Applications of Irregular Shelterwood Systems - Feb 2025

00:59:18
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0MPBff2Ogfs

Sintesi

TLDRThe webinar focuses on ecological silviculture, specifically irregular shelterwood systems, and how they can effectively emulate natural disturbances to maintain forest ecosystem dynamics. Dr. Patricia Raymond discusses foundational concepts, definitions, and various implementations of the irregular shelterwood method, highlighting its flexibility and adaptability across different forest types. She shares insights from ongoing research examining the effects of these systems on forest structure, species regeneration, and ecological processes. Key findings indicate that irregular shelterwood treatments can enhance biodiversity, sustain multiple age classes in forests, and promote desirable forest dynamics, ultimately benefiting forest health and resilience.

Punti di forza

  • 🌳 Understanding the principles of ecological silviculture is crucial for effective forest management.
  • 📊 Irregular shelterwood systems can emulate natural disturbance dynamics in forests.
  • 🔍 Research indicates significant benefits in biodiversity and species regeneration from these methods.
  • 📝 Proper tree marking is essential to maintain structural diversity and promote wildlife habitats.
  • 🌍 Adaptability of these systems makes them applicable to various forest types, including oak-hickory and mixedwoods.
  • 🔄 Irregular shelterwood can sustain multiple age classes, enhancing resilience and ecological function in forests.

Linea temporale

  • 00:00:00 - 00:05:00

    Moderator Greg Edge welcomes participants to the webinar series, focusing on ecological silviculture and forest ecosystem management. The session also acknowledges the lands of indigenous peoples and introduces the guest speaker, Dr. Patricia Raymond.

  • 00:05:00 - 00:10:00

    Greg Edge highlights the importance of the upcoming discussion on irregular shelterwood systems, a topic he's collaborated with Dr. Raymond on, emphasizing its foundational significance for understanding forest management.

  • 00:10:00 - 00:15:00

    Dr. Patricia Raymond appreciates the invitation and outlines today's agenda, which includes definitions, methods, experiments, and results related to ecological silviculture and irregular shelterwood systems.

  • 00:15:00 - 00:20:00

    The webinar presents a recap of ecological silviculture principles, underscoring the need for continuity, complexity, and context in forest management practices for sustainable ecological and economic outcomes.

  • 00:20:00 - 00:25:00

    Dr. Raymond defines irregular shelterwood systems and their flexibility in promoting natural regeneration while maintaining diverse structures and ecological functions across various forest types.

  • 00:25:00 - 00:30:00

    The irregular shelterwood system, originally established in Europe, differs from regular systems by allowing longer regeneration periods and resulting in diverse age classes in forests, thereby enhancing biodiversity and resilience.

  • 00:30:00 - 00:35:00

    The presentation details three variations of irregular shelterwood methods: expanded gap, continuous cover, and extended irregular shelterwood, explaining how each approach adapts to different forest conditions and objectives.

  • 00:35:00 - 00:40:00

    Dr. Raymond discusses practical applications of these methods in Quebec, sharing insights from research experiments intended to compare these systems against traditional practices, such as clear-cutting, for achieving forest regeneration.

  • 00:40:00 - 00:45:00

    Results demonstrate the effectiveness of irregular shelterwood treatments in diversifying understory conditions, achieving multi-species regeneration, and improving light conditions for plant growth, particularly in younger forest structures.

  • 00:45:00 - 00:50:00

    The speaker addresses operational aspects of implementing irregular shelterwood systems, highlighting the necessity for comprehensive guidelines and flexibility based on forest types and structural variations, while also noting ongoing monitoring processes.

  • 00:50:00 - 00:59:18

    In conclusion, Dr. Raymond summarizes the importance of irregular shelterwood systems for ecological forestry, emphasizing the balance between ecological functions and management practicality, followed by an invitation for participants to provide feedback on the webinar.

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Video Domande e Risposte

  • What is the main focus of the webinar?

    The webinar explores how natural resource managers can maintain the structure, composition, and function of forest ecosystems using ecological silviculture.

  • Who is the guest speaker and what are her qualifications?

    Dr. Patricia Raymond is a research forester with expertise in developing silvicultural systems for temperate mixedwood forests.

  • What are the two main principles of ecological silviculture mentioned?

    Continuity and complexity/diversity.

  • What are the three overarching variants of irregular shelterwood systems?

    Expanding gap irregular shelterwood, continuous cover irregular shelterwood, and extended irregular shelterwood.

  • What were some key findings from the experiments conducted?

    The irregular shelterwood treatments diversified understory conditions, established multi-species regeneration, and better achieved structural objectives compared to clearcut methods.

  • How does the irregular shelterwood system differ from regular shelterwood?

    Irregular shelterwood systems allow for a longer regeneration period and maintain at least two age classes within the stand.

  • What is the importance of tree marking in irregular shelterwood systems?

    Tree marking is essential to retain legacy trees, snags, and promote biodiversity in the stand.

  • Is irregular shelterwood applicable in different forest types?

    Yes, it can be adapted to various forest types, including oak-hickory and mixedwood stands.

  • What operational considerations are necessary when implementing irregular shelterwood?

    Appropriate management of residual density, gap sizes, and monitoring the effects on forest structure and biodiversity.

  • Where can practitioners find guidelines for implementing irregular shelterwood methods?

    Guidelines exist in Quebec's silviculture guide, though they may mostly be in French.

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  • 00:00:05
    my name is Greg Edge and I'm your
  • 00:00:07
    moderator for today and on behalf of the
  • 00:00:10
    University of Wisconsin Stevens Point
  • 00:00:13
    and the Wisconsin Department of Natural
  • 00:00:15
    Resources Welcome to our webinar webinar
  • 00:00:17
    series exploring natural resource ways
  • 00:00:21
    natural resource managers can maintain
  • 00:00:23
    the structure composition function and
  • 00:00:26
    dynamics of forest
  • 00:00:28
    ecosystems um I.E ecological silver
  • 00:00:31
    culture before we begin today uh we
  • 00:00:34
    acknowledge that the University of
  • 00:00:35
    Wisconsin Stevens Point occupies lands
  • 00:00:38
    of the hunk and manamon people please
  • 00:00:41
    take a moment to honor the ancestral
  • 00:00:43
    hunk and manamon land and the sacred
  • 00:00:46
    land of all indigenous
  • 00:00:51
    peoples uh my name as I said is Greg
  • 00:00:54
    Edge and I'll be your moderator for
  • 00:00:57
    today's webinar I am one of Wisconsin
  • 00:01:00
    Department of Natural Resources state
  • 00:01:03
    civil culturist Forest ecologist uh
  • 00:01:06
    working here in the state of Wisconsin
  • 00:01:08
    and it's great to have everybody uh
  • 00:01:10
    coming in the webinar from all over
  • 00:01:13
    today uh we don't expect our speakers or
  • 00:01:16
    anyone to have definitive answers about
  • 00:01:18
    what the future will look like rather we
  • 00:01:21
    hope this series will provide insights
  • 00:01:23
    pose questions and stimulate our
  • 00:01:25
    Collective thinking today our guest
  • 00:01:28
    speaker Dr Patricia r will review how
  • 00:01:31
    irregular shelterwood systems can be
  • 00:01:33
    used to emulate natural disturbance
  • 00:01:35
    Dynamics to maintain structural
  • 00:01:38
    complexity and ecological
  • 00:01:41
    function so before I introduce Our Guest
  • 00:01:44
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    University of Wisconsin Stevens Point
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    limited time and before we begin today
  • 00:03:30
    please say hi um and let us know where
  • 00:03:33
    you're listening from and last but not
  • 00:03:36
    least the series was made possible
  • 00:03:38
    through a grant from the Wisconsin SFI
  • 00:03:41
    implementation committee the mission of
  • 00:03:44
    the Wisconsin s SFI implementation
  • 00:03:47
    committee is to promote and enhance SFI
  • 00:03:50
    and sustainable forestry practices
  • 00:03:52
    within Wisconsin through Grassroots
  • 00:03:55
    collaboration with stakeholders partners
  • 00:03:57
    and those who benefit from management
  • 00:03:59
    forests with a focus on sfi's core um
  • 00:04:04
    sic's uh priorities the
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    Wisconsin um uh implementation committee
  • 00:04:11
    ensures that forest and their many
  • 00:04:13
    benefits will perpetuate into the
  • 00:04:17
    future so let's get started Patricia
  • 00:04:21
    Raymond is a research Forester at the
  • 00:04:24
    forest research branch of the ministry
  • 00:04:26
    of natural resources and Forest of
  • 00:04:29
    Quebec since 2002 she obtained her
  • 00:04:33
    master's and PhD degrees in Forest
  • 00:04:35
    science at lval University in Quebec
  • 00:04:38
    City her work focuses on the development
  • 00:04:41
    of civil cultural systems adapted to
  • 00:04:44
    temperate mixedwood forests she
  • 00:04:46
    experiments with regeneration methods uh
  • 00:04:49
    that aim at maintaining structural
  • 00:04:51
    complexity and ecological functions in
  • 00:04:53
    late successional stands she's also
  • 00:04:56
    involved in Rehabilitation and climate
  • 00:04:58
    focused silver culture
  • 00:05:00
    with a recent work on abiotic and biotic
  • 00:05:03
    constraints to assisted
  • 00:05:07
    migration and uh and I will say uh
  • 00:05:10
    Patricia and I we got a chance to work
  • 00:05:13
    together through the northern hardwood
  • 00:05:15
    conference uh uh many times and it's
  • 00:05:18
    been an honor to do that um
  • 00:05:21
    and some of this today Patricia that
  • 00:05:24
    you're going to talk about is really
  • 00:05:26
    based off of a paper I'm going to call
  • 00:05:28
    foundational where you helped us
  • 00:05:31
    establish definitions for irregular
  • 00:05:34
    shelterwood systems and we use that
  • 00:05:37
    frequently um in helping us kind of
  • 00:05:41
    Define and uh think about those systems
  • 00:05:44
    where he works so that's been a really
  • 00:05:45
    important paper for us so thank you for
  • 00:05:48
    for making that contribution and so I'm
  • 00:05:51
    going to stop sharing and turn it over
  • 00:05:55
    to you well thank you so much uh for
  • 00:05:58
    this invitation uh Greg and thank you
  • 00:06:02
    for your attendance people I don't see
  • 00:06:05
    the people it's quite odd but I'm I'm I
  • 00:06:09
    hope that that you will enjoy this
  • 00:06:11
    webinar so it's always a pleasure for me
  • 00:06:13
    to talk about ecological Civic culture
  • 00:06:16
    and
  • 00:06:18
    um I to
  • 00:06:21
    switch okay ecological C culture and a
  • 00:06:25
    girl shelterwood these are really my one
  • 00:06:28
    of my favorite top
  • 00:06:30
    so yes um so let's look at have a look
  • 00:06:33
    at today's menu it's lunchtime so I
  • 00:06:36
    thought it would be like a menu so we
  • 00:06:38
    begin with looking at ecological Civic
  • 00:06:41
    culture maybe maybe a little recap
  • 00:06:44
    regarding what Tony theato presented on
  • 00:06:47
    the last webinar about the definition
  • 00:06:49
    and the main operating
  • 00:06:53
    principles then I will explain you what
  • 00:06:56
    is the regular shelterwood method and
  • 00:06:58
    the different
  • 00:07:00
    expence then I will uh show you I will
  • 00:07:04
    present the first uh irregular
  • 00:07:06
    experiment we establish in a mixedwood
  • 00:07:09
    forest type called it's called the cpim
  • 00:07:13
    M1 this study and I'll present you the
  • 00:07:16
    results of the five first
  • 00:07:18
    years and then um I will end this
  • 00:07:22
    webinar with a word on the our
  • 00:07:24
    monitoring program of operational
  • 00:07:27
    irregular shelterwood in the province of
  • 00:07:29
    Quebec
  • 00:07:32
    so let's kick it off with the ecological
  • 00:07:34
    cic culture definition
  • 00:07:38
    principles so as you know uh you may
  • 00:07:42
    know you probably know uh Brian pic the
  • 00:07:45
    Tony damato Jerry Franklin and Norman
  • 00:07:47
    Johnson have published this really nice
  • 00:07:50
    book about ecological Civic culture
  • 00:07:53
    where they Define this concept as a
  • 00:07:56
    management approach that applies an
  • 00:08:00
    understanding of the structure function
  • 00:08:01
    and dynamics of natural forest
  • 00:08:04
    ecosystems in order to achieve
  • 00:08:06
    integrated environmental economic and
  • 00:08:09
    social
  • 00:08:11
    outcomes so this approach implies that
  • 00:08:15
    we have a good knowledge of the Dynamics
  • 00:08:17
    of our forest the I the idea is to
  • 00:08:21
    understand how the ecosystem works so
  • 00:08:24
    that we can find inspiration in this
  • 00:08:26
    Dynamic and uh design Civic cultural
  • 00:08:29
    prescriptions that can emulate the
  • 00:08:31
    natural disturbances with a goal to
  • 00:08:34
    maintain the ecological processes and
  • 00:08:39
    diversity so back to Tony's um
  • 00:08:44
    webinar uh the two first operating
  • 00:08:47
    principles are continuity and complexity
  • 00:08:50
    diversity with the continuity uh we aim
  • 00:08:54
    to provision for continuity in Forest
  • 00:08:57
    structures function and biot between the
  • 00:09:01
    pre and post Harvest
  • 00:09:03
    ecosystems um during the Regeneration
  • 00:09:07
    harvest in other words it means to uh
  • 00:09:11
    permit this continuity of having leg a
  • 00:09:14
    legacy uh trees snacks course Foody
  • 00:09:18
    debris uh seed bearers of rare
  • 00:09:22
    species uh with complexity and
  • 00:09:26
    diversity uh uh we aim to create and
  • 00:09:29
    maintain structural complexity and
  • 00:09:32
    species diversity at M all special
  • 00:09:35
    scales through the Civic cultural
  • 00:09:38
    treatments by
  • 00:09:39
    using um cultural uh regeneration
  • 00:09:43
    methods for example irregular
  • 00:09:45
    shelterwood hybrid selection cutting
  • 00:09:48
    that can um sustain
  • 00:09:53
    that then there are the the two other
  • 00:09:56
    principles the timing and the context
  • 00:10:00
    the timing uh is about how we apply the
  • 00:10:03
    cultural interventions at ecologically
  • 00:10:06
    appropriate time intervals so it refers
  • 00:10:09
    to the scenario that will operate over
  • 00:10:11
    the life of the stam and the context is
  • 00:10:15
    uh about our planning and how we
  • 00:10:18
    implement the Civic cultural
  • 00:10:20
    interventions in the context a larger
  • 00:10:24
    context and how these actions accumulate
  • 00:10:27
    to influence the landscape structure and
  • 00:10:33
    functions now how do irregular
  • 00:10:36
    shelterwood systems fit with this
  • 00:10:38
    ecological cic culture
  • 00:10:40
    framework well The Irregular shelterwood
  • 00:10:43
    system is a very flexible tool that
  • 00:10:46
    permits to offer the continuity in the
  • 00:10:48
    stanle gases over time there are also
  • 00:10:51
    possibilities to maintain structural and
  • 00:10:54
    species diversity which are two major
  • 00:10:58
    components of functional div diversity
  • 00:11:01
    that are closely related to the
  • 00:11:04
    resilience to disturbance which is very
  • 00:11:07
    important in the face of
  • 00:11:10
    uncertainty um with global change so the
  • 00:11:14
    question of timing is considered in the
  • 00:11:16
    choice of the variant but also in the
  • 00:11:18
    sequence of the subsequent
  • 00:11:21
    treatments hence the cic cultural uh
  • 00:11:24
    scenario um we will plan and the context
  • 00:11:29
    uh is managed at the landscape yet the
  • 00:11:32
    management scale but it's also
  • 00:11:37
    compatible but what is really The
  • 00:11:40
    Irregular shelterwood
  • 00:11:42
    system well um it it has existed in
  • 00:11:46
    Europe for for over a century it acrw in
  • 00:11:49
    Central Europe and was uh known as
  • 00:11:53
    famous
  • 00:11:55
    slag uh it was first described by gayer
  • 00:11:58
    at the end of of the 29th century and
  • 00:12:01
    it's a regeneration method that names
  • 00:12:04
    the whole Civic cultural systems where
  • 00:12:07
    the stand is harvested through a series
  • 00:12:09
    of fillings with the goal to establish a
  • 00:12:12
    new cohort of natural regeneration at
  • 00:12:15
    each
  • 00:12:16
    entry by and which will benefit of the
  • 00:12:20
    overhead of side or side
  • 00:12:23
    shelter of the trees and um and one the
  • 00:12:29
    main feature is that the Regeneration
  • 00:12:31
    period between the establishment cut and
  • 00:12:34
    the funnel removal will be longer than
  • 00:12:36
    with a regular
  • 00:12:40
    system The Irregular
  • 00:12:42
    shelterwood method is different than the
  • 00:12:45
    regular shelterwood because the
  • 00:12:47
    Regeneration period spans over more than
  • 00:12:50
    a fifth than the
  • 00:12:52
    rotation length of the main three
  • 00:12:56
    species which means that we will have
  • 00:12:58
    more and one age class so we have at
  • 00:13:02
    least two age classes at least a a stand
  • 00:13:06
    this will result in a stand that would
  • 00:13:08
    be at least to age or could be uneven
  • 00:13:11
    age but
  • 00:13:13
    unbalance so the St won't be even age
  • 00:13:16
    finally that's what say and
  • 00:13:21
    okay and it's also different from uh
  • 00:13:25
    selection cutting method because it
  • 00:13:29
    leads to uneven age stands but that are
  • 00:13:32
    not balanced um and also the age classes
  • 00:13:36
    are not evenly distributed to permit the
  • 00:13:40
    Harvest of large trees at regular
  • 00:13:43
    intervals indefinitely as does with
  • 00:13:46
    selection
  • 00:13:50
    cing um when the regular shwood method
  • 00:13:54
    we aim at creating
  • 00:13:56
    favorable environmental conditions to in
  • 00:13:59
    order to establish a new cohort of
  • 00:14:03
    ceilings and we also aim to release the
  • 00:14:07
    advanced
  • 00:14:08
    regeneration while harvesting major
  • 00:14:11
    trees and improving stand quality by
  • 00:14:14
    removing defective
  • 00:14:17
    Tre so we are trying to achieve these
  • 00:14:22
    four City Cultural
  • 00:14:27
    objectives in North America the use of
  • 00:14:29
    arular shelterwood systems is more
  • 00:14:32
    recent more in the late 20th
  • 00:14:35
    century and after Decades of Aer to
  • 00:14:38
    normalize the
  • 00:14:40
    forest we realized that there was a need
  • 00:14:43
    foric cultural systems that do not lead
  • 00:14:46
    to even age or uneven age stand
  • 00:14:49
    structures because there was that kind
  • 00:14:52
    of dichotomy you know and in particular
  • 00:14:56
    because we realize that in our forest at
  • 00:14:58
    least in my corner of uh the world in
  • 00:15:02
    Eastern Canada and Quebec we have a
  • 00:15:05
    prevalence of natural forest and these
  • 00:15:08
    often have an irregular stand
  • 00:15:12
    structure um and also because of the the
  • 00:15:16
    the rise of the ecosystem management
  • 00:15:18
    context in my in my jurisdiction uh we
  • 00:15:22
    wish to use cultural systems that could
  • 00:15:24
    emulate partial disturbances to maintain
  • 00:15:27
    ecosystem function and divers
  • 00:15:29
    so that was the starting point at least
  • 00:15:32
    uh and which explains why we conducted
  • 00:15:35
    that
  • 00:15:36
    review um that uh that Dr told you
  • 00:15:41
    about so in that review um we realized
  • 00:15:45
    that many variants exist worldwide but
  • 00:15:48
    most of them could be classified in
  • 00:15:50
    three overarching variants the expanding
  • 00:15:54
    Gap irregular shelterwood The Continuous
  • 00:15:56
    cover irregular shelterwood and the
  • 00:15:59
    extended irregular shell to so I'll take
  • 00:16:02
    the time to explain each of these
  • 00:16:06
    now um with the expanded Gap irregular
  • 00:16:09
    shelterwood which is also called the
  • 00:16:11
    Bavarian FAL
  • 00:16:13
    flag B shag that's in German or
  • 00:16:17
    irregular group shelter a first
  • 00:16:20
    establishment cut create groups like
  • 00:16:23
    small gaps that are gradually unlar
  • 00:16:27
    until the old stand is harvested
  • 00:16:29
    H but a final removal is optional one
  • 00:16:32
    could decide to not uh do this final
  • 00:16:36
    removal in order to uh maintain
  • 00:16:40
    legacies in the state a good example of
  • 00:16:44
    this application is in the Acadian FAL
  • 00:16:47
    slag developed in Maine at the Pinups
  • 00:16:49
    cup experimental Forest by Bob sour and
  • 00:16:53
    his colleagues and this variance the
  • 00:16:57
    expanding Gap sus pretty well especially
  • 00:17:01
    well to the even age stands composed of
  • 00:17:04
    Conifer hwood
  • 00:17:06
    mixtures with mid tolerant species and I
  • 00:17:10
    remember to have visited this experiment
  • 00:17:13
    uh I am actually the person who took the
  • 00:17:15
    photo and it was really uh nice to see
  • 00:17:18
    the Red O regeneration and white pine
  • 00:17:21
    that was really already establishing but
  • 00:17:23
    it was a few years
  • 00:17:26
    ago it has certainly changed since then
  • 00:17:30
    okay so the second variant is the
  • 00:17:32
    continuous cover irregular shelter W
  • 00:17:35
    which is also called The Swiss b
  • 00:17:39
    share
  • 00:17:39
    uh with this variant The
  • 00:17:42
    Establishment cuts are applied on Long
  • 00:17:44
    cutting intervals which uh enables the
  • 00:17:47
    maintenance of more or two than two age
  • 00:17:50
    passes and a continuous cover over time
  • 00:17:54
    and the main difference with the other
  • 00:17:56
    variants is that there is no finner
  • 00:18:00
    removal um plant similarly to the
  • 00:18:03
    selection cutting uh single three
  • 00:18:06
    selection
  • 00:18:07
    or um yeah or small gr selection
  • 00:18:12
    cutting um this method is currently used
  • 00:18:16
    in Conifer stands in Quebec such as on
  • 00:18:19
    the as you can see on the
  • 00:18:22
    photo um typically uh very often these
  • 00:18:25
    mixedwood stands have irregular or
  • 00:18:28
    uneven h stand structure and can uh
  • 00:18:32
    produce high quality Yellow
  • 00:18:34
    Birch so with this variant we can
  • 00:18:37
    harvest in priority the short live
  • 00:18:39
    species like balom fur and Aspen and we
  • 00:18:44
    also uh Target the the harvest of the
  • 00:18:47
    red maple first and while we do that we
  • 00:18:50
    promote the grow
  • 00:18:53
    um of the longer live blate successional
  • 00:18:56
    species such as the red scws the yellow
  • 00:19:00
    birge and the KN and White
  • 00:19:06
    Cedar um so this the
  • 00:19:12
    third okay so with the third uh variant
  • 00:19:16
    the extended irregular
  • 00:19:17
    shelterwood is similar to the regular
  • 00:19:20
    shelterwood or uniform shelterwood meod
  • 00:19:25
    um but with the difference that there is
  • 00:19:28
    an extend regeneration period so that
  • 00:19:30
    the new stand won't be even age and uh
  • 00:19:35
    so should be to age or not depending on
  • 00:19:39
    the the initial structure you are
  • 00:19:42
    working with and Quebec it's us in
  • 00:19:45
    stands with simpler structure of of
  • 00:19:48
    lower quality when the goal is to
  • 00:19:50
    maintain or promote an irregular St
  • 00:19:53
    structure it could be also used uh for
  • 00:19:56
    transforming the strength the stru Ure
  • 00:19:59
    gradually if you want to go from even
  • 00:20:01
    age to uh to age
  • 00:20:04
    10 here it was applied uh on this photo
  • 00:20:07
    as you can see in bosom fur yellow bir
  • 00:20:15
    stands now let's see how we are using
  • 00:20:17
    the regular shut wood system in
  • 00:20:20
    Quebec uh in Eastern
  • 00:20:23
    Canada well uh since we did at first we
  • 00:20:27
    did not have a lot of background and
  • 00:20:29
    knowledge we started with
  • 00:20:31
    experimentation in 2005 a group of
  • 00:20:34
    research Foresters of Quebec
  • 00:20:37
    Ministry um launch a research program on
  • 00:20:40
    the regular shwood system and I'm
  • 00:20:43
    actually the coordinator of of this
  • 00:20:45
    program and since then we established
  • 00:20:48
    six experiments in six different Forest
  • 00:20:51
    types bosom for spru ballom for y bur
  • 00:20:55
    you know that the name of the forest
  • 00:20:57
    types are a little different different
  • 00:20:58
    than the one you're using in the US it's
  • 00:21:01
    normal um yeah it'll bur bosom F bosom
  • 00:21:05
    for Paper Birch and
  • 00:21:07
    seor so today I'm going to present the
  • 00:21:10
    findings from the cpim M1
  • 00:21:14
    experiment I established in uh 2009 in
  • 00:21:19
    Conifer dominated mix wood for a Ty
  • 00:21:22
    called B for
  • 00:21:27
    yellow so it's a conifer dominated
  • 00:21:31
    mixedwood um that is similar to a spuer
  • 00:21:34
    forest um Spruce
  • 00:21:37
    hardwood um okay
  • 00:21:42
    um the experimental design and research
  • 00:21:45
    protocol was were prepared in
  • 00:21:48
    collaboration with my colleagues of the
  • 00:21:50
    mnf Steve bedar Stan K L and Daniel
  • 00:22:01
    and as you can see uh on the slide uh
  • 00:22:05
    the um in if we say a word about the
  • 00:22:08
    composition there you can see that the
  • 00:22:10
    balom fur and the red Spruce are the
  • 00:22:12
    dominant species with a minor and
  • 00:22:15
    there's a minor component of red maple
  • 00:22:17
    Yellow Birch and other species such as a
  • 00:22:20
    paper
  • 00:22:23
    birch
  • 00:22:24
    um so back to all this Con of ecological
  • 00:22:29
    Civic culture then Dynamics natural
  • 00:22:33
    disturbances uh this Forest type is
  • 00:22:35
    characterized by light to moderate
  • 00:22:39
    disturbances regime uh with uh Spruce
  • 00:22:42
    bloodworm epidemics uh and background
  • 00:22:46
    mortality as main
  • 00:22:48
    agents and since this experiment was
  • 00:22:51
    established in a context of ecosystem
  • 00:22:54
    base
  • 00:22:55
    management it aim at emulating like to
  • 00:22:58
    mod rate disturbances with irregular
  • 00:23:00
    shelter wood uh we also wanted to uh
  • 00:23:04
    test this as an alternative to clear
  • 00:23:06
    cutting method because it's h it was and
  • 00:23:10
    still is the do a dominant method used
  • 00:23:13
    to uh harvest the mat trees in these com
  • 00:23:17
    Conifer dominated
  • 00:23:20
    mixedwoods and our goal with the regular
  • 00:23:23
    shwood system is to diversify the under
  • 00:23:26
    story conditions because we want try
  • 00:23:29
    this heterogenity you know uh in order
  • 00:23:31
    to have uh diverse conditions to satisfy
  • 00:23:36
    the diverse ecological requirements of
  • 00:23:40
    different species we want a a mixed
  • 00:23:43
    species regeneration including red
  • 00:23:45
    Spruce bosom fur and Yellow Birch which
  • 00:23:48
    are our three Target main target
  • 00:23:53
    species here I'm presenting the four the
  • 00:23:56
    five C cultural scenario those we are
  • 00:23:59
    comparing we have been comparing
  • 00:24:03
    comparing um we have the uncut control
  • 00:24:06
    with 30 square meters per
  • 00:24:08
    hectare um which equates to
  • 00:24:13
    130 foot square per acre and we compare
  • 00:24:17
    this to a scenario of continuous cover
  • 00:24:20
    irregular shwood the rual Basel area was
  • 00:24:24
    19 square m per hect which uh represents
  • 00:24:27
    a harvest intensity in average of
  • 00:24:31
    37% we wish to do to have less intense
  • 00:24:35
    Harvest but that was the result so is
  • 00:24:38
    what it is H and uh What uh we want to
  • 00:24:41
    do is to do an establishment cut at each
  • 00:24:46
    30 to 35
  • 00:24:50
    year um then this the third scenario is
  • 00:24:53
    the extended irregular sh to uh we
  • 00:24:57
    lowered a little more the basal area to
  • 00:24:59
    17 Square met per hectare the Harvest
  • 00:25:02
    intensity was
  • 00:25:04
    43% and we aim to have a final removal
  • 00:25:09
    uh in a at year 30 so after 30
  • 00:25:13
    years um we compare these scenarios to
  • 00:25:17
    two current practices they uniform
  • 00:25:20
    regular shelterwood and clear cut the
  • 00:25:23
    shelter wood um scenario while we
  • 00:25:26
    harvested half of Basil area and we
  • 00:25:28
    wanted to uh do the final removal after
  • 00:25:32
    10 to 15 years actually we did it after
  • 00:25:37
    thus and finally The Click which is in
  • 00:25:40
    fact a careful logging around
  • 00:25:43
    regeneration it protected the
  • 00:25:45
    Regeneration and this and the soil and
  • 00:25:48
    so all trees of merchant merchantable
  • 00:25:52
    size were removed which means conifers
  • 00:25:55
    larger than 9 cm in Hardwoods
  • 00:25:58
    uh bigger and then uh 23
  • 00:26:04
    c a few words about the tree marking
  • 00:26:07
    guidelines uh we did Mark um the St in
  • 00:26:12
    in the shelterwood treatments all trees
  • 00:26:16
    to be cut were marked based on a
  • 00:26:18
    combination of Viger and species related
  • 00:26:22
    priorities we Mark first a weak trees
  • 00:26:25
    and a short live species such as B suer
  • 00:26:28
    Aspen and paper
  • 00:26:31
    birch um we Mark also trees to be
  • 00:26:34
    retained uh because of this um
  • 00:26:37
    ecological
  • 00:26:39
    context uh we wanted to have at least 10
  • 00:26:42
    snags per hectare which equates to four
  • 00:26:46
    snacks per acre and at least six
  • 00:26:49
    Wildlife trees per per hectare which is
  • 00:26:53
    actually 2.5 trees per Acres that's why
  • 00:26:56
    I about two to three
  • 00:26:59
    um okay um and we wanted to have among
  • 00:27:04
    the wildlife trees um these Legacy trees
  • 00:27:07
    at least one veteran tree of um late
  • 00:27:11
    successional species that that is uh
  • 00:27:15
    more difficult to regenerate the red
  • 00:27:17
    Spruce and a Yellow Birch were the the
  • 00:27:20
    main species in that
  • 00:27:24
    experiment okay uh Harvest was
  • 00:27:27
    conventional uh with
  • 00:27:29
    manual chainsaw filling and cable
  • 00:27:32
    skitting with the tumber Jack during the
  • 00:27:35
    fall of 2009 when the ground was not
  • 00:27:39
    frozen there was snow but it was not
  • 00:27:41
    frozen so there there was some passive
  • 00:27:45
    scarification that could benefit these
  • 00:27:47
    species harder through this small seeded
  • 00:27:50
    species like red Spruce and uh Yellow
  • 00:27:56
    Birch so we conduct
  • 00:27:59
    um different inventories before and
  • 00:28:02
    after uh the treatments um and now I'd
  • 00:28:06
    like to present you a few
  • 00:28:09
    results um actually our main findings
  • 00:28:12
    the first finding is that the
  • 00:28:14
    shelterwood treatments as we wish
  • 00:28:17
    diversify the the under
  • 00:28:21
    conditions um when we look at the mean
  • 00:28:25
    um the the mean available light uh it
  • 00:28:28
    was doubled H by the the the shelterwood
  • 00:28:32
    treatments compared to the controls so
  • 00:28:34
    we went from 16% to
  • 00:28:37
    32% but we also looked at the frequency
  • 00:28:41
    of a light across the
  • 00:28:45
    stem um because we use them sperical
  • 00:28:47
    photographs and we took the many
  • 00:28:51
    measurements so we could do that um so
  • 00:28:55
    if you look at the black bars shows you
  • 00:29:00
    the light conditions uh before the cup
  • 00:29:04
    and you can see that after the cup you
  • 00:29:06
    increase your light uh conditions up to
  • 00:29:10
    around 60% and really they were
  • 00:29:13
    Diversified so I think we we succeeded
  • 00:29:18
    in that way that's what we wanted to do
  • 00:29:22
    we also uh diversify the seat bed
  • 00:29:26
    conditions uh all um treatments
  • 00:29:30
    diversify the seat bed conditions
  • 00:29:32
    compared to the control which was
  • 00:29:34
    largely dominated by undisturbed humus
  • 00:29:38
    can as you can see in the
  • 00:29:40
    bottom a SE bed of course that is not
  • 00:29:43
    much favorable to the small seeded
  • 00:29:45
    species like Yellow Birch and red
  • 00:29:48
    spru so treatments enabled to increase
  • 00:29:51
    significantly the proportion of
  • 00:29:53
    favorable seed beds um which are exposed
  • 00:29:58
    mineral soil the mixture of organic and
  • 00:30:01
    mineral Horizons and um disturb buus it
  • 00:30:06
    did not decrease significantly the the
  • 00:30:08
    the proportion of decaying Woods which
  • 00:30:10
    is also a very good
  • 00:30:14
    substrate our second finding is that we
  • 00:30:17
    could establish a new cohort of new
  • 00:30:19
    multi species regeneration in the
  • 00:30:21
    shellter
  • 00:30:23
    treatments in the case of Yellow Birch
  • 00:30:26
    uh the abundance increased
  • 00:30:29
    um after all treatment cutting
  • 00:30:31
    treatments including the clear
  • 00:30:35
    cut and well it's not really surprising
  • 00:30:38
    because the yellow Burge is a species
  • 00:30:40
    that responds well to disturbance ground
  • 00:30:43
    disturbance and cover disturbance and so
  • 00:30:46
    that was an interesting result of course
  • 00:30:50
    uh but the story was a little different
  • 00:30:51
    for the conifers which did which did not
  • 00:30:55
    regenerate well in the cliar cuts so
  • 00:30:58
    after five years only the continuous
  • 00:31:01
    covery regular shelter with had a
  • 00:31:03
    significantly higher red Spruce Den city
  • 00:31:06
    than the
  • 00:31:11
    C uh we found that bamer was more
  • 00:31:14
    abundant in the control and the
  • 00:31:17
    continuous covery regular shelter wood
  • 00:31:19
    than in a clear
  • 00:31:21
    cup so overall The Continuous covery
  • 00:31:24
    regular shelterwood had a better Conifer
  • 00:31:27
    regeneration than and the other
  • 00:31:28
    treatments in our
  • 00:31:34
    experiment and um which leads us to our
  • 00:31:38
    third finding is that clearcut has
  • 00:31:41
    little conif for regeneration because of
  • 00:31:43
    the heavy competition well it's not a
  • 00:31:46
    big surprise but it's it's the the
  • 00:31:49
    result this graph shows you that the
  • 00:31:52
    heavier in in their specific competition
  • 00:31:55
    may explain this we could AB serve uh
  • 00:31:58
    steady expansion in the most intense uh
  • 00:32:03
    cutting treatments particularly in the
  • 00:32:05
    cut which was higher in the clear cut so
  • 00:32:09
    the the cover was higher in the clear
  • 00:32:11
    cut and the
  • 00:32:14
    then then then in the high the clear cut
  • 00:32:20
    then in the control in the continuous
  • 00:32:22
    cover um irregular shter with at year
  • 00:32:25
    five I'm looking at year five because
  • 00:32:27
    there was an
  • 00:32:29
    interaction and uh okay the most
  • 00:32:34
    abundant species in the among the
  • 00:32:37
    competitors were the Red Maple and the
  • 00:32:39
    pin Cherry I I don't I'm not going to
  • 00:32:43
    present you the very detailed results
  • 00:32:45
    about this today but our results are
  • 00:32:48
    that the pin Cherry was limited by the
  • 00:32:50
    shelter with treatments it's a shade
  • 00:32:53
    intolerance species so decreasing the
  • 00:32:56
    light uh was very helpful and
  • 00:33:00
    disturbance H but red maple was not um
  • 00:33:04
    decreased by the partial um the shelter
  • 00:33:12
    ws and the fourth and last finding is
  • 00:33:17
    that we found that overall The Irregular
  • 00:33:19
    shelter W Bearer achieved the structural
  • 00:33:23
    objectives here we have the diameter
  • 00:33:26
    distributions immediately after to the
  • 00:33:28
    cut and you can
  • 00:33:30
    see that uh the distribution were more
  • 00:33:34
    similar in The Irregular shelter with
  • 00:33:39
    treatments um similar to the control
  • 00:33:42
    then with the regular shelter wood and
  • 00:33:44
    the CL P that were really impoverished
  • 00:33:47
    in terms of of course it's no more we
  • 00:33:50
    remove this the larger diameters and St
  • 00:33:54
    density was also much lower
  • 00:33:59
    um we also looked at the snag abundance
  • 00:34:02
    which was not significantly decreased in
  • 00:34:05
    the shelterwood treatments compared to
  • 00:34:08
    the control the difference was not
  • 00:34:10
    significant but there was the difference
  • 00:34:13
    was significant with the CL
  • 00:34:19
    up and last result about this finding is
  • 00:34:24
    um that I have a well it was a student
  • 00:34:27
    by then Max Martin studied the effects
  • 00:34:31
    of treatments on the tree related micro
  • 00:34:35
    habitats so the Tre micro habitats
  • 00:34:38
    comprise if you don't know what it is uh
  • 00:34:41
    they comprise the trunk cavities the rot
  • 00:34:44
    holes the bar glosses the fungi the
  • 00:34:47
    large trcks the dead or broken branches
  • 00:34:51
    and dead tops and why is it relevant to
  • 00:34:55
    study that is because to each of these
  • 00:34:58
    three micro habitats you can have a
  • 00:35:01
    species that are associated to it insect
  • 00:35:05
    species plants small mammals that
  • 00:35:09
    there's like many it's documented and so
  • 00:35:12
    if you want to promote the biodiversity
  • 00:35:15
    it's a good idea to look at the effects
  • 00:35:17
    of the treatments on the tree related
  • 00:35:22
    microw so let's have a look of at what
  • 00:35:26
    Max obtain as a
  • 00:35:28
    result um so it looked um in particular
  • 00:35:33
    particularly at the abundance and we can
  • 00:35:36
    see that the number of tree barriers per
  • 00:35:39
    Hector the um in the shelterwood
  • 00:35:41
    treatments IR regular and regular did
  • 00:35:44
    not was not significantly
  • 00:35:46
    lower from the control but the clear cut
  • 00:35:50
    of course the since we remove almost all
  • 00:35:52
    trees the the it was much lower the tree
  • 00:35:56
    bearers also called habitat trees you
  • 00:36:00
    probably already heard about it or not
  • 00:36:04
    and uh finally he looked also at the
  • 00:36:06
    diversity of the the these three related
  • 00:36:10
    microhabitats which was not
  • 00:36:12
    decreased compared to the control in
  • 00:36:17
    the in the shelterwood treatments but
  • 00:36:20
    they were decreased H in the
  • 00:36:23
    CLE compared to all treatments well
  • 00:36:27
    except for extended IR regular sh of
  • 00:36:30
    course depending of the the method you
  • 00:36:33
    are using or the scenario if you plan to
  • 00:36:36
    remove the the the canopy after 10 years
  • 00:36:39
    of course the results would change over
  • 00:36:41
    time these were results five years after
  • 00:36:45
    um after uh the the application of
  • 00:36:50
    equipments
  • 00:36:52
    um so this was a good news um it it's
  • 00:36:56
    also an indication that the prescribed
  • 00:36:59
    treatments we had with the retention you
  • 00:37:02
    know the tree marking with that we did
  • 00:37:05
    to retain that these structural
  • 00:37:06
    attributes seem to be sufficient to
  • 00:37:09
    reach this
  • 00:37:10
    objective um to maintain the legacies of
  • 00:37:14
    the snags and the tree rated
  • 00:37:17
    microbat um so yeah I think if you want
  • 00:37:21
    to work and do ecological cic culture
  • 00:37:23
    it's a good idea to opt for tree marking
  • 00:37:26
    and also so to Mark the Tre legac
  • 00:37:31
    trees okay so let's wrap up uh bit about
  • 00:37:36
    these results um okay after five years
  • 00:37:41
    we can see that the shelterwood
  • 00:37:43
    treatments could diversify the underst
  • 00:37:45
    story conditions and establish a mixed
  • 00:37:48
    species
  • 00:37:50
    cohort we saw also that the clicks had
  • 00:37:53
    little Conifer regeneration because of
  • 00:37:55
    the heavy competition in some cases uh
  • 00:37:59
    the partial cover we have in the
  • 00:38:01
    shelterwoods can help to limit the
  • 00:38:03
    expansion of the competition of species
  • 00:38:06
    such as pen Cherry I have to say that in
  • 00:38:10
    Quebec on public land we cannot use the
  • 00:38:13
    herbicid so it's always in the back of
  • 00:38:16
    our mind how we manage the light and the
  • 00:38:20
    resource so that it doesn't expense too
  • 00:38:23
    much and okay and also uh as highlight
  • 00:38:28
    The Continuous cover variant could
  • 00:38:30
    better achieve the compositional and
  • 00:38:31
    structural
  • 00:38:33
    objective from what we have seen in the
  • 00:38:36
    five First
  • 00:38:39
    Years and up to now this our strategy to
  • 00:38:42
    emulate the partial disturbance by
  • 00:38:44
    Spruce borm has proven to work quite
  • 00:38:47
    well in the balom for yellow Burch
  • 00:38:49
    Forest type if we want to Foster the
  • 00:38:51
    continuity complexity and
  • 00:38:54
    diversity in our in our this Forest
  • 00:38:59
    time okay we are um we are close to to
  • 00:39:03
    the end I I'm going to finish with the
  • 00:39:06
    uh the part on the operational irregular
  • 00:39:10
    shelterwood um so some of you well I've
  • 00:39:14
    May wonder if the regular shood method
  • 00:39:16
    is currently applied in Quebec of course
  • 00:39:19
    I've already said it so yes it
  • 00:39:22
    is um actually it's between 20,000 and
  • 00:39:28
    40 thousands of hectares harvested uh
  • 00:39:31
    each year with this regeneration
  • 00:39:34
    method um and the operational use
  • 00:39:37
    started at the turn of the Millennium it
  • 00:39:40
    became much more important when we
  • 00:39:42
    included the regular shelter wood in our
  • 00:39:45
    in Quebec cic culture guide in
  • 00:39:48
    2013 um there was not really guidelines
  • 00:39:51
    before so we wrote a chapter based on
  • 00:39:54
    our first experiments to inform the
  • 00:39:56
    Forester
  • 00:39:58
    so we Define the guidelines for the main
  • 00:40:00
    Forest types of the pro of the pro
  • 00:40:03
    spased on our
  • 00:40:06
    experiment but this and then people
  • 00:40:09
    wanted to do a regular shelterwood
  • 00:40:10
    everywhere but said hey is it going to
  • 00:40:13
    give the same results as uh as we the
  • 00:40:17
    ones we have in in our experiments so
  • 00:40:20
    that's why we started this um monitoring
  • 00:40:24
    Network to assess the effects on the
  • 00:40:26
    Regeneration
  • 00:40:28
    growth and yield and operational
  • 00:40:33
    conditions um so one of my colleagues M
  • 00:40:39
    Leed that project and in five years he
  • 00:40:42
    established with his crew um a network
  • 00:40:46
    uh with three over 300 mensturation
  • 00:40:50
    plots for the six main Forest types in
  • 00:40:55
    Quebec um one in the which is equates to
  • 00:40:58
    the noron nwoods uh sugar maple Yellow
  • 00:41:01
    Birch uh two and mixedwoods Forest tyes
  • 00:41:04
    yellow Burch bam F sugar maple and
  • 00:41:07
    Yellow Birch bosam
  • 00:41:09
    fur the other Forest type is bosom fur
  • 00:41:12
    Paper Birch with corresponds to the
  • 00:41:14
    Boreal mixedwoods and then the two
  • 00:41:17
    others really are in the black SP Forest
  • 00:41:21
    BOS for black Spruce and black Spruce
  • 00:41:25
    mus you may also wonder which variants
  • 00:41:28
    are used in practice uh in the Conifer
  • 00:41:32
    dominated Forest types there is a
  • 00:41:34
    prevalence of extended irregular sh to
  • 00:41:37
    Wood especially and the Boreal forest um
  • 00:41:41
    where stands are simpler and
  • 00:41:43
    productivity is
  • 00:41:45
    lower um and the continuous cover
  • 00:41:49
    regular shut is more often prescribed in
  • 00:41:52
    multi Forest uh in the tempate forest
  • 00:41:55
    actually
  • 00:41:57
    um which has higher potential and
  • 00:42:00
    quality and here we have an example in
  • 00:42:03
    the yellow Burch bom fur Forest side um
  • 00:42:06
    the Harvest are typically between 30 and
  • 00:42:11
    40% um removal and there and there is no
  • 00:42:15
    final removal because we wanted to
  • 00:42:17
    maintain that multi-age a multi-age
  • 00:42:20
    structure it's also applied in nnal
  • 00:42:22
    woods and other multi-age Forest types
  • 00:42:26
    uh order to uh fav favor the
  • 00:42:29
    Regeneration of Long Live species such
  • 00:42:32
    as red Spruce white spruce Cedar White
  • 00:42:34
    Pine and
  • 00:42:38
    R okay now it's time to wrap up um
  • 00:42:42
    overall we found that it's a complex
  • 00:42:45
    Civic cultural systems but it's
  • 00:42:47
    applicable it's doable and the choice of
  • 00:42:50
    the variant and the sequence of
  • 00:42:52
    treatments um that we choose must be
  • 00:42:54
    well adapted to the St characteristics
  • 00:42:59
    um uh the management of the residual
  • 00:43:02
    density is key to promote the
  • 00:43:05
    Regeneration while limiting Wind Through
  • 00:43:07
    risk and
  • 00:43:09
    competition um there's an optimal window
  • 00:43:13
    to prompt a regeneration phase while
  • 00:43:16
    avoiding too much windthrow between 30
  • 00:43:19
    and 40%
  • 00:43:20
    removal uh and ground disturbance is
  • 00:43:23
    often needed dependent on the process
  • 00:43:25
    you're using for harvesting
  • 00:43:27
    uh you may need to come back uh to uh do
  • 00:43:30
    the the
  • 00:43:32
    scarification and depending also of the
  • 00:43:35
    operating
  • 00:43:36
    season um as challenge there's also the
  • 00:43:40
    fact that uh we aim to maintain or
  • 00:43:43
    improve stand quality and we be must be
  • 00:43:48
    careful to not uh aware of the possible
  • 00:43:52
    ey grading so um this is why we
  • 00:43:55
    recommend
  • 00:43:57
    High uh pre marking in high quality
  • 00:44:01
    stance and of course when we start to
  • 00:44:04
    implement H regular shutter wood you
  • 00:44:06
    need a crew training and it's easier to
  • 00:44:10
    apply when you have a good Ro accessible
  • 00:44:12
    for Road
  • 00:44:14
    system as benefits a regular shelterwood
  • 00:44:18
    is a flexible SE C RO system H you can
  • 00:44:22
    adapt it to different management
  • 00:44:24
    objective and Forest types you caner it
  • 00:44:27
    to species ecological requirements and
  • 00:44:30
    is quite useful in MTI species
  • 00:44:33
    stands that also provides the
  • 00:44:36
    opportunity to maintain a continuous
  • 00:44:38
    cover multi-age St structures all growth
  • 00:44:41
    forest attributes specific wildlife
  • 00:44:44
    habitats especially the ones related to
  • 00:44:47
    uh older Forest
  • 00:44:49
    attributes and um you have the
  • 00:44:52
    opportunity to maintain seed bearers of
  • 00:44:55
    declining species
  • 00:44:57
    so you can address that with it too and
  • 00:45:01
    also um you can it can be useful in a
  • 00:45:05
    carbon storage management because um you
  • 00:45:10
    can maintain the carbon in the forest
  • 00:45:12
    but also increase increase the
  • 00:45:15
    sequestration by uh stimulating the
  • 00:45:18
    growth of the
  • 00:45:20
    R
  • 00:45:23
    so I'd like to thank all the persons who
  • 00:45:26
    contributed to uh these projects and uh
  • 00:45:30
    I'll be happy to answer questions or in
  • 00:45:32
    the next minutes if we have time I think
  • 00:45:35
    we
  • 00:45:36
    do I think we do too uh thank you very
  • 00:45:40
    much Patricia
  • 00:45:43
    um it's
  • 00:45:45
    all you gave a presentation on this at
  • 00:45:47
    the northern hardwood conference and it
  • 00:45:49
    was just really good to kind of get our
  • 00:45:51
    arms around first those definitions but
  • 00:45:54
    then the real examples of the applic
  • 00:45:57
    and we got a whole bunch of questions
  • 00:45:59
    kind of around that application of these
  • 00:46:02
    systems um some of them I think you sort
  • 00:46:06
    of answered but um let's let's kind of
  • 00:46:10
    go through these uh more specifically so
  • 00:46:13
    uh one question was what are the primary
  • 00:46:16
    Forest types that irregular shelterwood
  • 00:46:19
    can be used in and I think you talked a
  • 00:46:22
    little bit about how you adapt The
  • 00:46:24
    Continuous cover to maybe some of your
  • 00:46:27
    Northern hardwood stands and it sounds
  • 00:46:29
    like maybe extended you use in other
  • 00:46:32
    some of your Conifer types how do you
  • 00:46:34
    adapt that by Forest
  • 00:46:38
    type well I think it depends first on
  • 00:46:41
    the stand structure if you have a stand
  • 00:46:44
    that is already uneven age not balanced
  • 00:46:48
    it can fit
  • 00:46:51
    um um yes in the temperate forest we we
  • 00:46:55
    use more the continuous C variant
  • 00:46:58
    especially when we maint want to
  • 00:47:00
    maintain a certain quality but it's also
  • 00:47:02
    possible to use the
  • 00:47:04
    extended H irregular shter word for
  • 00:47:07
    lower quality stands not ones that have
  • 00:47:10
    been high graded because if if you trees
  • 00:47:13
    are not vigorous enough you it will be
  • 00:47:16
    harder to to apply that continuous cover
  • 00:47:20
    variant and also in um in Conifer stand
  • 00:47:25
    um well I present you are all part of of
  • 00:47:29
    my work in if if they already irregular
  • 00:47:33
    and you have the vigorous trees you can
  • 00:47:35
    also apply it in a conifer diated stance
  • 00:47:39
    but the mixedwoods we have the sper
  • 00:47:42
    similar to the Acadian Forest is much
  • 00:47:45
    more productive than the the the BAM fur
  • 00:47:49
    black spru so I think that's where the
  • 00:47:52
    cut off
  • 00:47:53
    is yeah and maybe in those degraded
  • 00:47:56
    stands
  • 00:47:57
    uh the extended Works a little better
  • 00:47:59
    because you might be trying to
  • 00:48:01
    regenerate that on a quicker cycle to
  • 00:48:03
    get little better quality of uh growing
  • 00:48:06
    stock going in those forests um and uh
  • 00:48:11
    also kind of along those line somebody
  • 00:48:13
    asked and this was a question of mine
  • 00:48:15
    was can it be applied or have you um
  • 00:48:19
    seen it applied in like an oak Hickory
  • 00:48:22
    type so a different type of forest that
  • 00:48:25
    maybe has a slightly different
  • 00:48:26
    disturbance regime than what you're
  • 00:48:29
    looking at with those
  • 00:48:33
    forests yeah I think it it would make
  • 00:48:36
    sense because these species are um not
  • 00:48:39
    very shight tolerant so you you could
  • 00:48:41
    give them more
  • 00:48:42
    light
  • 00:48:44
    um so what you have to and I think that
  • 00:48:48
    there are experiments in the in the
  • 00:48:51
    Northeast uh some I forgot the name of
  • 00:48:54
    uh the researcher but she's the USDA but
  • 00:48:58
    there there some it's I think the it's
  • 00:49:01
    currently experimented there yeah I
  • 00:49:04
    don't know exactly which variant they
  • 00:49:06
    use I don't know but yes there's
  • 00:49:08
    certainly a potential yeah I think in
  • 00:49:11
    the in the I think it was the expanding
  • 00:49:13
    Gap yep yeah yep uh that would make
  • 00:49:18
    sense because they need paracer right
  • 00:49:21
    yeah yep has done that so that's
  • 00:49:23
    interesting right using it in a
  • 00:49:25
    different ecosystem that maybe has a
  • 00:49:27
    fire disturbance regime as opposed to
  • 00:49:29
    like you talked about the budworm regime
  • 00:49:32
    um similarly on that kind of going back
  • 00:49:36
    to sort of those temperate Hardwoods is
  • 00:49:38
    the continuous cover variant is that
  • 00:49:41
    just more flexible in terms of uh Gap
  • 00:49:45
    sizes and openings um in and just being
  • 00:49:49
    opportunistic I mean are there any uh
  • 00:49:53
    rules for a better word on terms of how
  • 00:49:56
    big of gaps you could make in a
  • 00:49:58
    continuous cover or is it just really
  • 00:50:00
    variable depending on the
  • 00:50:04
    stand
  • 00:50:06
    um I'd say that the best is probably to
  • 00:50:10
    adapt the gap size to the requirements
  • 00:50:12
    of the species you want to regenerate
  • 00:50:15
    but if you want to lose all the
  • 00:50:17
    structure the Gap should not be too
  • 00:50:18
    large at some point I I I think I would
  • 00:50:22
    not aim to have patches like large
  • 00:50:25
    patches but if you have one tree height
  • 00:50:27
    or two tree Heights gaps it makes sense
  • 00:50:31
    but still it depends on which species
  • 00:50:33
    you want to regenerate so if you have
  • 00:50:36
    like mid tolerance species or shade in
  • 00:50:39
    tolerance species that that would make
  • 00:50:41
    sense so you could adapt that but the
  • 00:50:43
    main difference with the selection is
  • 00:50:45
    that you don't need to to have balanced
  • 00:50:47
    and structures you don't have to get the
  • 00:50:50
    reverse shape so that's where it's more
  • 00:50:53
    flexible in
  • 00:50:54
    particular and in the mix Woods
  • 00:50:57
    sometimes we have groups of Furs or
  • 00:50:59
    conifers and a big Birch so you can
  • 00:51:02
    Harvest small groups of trees but also
  • 00:51:06
    um want single trees so you can mix that
  • 00:51:10
    and the if you want to add rules you can
  • 00:51:13
    as you you do your prescription
  • 00:51:16
    but it's quite free and this Freedom
  • 00:51:19
    sometimes is scary
  • 00:51:21
    but but the idea it's important to um to
  • 00:51:27
    to to keep some logic though yeah so its
  • 00:51:31
    foundation is still in the sylvix or the
  • 00:51:33
    biology of the species you're trying to
  • 00:51:35
    Target exactly um again related to that
  • 00:51:40
    a question is asked are there any good
  • 00:51:43
    references uh for creating irregular
  • 00:51:45
    shelterwood prescriptions so I I know
  • 00:51:48
    you mentioned maybe in Quebec there was
  • 00:51:51
    um some guidelines developed for your
  • 00:51:53
    Foresters are there is there some
  • 00:51:55
    resources out
  • 00:51:57
    there H sorry I've seen the comments in
  • 00:52:00
    the bottom was distracted uh referen say
  • 00:52:05
    you means for practitioners yeah for
  • 00:52:07
    practitioners for like what these
  • 00:52:11
    prescriptions look like um on the ground
  • 00:52:15
    yes we have produced these for uh the
  • 00:52:18
    province of Quebec and uh we mostly
  • 00:52:20
    speak French so they are in French but
  • 00:52:23
    we do have H in our say Civic culture um
  • 00:52:28
    uh guide it's like a big book and we
  • 00:52:31
    have a chapter on this with guidelines
  • 00:52:34
    uh uh what we recommend as harvest
  • 00:52:37
    intensity and residual baser area in in
  • 00:52:41
    which stand to apply what is the
  • 00:52:44
    um CFC
  • 00:52:47
    EGS uh that we recommend so yes it does
  • 00:52:50
    exist it would just need translation
  • 00:52:53
    yeah
  • 00:52:56
    and uh we utilize a lot of the Canadian
  • 00:53:00
    guides and look at those um so I think
  • 00:53:02
    there might be translations available um
  • 00:53:07
    uh online uh to see those I think the
  • 00:53:10
    Ontario is working on this to have to
  • 00:53:14
    conduct more IR regular shelterwood uh
  • 00:53:18
    uh methods in in in their land so maybe
  • 00:53:22
    they have produced something but I'm not
  • 00:53:23
    aware yeah yeah yeah I think too
  • 00:53:28
    like um Ontario also New Brunswick the
  • 00:53:32
    northern hardwood Research Institute it
  • 00:53:34
    I know they have some guides too yeah
  • 00:53:36
    that's right that's right
  • 00:53:39
    um uh here's a little different question
  • 00:53:42
    is there any data concerning the impact
  • 00:53:45
    to the forest floor
  • 00:53:47
    including uh vernal pools and spring
  • 00:53:50
    ephemerals so kind of the herbaceous
  • 00:53:53
    layer of these different systems that
  • 00:53:55
    you studied
  • 00:53:59
    I've not seen much it much in the
  • 00:54:02
    literature but
  • 00:54:04
    maybe um we could make a parallel with
  • 00:54:08
    other uh methods that that generates
  • 00:54:12
    partial Cuts because at some point it's
  • 00:54:14
    a partial cut you know yeah right but um
  • 00:54:19
    we we did record the the veral pools and
  • 00:54:23
    we have a followup a monitoring of the
  • 00:54:26
    amander population in the second
  • 00:54:28
    experiment I I we have set up and I this
  • 00:54:32
    winter I want to analyze this and bring
  • 00:54:35
    a new
  • 00:54:36
    paper so it's it's to come but I'm not
  • 00:54:40
    sure that I have enough strong enough
  • 00:54:42
    data for the VES but for the cement it
  • 00:54:44
    could be interesting kind of a relate
  • 00:54:46
    yeah related to that yeah um we we still
  • 00:54:51
    have some time here um and quite a bit
  • 00:54:53
    of questions this is more of an
  • 00:54:54
    operational question
  • 00:54:57
    uh uh is uh what volume densities are
  • 00:55:02
    needed in each of the cover types to
  • 00:55:05
    make the application of The Irregular
  • 00:55:08
    methods
  • 00:55:09
    economical so where all of those
  • 00:55:11
    different methods uh in that study
  • 00:55:15
    economical
  • 00:55:17
    to use basically yes well they were
  • 00:55:21
    otherwise they wouldn't do it but I
  • 00:55:22
    don't have the
  • 00:55:24
    numbers yeah so I I I cannot reply
  • 00:55:28
    quickly I don't have the the numbers and
  • 00:55:31
    you can kind of interpret a little bit
  • 00:55:33
    too maybe in the you had the basal areas
  • 00:55:35
    up of how much was removed from those
  • 00:55:37
    stands so you get some IDE that's right
  • 00:55:39
    idea there
  • 00:55:40
    too
  • 00:55:44
    um okay here's a question from oh this
  • 00:55:47
    is from Mr hutnik of course um so Brad
  • 00:55:52
    asks uh um does the use of irregular
  • 00:55:56
    shelterwoods makes the concept of stands
  • 00:56:00
    harder to use
  • 00:56:03
    so um you know we Foresters like to
  • 00:56:07
    break things into nice little neat St
  • 00:56:10
    stands that's right but the irregular
  • 00:56:12
    shelterwood system is irregular and you
  • 00:56:16
    know maybe is not necessarily trying to
  • 00:56:20
    create uniform stands so so so I guess
  • 00:56:24
    what Brad is asking are are stands still
  • 00:56:27
    important here or are there more um
  • 00:56:31
    logical units like cutting units to use
  • 00:56:34
    over time no no they they remain stance
  • 00:56:38
    but you know the result is not as batchy
  • 00:56:40
    as would be in group
  • 00:56:43
    selection MH so it it looks more like
  • 00:56:48
    selection cutting I Rd selection cutting
  • 00:56:51
    I mean here where you harvest single
  • 00:56:54
    trees and small groups of trees together
  • 00:56:56
    so it's still a stand and it's it still
  • 00:56:59
    makes
  • 00:57:00
    sense but I agree
  • 00:57:03
    that in some circumstances in forests
  • 00:57:07
    that are very altered or degraded it's
  • 00:57:10
    possible that you have very high
  • 00:57:13
    heterogenity and there's a there's a
  • 00:57:16
    paper on this um a microen
  • 00:57:20
    approach by je Martin Luci and he worked
  • 00:57:23
    to develop a method um
  • 00:57:26
    how to treat these microand micro
  • 00:57:30
    STS um maybe I should find it and send
  • 00:57:33
    it to you yeah maybe we could post some
  • 00:57:36
    of that um afterwards um and get that to
  • 00:57:40
    Susan you transform it as we called it
  • 00:57:43
    multitreatment approach but it's really
  • 00:57:45
    closely related to regular sh to and
  • 00:57:48
    it's really an operational meod so yes
  • 00:57:51
    I'll send it to you okay um okay
  • 00:57:54
    unfortunately
  • 00:57:56
    we're out of time um and I just need to
  • 00:58:00
    share the closing slide here um but uh
  • 00:58:04
    Patricia thank you very much it's really
  • 00:58:07
    interesting as always to talk about this
  • 00:58:10
    and lots of people are you know starting
  • 00:58:12
    to employ these systems more widely and
  • 00:58:15
    thanks to you with more knowledge so
  • 00:58:17
    thank you very much for joining us
  • 00:58:20
    you're welcome today uh so
  • 00:58:24
    um uh please take a moment to evaluate
  • 00:58:27
    today's session so we can improve the
  • 00:58:29
    series you can scan uh the QR code which
  • 00:58:33
    um is somewhere somewhere not showing on
  • 00:58:37
    my system there it is um uh you can scan
  • 00:58:40
    the QR code or click the link in the
  • 00:58:43
    chat uh the evaluation link will also be
  • 00:58:45
    posted on the website thank you for
  • 00:58:48
    joining us today and we look forward to
  • 00:58:49
    seeing you again March 19th from noon to
  • 00:58:53
    1 when we will discuss the role of mik
  • 00:58:56
    scale habitat features um in ecological
  • 00:58:59
    forestry with Dr Mike demek the
  • 00:59:02
    professor of silver culture at the
  • 00:59:03
    University of Wisconsin Stevens Point so
  • 00:59:06
    again Patricia thank you and everybody
  • 00:59:08
    have a good day
Tag
  • ecological silviculture
  • irregular shelterwood
  • forest ecosystems
  • forest management
  • Dr. Patricia Raymond
  • Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
  • biodiversity
  • structural complexity
  • natural disturbances
  • sustainable forestry