always until next
  • 00:18:26
    time
Tags
  • Amino Acids
  • Metabolism
  • Transamination
  • Oxidative Deamination
  • Gluconeogenesis
  • Urea Cycle
  • Krebs Cycle
  • Protein Digestion
  • Energy Production
  • Metabolic Pathways