AP Human Geography: Everything You Need To Know! (Units 1-7 Summarized)

00:44:21
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rsAB035QIw4

Sintesi

TLDRThis video serves as a fast-paced review of all seven units of AP Human Geography, summarizing essential concepts and models to prepare students for their exams. It begins with an overview of maps and spatial analysis, emphasizing the importance of understanding different types of maps and their projections. The video then delves into population distribution, migration patterns, and the demographic transition model, highlighting key vocabulary and concepts. Cultural aspects are explored, including cultural relativism, diffusion, and the impact of religion and language on society. Political geography is addressed through discussions of nation-states, boundaries, and the effects of colonialism. The video also covers agricultural practices, urbanization, and the challenges of globalization, including economic sectors and the role of women in the economy. Throughout, various models and theories are presented, providing a comprehensive understanding of human geography.

Punti di forza

  • 🗺️ Understand different types of maps and their projections.
  • 👥 Review the demographic transition model and its stages.
  • 🌍 Explore cultural relativism vs. ethnocentrism.
  • 🏛️ Distinguish between nation-states and multi-state nations.
  • 🚜 Know the differences between intensive and extensive agriculture.
  • 🏙️ Familiarize with urban models like Burgess and Hoyt.
  • 📈 Recognize the significance of globalization in economic development.
  • 👩‍🌾 Acknowledge the role of women in agriculture and the economy.
  • 📊 Learn about the gravity model and central place theory.
  • 🌱 Understand the implications of gentrification and urban policy.

Linea temporale

  • 00:00:00 - 00:05:00

    The video introduces a comprehensive review of AP Human Geography, summarizing all seven units quickly to help students prepare for exams. It emphasizes the importance of understanding key concepts rather than exhaustive teaching, and promotes additional resources like the ultimate review packet and a Discord community for support.

  • 00:05:00 - 00:10:00

    Unit 1 focuses on maps, including thematic and reference maps, and the significance of GIS in analyzing spatial relationships. It discusses qualitative vs. quantitative research, environmental determinism vs. possibilism, and the importance of understanding scale and types of regions, such as functional, perceptual, and formal regions.

  • 00:10:00 - 00:15:00

    Unit 2 covers population and migration, highlighting population distribution, density, and demographic transition models. It explains the significance of population pyramids, migration push and pull factors, and the differences between forced and voluntary migration, as well as Malthusian theories on population growth.

  • 00:15:00 - 00:20:00

    Unit 3 centers on culture, promoting cultural relativism over ethnocentrism. It discusses cultural landscapes, diffusion types, and the impact of religion and language on culture. The unit emphasizes understanding cultural identity and the dynamics of cultural change through migration and globalization.

  • 00:20:00 - 00:25:00

    Unit 4 addresses political geography, distinguishing between nations and states, and discussing concepts like self-determination, colonialism, and political boundaries. It also covers gerrymandering, voting districts, and the implications of unitary vs. federal states on governance and political power.

  • 00:25:00 - 00:30:00

    Unit 5 explores agricultural practices, differentiating between intensive and extensive agriculture, and discussing settlement patterns. It reviews agricultural revolutions and the impact of technology on food production, as well as the role of women in agriculture and the implications of the bid rent theory.

  • 00:30:00 - 00:35:00

    Unit 6 focuses on urban geography, discussing settlement types, connectivity, and urban models. It highlights the importance of infrastructure and sustainability in urban planning, addressing challenges like gentrification and the role of different government layers in urban development.

  • 00:35:00 - 00:44:21

    Unit 7 concludes with globalization, examining economic sectors, the international division of labor, and the impact of neoliberal policies. It discusses economic indicators, women's roles in the economy, and theories of economic development, emphasizing the challenges faced by developing countries in a globalized economy.

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Video Domande e Risposte

  • What is the purpose of this video?

    The video aims to summarize all seven units of AP Human Geography to help students review key concepts before exams.

  • What resources are recommended for further study?

    The video suggests checking out topic review videos, the ultimate review packet, and joining the Mister Sin Discord server.

  • What are the main topics covered in Unit 1?

    Unit 1 covers maps, spatial concepts, environmental sustainability, and types of regions.

  • What is the demographic transition model?

    The demographic transition model describes the transition of a country from high birth and death rates to lower birth and death rates as it develops.

  • What are the differences between formal and informal economies?

    Formal economies are regulated by the government, while informal economies consist of unregulated jobs.

  • What is gentrification?

    Gentrification is the process of wealthier individuals moving into low-income neighborhoods, raising property values, and often displacing existing residents.

  • What is the significance of the bid rent theory?

    The bid rent theory explains how land prices vary with distance from the city center, influencing urban development and agricultural practices.

  • What are universalizing and ethnic religions?

    Universalizing religions seek to convert followers globally, while ethnic religions are tied to specific cultural groups and do not actively seek converts.

  • What is the role of women in agriculture?

    Women in agriculture often make up a significant portion of subsistence farmers in developing countries but face challenges such as lower wages and fewer opportunities.

  • What is the gravity model in urban geography?

    The gravity model predicts the likelihood of interaction between two places based on their size and distance from each other.

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  • 00:00:00
    hello there jack verse and welcome back
  • 00:00:01
    to the mr sin channel today is the day
  • 00:00:03
    geographers this is the moment you've
  • 00:00:05
    been waiting for
  • 00:00:06
    this is the day that we summarize all
  • 00:00:08
    seven units of ap human geography
  • 00:00:10
    in one video now this video is going to
  • 00:00:12
    be going fast the goal of this video
  • 00:00:14
    isn't to teach you
  • 00:00:15
    everything in the class instead it's to
  • 00:00:16
    review a lot of the highlights
  • 00:00:18
    make sure you understand the main
  • 00:00:20
    concepts of each unit if you need more
  • 00:00:22
    help with any of the specific content
  • 00:00:24
    in this video check out my topic review
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    videos they cover
  • 00:00:27
    everything in this class in a lot more
  • 00:00:29
    depth the goal of this video is to help
  • 00:00:31
    you review the day before you take that
  • 00:00:33
    ap test or before a final exam
  • 00:00:35
    that way all these concepts are fresh in
  • 00:00:36
    your mind and you're ready to take the
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    test also if you've been watching my
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    topic review videos throughout this
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    entire school year you know that i have
  • 00:00:42
    a resource called the ultimate review
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    packet
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    this is a resource that covers every
  • 00:00:45
    single unit of ap human geography
  • 00:00:47
    it comes with summary videos for the
  • 00:00:49
    units study guides answer keys practice
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    quizzes
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    two full practice ap tests to help you
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    get ready for that big day and if you
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    haven't checked it out yet i highly
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    recommend checking
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    it out it will definitely help you get
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    an a in your class and also a five on
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    the national exam for those of you who
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    have gotten the ultimate review packet
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    and for those of you who have become
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    youtube members i want to say thank you
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    for the support
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    because of you guys i'm able to continue
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    buying the ultimate review packet it
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    supports the channel if you haven't
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    checked out the ultimate review packet
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    yet you can find a link for it in the
  • 00:01:22
    description of this video
  • 00:01:23
    also don't forget to check out the
  • 00:01:25
    misterson discord server there's a whole
  • 00:01:26
    community of students who are reviewing
  • 00:01:28
    for the ap test
  • 00:01:29
    it's a great community to be a part of
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    it's free and you can join anytime
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    all right geographers now comes the time
  • 00:01:35
    to start this review
  • 00:01:36
    hit that subscribe button like this
  • 00:01:38
    video share the video and let's start
  • 00:01:40
    with unit one the first unit starts off
  • 00:01:42
    with maps and we're looking here at
  • 00:01:43
    thematic maps reference maps different
  • 00:01:45
    map projections
  • 00:01:46
    and the important thing here is to make
  • 00:01:48
    sure you can read maps and
  • 00:01:50
    analyze them be able to see different
  • 00:01:52
    patterns at different scales and to be
  • 00:01:54
    able to interpret different types of
  • 00:01:55
    data when looking at the different types
  • 00:01:56
    of map projections remember that each
  • 00:01:58
    map projection will struggle with
  • 00:02:00
    distortion
  • 00:02:00
    we can see this happen in the shape in
  • 00:02:02
    the area the distance or the direction
  • 00:02:04
    for example the mercator map has
  • 00:02:06
    distortion almost every single aspect of
  • 00:02:08
    it except for direction
  • 00:02:09
    that's why it was used for naval
  • 00:02:10
    expedition if we look at different
  • 00:02:12
    continents and countries we can see that
  • 00:02:14
    the shape the size and the location is
  • 00:02:16
    actually off
  • 00:02:17
    another thing to remember when we're
  • 00:02:18
    looking at maps is gis
  • 00:02:20
    geographic information systems which
  • 00:02:22
    layer data on maps and allows us to see
  • 00:02:24
    different spatial relationships
  • 00:02:26
    oftentimes the information that we're
  • 00:02:27
    looking at in our class and the patterns
  • 00:02:29
    we're analyzing whether it be on our
  • 00:02:31
    maps or our data
  • 00:02:32
    is found through qualitative and
  • 00:02:34
    quantitative research
  • 00:02:35
    remember quantitative research often
  • 00:02:37
    uses the census
  • 00:02:38
    the information is going to be in number
  • 00:02:40
    form and it's not up for discussion
  • 00:02:41
    qualitative normally is looking at
  • 00:02:43
    people's attitudes beliefs or feelings
  • 00:02:45
    it's up for discussion and it does a
  • 00:02:47
    great job of showing us information
  • 00:02:49
    about what people are thinking
  • 00:02:50
    governments will use information from
  • 00:02:52
    quantitative and
  • 00:02:53
    qualitative to be able to decide where
  • 00:02:55
    they should build a new school
  • 00:02:56
    or where we need more grocery stores or
  • 00:02:58
    different zoning laws
  • 00:02:59
    we could also see businesses use this
  • 00:03:01
    information to determine the medium
  • 00:03:03
    income which could help them better
  • 00:03:04
    locate their store in a profitable
  • 00:03:06
    neighborhood even us individuals use
  • 00:03:07
    this information to determine where we
  • 00:03:09
    live we'll look at the crime rates we'll
  • 00:03:11
    look at what schools are available in
  • 00:03:12
    the neighborhood
  • 00:03:13
    and that informs us on our day-to-day
  • 00:03:15
    lives the next part of the unit is all
  • 00:03:16
    about spatial concepts here we want to
  • 00:03:18
    understand how technology and
  • 00:03:20
    advancements in communication
  • 00:03:22
    have actually decreased distance decay
  • 00:03:24
    how it's made us more connected than
  • 00:03:26
    ever before
  • 00:03:27
    and how different patterns in space
  • 00:03:28
    between different areas
  • 00:03:30
    can create a unique sense of place or a
  • 00:03:32
    unique cultural landscape another theme
  • 00:03:34
    that we can see in the first unit that
  • 00:03:35
    comes up throughout the whole course is
  • 00:03:37
    environmental sustainability
  • 00:03:38
    here we see it first presented to us
  • 00:03:40
    with environmental determinism and
  • 00:03:42
    possibilism
  • 00:03:42
    remember environmental determinism says
  • 00:03:44
    that the environment sets restrictions
  • 00:03:46
    on society and culture
  • 00:03:48
    and that culture and society can't
  • 00:03:49
    really do much about those
  • 00:03:51
    certain locations will limit growth in
  • 00:03:53
    society while environmental possibleism
  • 00:03:55
    looks at how society can
  • 00:03:56
    shape and modify the environment to suit
  • 00:03:58
    its needs the last two concepts from
  • 00:04:00
    this unit are important ones and they'll
  • 00:04:02
    also come up throughout this entire
  • 00:04:03
    class and it's scale and scale of
  • 00:04:04
    analysis
  • 00:04:05
    and this is where a lot of students get
  • 00:04:06
    tripped up on and they get confused
  • 00:04:08
    remember scale of analysis is looking at
  • 00:04:10
    how data is
  • 00:04:11
    organized how it's being chunked
  • 00:04:12
    together is it organized on a national
  • 00:04:14
    scale of analysis where it's based
  • 00:04:16
    around
  • 00:04:16
    countries boundaries or is it looking at
  • 00:04:18
    more of a local level maybe we're
  • 00:04:20
    looking at counties while scale is just
  • 00:04:21
    looking at how much of the earth's
  • 00:04:22
    surface we're viewing
  • 00:04:23
    and remember with scale we have small
  • 00:04:25
    scale maps and large scale maps and this
  • 00:04:27
    is where a lot of students get confused
  • 00:04:28
    a small scale map would be like a map of
  • 00:04:30
    the world we're seeing a lot of the
  • 00:04:32
    earth's surface but we have very little
  • 00:04:33
    details we have to use more
  • 00:04:34
    generalizations
  • 00:04:36
    however a large scale map would be like
  • 00:04:37
    a county map where we're looking at a
  • 00:04:39
    specific place on earth
  • 00:04:40
    we can see a lot of details in the map
  • 00:04:42
    however we see less of the earth's
  • 00:04:44
    surface all right we have one more thing
  • 00:04:45
    for unit one and that's the different
  • 00:04:46
    types of regions and you'll want to make
  • 00:04:48
    sure you have a good understanding of
  • 00:04:49
    these different types we can see that we
  • 00:04:50
    have functional or nodal regions which
  • 00:04:52
    are geographic areas that are organized
  • 00:04:54
    around a node
  • 00:04:55
    they have a center point oftentimes
  • 00:04:57
    based around different economic
  • 00:04:59
    activities
  • 00:05:00
    travel or communication think of an
  • 00:05:02
    airport or a pizza store and their range
  • 00:05:04
    in which they'll deliver to
  • 00:05:05
    we also have perceptual or vernacular
  • 00:05:08
    regions these are geographic regions
  • 00:05:10
    that don't have a perfect definition and
  • 00:05:11
    they
  • 00:05:12
    only exist because of people's beliefs
  • 00:05:14
    their feelings or attitudes of a region
  • 00:05:16
    think of the middle east and lastly we
  • 00:05:18
    have formal and uniform regions where we
  • 00:05:20
    have geographic areas with common
  • 00:05:22
    attributes
  • 00:05:22
    normally defined by different economics
  • 00:05:24
    social political or environmental
  • 00:05:26
    characteristics
  • 00:05:27
    think of a state's boundaries for this
  • 00:05:29
    one so unit 2 is all about population
  • 00:05:31
    and migration this is a big unit for the
  • 00:05:33
    class and it connects to a lot of the
  • 00:05:34
    other units
  • 00:05:35
    definitely spend time reviewing this one
  • 00:05:37
    it starts off by looking at population
  • 00:05:39
    distribution
  • 00:05:40
    we're trying to understand where people
  • 00:05:41
    living in the world and where are they
  • 00:05:43
    not living
  • 00:05:43
    remember people live all over the world
  • 00:05:46
    and they live for different
  • 00:05:47
    opportunities
  • 00:05:48
    different economic social political also
  • 00:05:51
    environmental
  • 00:05:52
    and areas that provide more
  • 00:05:53
    opportunities will attract more people
  • 00:05:55
    to
  • 00:05:55
    those areas larger urban areas will
  • 00:05:57
    offer more economic and social
  • 00:05:59
    opportunities for residents which will
  • 00:06:00
    pull
  • 00:06:01
    more migrants into the settlement while
  • 00:06:02
    smaller rural settlements will offer
  • 00:06:04
    less economic and social opportunities
  • 00:06:06
    however they'll also have homes and
  • 00:06:08
    buildings more dispersed more land is
  • 00:06:10
    readily available
  • 00:06:11
    and so we'll have a quieter lifestyle
  • 00:06:12
    here now another concept that comes up
  • 00:06:14
    when we're talking about distribution is
  • 00:06:15
    population density and remember we have
  • 00:06:17
    a couple different densities
  • 00:06:18
    we can look at our arithmetic density
  • 00:06:20
    which looks at the total amount of
  • 00:06:22
    people divided by our total amount of
  • 00:06:23
    land
  • 00:06:24
    we also have our physiological density
  • 00:06:26
    which looks at the total population
  • 00:06:28
    divided by the arable land showing how
  • 00:06:30
    many people are going to have to feed
  • 00:06:31
    and lastly we have our agricultural
  • 00:06:33
    density which shows us how many farmers
  • 00:06:35
    we have divided by our total amount of
  • 00:06:37
    herbal land
  • 00:06:38
    this lets us know how efficient we are
  • 00:06:39
    and how much food are we producing per
  • 00:06:41
    farm but the next part of this unit is
  • 00:06:42
    going to be important that you review
  • 00:06:43
    some vocabulary you want to make sure
  • 00:06:45
    you understand the different ways we
  • 00:06:46
    could look at population
  • 00:06:48
    whether we're talking about a country's
  • 00:06:49
    cbr a cdr the nir
  • 00:06:51
    their growth rate overall if we're
  • 00:06:54
    looking at our sex ratios the doubling
  • 00:06:56
    time
  • 00:06:56
    or also our dependency ratios all of
  • 00:06:59
    these show different aspects of society
  • 00:07:00
    that are going to be important for you
  • 00:07:01
    to understand
  • 00:07:02
    when we're looking at population data
  • 00:07:04
    also definitely definitely definitely
  • 00:07:06
    make sure you review population pyramids
  • 00:07:08
    and look at a couple different countries
  • 00:07:10
    in different stages of the demographic
  • 00:07:11
    transition model
  • 00:07:12
    this will help you better understand how
  • 00:07:14
    to interpret these charts
  • 00:07:15
    remember if we have a really large base
  • 00:07:17
    we're probably in more of an early stage
  • 00:07:19
    in that demographic transition model
  • 00:07:21
    however on the other hand if we're
  • 00:07:22
    looking at population pyramid that's
  • 00:07:24
    more top heavy
  • 00:07:25
    we're probably in a later stage of the
  • 00:07:26
    demographic transition model
  • 00:07:28
    and we might be having some issues with
  • 00:07:29
    our dependency ratio which means we
  • 00:07:31
    actually might be putting more burdens
  • 00:07:33
    on the working class not just mention
  • 00:07:34
    the demographic transition model and
  • 00:07:36
    this is arguably one of the most
  • 00:07:37
    important models in this entire class
  • 00:07:39
    stage one of the demographic transition
  • 00:07:40
    model is categorized by low growth our
  • 00:07:42
    cbr and cdr are both really high and
  • 00:07:44
    they end up cancelling each other out
  • 00:07:46
    when we move into stage two is when the
  • 00:07:48
    industrial revolution or the medical
  • 00:07:49
    revolution occurs
  • 00:07:50
    this allows our deaths to finally fall
  • 00:07:53
    but our births remain high so we see a
  • 00:07:54
    big population boom
  • 00:07:56
    and it isn't until we start seeing more
  • 00:07:57
    urbanization and social and economic
  • 00:07:59
    opportunities occur
  • 00:08:00
    that we see a transition into stage
  • 00:08:02
    three that's when our births slowly
  • 00:08:04
    start to come down and our growth rate
  • 00:08:05
    becomes more moderate and then again
  • 00:08:07
    we see a change happen when we go into
  • 00:08:08
    stage four when women finally get more
  • 00:08:10
    opportunities in society economic and
  • 00:08:12
    social
  • 00:08:13
    and we start to see a zpg a zero
  • 00:08:15
    population growth as now our births and
  • 00:08:18
    deaths match again and they're lower
  • 00:08:19
    however we also have the debated fifth
  • 00:08:21
    stage as well and this is where our
  • 00:08:23
    deaths actually rise above our births
  • 00:08:25
    and we start to see our population
  • 00:08:26
    decrease understanding this model is key
  • 00:08:28
    to understanding societies around the
  • 00:08:30
    world
  • 00:08:30
    and it not only helps us understand
  • 00:08:32
    their economic and social opportunities
  • 00:08:33
    migration patterns or urbanization
  • 00:08:36
    we can also see what's going on with
  • 00:08:37
    death and another model to quick make
  • 00:08:39
    sure you review
  • 00:08:40
    is the epidemiologic transition model
  • 00:08:42
    this one follows the demographic
  • 00:08:43
    transition model and it looks at causes
  • 00:08:45
    of death in each of the stages
  • 00:08:47
    for the most part it lines up pretty
  • 00:08:48
    well with the demographic transition
  • 00:08:50
    model however with stage five of the
  • 00:08:51
    epidemiologic transition model we do see
  • 00:08:53
    some variants
  • 00:08:54
    and there's a little bit of differences
  • 00:08:56
    that occur now in looking at population
  • 00:08:57
    pyramids or the demographic transition
  • 00:08:59
    model sometimes we can see external
  • 00:09:00
    forces that change our population growth
  • 00:09:03
    for example sometimes we'll see
  • 00:09:04
    pro-natalism use where we see
  • 00:09:06
    governments actually implement policies
  • 00:09:08
    that will motivate citizens to have more
  • 00:09:09
    kids and
  • 00:09:10
    increase the population growth or some
  • 00:09:12
    countries use anti-natalism where
  • 00:09:14
    they'll actually create policies
  • 00:09:15
    that will restrict population growth and
  • 00:09:17
    try to motivate people to have less
  • 00:09:19
    now the last aspect of population growth
  • 00:09:21
    that i want to make sure we address in
  • 00:09:22
    this video before we go into migration
  • 00:09:24
    is going to be malthus and
  • 00:09:25
    neo-malthusians remember malthus thought
  • 00:09:27
    we'd have a malthusian catastrophe he
  • 00:09:29
    believed that population would continue
  • 00:09:31
    to grow exponentially
  • 00:09:33
    and our food production would only grow
  • 00:09:34
    arithmetically and eventually we would
  • 00:09:36
    hit a point where we would exceed our
  • 00:09:37
    carrying capacity
  • 00:09:38
    today we still have people who believe
  • 00:09:40
    in us ideas and they'd be known as
  • 00:09:41
    neo-malthusians you know malthusians
  • 00:09:43
    believed malthus was right he was just
  • 00:09:44
    too limited in his scope instead of just
  • 00:09:46
    being food we need to look at all of the
  • 00:09:48
    world's resources
  • 00:09:49
    and they believe that eventually we'll
  • 00:09:50
    hit a time where our population will
  • 00:09:52
    exceed the earth's carrying capacity
  • 00:09:54
    and then again we'll hit that
  • 00:09:55
    catastrophe the next part of this unit
  • 00:09:56
    is all about migration and we have to
  • 00:09:58
    focus on different push and pull factors
  • 00:10:00
    remember pole factors are things that
  • 00:10:02
    make people want to come to an area
  • 00:10:04
    while push factors are things that make
  • 00:10:05
    them leave an area people move for a
  • 00:10:07
    variety of reasons but we can see that
  • 00:10:09
    most of the time it's because of
  • 00:10:10
    political economic
  • 00:10:11
    social or environmental reasons with the
  • 00:10:13
    number one reason why people move being
  • 00:10:15
    economics when migration occurs we can
  • 00:10:17
    see that it's often either forced or
  • 00:10:19
    voluntary migration
  • 00:10:20
    forced migration happens due to events
  • 00:10:22
    that put the migrants life or family's
  • 00:10:24
    life in jeopardy
  • 00:10:25
    causing them to migrate or risk their
  • 00:10:27
    own safety voluntary migration on the
  • 00:10:29
    other hand is where the migrant chooses
  • 00:10:31
    to migrate on their own accord without
  • 00:10:33
    fear of persecution or death remember
  • 00:10:35
    there's a bunch of different types of
  • 00:10:36
    migration that can occur and it's
  • 00:10:38
    important for you to understand all the
  • 00:10:39
    different vocab in this class
  • 00:10:41
    also understand that when migration
  • 00:10:42
    happens like ravenstein noticed
  • 00:10:44
    we'll have a counter migration if people
  • 00:10:46
    are moving from point a to point b
  • 00:10:48
    these places are now connected and
  • 00:10:50
    they'll influence each other through a
  • 00:10:51
    variety of ways for unit two the big
  • 00:10:53
    concepts to definitely review are gonna
  • 00:10:54
    be the demographic transition model
  • 00:10:56
    population pyramids and a lot of the
  • 00:10:58
    vocab make sure you also understand how
  • 00:11:00
    different migrations happen
  • 00:11:02
    and the different types of migrations
  • 00:11:03
    that can occur how it can lead to
  • 00:11:05
    diffusion acculturation assimilation
  • 00:11:07
    or even cultural resistance unit 3 is
  • 00:11:09
    all about culture hence the name of the
  • 00:11:11
    entire unit however one of the things
  • 00:11:13
    this unit seeks to do is to promote
  • 00:11:15
    cultural relativism over
  • 00:11:16
    ethnocentrism cultural relativism is
  • 00:11:18
    when we view a culture through their
  • 00:11:20
    perspective
  • 00:11:21
    we do not hold the culture to our
  • 00:11:22
    cultural standards however when we're
  • 00:11:24
    talking about ethnocentrism that's when
  • 00:11:26
    we're going to view another culture
  • 00:11:28
    and we're going to judge that culture
  • 00:11:30
    based on our own social norms and
  • 00:11:32
    cultural standards when talking about
  • 00:11:33
    culture we're looking at a group shared
  • 00:11:35
    practices we're looking at their beliefs
  • 00:11:37
    their attitudes their
  • 00:11:38
    customs their technologies their food
  • 00:11:41
    and sometimes we can even observe the
  • 00:11:43
    culture in the actual landscape it's
  • 00:11:45
    known as the cultural landscape the
  • 00:11:46
    cultural landscape comprises the
  • 00:11:48
    different land use patterns a society
  • 00:11:50
    has
  • 00:11:50
    it's made up of their agricultural
  • 00:11:52
    practices different religious and
  • 00:11:54
    linguistic characteristics
  • 00:11:56
    different architectural styles which
  • 00:11:57
    might range from a traditional style or
  • 00:11:59
    post-modern style
  • 00:12:00
    or other ways culture has expressed
  • 00:12:02
    itself in the physical features of the
  • 00:12:04
    landscape or settlement understanding
  • 00:12:06
    culture is important it allows us to
  • 00:12:08
    understand how the different genders
  • 00:12:09
    will be treated
  • 00:12:10
    what opportunities will there be for men
  • 00:12:12
    and women in society
  • 00:12:13
    what types of food will be made also
  • 00:12:15
    what types of diets are we going to be
  • 00:12:17
    experiencing
  • 00:12:18
    and what goods and services will be
  • 00:12:20
    offered all of this can show
  • 00:12:22
    insight into a society we can also look
  • 00:12:24
    at different cultural centripetal and
  • 00:12:25
    centrifugal forces that push and pull
  • 00:12:27
    society together
  • 00:12:29
    these forces can create a unique sense
  • 00:12:31
    of place and a unique cultural identity
  • 00:12:33
    in the last unit we quickly reviewed
  • 00:12:34
    migration and we talked about how when
  • 00:12:36
    people migrate diffusion occurs
  • 00:12:38
    and a big part of this unit besides
  • 00:12:39
    culture religion and language
  • 00:12:41
    is diffusion and there's different types
  • 00:12:43
    of diffusion that we can see
  • 00:12:44
    diffusion can happen through relocation
  • 00:12:46
    diffusion which is when the earth starts
  • 00:12:48
    to shrink we're not seeing new people
  • 00:12:50
    take on the cultural trait
  • 00:12:51
    instead we have movement from one place
  • 00:12:53
    to another we also have expansion
  • 00:12:55
    diffusion where the amount of people
  • 00:12:57
    participating in a cultural trade is
  • 00:12:59
    growing
  • 00:12:59
    this can happen through either
  • 00:13:01
    hierarchical diffusion where diffusion
  • 00:13:03
    happens through a system of structures
  • 00:13:05
    moving oftentimes from a top down
  • 00:13:07
    contagious diffusion which is diffusion
  • 00:13:09
    that spreads in all directions
  • 00:13:11
    allowing everyone to have access to the
  • 00:13:13
    cultural trait without any barriers
  • 00:13:15
    preventing diffusion
  • 00:13:16
    or we could also look at stimulus
  • 00:13:18
    diffusion which is when a cultural trait
  • 00:13:20
    diffuses
  • 00:13:20
    and it adapts to the different cultural
  • 00:13:22
    traits of the area that it's diffusing
  • 00:13:24
    to throughout history we could see how
  • 00:13:26
    diffusion has occurred
  • 00:13:27
    through colonialism and imperialism
  • 00:13:29
    which led to the spread of english
  • 00:13:31
    which eventually became a lingua franca
  • 00:13:33
    or how religion has spread throughout
  • 00:13:34
    the world
  • 00:13:35
    as we saw christianity and islam diffuse
  • 00:13:38
    globally as they became universalizing
  • 00:13:40
    religion today we can see diffusion
  • 00:13:42
    happens through urbanization and
  • 00:13:43
    globalization but mainly through the
  • 00:13:45
    internet and advancements in
  • 00:13:47
    transportation
  • 00:13:48
    and communication we're more connected
  • 00:13:50
    than ever before
  • 00:13:51
    and that has led to space-time
  • 00:13:52
    compression which allows us to
  • 00:13:54
    communicate with people
  • 00:13:55
    all over the world and reduces the
  • 00:13:57
    impact of distance decay
  • 00:13:58
    all this diffusion can lead to cultural
  • 00:14:00
    resistance to occur as we might start to
  • 00:14:02
    see people protest or go against
  • 00:14:03
    different migrant communities
  • 00:14:05
    or new cultural traits at the same time
  • 00:14:07
    we can see acculturation assimilation
  • 00:14:09
    syncretism and multiculturalism as we
  • 00:14:11
    see cultures merge and adapt to one
  • 00:14:13
    another and
  • 00:14:14
    change and sometimes we might see
  • 00:14:15
    cultures isolate themselves such as folk
  • 00:14:17
    and indigenous cultures which want to
  • 00:14:19
    try and protect their unique cultural
  • 00:14:20
    identity
  • 00:14:21
    from a global culture the next part of
  • 00:14:23
    this unit that you definitely want to
  • 00:14:24
    spend some time on but you also want to
  • 00:14:25
    make sure you don't get too bogged down
  • 00:14:27
    in
  • 00:14:27
    is the religions understand the
  • 00:14:28
    difference between universalizing
  • 00:14:30
    religions and
  • 00:14:31
    also ethnic religions universalizing
  • 00:14:33
    religions would be christianity
  • 00:14:34
    islam buddhism and sikhism while ethnic
  • 00:14:37
    religions would be judaism and also
  • 00:14:39
    hinduism when you're reviewing these
  • 00:14:40
    religions make sure you have an
  • 00:14:41
    understanding of how they impact the
  • 00:14:43
    cultural landscape where was their
  • 00:14:44
    hearth how did they diffuse
  • 00:14:46
    what are their major beliefs but don't
  • 00:14:48
    get bogged down in all the dates and the
  • 00:14:50
    time frames or all of the religious
  • 00:14:51
    texts
  • 00:14:52
    focus on how these impacted the
  • 00:14:54
    different geographic landscapes in which
  • 00:14:55
    they occupy
  • 00:14:56
    also don't forget to look at how ethnic
  • 00:14:58
    and universalizing religions diffuse
  • 00:15:00
    universalizing religions want to fuse a
  • 00:15:02
    lot more throughout the world and they
  • 00:15:03
    want to convert more followers where
  • 00:15:05
    ethnic religions are seeking to protect
  • 00:15:06
    their identity and are not trying to
  • 00:15:08
    please everyone the last concept they
  • 00:15:10
    want to review for unit 3 and again you
  • 00:15:11
    want to make sure you don't get bogged
  • 00:15:12
    down and all the little details here is
  • 00:15:14
    language focus on language families
  • 00:15:16
    around the world where did they
  • 00:15:18
    originate how did they diffuse
  • 00:15:19
    how are different dialects spoken in
  • 00:15:21
    different regions how can the english
  • 00:15:23
    sounds very different depending on where
  • 00:15:24
    you are in the united states or where
  • 00:15:26
    you are in the world
  • 00:15:27
    focus on how language is diffused and
  • 00:15:29
    how it impacts the cultural landscape
  • 00:15:30
    unit 4 deals with a ton of different
  • 00:15:32
    concepts and honestly i think this is
  • 00:15:33
    one that's more difficult for students
  • 00:15:35
    we're changing our scale all the time
  • 00:15:37
    at one point this unit we're talking
  • 00:15:38
    about a very local scale with
  • 00:15:40
    gerrymandering and voting districts and
  • 00:15:42
    the next point we're talking about the
  • 00:15:43
    united nations and supernational
  • 00:15:44
    organizations
  • 00:15:45
    so it's important to make sure that
  • 00:15:46
    you're kind of following how scale
  • 00:15:48
    changes throughout this unit first thing
  • 00:15:50
    you got to understand is the difference
  • 00:15:50
    between a nation and a state
  • 00:15:52
    a nation is not a state a nation is made
  • 00:15:55
    up of a group of people who have a
  • 00:15:56
    shared history a shared cultural
  • 00:15:58
    identity
  • 00:15:59
    and a history of self-determination
  • 00:16:00
    while state on the other hand is an
  • 00:16:02
    entity that has a permanent population a
  • 00:16:04
    sovereign government and is recognized
  • 00:16:06
    by other states and this distinction
  • 00:16:07
    becomes important when we're trying to
  • 00:16:08
    understand what a nation-state is a
  • 00:16:10
    nation-state is a state that's
  • 00:16:12
    made up of one nation it's a homogeneous
  • 00:16:14
    state it's the opposite of a
  • 00:16:15
    multinational state which is a state
  • 00:16:18
    that's made up of multiple nations
  • 00:16:19
    two or more but they've agreed to live
  • 00:16:22
    in peace co-exist together as one
  • 00:16:24
    under one state and not to keep piling
  • 00:16:25
    on with the vocab but we also have a
  • 00:16:27
    multi-state nation a multi-state nation
  • 00:16:29
    is a nation that exists in multiple
  • 00:16:31
    states
  • 00:16:32
    for example the korean nation which
  • 00:16:33
    exists in north korea and also south
  • 00:16:35
    korea
  • 00:16:36
    plus we also have to talk about a
  • 00:16:37
    stateless nation which is a nation that
  • 00:16:39
    doesn't have an actual state
  • 00:16:41
    a great example this would be the
  • 00:16:42
    kurdish nation other political
  • 00:16:44
    organizations that you'll probably want
  • 00:16:45
    to touch up on is going to be autonomous
  • 00:16:47
    regions and also semi-autonomous region
  • 00:16:49
    now another important concept that we
  • 00:16:50
    have to have a good understanding of is
  • 00:16:52
    self-determination
  • 00:16:53
    when we're looking at nations nations
  • 00:16:54
    have self-determination which is their
  • 00:16:56
    right to be able to govern themselves
  • 00:16:58
    without any influence from external
  • 00:17:00
    powers or other states
  • 00:17:02
    the reason why they do this is because
  • 00:17:03
    they want to protect their cultural
  • 00:17:05
    identity and they don't want to be ruled
  • 00:17:06
    by a different nation another concept
  • 00:17:08
    that kind of comes back up in this unit
  • 00:17:10
    is colonialism and imperialism where we
  • 00:17:12
    can see political boundaries are created
  • 00:17:13
    military conquest and diffusion happens
  • 00:17:16
    and we can also see power expressed
  • 00:17:17
    through territoriality we can see this
  • 00:17:19
    expansion in political power illustrated
  • 00:17:21
    in shatter belt regions which are
  • 00:17:22
    regions that are caught between two
  • 00:17:24
    external fighting powers today we could
  • 00:17:26
    also look at the impact of
  • 00:17:27
    neocolonialism the new form of
  • 00:17:29
    controlling a country without actually
  • 00:17:31
    controlling them
  • 00:17:32
    here a country uses their economic or
  • 00:17:34
    political influence
  • 00:17:35
    to influence a country and control them
  • 00:17:37
    without directly occupying or setting
  • 00:17:39
    troops
  • 00:17:40
    and since we're on the topic of
  • 00:17:41
    political influence we got to talk about
  • 00:17:42
    political boundaries and their creation
  • 00:17:44
    we have relic boundaries that no longer
  • 00:17:46
    exist
  • 00:17:46
    however they still impact the cultural
  • 00:17:48
    landscape think of the berlin wall here
  • 00:17:50
    or antecedent boundaries that are
  • 00:17:52
    boundaries that have existed before
  • 00:17:54
    human settlement
  • 00:17:55
    we also have subsequent boundaries which
  • 00:17:56
    are based on different ethnic groups and
  • 00:17:58
    cultures and that's the defining factor
  • 00:18:01
    of the boundary
  • 00:18:02
    and consequent boundaries which are
  • 00:18:03
    boundaries that are actually used to
  • 00:18:05
    divide different cultural groups
  • 00:18:07
    and accommodate their differences we
  • 00:18:09
    also can look at superimposed boundaries
  • 00:18:11
    which are created by a foreign state a
  • 00:18:13
    great example of a superimposed boundary
  • 00:18:15
    is the majority of african countries
  • 00:18:17
    if we look at the scramble for africa we
  • 00:18:18
    can see that european powers created
  • 00:18:20
    most of those boundaries
  • 00:18:21
    the last boundary we could look at is
  • 00:18:23
    geometric boundaries which are cultural
  • 00:18:24
    boundaries that are straight lines that
  • 00:18:26
    go with the parallels of latitude we can
  • 00:18:28
    also look at boundaries that exist in
  • 00:18:29
    the sea
  • 00:18:30
    here we can see the law of the sea which
  • 00:18:31
    is made up of a variety of different
  • 00:18:33
    zones
  • 00:18:34
    we can see territorial waters which
  • 00:18:36
    stretch 12 nautical miles off the
  • 00:18:38
    coastline of a country
  • 00:18:39
    then we have the contiguous zone which
  • 00:18:41
    extends another 24 miles off the coast
  • 00:18:44
    and then the exclusive economic zone
  • 00:18:46
    which extends 200 nautical miles off of
  • 00:18:49
    the coastline
  • 00:18:50
    and lastly anything past the eez is
  • 00:18:52
    international waters
  • 00:18:53
    and to add a little bit more fun to our
  • 00:18:55
    boundary review we also have to talk
  • 00:18:56
    about gerrymandering and voting
  • 00:18:58
    districts
  • 00:18:58
    voting districts get redistrict every
  • 00:19:00
    time the census is completed depending
  • 00:19:02
    on where you live in the world you might
  • 00:19:03
    see your voting districts redistricted
  • 00:19:05
    differently
  • 00:19:06
    for example many european countries use
  • 00:19:08
    a third party organization
  • 00:19:09
    to try and read district boundaries in a
  • 00:19:11
    fair manner however in the united states
  • 00:19:12
    many of the politicians are the ones
  • 00:19:14
    that set the voting districts and this
  • 00:19:15
    leads to gerrymandering
  • 00:19:17
    gerrymandering is the redistricting of a
  • 00:19:19
    voting district in order to create a
  • 00:19:21
    district that's more favorable to your
  • 00:19:22
    party
  • 00:19:23
    it gives you an edge over your
  • 00:19:24
    competition and some people talk about
  • 00:19:26
    how the corrupt nature of this actually
  • 00:19:28
    makes it so politicians are picking the
  • 00:19:30
    voters
  • 00:19:30
    instead of the voters picking the
  • 00:19:31
    politicians all right so we've talked
  • 00:19:32
    about political power we've talked about
  • 00:19:34
    political boundaries let's actually
  • 00:19:35
    further our discussion about political
  • 00:19:37
    power though
  • 00:19:38
    and let's look at one state let's talk
  • 00:19:40
    about unitary and federal states
  • 00:19:42
    a unitary state is going to concentrate
  • 00:19:44
    their power all the federal or the
  • 00:19:45
    national government
  • 00:19:46
    no power will be shared with the
  • 00:19:48
    regional levels on the other hand a
  • 00:19:50
    federal state is going to concentrate
  • 00:19:51
    their
  • 00:19:52
    power between the national government
  • 00:19:54
    and regional governments
  • 00:19:55
    power here is shared and so it's
  • 00:19:57
    distributed we can see when looking at
  • 00:19:58
    states and how their power set up or
  • 00:20:00
    also how their geography is
  • 00:20:01
    we can see that some states will
  • 00:20:03
    experience more centripetal forces
  • 00:20:05
    and others will experience more
  • 00:20:06
    centrofugal forces centrifugal forces
  • 00:20:09
    are things that will push a state apart
  • 00:20:11
    things like terrorism irredentism or
  • 00:20:13
    isolated cultural groups
  • 00:20:14
    on the other hand centripetal forces
  • 00:20:16
    will unite a country together
  • 00:20:18
    keeping a country stronger and
  • 00:20:19
    preventing things like devolution from
  • 00:20:21
    occurring
  • 00:20:22
    devolution remember is the transfer of
  • 00:20:24
    power from a national government down to
  • 00:20:26
    a regional government it's that process
  • 00:20:28
    of transferring power last part of this
  • 00:20:30
    unit deals with state sovereignty
  • 00:20:31
    remember state sovereignty is the
  • 00:20:33
    state's right
  • 00:20:34
    to govern itself and we can see that in
  • 00:20:36
    the recent decades that this is becoming
  • 00:20:38
    challenged for a variety of reasons
  • 00:20:40
    we can see devolution challenging
  • 00:20:42
    advancements in technology
  • 00:20:43
    interference now from foreign states
  • 00:20:45
    through social media or trying to
  • 00:20:47
    interfere with elections of states
  • 00:20:49
    we also can see supernational
  • 00:20:51
    organizations and how they
  • 00:20:52
    impact a state sovereignty when states
  • 00:20:54
    join supernational organizations such as
  • 00:20:56
    the european union nato or the un
  • 00:20:58
    they give up some of their sovereign
  • 00:21:00
    control they have to follow the rules
  • 00:21:02
    and restrictions for these new
  • 00:21:03
    international organizations however by
  • 00:21:05
    joining supernational organizations
  • 00:21:07
    states get the benefit to be able to
  • 00:21:08
    solve
  • 00:21:09
    complex global issues participate in
  • 00:21:11
    trade agreements and also military
  • 00:21:13
    alliances
  • 00:21:14
    that not only makes their state better
  • 00:21:15
    off but the rest of the world's
  • 00:21:17
    community ladies and gentlemen we
  • 00:21:18
    interrupt your exciting thrilling and
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    exam
  • 00:21:41
    unit 5 starts out with extensive and
  • 00:21:43
    intensive agricultural practices
  • 00:21:45
    intensive agricultural practices are
  • 00:21:47
    located near population centers and
  • 00:21:49
    focus on maximizing agricultural
  • 00:21:51
    production
  • 00:21:52
    these practices require a lot of labor
  • 00:21:54
    and capital
  • 00:21:55
    examples of these agricultural practices
  • 00:21:57
    would be plantation farming which can be
  • 00:22:00
    found in less developed countries
  • 00:22:01
    another type of intensive agriculture is
  • 00:22:03
    mixed crop and livestock this can be
  • 00:22:05
    found in developed countries
  • 00:22:07
    here we can see farmers produce crops
  • 00:22:09
    and livestock however most of the crops
  • 00:22:11
    are fed to the livestock next we have
  • 00:22:12
    market gardening which is located in
  • 00:22:14
    regions with longer growing seasons
  • 00:22:16
    here we have fruits and vegetables that
  • 00:22:18
    are picked and then processed
  • 00:22:20
    eventually being shipped across the
  • 00:22:21
    country to the market extensive
  • 00:22:23
    agricultural practices on the other hand
  • 00:22:25
    are located farther away from population
  • 00:22:27
    centers
  • 00:22:27
    here we need a lot more land and most of
  • 00:22:29
    the work is done by hand
  • 00:22:30
    examples of extensive agricultural
  • 00:22:32
    practices would be shifting cultivation
  • 00:22:34
    which is
  • 00:22:35
    often found in developing countries with
  • 00:22:36
    tropical regions here subsistence
  • 00:22:39
    agriculture is at play remember
  • 00:22:40
    subsistence agriculture focuses on
  • 00:22:42
    feeding your family or yourself
  • 00:22:44
    or your community the goal is not to
  • 00:22:45
    make a profit well commercial
  • 00:22:47
    agriculture on the other hand is focused
  • 00:22:48
    on generating a profit the goal here is
  • 00:22:50
    to scale up your business
  • 00:22:52
    and to be able to generate more profit
  • 00:22:54
    oftentimes commercial agriculture is
  • 00:22:56
    larger and is using more technology
  • 00:22:58
    where subsistence agriculture has
  • 00:22:59
    smaller farm sizes and is done more by
  • 00:23:01
    hand
  • 00:23:02
    another form of extensive agriculture is
  • 00:23:04
    nomadic herding which is found in dry
  • 00:23:06
    air climates
  • 00:23:07
    here farmers are nomadic they move with
  • 00:23:09
    their animals instead of practicing
  • 00:23:11
    sedentary agriculture our last extensive
  • 00:23:13
    example is ranching which uses a lot of
  • 00:23:15
    land for the cattle or sheep to graze
  • 00:23:18
    here it's located farther away from
  • 00:23:19
    urban areas due to the amount of land
  • 00:23:21
    needed in order for the animals to graze
  • 00:23:23
    the next part of the unit looks at
  • 00:23:25
    different settlement patterns and survey
  • 00:23:26
    methods and honestly this part of the
  • 00:23:28
    unit isn't too bad we can see that we
  • 00:23:29
    have clustered settlements that have a
  • 00:23:30
    higher population density here homes are
  • 00:23:33
    packed together in close quarters
  • 00:23:35
    on the other hand we also have dispersed
  • 00:23:37
    settlements which have a lower
  • 00:23:38
    population density
  • 00:23:39
    with homes and buildings being spaced
  • 00:23:41
    out and lastly we have
  • 00:23:43
    linear settlement patterns these
  • 00:23:44
    settlements are located along a river a
  • 00:23:47
    road or trains
  • 00:23:48
    different ways of being able to connect
  • 00:23:50
    to a transportation route and they're
  • 00:23:51
    built in a line we're looking at
  • 00:23:53
    different survey methods we could look
  • 00:23:54
    at meats and bounds which are used for
  • 00:23:56
    short distances and oftentimes are based
  • 00:23:58
    off key geographic features in the area
  • 00:24:00
    we could also look at long lots which
  • 00:24:02
    divide land up into narrow parcels that
  • 00:24:04
    each have connections to a
  • 00:24:05
    transportation system
  • 00:24:07
    whether it be a road or also a river and
  • 00:24:09
    lastly we could look at a township and
  • 00:24:11
    range which uses longitude and latitude
  • 00:24:13
    to create a grid-like system across a
  • 00:24:15
    geographic area if we shift our focus
  • 00:24:17
    over to different agricultural hurts
  • 00:24:18
    such as the fertile crescent or the
  • 00:24:20
    indus valley river
  • 00:24:21
    we can not only see where different
  • 00:24:22
    crops and animals originated from but we
  • 00:24:24
    can also see how they diffused
  • 00:24:26
    historical events such as the colombian
  • 00:24:28
    exchange led to the diffusion of
  • 00:24:30
    different agricultural practices
  • 00:24:32
    and products around the world right now
  • 00:24:34
    the next part of this unit deals with
  • 00:24:35
    agricultural revolutions and we can
  • 00:24:37
    start with the first agricultural
  • 00:24:38
    revolution which was around the
  • 00:24:40
    neolithic revolution
  • 00:24:41
    here we started to see the form of
  • 00:24:42
    sedentary agriculture take off
  • 00:24:45
    however it wasn't until the second
  • 00:24:46
    agricultural revolution that happened
  • 00:24:48
    with the industrial revolution
  • 00:24:50
    that we really saw a transformation in
  • 00:24:52
    our food production this is when
  • 00:24:53
    new technologies were introduced like
  • 00:24:55
    the seed drill that allowed us to be
  • 00:24:57
    able to
  • 00:24:58
    increase our food output we were able to
  • 00:25:00
    have a greater food surplus
  • 00:25:02
    this also allowed for the enclosure
  • 00:25:03
    movement to happen it changed migration
  • 00:25:05
    patterns ways of living
  • 00:25:07
    and we also started to see a new
  • 00:25:08
    globalized economy this transformed how
  • 00:25:11
    we produce food and it led to a
  • 00:25:12
    population boom
  • 00:25:14
    eventually we get into the green
  • 00:25:15
    revolution where we started to see the
  • 00:25:16
    introduction of gmos
  • 00:25:18
    hybrid plants new chemical fertilizers
  • 00:25:21
    pesticides and herbicides
  • 00:25:23
    all of this again revolutionized our
  • 00:25:25
    food production and allowed us to have
  • 00:25:26
    higher yielding crops now these changes
  • 00:25:28
    in agricultural production also led to
  • 00:25:30
    some new practices such as
  • 00:25:32
    mono cropping this is when farmers grow
  • 00:25:34
    the same crop
  • 00:25:35
    each year to increase the production
  • 00:25:37
    this allows farmers to become more
  • 00:25:38
    productive and efficient with their
  • 00:25:40
    production however it also can deplete
  • 00:25:42
    nutrients in the land we could also
  • 00:25:43
    start to see monoculture occur
  • 00:25:45
    as well which is when farmers grow one
  • 00:25:47
    type of crop at a period of time
  • 00:25:49
    however they'll switch that type of crop
  • 00:25:51
    after each harvest another thing to
  • 00:25:53
    remember when we're looking at changes
  • 00:25:54
    in agriculture and also our production
  • 00:25:56
    is new technology has allowed farmers to
  • 00:25:59
    achieve an economy of scale farmers
  • 00:26:01
    today are now able to scale up their
  • 00:26:02
    business and
  • 00:26:03
    actually produce crops at a cheaper rate
  • 00:26:05
    when they're producing more quantity
  • 00:26:07
    thanks to advancements in technology
  • 00:26:09
    large corporate farms are able to
  • 00:26:10
    produce
  • 00:26:11
    a high amount of food at relatively low
  • 00:26:14
    cost
  • 00:26:14
    this favors then large multinational
  • 00:26:16
    corporations and agro businesses
  • 00:26:19
    over small family farms that can't
  • 00:26:21
    achieve the same output one other
  • 00:26:22
    concept that you should probably be
  • 00:26:23
    familiar about is a value-added
  • 00:26:25
    specialty crop
  • 00:26:26
    these are crops that gain in value as
  • 00:26:28
    the production is occurring
  • 00:26:30
    for example wheat being turned into
  • 00:26:31
    flour is more expensive than buying
  • 00:26:33
    wheat on its own
  • 00:26:34
    or buying jam over just strawberries all
  • 00:26:36
    of these changes in how we produce food
  • 00:26:38
    how we make it and where we're selling
  • 00:26:40
    it have started some pretty heated
  • 00:26:41
    debates
  • 00:26:42
    should we be using genetically modified
  • 00:26:44
    food what's the impact of all these
  • 00:26:46
    chemical fertilizers how does it impact
  • 00:26:48
    our natural environment
  • 00:26:49
    our health and what about the workers
  • 00:26:51
    who are working in the field these
  • 00:26:52
    debates have led to the rise of organic
  • 00:26:54
    farming which seeks to remove chemical
  • 00:26:56
    fertilizers and non-sustainable
  • 00:26:58
    practices from the production of food
  • 00:27:00
    local food movements which try to
  • 00:27:02
    counter food deserts
  • 00:27:03
    free trade movements and urban farming
  • 00:27:05
    and community supported
  • 00:27:06
    agriculture all of these movements seek
  • 00:27:09
    to counter some of the ethical and
  • 00:27:10
    health and environmental concerns
  • 00:27:12
    that we see in the modern agricultural
  • 00:27:14
    system we can also see in this unit how
  • 00:27:16
    women play a role in society women in
  • 00:27:18
    agriculture traditionally in developing
  • 00:27:20
    countries make up a larger percentage of
  • 00:27:22
    subsistence farmers
  • 00:27:24
    these farmers are part of the informal
  • 00:27:26
    economy and traditionally are paid lower
  • 00:27:28
    wages
  • 00:27:28
    offered less opportunities in society
  • 00:27:30
    and are also more likely to be victims
  • 00:27:32
    of discrimination we can see as
  • 00:27:34
    countries develop women gain more roles
  • 00:27:36
    however we still see them primarily in
  • 00:27:38
    agricultural fields
  • 00:27:40
    however now they're in an urban area but
  • 00:27:42
    eventually as development continues
  • 00:27:43
    women are offered more economic social
  • 00:27:45
    and political opportunities in society
  • 00:27:48
    and we get closer to achieving equality
  • 00:27:50
    now the bid rent theory is the basis for
  • 00:27:52
    a bunch of different concepts throughout
  • 00:27:53
    ap human geography
  • 00:27:54
    the bid rent theory looks at the
  • 00:27:56
    relationship between land prices
  • 00:27:58
    and also an urban area or a large market
  • 00:28:01
    we can see that as we move farther away
  • 00:28:03
    from an urban area
  • 00:28:04
    the price of land goes down land becomes
  • 00:28:07
    more available because we have a lower
  • 00:28:08
    population density
  • 00:28:10
    this allows for more extensive
  • 00:28:11
    agricultural practices to occur
  • 00:28:14
    and as we get closer to that urban area
  • 00:28:15
    or that large market we see the price of
  • 00:28:18
    land go up
  • 00:28:19
    this means that we're going to start to
  • 00:28:20
    see more skyscrapers
  • 00:28:22
    more highly densely populated areas with
  • 00:28:24
    people clustered together
  • 00:28:25
    and we're also more likely to see
  • 00:28:27
    intensive agricultural practices occur
  • 00:28:29
    and all of this brings us to our last
  • 00:28:31
    concept and is arguably one of the most
  • 00:28:32
    important models if not really the only
  • 00:28:34
    model
  • 00:28:35
    in this unit and it's von tunin's model
  • 00:28:38
    von tun's model looks at the spatial
  • 00:28:39
    layout of society
  • 00:28:41
    at the center of his model we have the
  • 00:28:42
    market this is where we're going to see
  • 00:28:44
    the sale of goods that are produced
  • 00:28:47
    going out from the market we go into our
  • 00:28:49
    first ring which is our dairy and
  • 00:28:50
    horticulture if we go out to the next
  • 00:28:52
    ring we can see that we're in the forest
  • 00:28:53
    and the reason why it's located here is
  • 00:28:55
    because the wood is used not only to
  • 00:28:56
    cook food but also heat homes
  • 00:28:58
    and so it needs to be able to be close
  • 00:29:00
    to the market so it's accessible
  • 00:29:01
    after that we get into grain and field
  • 00:29:03
    crops which can be easily transported
  • 00:29:05
    and don't really perish
  • 00:29:06
    and even further out from there is
  • 00:29:08
    livestock livestock's located the
  • 00:29:10
    furthest because it needs the most
  • 00:29:11
    amount of land for the production of the
  • 00:29:13
    food
  • 00:29:14
    and the livestock can simply walk
  • 00:29:15
    themselves to the slaughterhouse
  • 00:29:17
    anything past there would be the
  • 00:29:18
    wilderness now unit 6 starts out with
  • 00:29:20
    sight and situation factors remember
  • 00:29:22
    when we're talking about side factors
  • 00:29:23
    we're looking at unique things about a
  • 00:29:25
    specific place
  • 00:29:26
    such as the climate natural resources or
  • 00:29:29
    the absolute location
  • 00:29:31
    while situation factors deal with more
  • 00:29:33
    connections between different places
  • 00:29:35
    things like rivers roads airports or
  • 00:29:37
    ports over time as communication and
  • 00:29:39
    technology has advanced we've seen more
  • 00:29:41
    and more connections made between
  • 00:29:43
    different settlements around the world
  • 00:29:44
    speaking of different settlements and
  • 00:29:45
    cities make sure you have a good
  • 00:29:46
    understanding of these different
  • 00:29:47
    settlements in cities you'll want to
  • 00:29:49
    understand where they're located how
  • 00:29:50
    they operate and how they connect with
  • 00:29:52
    one another now when talking about
  • 00:29:53
    connectivity
  • 00:29:54
    and settlements we can see the impact of
  • 00:29:55
    diffusion in world cities and how
  • 00:29:57
    large settlements today interact
  • 00:29:59
    cultural trends are diffused through
  • 00:30:00
    world cities and large urban areas and
  • 00:30:02
    eventually spread throughout the city
  • 00:30:03
    into surrounding settlement and when
  • 00:30:05
    we're looking at cities we can also look
  • 00:30:07
    at the distribution
  • 00:30:08
    of cities and in doing so we can look at
  • 00:30:09
    the gravity model and also cristal our
  • 00:30:12
    central place there remember the gravity
  • 00:30:13
    model predicts the likelihood of two
  • 00:30:15
    different places interacting with each
  • 00:30:17
    other
  • 00:30:17
    we can see that larger settlements are
  • 00:30:19
    more likely to have people and places
  • 00:30:21
    interact with us next we could look at
  • 00:30:23
    crosstall or central place theory and
  • 00:30:24
    again see
  • 00:30:25
    themes that we saw in the gravity model
  • 00:30:27
    we can see that larger settlements or
  • 00:30:29
    specialized
  • 00:30:30
    businesses will have a larger range
  • 00:30:32
    meaning they'll pull people in from a
  • 00:30:34
    farther distance we can also see when
  • 00:30:35
    looking at the central place theory that
  • 00:30:37
    does a great job illustrating urban
  • 00:30:39
    hierarchy we can see where cities towns
  • 00:30:41
    villages and hamlets lay
  • 00:30:42
    in the spatial association that we see
  • 00:30:44
    across our states
  • 00:30:46
    one more thing before we go on to the
  • 00:30:47
    next concept remember that the central
  • 00:30:49
    place theory could also analyze the
  • 00:30:50
    locations of goods and services
  • 00:30:52
    services that are more specialized will
  • 00:30:54
    have a larger range and people will
  • 00:30:56
    travel larger distances for them
  • 00:30:58
    they're also though probably going to
  • 00:30:59
    have a higher threshold so they're going
  • 00:31:01
    to need to be located in a highly
  • 00:31:02
    densely populated area
  • 00:31:04
    this will allow the business to be able
  • 00:31:05
    to make enough money to support the
  • 00:31:07
    store the next concept we have also
  • 00:31:08
    looks at the size and the distribution
  • 00:31:10
    of settlements in a state
  • 00:31:12
    we can see that states that follow the
  • 00:31:13
    primate city rule have their largest
  • 00:31:15
    settlement as double the population of
  • 00:31:18
    the second largest on the other hand we
  • 00:31:19
    can see that states that follow the rank
  • 00:31:21
    size rule will have their largest
  • 00:31:23
    settlement with about half the
  • 00:31:24
    population more
  • 00:31:25
    than their second largest settlement and
  • 00:31:27
    the third a third and the fourth the
  • 00:31:29
    fourth and so on
  • 00:31:30
    here we have more large urban areas and
  • 00:31:32
    economic development is more evenly
  • 00:31:34
    dispersed all right buckle up
  • 00:31:35
    geographers the next part of this unit
  • 00:31:37
    is a models and when we say models we
  • 00:31:38
    got a lot of models so sit back and just
  • 00:31:40
    focus on the main concepts you've got
  • 00:31:42
    this
  • 00:31:43
    we start with the burgess concentric
  • 00:31:44
    zone model which has cities growing
  • 00:31:46
    outwards from the cbd
  • 00:31:48
    in a series of rings newer homes are
  • 00:31:50
    built on the outside of the model
  • 00:31:52
    with older homes near the center the
  • 00:31:54
    next model we have is the hoyt sector
  • 00:31:55
    model which has a city developed in a
  • 00:31:57
    series of wedges with the cbd in the
  • 00:31:59
    center of the city
  • 00:32:00
    here transportation and industry go
  • 00:32:02
    through the city
  • 00:32:04
    this model is based around different
  • 00:32:05
    economic and environmental factors
  • 00:32:07
    next we have the harris and almonds
  • 00:32:09
    multiple nuclei model this model still
  • 00:32:11
    has a traditional cbd
  • 00:32:13
    however we start to see that the city
  • 00:32:15
    has multiple cbds
  • 00:32:16
    each cbd or node of the city will
  • 00:32:18
    attract certain people and job the next
  • 00:32:21
    model is our last model for more
  • 00:32:22
    developed countries and it's the
  • 00:32:23
    galactic model also known as the
  • 00:32:25
    periphery model
  • 00:32:26
    here we start to see an expansion of the
  • 00:32:28
    multiple nuclei model
  • 00:32:30
    we can also start to see edge cities
  • 00:32:32
    form on the outside of the city limit
  • 00:32:34
    moving into ldcs we can look at the
  • 00:32:36
    latin american city model which consists
  • 00:32:38
    of a spine that connects the cbd to a
  • 00:32:40
    wealthy shopping district
  • 00:32:42
    it also has a disamenity zone which
  • 00:32:44
    consists of high poverty neighborhoods
  • 00:32:46
    which may
  • 00:32:46
    lack essential services and
  • 00:32:48
    infrastructure if we move over to
  • 00:32:50
    africa we can look at the sub-saharan
  • 00:32:51
    african city model which consists of
  • 00:32:54
    three different cbds we can also see
  • 00:32:56
    informal settlements such as squatter
  • 00:32:58
    settlements located around the urban
  • 00:33:00
    area remember squatter settlements and
  • 00:33:01
    favelas are low-income neighborhoods
  • 00:33:03
    that people are living in without a
  • 00:33:05
    legal claim to the land
  • 00:33:06
    oftentimes there's higher crime rates
  • 00:33:08
    here more of an informal
  • 00:33:10
    economy and we also see less
  • 00:33:12
    infrastructure lastly we can look over
  • 00:33:13
    at asia to look at the southeast asian
  • 00:33:16
    city model
  • 00:33:16
    here we can see the model is based
  • 00:33:18
    around a port with a government zone
  • 00:33:20
    that overlooks the day-to-day trade the
  • 00:33:22
    next part of this unit brings back a
  • 00:33:23
    familiar
  • 00:33:24
    concept and it's the bid rent theory
  • 00:33:25
    when we're looking at the density
  • 00:33:27
    ingredient of different settlements we
  • 00:33:28
    can see that highly densely populated
  • 00:33:30
    areas which are near the cbd
  • 00:33:32
    oftentimes are going to build vertically
  • 00:33:34
    that's because there's not a lot of land
  • 00:33:36
    available and land's expensive
  • 00:33:38
    as we start to move away from highly
  • 00:33:40
    densely populated areas and we start to
  • 00:33:42
    move into medium densely populated we'll
  • 00:33:44
    start to see more single-family homes
  • 00:33:46
    or multi-family homes such as triplexes
  • 00:33:48
    and duplexes
  • 00:33:49
    however there won't be a lot of space
  • 00:33:51
    between the property and a front
  • 00:33:52
    backyard will be pretty limited
  • 00:33:54
    eventually when we get out into the
  • 00:33:55
    suburbs or past the suburbs we start to
  • 00:33:57
    get into lowly densely populated areas
  • 00:34:00
    now we see a large front yard and
  • 00:34:01
    backyard plenty of space between
  • 00:34:03
    different buildings and that actually
  • 00:34:04
    brings us to another concept which is
  • 00:34:06
    infrastructure you see as our density
  • 00:34:08
    gradient changes and as we move further
  • 00:34:10
    away from that urban
  • 00:34:11
    area we start to see less and less
  • 00:34:13
    public transportation
  • 00:34:14
    and goods and services be provided urban
  • 00:34:16
    areas that invest in infrastructure
  • 00:34:18
    public transportation
  • 00:34:20
    schools and healthcare will attract
  • 00:34:22
    residents back into the urban area
  • 00:34:24
    and they can then create more
  • 00:34:25
    sustainable cities this will counter
  • 00:34:27
    urban sprawl and can actually reduce
  • 00:34:29
    some cost now if cities want to create a
  • 00:34:30
    sustainable city they can do a variety
  • 00:34:33
    of things we can see they could
  • 00:34:34
    implement smart growth policies urban
  • 00:34:36
    growth boundaries new urbanism
  • 00:34:38
    they could utilize green belts all of
  • 00:34:40
    this would help make sure that a city is
  • 00:34:42
    sustainable
  • 00:34:43
    and when we're talking about
  • 00:34:44
    sustainability remember we're talking
  • 00:34:46
    about living in a way
  • 00:34:47
    that we can meet our wants and needs
  • 00:34:49
    today without compromising future
  • 00:34:51
    generations to do the same remember
  • 00:34:53
    though whenever we change urban policy
  • 00:34:55
    or even government policy for that
  • 00:34:56
    matter we will have some controversy
  • 00:34:58
    some people fear that we'll start to
  • 00:35:00
    have more segregation unequal economic
  • 00:35:02
    development
  • 00:35:03
    or we'll lose historical neighborhoods
  • 00:35:05
    which will reduce the amount of unique
  • 00:35:07
    cultural landscapes and that sense of
  • 00:35:09
    place that has been created for
  • 00:35:10
    generations in some of our cities and
  • 00:35:12
    unfortunately society is seen firsthand
  • 00:35:14
    some of the disastrous consequences
  • 00:35:16
    that can happen if urban policy or
  • 00:35:18
    government policy is not done in a way
  • 00:35:20
    that is going to benefit society
  • 00:35:22
    we could look at the implications of
  • 00:35:24
    redlining which led to discriminatory
  • 00:35:26
    practices in home loans for minority
  • 00:35:28
    communities
  • 00:35:29
    and further segregated our neighborhoods
  • 00:35:31
    or blockbusting and how it contributed
  • 00:35:33
    to white flight which again segregated
  • 00:35:35
    our neighborhoods even more
  • 00:35:37
    causing unequal economic development
  • 00:35:38
    based off race the next part of this
  • 00:35:40
    unit looks at another challenge that
  • 00:35:41
    some cities are facing it's
  • 00:35:43
    gentrification
  • 00:35:44
    on one hand we can see gentrification is
  • 00:35:46
    raising property values and
  • 00:35:48
    increasing wealth in low-income
  • 00:35:49
    neighborhoods they're traditionally near
  • 00:35:51
    the cbd
  • 00:35:52
    wealthier communities are starting to
  • 00:35:53
    move back into cities
  • 00:35:55
    particularly in low-income areas taking
  • 00:35:57
    old warehouses and converting them into
  • 00:35:59
    apartments
  • 00:36:00
    and while this might be increasing new
  • 00:36:02
    economic opportunities and creating new
  • 00:36:04
    jobs and businesses for these
  • 00:36:05
    neighborhoods
  • 00:36:06
    it has the unintended consequence of
  • 00:36:08
    also pushing out the residents that
  • 00:36:09
    currently live there a couple other
  • 00:36:10
    things to remember for this unit is the
  • 00:36:12
    different layers of government and how
  • 00:36:13
    they can impact and actually create
  • 00:36:15
    challenges for different cities
  • 00:36:16
    we can see that we have a federal
  • 00:36:18
    government we have regional governments
  • 00:36:19
    state governments local governments city
  • 00:36:21
    governments counties
  • 00:36:23
    all of them have different says and
  • 00:36:24
    different ideas of what they think
  • 00:36:26
    should be done with funding and also
  • 00:36:27
    urban planning all right geographers
  • 00:36:29
    last unit
  • 00:36:29
    and a big theme of this unit is
  • 00:36:31
    globalization ever since the industrial
  • 00:36:33
    revolution we've seen drastic changes in
  • 00:36:35
    how we produce our food goods and
  • 00:36:37
    services
  • 00:36:38
    changes to migration patterns
  • 00:36:40
    urbanization and even our settlement now
  • 00:36:42
    in talking about an economy remember we
  • 00:36:43
    have a formal economy and an informal
  • 00:36:45
    economy
  • 00:36:46
    formal economies are jobs that are
  • 00:36:48
    regulated or monitored by the government
  • 00:36:50
    the informal economy on the other hand
  • 00:36:51
    is made up of jobs that are
  • 00:36:53
    under the table they're not monitored or
  • 00:36:55
    regulated by the government next we can
  • 00:36:56
    actually see how jobs are broken down
  • 00:36:58
    into different economic sectors we have
  • 00:37:00
    the primary sector which is jobs and
  • 00:37:01
    activities that revolve around natural
  • 00:37:03
    resources
  • 00:37:04
    the secondary sector which revolves
  • 00:37:06
    around manufacturing and the production
  • 00:37:08
    of items
  • 00:37:09
    and then we have the tertiary sector
  • 00:37:10
    which is characterized by service jobs
  • 00:37:13
    and this sector can be broken down even
  • 00:37:15
    further into the quaternary sector which
  • 00:37:17
    has
  • 00:37:18
    jobs that are service based but are
  • 00:37:19
    dealing with the collecting and
  • 00:37:21
    gathering of
  • 00:37:21
    information and we can also break this
  • 00:37:23
    down into the quinary sector
  • 00:37:25
    which are jobs that are focused on the
  • 00:37:27
    decision process
  • 00:37:29
    think about a government official or a
  • 00:37:30
    ceo today we're starting to see changes
  • 00:37:32
    in where jobs are being offered
  • 00:37:34
    core countries are no longer offering as
  • 00:37:36
    many jobs in the primary and secondary
  • 00:37:38
    sector and are offering more jobs in the
  • 00:37:40
    tertiary sector
  • 00:37:41
    while semi periphery countries and
  • 00:37:43
    periphery countries are offering more
  • 00:37:45
    jobs in the primary and secondary sector
  • 00:37:47
    but don't have as many jobs in the
  • 00:37:49
    tertiary this movement of production
  • 00:37:50
    between the developed world and the
  • 00:37:52
    developing can be seen when we're
  • 00:37:53
    looking at the international division of
  • 00:37:55
    labor
  • 00:37:55
    we can see that companies and core
  • 00:37:57
    countries are taking advantage of the
  • 00:37:59
    cheap resources
  • 00:38:00
    and cheaper labor in the developing
  • 00:38:02
    world and this is allowing them to be
  • 00:38:03
    able to make
  • 00:38:04
    products at a cheaper rate moving jobs
  • 00:38:06
    from your home country to another
  • 00:38:07
    country is known as
  • 00:38:08
    offshoring and we're starting to see
  • 00:38:09
    this happen more and more in the modern
  • 00:38:11
    day
  • 00:38:11
    not only because of the cheaper
  • 00:38:12
    resources and labor but also because of
  • 00:38:14
    these manufacturing zones that make it
  • 00:38:17
    economically advantageous for
  • 00:38:18
    multinational corporations to relocate
  • 00:38:21
    production in developing countries less
  • 00:38:23
    developed countries hope to motivate
  • 00:38:24
    multinational corporations to invest in
  • 00:38:26
    their countries
  • 00:38:27
    they hope to benefit from things like
  • 00:38:28
    the multiplier effect which looks at an
  • 00:38:31
    original investment
  • 00:38:32
    made in a country and that ripple
  • 00:38:33
    affected half this new way in which
  • 00:38:35
    we're producing products and trading
  • 00:38:36
    around the world
  • 00:38:37
    has led companies to use things like
  • 00:38:39
    post fortis methods of production
  • 00:38:41
    just in time delivery agglomeration and
  • 00:38:43
    growth polls
  • 00:38:44
    all of these different things have
  • 00:38:46
    allowed companies to be able to increase
  • 00:38:48
    their profit margins and have also
  • 00:38:50
    increased world trade and globalization
  • 00:38:52
    next we can look at the impact of
  • 00:38:53
    neoliberal policies which seek to
  • 00:38:55
    promote free trade agreements around the
  • 00:38:57
    world
  • 00:38:57
    things such as nafta or the creation of
  • 00:38:59
    the world trade organization
  • 00:39:01
    or the international monetary fund all
  • 00:39:03
    seek to facilitate
  • 00:39:04
    world trade and a globalized economy at
  • 00:39:07
    the same time though remember we can see
  • 00:39:08
    countries resist globalization and try
  • 00:39:10
    to implement isolationist policies
  • 00:39:12
    countries that utilize tariffs which are
  • 00:39:14
    taxes on imports
  • 00:39:16
    trying to motivate companies to move
  • 00:39:17
    back to their country at the end of the
  • 00:39:19
    day though we can see that countries
  • 00:39:20
    that trade end up being better off and
  • 00:39:22
    they see more goods and services be
  • 00:39:24
    produced in their countries
  • 00:39:26
    we can see that countries that are more
  • 00:39:27
    likely to trade with one another
  • 00:39:29
    are ones that have specific wants and
  • 00:39:31
    needs that can be filled with another
  • 00:39:32
    country
  • 00:39:33
    or we could also look at countries with
  • 00:39:34
    a comparative advantage in a specific
  • 00:39:36
    good or service
  • 00:39:38
    by specializing in the production of
  • 00:39:39
    that item they can become more efficient
  • 00:39:42
    and then they can trade for other
  • 00:39:43
    products this allows countries to be
  • 00:39:45
    able to be better off
  • 00:39:46
    and decrease their opportunity cost and
  • 00:39:48
    at the same time
  • 00:39:49
    increase the amount of goods and
  • 00:39:50
    services that their citizens have now on
  • 00:39:52
    the screen right now we have a bunch of
  • 00:39:53
    different gross indicators
  • 00:39:54
    these are different ways to measure a
  • 00:39:56
    formal economy remember that gdp
  • 00:39:58
    is like taking the temperature of the
  • 00:40:00
    economy we're trying to see how things
  • 00:40:02
    are going
  • 00:40:02
    the gnp is looking at the production of
  • 00:40:05
    all the country citizens
  • 00:40:06
    and the gni is looking actually at the
  • 00:40:09
    standard of living
  • 00:40:10
    these indicators help us understand
  • 00:40:12
    what's going on with the formal economy
  • 00:40:14
    of a country we can also look at things
  • 00:40:15
    like the gender inequality index or the
  • 00:40:17
    human development index to better
  • 00:40:19
    understand what's going on with the
  • 00:40:20
    country's inequality between different
  • 00:40:22
    genders
  • 00:40:22
    or what's going on with the expected
  • 00:40:24
    years of schooling the life expectancy
  • 00:40:26
    or the standard of living
  • 00:40:27
    these metrics allow us to get a better
  • 00:40:29
    idea of what's going on with social
  • 00:40:30
    issues within a country another theme
  • 00:40:32
    that we've seen in other units that
  • 00:40:33
    comes back up again
  • 00:40:34
    is women in the economy we see that
  • 00:40:36
    women are more likely to be in
  • 00:40:38
    subsistence
  • 00:40:38
    agriculture or in the informal economy
  • 00:40:41
    they're more likely to get paid low
  • 00:40:42
    wages have less illegal protection
  • 00:40:44
    and also be more victims of
  • 00:40:45
    discrimination and sexual assault
  • 00:40:48
    but we can also see programs in the
  • 00:40:49
    developed world that seek to try and
  • 00:40:51
    reduce this gap
  • 00:40:52
    offering things such as micro loans
  • 00:40:54
    which seek to provide loans
  • 00:40:55
    given by individuals within a society
  • 00:40:57
    not by a government organization the
  • 00:40:59
    next thing in this unit is a couple
  • 00:41:00
    different theories and models we could
  • 00:41:02
    first start off by looking at rostow's
  • 00:41:04
    stages of economic growth the first
  • 00:41:05
    stages of the traditional society where
  • 00:41:07
    jobs are centered around subsistence
  • 00:41:09
    agriculture the majority work here is in
  • 00:41:11
    the primary sector
  • 00:41:13
    from there we move into the second stage
  • 00:41:15
    which is the preconditions for takeoff
  • 00:41:17
    society now starts to see demand from
  • 00:41:19
    outside states for raw materials
  • 00:41:21
    inside the state this creates more jobs
  • 00:41:23
    in the secondary sector but
  • 00:41:25
    also still the majority of jobs in
  • 00:41:26
    society are still in that primary sector
  • 00:41:29
    from there we move into the third stage
  • 00:41:31
    now we're starting to see urbanization
  • 00:41:32
    occur at a faster rate
  • 00:41:34
    and more and more job opportunities are
  • 00:41:35
    starting to open up for citizens in the
  • 00:41:37
    secondary sector next we go into the
  • 00:41:39
    drive to maturity stage where we start
  • 00:41:41
    to see more specialization and global
  • 00:41:43
    trade occur
  • 00:41:44
    the economy now also starts to become
  • 00:41:46
    more specialized and we start to see the
  • 00:41:48
    state become more independent from their
  • 00:41:50
    global trade partners lastly we have the
  • 00:41:52
    age of mass consumption
  • 00:41:53
    society now has many jobs that are in
  • 00:41:55
    the tertiary sector
  • 00:41:56
    and society overall is more developed
  • 00:41:58
    we're also starting to see society
  • 00:42:00
    produce
  • 00:42:00
    different products that are not just for
  • 00:42:02
    the needs of citizens but are instead
  • 00:42:04
    for their wants as well
  • 00:42:05
    lastly if we look at wallerstein's world
  • 00:42:07
    system theory we can see an economic
  • 00:42:09
    imbalance in the world
  • 00:42:10
    an unequal economic development we can
  • 00:42:12
    see that core countries have been taking
  • 00:42:14
    advantage of the less developed
  • 00:42:16
    countries
  • 00:42:17
    periphery and semi-perforate countries
  • 00:42:19
    end up producing many of the products
  • 00:42:21
    and the goods and services
  • 00:42:22
    for the core countries this leads to the
  • 00:42:24
    dependency theory where we can see that
  • 00:42:26
    core countries disproportionately
  • 00:42:28
    benefit
  • 00:42:28
    from this trade as the majority now of
  • 00:42:31
    the perforated countries economies are
  • 00:42:33
    based around
  • 00:42:33
    exporting their goods to the core
  • 00:42:35
    countries instead of having those
  • 00:42:37
    products for themselves
  • 00:42:38
    this also can lead to a commodity
  • 00:42:40
    dependence as we'll start to see
  • 00:42:42
    developing countries entire economy be
  • 00:42:44
    based around one commodity
  • 00:42:46
    and if anything were to happen to the
  • 00:42:47
    price of that commodity it would
  • 00:42:49
    devastate the entire economy
  • 00:42:51
    on the other hand though core countries
  • 00:42:52
    if something goes south with the trade
  • 00:42:53
    well they can find a different
  • 00:42:55
    developing country
  • 00:42:56
    to produce their products for this model
  • 00:42:58
    shows us how difficult it is for
  • 00:42:59
    developing countries to be able to get
  • 00:43:01
    to the same economic level as
  • 00:43:03
    core countries and we'll have to
  • 00:43:04
    continue to see how this balance
  • 00:43:06
    continues to trade
  • 00:43:07
    as we continue to see more countries
  • 00:43:09
    move down the demographic transition
  • 00:43:10
    model
  • 00:43:11
    further along restore stages of economic
  • 00:43:13
    development and as technology continues
  • 00:43:15
    to diffuse and change our global
  • 00:43:17
    community
  • 00:43:17
    we'll have to see what happens in the
  • 00:43:19
    future and just like that geographers
  • 00:43:20
    our time has come to an
  • 00:43:22
    end hopefully this massive video helped
  • 00:43:24
    you prepare for your ap test
  • 00:43:26
    or your final exam if you do need more
  • 00:43:27
    help make sure to check out my topic
  • 00:43:29
    review video the discord channel or my
  • 00:43:31
    ultimate review packet
  • 00:43:32
    thank you so much for watching this
  • 00:43:34
    video for subscribing for liking the
  • 00:43:36
    video and sharing it to other students
  • 00:43:38
    i hope that you found value in this it's
  • 00:43:40
    been an honor being able to teach you
  • 00:43:41
    throughout this entire school year and i
  • 00:43:43
    wanted to wish you the best of luck on
  • 00:43:45
    your final or your ap
  • 00:43:46
    test make sure to look for more
  • 00:43:48
    resources in the future on this channel
  • 00:43:50
    as i'll be doing live streams and other
  • 00:43:51
    reviews to be able to help you as we get
  • 00:43:53
    closer to test time
  • 00:43:54
    until then though i'm mr sin and you
  • 00:43:56
    know the drill geographers i'll see you
  • 00:43:58
    guys
  • 00:43:59
    next time online
  • 00:44:14
    [Music]
  • 00:44:20
    you
Tag
  • AP Human Geography
  • Maps
  • Population
  • Migration
  • Culture
  • Political Geography
  • Agriculture
  • Urbanization
  • Globalization
  • Economic Development