00:00:03
candida is a yeast
00:00:05
not the maple syrup loving country in
00:00:07
north america
00:00:08
[Music]
00:00:12
although candida can be found in canada
00:00:14
as well
00:00:16
candida sometimes causes a mild yeast
00:00:18
infection
00:00:19
but in some situations it can get into
00:00:20
the bloodstream and cause severe illness
00:00:24
now there are various types of candida
00:00:26
species
00:00:27
and over 20 of them can cause disease in
00:00:29
humans
00:00:30
there's c albicans c paracylosis
00:00:34
c tropicalis c glapperta
00:00:38
c crusade c auris and the list goes on
00:00:42
of these the most common one is c
00:00:44
albicans
00:00:46
candida is found throughout the body it
00:00:48
likes warm
00:00:49
moist environments like the mouth the
00:00:51
diaper region of babies
00:00:52
and in women it can be found in the
00:00:56
vagina
00:00:58
now it's normal for microbes like
00:01:00
bacteria fungi and viruses
00:01:03
to live all over the body but each
00:01:05
microbe is slightly different in terms
00:01:07
of whether it's colonizing the body
00:01:09
in other words just living and not
00:01:11
causing any problems
00:01:12
or whether it's infecting the body which
00:01:15
is causing some degree of tissue damage
00:01:17
or destruction
00:01:19
an important factor is exactly how much
00:01:20
of a microbe is present
00:01:22
candida is considered an opportunistic
00:01:25
microbe
00:01:26
when the amount of candida is relatively
00:01:28
low it's harmless
00:01:29
but if a person's immune system is
00:01:31
weakened or if there's less competition
00:01:33
for the candida
00:01:34
then the amount of candida can increase
00:01:36
and that's called candida overgrowth
00:01:42
now candida can exist in multiple forms
00:01:44
it's kind of like a chameleon
00:01:46
sometimes the cells can appear round or
00:01:48
oval and these are called yeast cells
00:01:51
other times it can appear like hyphy
00:01:53
where it looks like long thin
00:01:54
filaments kind of like a segmented
00:01:56
cactus plant
00:01:58
it can also take an in-between
00:01:59
appearance called pseudo-hyphy
00:02:02
each of these morphologies or looks
00:02:04
reflect the same candida cells that are
00:02:07
expressing different protein profiles
00:02:09
and they give the cells different
00:02:11
properties
00:02:13
when the candida is in yeast mode it's
00:02:15
better at moving from one part of the
00:02:17
body to another
00:02:18
whereas when it's in filamentous mode
00:02:20
it's better at invading
00:02:22
tissues
00:02:26
candida typically lives on the skin or
00:02:28
mucous membranes
00:02:29
and when it starts to overgrow it can
00:02:31
damage nearby tissue
00:02:33
with this there are a few patterns of
00:02:35
injury the most common one is
00:02:37
pseudomembranous candidiasis
00:02:39
and it's primarily due to a weakened
00:02:41
immune system that allows for candida
00:02:43
overgrowth
00:02:45
the result is destruction of the
00:02:46
stratified squamous epithelium layer
00:02:49
which is the outermost layer of the skin
00:02:51
or mucous membranes
00:02:53
this causes accumulation of the
00:02:54
destroyed cells in the keratin protein
00:02:56
that fills the outermost layer
00:02:58
forming a white lesion called a
00:03:00
pseudomembrane
00:03:01
that looks kind of like cottage cheese
00:03:04
the white lesions aren't typically
00:03:06
painful and they can be scraped away
00:03:08
with a tongue depressor
00:03:09
leaving behind a red mucosal base which
00:03:11
sometimes bleeds
00:03:14
since the underlying causes a weakened
00:03:15
immune system it's fairly common in
00:03:17
young
00:03:18
infants in the elderly both groups that
00:03:20
have a relatively weak immune system
00:03:23
it can also be related to an
00:03:24
immunosuppressive condition like
00:03:26
diabetes or hiv
00:03:28
or from immunosuppressive medical
00:03:30
treatments like steroids
00:03:32
including inhaled steroids as well as
00:03:34
radiotherapy or chemotherapy
00:03:38
another pattern of injury is called
00:03:39
erythematous candidiasis
00:03:42
and that typically results from a change
00:03:44
in the levels of microbial competition
00:03:45
keeping candida in check
00:03:48
for example a course of antibiotics or
00:03:50
tobacco smoking
00:03:51
which both selectively destroys certain
00:03:53
bacterial populations more than they
00:03:55
affect candida
00:03:57
the opposite is true as well sometimes
00:03:59
there are mechanical devices like braces
00:04:02
that favor candida growth more than the
00:04:04
growth of other microbes
00:04:06
in either situation the result is an
00:04:08
overgrowth of candida
00:04:09
which causes increased blood flow to the
00:04:11
affected tissue with red painful lesions
00:04:14
in a lot of situations there's a mixed
00:04:16
pattern of injury with both a
00:04:17
pseudomembranous and erythematous
00:04:19
component
00:04:23
candidal infections can affect various
00:04:25
parts of the body
00:04:26
the most common location is in the mouth
00:04:29
where it causes thrush
00:04:30
which is usually a pseudomembranous
00:04:32
candidiasis
00:04:33
so classically it looks like white
00:04:35
cottage cheese on the buccal and
00:04:37
gingival mucosa
00:04:39
candida can also affect the esophagus
00:04:41
resulting in an esophagitis
00:04:43
that can cause pain with swallowing
00:04:46
candida can affect the diaper region of
00:04:48
babies
00:04:48
causing a diaper rash with redness
00:04:50
surrounded by scattered red spots that
00:04:52
are called satellite lesions
00:04:54
because they look like tiny red
00:04:55
satellites that are not contiguous with
00:04:57
the rest of the rash
00:05:00
another common one is volvo vaginitis
00:05:02
commonly called a yeast infection in
00:05:04
women
00:05:05
and it can cause vaginal itching and
00:05:06
discharge as well as pain while
00:05:08
urinating
00:05:11
now in addition to local infections
00:05:13
candida can cause more serious invasive
00:05:15
infections
00:05:16
and these often develop in individuals
00:05:17
that have underlying amino deficiencies
00:05:21
other risk factors for serious candidal
00:05:22
infections include hyperglycemia
00:05:25
and reduced stomach acidity
00:05:28
the most common situation is an
00:05:29
infection of a prosthetic device like a
00:05:31
central venous catheter
00:05:33
in these settings candida forms a
00:05:34
biofilm which is where the yeast lives
00:05:37
inside a jelly-like matrix of proteins
00:05:39
and behaves more like a large colony
00:05:40
than like a collection of individual
00:05:42
cells
00:05:44
candida is able to infect devices and if
00:05:46
the infection isn't treated then over
00:05:48
time small clumps of yeast-laden biofilm
00:05:51
can break away
00:05:52
at which point they can get into the
00:05:53
blood and cause infections in other
00:05:55
locations
00:05:56
like on the heart valves from the blood
00:05:59
candida can also cause infections in the
00:06:00
liver and spleen
00:06:02
as well as the bones and joints it also
00:06:04
likes to cause infections in the kidney
00:06:06
the candida can reach the kidney from
00:06:08
the blood as well as by going up the
00:06:10
ureters after a urinary tract infection
00:06:15
candida can also cause meningitis in
00:06:18
particular if it infects a device in
00:06:20
that space
00:06:20
like a ventricular shunt what's more is
00:06:23
that candida can cause particularly
00:06:25
worrisome infections of the eye
00:06:30
diagnosis of oral candidiasis can be
00:06:32
confirmed with a culture
00:06:34
and ultimately a tissue biopsy might be
00:06:36
done in some cases as well
00:06:38
for invasive infections antigen testing
00:06:40
can also be done
00:06:42
for example one test looks for a cell
00:06:43
wall component called beta d-glucan
00:06:46
which is found in candida and a few
00:06:47
other fungal species
00:06:50
another test is candida pcr which
00:06:52
detects candidal dna
00:06:57
treatment of candidiasis depends on the
00:06:59
location and severity of the infection
00:07:02
oral thrush is treated with oral
00:07:03
nistitin suspension
00:07:05
whereas volvo vaginitis and skin
00:07:07
infections are treated with topical
00:07:08
antifungals
00:07:10
resistant infections are often treated
00:07:12
with azole antifungal medications
00:07:15
in severe infections especially when
00:07:17
there's a prosthetic device like a
00:07:19
catheter or a ventricular shunt that's
00:07:21
infected with a biofilm
00:07:22
it's often necessary to remove the
00:07:24
device severe infections are often
00:07:26
treated with a medication like
00:07:28
amphiterosin
00:07:29
azole antifungals or echinocandins
00:07:32
like mica fungan all right as a quick
00:07:36
recap
00:07:37
candida is an opportunistic fungus that
00:07:39
can overgrow in situations where there
00:07:40
are fewer competitive microorganisms or
00:07:43
a weakened immune system
00:07:45
common sites of infection include the
00:07:47
mouth the esophagus
00:07:48
the volvo vaginal region and the groin
00:07:51
in infants
00:07:52
these superficial infections are usually
00:07:54
treated with nistitin
00:07:56
or topical antifungals severe infections
00:07:59
include those where a biofilm forms over
00:08:01
a prosthetic device
00:08:02
and typically require removal of the
00:08:04
infected device
00:08:26
you
![Hak5 - Hacking wireless networks with Man in the Middle techniques [Cyber Security Education]](https://ruhnrawpgxrzdrgaohnf.supabase.co/storage/v1/object/public/images/video/N86xJpna9Js/thumbnail.jpg)
