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the hip is a true ball and socket joint
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this arrangement gives the hip the large
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amount of motion needed for daily
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activities like walking squatting and
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stair climbing
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understanding how the different layers
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of the hip are arranged and connected
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can help you understand how the hip
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works how it can be injured and how
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challenging recovery can be when this
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joint is injured or damaged by arthritis
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the deepest layer of the hip includes
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the bones and the joints the next layer
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is made up of the ligaments of the joint
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capsule and finally these ligaments are
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covered by the important tendons and the
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muscles that help move the leg the
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important structures of the hip can be
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divided into several categories
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these include bones and joints ligaments
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and tendons muscles nerves blood vessels
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and Bursa
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that form the hip or the femur or the
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thigh bone and the pelvis
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the top end of the femur is shaped like
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a ball this ball is called the femoral
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head the femoral head fits into a round
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socket on the side of the pelvis this
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socket is called the acetabulum the
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femoral head is attached to the rest of
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the femur by a short section of bone
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called the femoral neck a large bump
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juts outward from the top of the femur
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next to the femoral neck this bump
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called the greater trochanter can be
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felt along the side of your hip large
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and important muscles connect to the
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greater trochanter articular cartilage
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is the material that covers the ends of
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the bones of any joint articular
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cartilage is about 1/4 of an inch thick
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in the large weight-bearing joints like
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the hip articular cartilage is white and
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shiny and has a rubbery consistency it
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is slippery which allows the joint
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services to slide against one another
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without causing any damage the function
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of articular cartilage is to absorb
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shock and provide an extremely smooth
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surface to make motion easier we have
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articular cartilage essentially
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everywhere that two bony surfaces move
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against one another or articulate in the
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hip articular cartilage covers the end
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of the femur and the socket portion of
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the acetabulum in the pelvis the
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cartilage is especially thick in the
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upper and back part of the socket as
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this is where most of the force occurs
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during walking and running ligaments are
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soft tissue structures that connect
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bones to bones there are several
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important ligaments in and around the
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hip surrounding the hip joint the joint
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capsule is formed by a group of strong
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ligaments that connect the top of the
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femur to the acetabulum a joint capsule
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is a watertight sac that surrounds a
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joint these ligaments of the joint
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capsule are the main source of stability
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for the hip they help hold the femoral
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head in place in the acetabulum or
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socket a small ligament connects the
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very tip of the femoral head to the
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acetabulum this ligament called the
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ligamentum Teri's doesn't play a role
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in controlling hip movement like the
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main hip ligaments it does however have
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a small artery within the ligament that
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brings a very small blood supply to part
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of the femoral head
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tendons are soft tissue structures that
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connect muscles to bones a long tendon
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band called the iliotibial band runs
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alongside the femur from the hip to the
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knee the iliotibial band provides a
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connection point for several of the
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large hip muscles a tight iliotibial
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band can cause hip and knee problems a
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special type of ligament forms a unique
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structure inside the hip called the
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labrum the labrum is attached almost
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completely around the edge of the
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acetabulum the shape and the way the
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labrum is attached create a deeper cut
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for the acetabular socket this small rim
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of cartilage can be injured and cause
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pain and clicking in the hip joint the
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hip is surrounded by large thick muscles
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three gluteal muscles the gluteus
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minimus gluteus medius and gluteus
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maximus make up the muscles of the
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buttock on the back of the hip these
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muscles extend or pull the thigh
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backwards and abduct or pull the thigh
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away from the other leg these muscles
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are also important for keeping the
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pelvis level as we shift the weight from
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one leg to the other during walking the
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inner thighs formed by the abductor
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muscles the main action of the abductors
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is to pull the leg inward toward the
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other leg the muscles that flex the hip
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or pull the thigh forward are in front
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of the hip joint these include the
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iliopsoas and the rectus femoris
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the iliopsoas muscle is a very deep
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muscle that begins attached to the lower
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spine it travels out of the pelvis to
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connect on the inside edge of the upper
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femur the rectus femoris is one of the
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quadriceps muscles the large group of
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muscles on the front of the thigh
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there's also a small thin strap like
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muscle called a Sartorius muscle that
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runs from the pelvis across the knee and
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connects to the upper tibia just below
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the knee joint several small muscles
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travel from inside the pelvis across the
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back of the hip joint and attach to the
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back of the
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upper femur these muscles help to
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stabilize the hip joint and rotate the
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leg outwards together as a group
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these muscles are called the external
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rotators of the hip
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finally the hamstring muscles run down
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the back of the thigh these muscles
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originate at the bottom of the pelvis
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because the hamstring muscles cross the
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back of the hip joint on their way to
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the knee they help to extend the hip
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pulling it backwards all of the nerves
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that travel down the thigh pass by the
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hip the main nerves are the femoral
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nerve in front and the side ik nerve in
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the back of the hip a smaller nerve
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called the obturator nerve also goes to
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the inside of the hip these nerves carry
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the signals from the brain to the
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muscles that move the hip the nerves
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also carry signals back to the brain
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about sensations such as touch pain and
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temperature traveling along with the
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nerves are the large vessels that supply
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the lower limb with blood the large
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femoral artery begins deep within the
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pelvis it passes by the front of the hip
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area and goes down toward the inner edge
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of the knee if you place your hand on
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the front of your upper thigh you may be
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able to feel the pulsing of this large
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artery the femoral artery has a deep
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branch called the pre-fund ephemeris
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profunda means deep the pre-fund
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ephemeris ends to vessels that go
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through the hip joint capsule these
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vessels are the main blood supply for
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the femoral head as mentioned earlier
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the ligamentum teres contains a small
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blood vessel that gives a very small
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supply of blood to the top of the
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femoral head other small vessels form
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within the pelvis and supply the back
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portion of the buttocks and hip
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where friction occurs between muscles
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tendons and bones
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there is usually a structure called a
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bursa a bursa is a thin sac of tissue
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that contains fluid to lubricate the
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area and reduce friction the bursa is a
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normal structure that is produced by the
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body in response to friction between two
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structures a bursa that sometimes causes
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problems in the hip is sandwiched
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between the bump on the outer hip the
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greater trochanter and the muscles and
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tendons that cross over the bump this
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bursa called the greater trochanteric
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versatile
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trochanteric bursitis another bursa sits
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between the iliopsoas muscle and the hip
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joint where the iliopsoas tendon when
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this Bursa becomes inflamed the
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condition is called iliopsoas bursitis a
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third bursa covers the ischial
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tuberosity the bump of bone in your
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buttocks that you sit on and again
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inflammation of this bursa is called
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ischial bursitis as you can see the hip
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is complex with a design that provides a
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great amount of stability it also allows
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good mobility and range of motion for
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doing a wide range of daily activities
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many powerful muscles connect to and
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cross by the hip joint making it
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possible for us to accelerate quickly
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during actions like running and jumping
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you
