Intro to IT | Google IT Support Certificate

00:41:16
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f_c7PrH3rX8

Sintesi

TLDR视频介绍了信息技术的基本概念，主讲人Kevin Limehouse分享了他对IT的热情以及在Google的工作经历。信息技术通过数字技术来存储和处理数据，在现代社会中变得尤为重要。课程的目标是帮助学生理解IT支持的关键知识与技能，包括日常工作内容、计算机历史沿革以及如何进行故障排查和沟通。视频强调了IT职业的多样性和未来的发展前景，同时揭示了数字鸿沟对社会的影响。

Punti di forza

  • 🖥️ 信息技术利用数字技术存储和处理数据。
  • 👨‍💻 IT支持专业者确保技术设备正常运行。
  • 📈 IT行业职业多样化，未来前景广阔。
  • 💡 计算机历史演变关键角色包括Charles Babbage和Ada Lovelace。
  • 🌍 改善数字鸿沟有助于提高社会整体素养。
  • 🔧 课程包含故障排除和用户沟通技巧的学习。
  • 📊 学习如何设置和维护用户桌面。
  • 🚀 IT支持工作在各个行业中具有重要性。
  • 🤖 现代计算机技术快速发展，提供了越来越多的职业机会。
  • 📚 课程内容将帮助学生为IT职业做好准备。

Linea temporale

  • 00:00:00 - 00:05:00

    Kevin Limehouse, a support specialist at Google, shares his journey into IT, starting from disassembling a computer at age eight to becoming the go-to IT support for his large family. He emphasizes the importance of education instilled by his parents and his eventual career in IT support at Google, where he has been for seven years, providing technical and billing support to sales teams.

  • 00:05:00 - 00:10:00

    Information Technology (IT) is defined as the use of digital technology to store and process data. IT has transformed communication and is integral to various industries. The field encompasses diverse roles, from network engineers to desktop support personnel, highlighting the human aspect of technology and its role in solving real-world problems.

  • 00:10:00 - 00:15:00

    The day-to-day work of IT support specialists varies widely, involving troubleshooting, maintaining equipment, and ensuring smooth operations. The course aims to prepare students for entry-level IT help desk roles, covering essential skills like setting up workstations, troubleshooting, and implementing security measures, while also emphasizing the importance of communication with users.

  • 00:15:00 - 00:20:00

    The speaker expresses a passion for problem-solving in IT, viewing challenges as opportunities for growth. The IT industry is booming, with job prospects expected to grow significantly, making it an exciting time to enter the field. The course will cover the evolution of computers, starting from historical milestones to modern computing.

  • 00:20:00 - 00:25:00

    The Apollo 11 mission is highlighted as a significant event in computing history, showcasing the evolution of computers from room-sized machines to the powerful devices we use today. The course will cover how computers work, including hardware, operating systems, and networking, providing a comprehensive understanding of IT fundamentals.

  • 00:25:00 - 00:30:00

    The history of computers is traced from early counting devices like the abacus to mechanical calculators and the invention of the analytical engine by Charles Babbage. Ada Lovelace's contributions to programming are acknowledged, marking the beginning of computer programming and the evolution of computing technology.

  • 00:30:00 - 00:35:00

    The impact of World War II on computing advancements is discussed, including the development of the enigma machine and the subsequent growth of computing technology in the post-war era. The transition from punch cards to magnetic tape and the introduction of transistors are key milestones in this evolution.

  • 00:35:00 - 00:41:16

    The course concludes with an overview of how computers process data using binary code, explaining the significance of binary in computing and the concept of abstraction, which simplifies complex systems for users. The importance of understanding computer architecture and user interaction in IT support roles is emphasized.

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Mappa mentale

Video Domande e Risposte

  • 什么是信息技术？

    信息技术是使用数字技术（如计算机和互联网）来存储和处理数据。

  • IT支持专业的日常工作是什么？

    IT支持专业负责确保组织的技术设备正常运行，包括安装、维护和故障排除。

  • IT行业有哪些职业？

    IT行业包括网络工程师、硬件技术员、桌面支持人员等多样化的职业。

  • 数字鸿沟是什么？

    数字鸿沟是指在不同人群中，因社会经济因素而导致的数字素养技能的差异。

  • 学习IT支持的主要技能是什么？

    学习如何设置用户桌面、安装应用程序、排查问题及有效与用户沟通。

  • 计算机的历史演变有哪些关键点？

    从古老的计算工具（如算盘）到现代计算机的发展，历史演变包括机械计算器、穿孔卡片和个人计算机等。

  • 未来IT行业的发展前景如何？

    预计美国的IT工作在下一个十年将增长12%，远高于其他职业的平均水平。

  • 课程结束后我将学到什么？

    了解计算机如何运作，建立基础的IT知识以及如何处理技术问题。

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Sottotitoli
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Scorrimento automatico:
  • 00:00:04
    welcome to course one technical support
  • 00:00:05
    fundamentals my name is kevin limehouse
  • 00:00:07
    and i work as a support specialist for
  • 00:00:10
    platforms building doubleclick at google
  • 00:00:12
    looking back i can trace where my
  • 00:00:13
    passion for it began to an actual moment
  • 00:00:15
    when i was eight years old my parents
  • 00:00:17
    were about to throw away our old busted
  • 00:00:18
    computer but i managed to give it to my
  • 00:00:20
    mom to let me keep it
  • 00:00:22
    um i remember the moment when i slowly
  • 00:00:23
    started disassembling it
  • 00:00:25
    kept digging deeper and deeper
  • 00:00:27
    unscrewing every little piece i can get
  • 00:00:29
    my hands on and i was hooked
  • 00:00:31
    by the time i was 12 or 13 years old i
  • 00:00:33
    became the de facto i.t support for my
  • 00:00:36
    entire family and that's no small feat
  • 00:00:38
    considering i have 11 aunts and uncles
  • 00:00:40
    and over 35 cousins my parents both grew
  • 00:00:42
    up in very small rural towns in south
  • 00:00:44
    carolina growing up in the gymco south
  • 00:00:46
    through the mid-1950s and 1960s they
  • 00:00:49
    were taught at an early age that one of
  • 00:00:50
    the better methods to get ahead was
  • 00:00:52
    through education this lesson was
  • 00:00:54
    instilled in me and my sister and i
  • 00:00:56
    ended up going to university to study
  • 00:00:57
    computer science
  • 00:00:59
    i graduated school right at the end of
  • 00:01:01
    the
  • 00:01:01
    2007-2009 recession but thankfully i
  • 00:01:04
    secured a job at google and i.t support
  • 00:01:06
    where i work with users solving their
  • 00:01:08
    issues and supporting the i.t inventory
  • 00:01:11
    and now i've been working at it for
  • 00:01:12
    seven years in my current role as a
  • 00:01:14
    support specialist i provide technical
  • 00:01:16
    and billing support to google sales
  • 00:01:18
    teams which involves everything from
  • 00:01:20
    troubleshooting to creating forms or
  • 00:01:22
    editing automation scripts
  • 00:01:24
    and now you know a little bit about me
  • 00:01:25
    let's start from the beginning
  • 00:01:27
    what is information technology
  • 00:01:29
    information technology has completely
  • 00:01:31
    transformed your life in ways that you
  • 00:01:33
    may not even realize
  • 00:01:34
    thanks to it we can communicate massive
  • 00:01:36
    amounts of information to people and
  • 00:01:38
    organizations across the world in the
  • 00:01:40
    blink of an eye computers power
  • 00:01:42
    everything from calculators to medical
  • 00:01:44
    equipment to complex satellite systems
  • 00:01:47
    and the trading desk of wall street
  • 00:01:49
    they're powerful and invaluable tools
  • 00:01:50
    that help people get their work done and
  • 00:01:52
    enable us to connect with one another so
  • 00:01:54
    what exactly is information technology
  • 00:01:56
    it is essentially the use of digital
  • 00:01:58
    technology like computers on the
  • 00:02:00
    internet to store and process data into
  • 00:02:02
    useful information
  • 00:02:03
    the i.t industry refers to the entire
  • 00:02:05
    scope of all the jobs and resources that
  • 00:02:08
    are related to computing technologies
  • 00:02:09
    within society and there are a lot of
  • 00:02:11
    different types of jobs in this field
  • 00:02:13
    from network engineers who ensure
  • 00:02:15
    computers can communicate with each
  • 00:02:17
    other to hardware technicians who
  • 00:02:18
    replace and repair components to desktop
  • 00:02:21
    support personnel who make sure that end
  • 00:02:23
    users can use their software properly
  • 00:02:25
    but it isn't just about building
  • 00:02:26
    computers and using the internet it's
  • 00:02:28
    really about the people
  • 00:02:29
    that's the heart and soul of i.t support
  • 00:02:31
    work what good is technology or
  • 00:02:33
    information if people can't use
  • 00:02:35
    technology or make sense of the
  • 00:02:36
    information
  • 00:02:38
    it helps people solve meaningful
  • 00:02:39
    problems by using technology which is
  • 00:02:41
    why you'll see its influences in
  • 00:02:43
    education medicine journalism
  • 00:02:46
    construction transportation
  • 00:02:48
    entertainment or really any industry on
  • 00:02:50
    the planet i.t is about changing the
  • 00:02:52
    world through the ways we collaborate
  • 00:02:54
    share and create together i.t has become
  • 00:02:56
    such a vital tool in modern society that
  • 00:02:58
    people and organizations who don't have
  • 00:03:01
    access to it are at a disadvantage i.t
  • 00:03:03
    skills are becoming necessary for
  • 00:03:05
    day-to-day living like finding a job
  • 00:03:07
    getting an education and looking up your
  • 00:03:08
    health information maybe you're from a
  • 00:03:10
    community where there wasn't any
  • 00:03:11
    internet or you couldn't afford a super
  • 00:03:14
    fast computer and had to use one at your
  • 00:03:16
    school or library instead there are many
  • 00:03:18
    social and economic reasons why some
  • 00:03:20
    people have digital literacy skills and
  • 00:03:22
    other people do not this growing skills
  • 00:03:24
    gap is known as the digital divide
  • 00:03:27
    people without digital literacy skills
  • 00:03:29
    are falling behind but people like you
  • 00:03:31
    are the real solution to bridging that
  • 00:03:32
    digital divide overcoming the digital
  • 00:03:34
    divide not only involves confronting and
  • 00:03:37
    understanding the combination of
  • 00:03:38
    socioeconomic factors that shape our
  • 00:03:40
    experience
  • 00:03:41
    but also helping others confront and
  • 00:03:43
    understand those experiences by getting
  • 00:03:45
    into it you'll help serve those in your
  • 00:03:47
    communities organizations and maybe even
  • 00:03:49
    inspire a new generation of i.t pioneers
  • 00:03:52
    when i think about solving the digital
  • 00:03:54
    divide i can't help but think of all the
  • 00:03:55
    opportunities and breakthroughs that
  • 00:03:57
    folks from diverse backgrounds and
  • 00:03:58
    perspectives in the industry can bring
  • 00:04:01
    by bringing more people of color more
  • 00:04:03
    women more ethnically diverse people
  • 00:04:05
    into the i.t field we're bound to see
  • 00:04:07
    unique new ideas and products that we
  • 00:04:09
    haven't even begun to imagine
  • 00:04:11
    that benefits everybody
  • 00:04:18
    so what's the day-to-day work of someone
  • 00:04:20
    in it support like well it varies a ton
  • 00:04:23
    based on whether you're doing in-person
  • 00:04:25
    or remote support and at a small
  • 00:04:27
    business or a large enterprise company
  • 00:04:29
    and there's really no such thing as
  • 00:04:30
    day-to-day work since the puzzles and
  • 00:04:32
    challenges are always new and
  • 00:04:34
    interesting but in general nit support
  • 00:04:36
    specialists make sure that an
  • 00:04:37
    organization's technological equipment
  • 00:04:39
    is running smoothly this includes
  • 00:04:41
    managing installing maintaining
  • 00:04:43
    troubleshooting and configuring office
  • 00:04:45
    and computing equipment this program is
  • 00:04:47
    designed to prepare you for an
  • 00:04:49
    entry-level role in it help desk support
  • 00:04:51
    you'll learn how to set up a user's
  • 00:04:53
    desktop or workstation how to install
  • 00:04:55
    the computer applications that people
  • 00:04:57
    use the most you'll learn how to fix a
  • 00:04:59
    problem or troubleshoot when something
  • 00:05:01
    goes wrong and how to put practices in
  • 00:05:03
    place to prevent similar problems from
  • 00:05:04
    happening again not only will you learn
  • 00:05:06
    the technical aspects of troubleshooting
  • 00:05:08
    a problem you'll also learn how to
  • 00:05:10
    communicate with users in order to best
  • 00:05:12
    assist them
  • 00:05:15
    we'll also show you how to set up a
  • 00:05:17
    network from scratch to connect to the
  • 00:05:18
    internet teach you a thing or two about
  • 00:05:20
    automation and scripting and teach you
  • 00:05:22
    about how to implement security to make
  • 00:05:24
    sure your systems are safe from hackers
  • 00:05:26
    and other risk
  • 00:05:28
    for me my favorite part of it support is
  • 00:05:30
    the problem solving aspect i love to
  • 00:05:33
    exercise in my creativity to spin up a
  • 00:05:35
    solution to a user's issue
  • 00:05:37
    being an it generalist also gave me the
  • 00:05:39
    flexibility to learn and practice so
  • 00:05:41
    many different skills and eventually
  • 00:05:43
    determine where i want to focus my
  • 00:05:44
    career plus when things go wrong or you
  • 00:05:47
    fail at something at it you can take the
  • 00:05:49
    feedback from those mistakes and be
  • 00:05:50
    better equipped to tackle them the next
  • 00:05:52
    time around using failure as a feedback
  • 00:05:55
    is an important skill both in it and in
  • 00:05:57
    life
  • 00:05:58
    for me that's why i was so attracted to
  • 00:06:01
    the it field i love the process of
  • 00:06:03
    problem solving and constantly
  • 00:06:05
    stretching myself to learn and grow
  • 00:06:07
    there's also never been more opportunity
  • 00:06:09
    to get into the id industry than now
  • 00:06:11
    not only is the field of i.t incredibly
  • 00:06:13
    diverse but job prospects are also
  • 00:06:16
    booming it's projected that i.t jobs in
  • 00:06:18
    the u.s alone will grow 12 percent in
  • 00:06:20
    the next decade that's higher than the
  • 00:06:22
    average for all other occupations so
  • 00:06:24
    what does this all mean there are
  • 00:06:25
    thousands of companies around the world
  • 00:06:27
    searching for i.t professionals like you
  • 00:06:30
    so the main gist is that it is totally
  • 00:06:32
    awesome and full of opportunity
  • 00:06:34
    and we're so excited that you're here so
  • 00:06:36
    let's dive right in
  • 00:06:42
    on july 20th 1969 one of the most
  • 00:06:45
    phenomenal events made its way into the
  • 00:06:47
    history books when the apollo 11
  • 00:06:49
    completed its historic mission to the
  • 00:06:51
    moon
  • 00:06:52
    while the most brilliant mines helped to
  • 00:06:53
    make sure that the eagle had landed
  • 00:06:55
    computers also played a significant role
  • 00:06:58
    the guidance system that navigated the
  • 00:07:00
    spacecraft was one of the earliest forms
  • 00:07:02
    of modern computing that same computer
  • 00:07:04
    the one that helped america's lunar
  • 00:07:06
    dreams become a reality took up the
  • 00:07:08
    space of an entire room and had 110 000
  • 00:07:11
    the computing power of the thing that
  • 00:07:12
    almost every one of you carry in your
  • 00:07:14
    pockets today a smartphone computer
  • 00:07:16
    hardware and software have had such a
  • 00:07:18
    dramatic evolution
  • 00:07:20
    that what was once only used to power
  • 00:07:22
    rockets now shapes the entire way our
  • 00:07:24
    world functions think about your day did
  • 00:07:26
    you grab a snack turn on your tv take a
  • 00:07:29
    drive in your car computers were along
  • 00:07:31
    for the ride literally computers are
  • 00:07:33
    everywhere so here's the rundown by the
  • 00:07:36
    end of this course you'll understand how
  • 00:07:37
    computers work and get a grasp of the
  • 00:07:39
    building blocks of it we're going to
  • 00:07:41
    cover the basics of how computer
  • 00:07:43
    hardware performs calculations and we're
  • 00:07:45
    going to actually build a computer from
  • 00:07:46
    the ground up
  • 00:07:48
    we'll look at how operating systems
  • 00:07:49
    control and interact with hardware
  • 00:07:52
    we'll take a look at the internet and
  • 00:07:53
    get a better understanding of how
  • 00:07:55
    computers talk to each other
  • 00:07:56
    we'll also spend time learning about how
  • 00:07:58
    applications and programs tie all of
  • 00:08:00
    this together and let humans interact
  • 00:08:03
    with these systems finally we'll cover
  • 00:08:05
    important lessons on problem solving
  • 00:08:07
    with computers and cover the
  • 00:08:08
    communication skills that are so
  • 00:08:10
    critical when interacting with others in
  • 00:08:12
    it
  • 00:08:13
    whether you're looking for a job in the
  • 00:08:14
    it industry or you just want to learn
  • 00:08:16
    how your laptop connects to the internet
  • 00:08:18
    understanding how computers work at
  • 00:08:20
    every level
  • 00:08:21
    can help you in your day-to-day life and
  • 00:08:23
    in the workplace but first let's take a
  • 00:08:25
    step way way back back to where it all
  • 00:08:28
    began even before the apollo 11 mission
  • 00:08:31
    touchdown
  • 00:08:32
    so you can understand how and why we use
  • 00:08:34
    computers today
  • 00:08:41
    when you hear the word computer maybe
  • 00:08:43
    you think of something like a beefy
  • 00:08:44
    gaming desktop with flashing lights or
  • 00:08:46
    maybe you think of a slim and sleek
  • 00:08:48
    laptop these fancy devices aren't what
  • 00:08:50
    people had in mind when computers were
  • 00:08:52
    first created
  • 00:08:53
    to put it simply a computer is a device
  • 00:08:55
    that stores and processes data by
  • 00:08:57
    performing calculations before we had
  • 00:08:59
    actual computer devices the term
  • 00:09:01
    computer was used to refer to someone
  • 00:09:04
    who actually did the calculation you're
  • 00:09:06
    probably thinking that's crazy talk uh
  • 00:09:08
    my computer lets me check social media
  • 00:09:10
    browse the internet design graphics how
  • 00:09:12
    can it possibly just perform
  • 00:09:14
    calculations well friends in this course
  • 00:09:17
    we'll be learning how computer
  • 00:09:18
    calculations are baked into applications
  • 00:09:20
    social media games etc all the things
  • 00:09:23
    that you use every day but to kick
  • 00:09:25
    things off we'll learn about the journey
  • 00:09:27
    computers took from the earliest known
  • 00:09:29
    forms of computing into the devices that
  • 00:09:31
    you know and love today in the world of
  • 00:09:33
    technology and if i'm getting really
  • 00:09:35
    philosophical in life
  • 00:09:36
    it is important to know where we've been
  • 00:09:39
    in order to understand where we are and
  • 00:09:41
    where we are going historical context
  • 00:09:43
    can help you understand why things work
  • 00:09:45
    the way they do today
  • 00:09:47
    have you ever wondered why the alphabet
  • 00:09:48
    isn't laid out in order on your keyboard
  • 00:09:51
    the keyboard layout that most of the
  • 00:09:52
    world uses today is the qwerty layout
  • 00:09:55
    distinguished by the q w e r t and y
  • 00:09:59
    keys
  • 00:10:00
    in the top row of the keyboard the most
  • 00:10:02
    common letters that you type aren't
  • 00:10:03
    found on the home row where your fingers
  • 00:10:05
    hit the most but why
  • 00:10:07
    there are many stories that claim to
  • 00:10:08
    answer this question some say it was
  • 00:10:10
    developed to slow down typists so they
  • 00:10:12
    wouldn't jam old mechanical typewriters
  • 00:10:15
    others claim it was meant to resolve
  • 00:10:17
    problem for telegraph operators one
  • 00:10:19
    thing is for sure the keyboard layout
  • 00:10:21
    that millions of people use today isn't
  • 00:10:23
    the most effective one
  • 00:10:25
    different keyboard layouts have even
  • 00:10:27
    been created to try and make typing more
  • 00:10:29
    efficient
  • 00:10:30
    now that we're starting to live in a
  • 00:10:31
    mobile-centric world with our
  • 00:10:33
    smartphones the landscape for keyboards
  • 00:10:35
    may change completely by typing fingers
  • 00:10:37
    across in the technology industry having
  • 00:10:40
    a little context can go a long way to
  • 00:10:42
    making sense of the concepts you'll
  • 00:10:44
    encounter
  • 00:10:45
    by the end of this lesson you'll be able
  • 00:10:46
    to identify some of the most major
  • 00:10:48
    advances in the early history of
  • 00:10:50
    computers do you know what an abacus is
  • 00:10:53
    it looks like a wooden toy that a child
  • 00:10:55
    would play with but it's actually one of
  • 00:10:57
    the earliest known computers
  • 00:10:59
    it was invented in 500 bc to count large
  • 00:11:01
    numbers while we have calculators like
  • 00:11:03
    the old reliable ti-89s or the ones in
  • 00:11:06
    our computers abacus is actually still
  • 00:11:08
    used today over the centuries humans
  • 00:11:11
    built
  • 00:11:11
    more advanced counting tools but they
  • 00:11:13
    still required a human to manually
  • 00:11:15
    perform the calculations the first major
  • 00:11:17
    step forward was the invention of the
  • 00:11:19
    mechanical calculator in the 17th
  • 00:11:21
    century by blaise pascal this device
  • 00:11:24
    used a series of gears and levers to
  • 00:11:26
    perform calculations for the user
  • 00:11:27
    automatically
  • 00:11:29
    while it was limited to addition
  • 00:11:30
    subtraction multiplication and division
  • 00:11:33
    for pretty small numbers it paved the
  • 00:11:35
    way for more complex machines the
  • 00:11:37
    fundamental operations of the mechanical
  • 00:11:39
    calculator were later applied to the
  • 00:11:41
    textile industry before we had
  • 00:11:43
    streamlined manufacturing looms were
  • 00:11:46
    used to weave yarn into fabric if you
  • 00:11:48
    wanted design patterns on your fabric
  • 00:11:50
    that took an incredible amount of manual
  • 00:11:52
    work in the 1800s a man by the name of
  • 00:11:55
    joseph jacquard invented a programmable
  • 00:11:57
    loom these looms took a sequence of
  • 00:11:59
    cards with holes in them
  • 00:12:01
    when the loom encountered a hole it
  • 00:12:03
    would hook the thread underneath it if
  • 00:12:05
    it didn't encounter a hole the hook
  • 00:12:07
    wouldn't thread anything eventually this
  • 00:12:09
    spun up a design pattern on the fabric
  • 00:12:12
    these cards were known as punch cards
  • 00:12:14
    and while mr jacquard reinvented the
  • 00:12:16
    textile industry he probably didn't
  • 00:12:18
    realize that his invention would shape
  • 00:12:20
    the world of computing and the world
  • 00:12:22
    itself today pretty epic mr jacquard
  • 00:12:25
    pretty epic
  • 00:12:27
    let's fast forward a few decades and
  • 00:12:28
    meet a man by the name of charles
  • 00:12:31
    babbage
  • 00:12:32
    babbage was a gifted engineer who
  • 00:12:33
    developed a series of machines that are
  • 00:12:35
    now known as the greatest breakthrough
  • 00:12:37
    on our way to the modern computer he
  • 00:12:40
    built what was called a difference
  • 00:12:41
    engine it was a very sophisticated
  • 00:12:44
    version of some of the mechanical
  • 00:12:45
    calculators we were just talking about
  • 00:12:47
    it could perform fairly complicated
  • 00:12:49
    mathematical operations but not much
  • 00:12:51
    else
  • 00:12:52
    babbage's follow-up to the difference
  • 00:12:54
    engine was a machine he called the
  • 00:12:56
    analytical engine
  • 00:12:58
    he was inspired by jacquard's use of
  • 00:12:59
    punch cards to automatically perform
  • 00:13:01
    calculations instead of manually
  • 00:13:03
    entering them by hand
  • 00:13:05
    babbage used punch cards and his
  • 00:13:07
    analytical engine to allow people to
  • 00:13:09
    predefine a series of calculations they
  • 00:13:11
    wanted to perform as impressive as this
  • 00:13:13
    achievement was the analytical engine
  • 00:13:16
    was still just a very advanced
  • 00:13:17
    mechanical calculator it took the
  • 00:13:19
    powerful insights of a mathematician
  • 00:13:21
    named ada lovelace to realize the true
  • 00:13:23
    potential of the analytical engine
  • 00:13:26
    she was the first person to recognize
  • 00:13:27
    that the machine could be used for more
  • 00:13:29
    than pure calculations she developed the
  • 00:13:31
    first algorithm for the engine it was
  • 00:13:34
    the very first example of computer
  • 00:13:36
    programming an algorithm is just a
  • 00:13:38
    series of steps that solve specific
  • 00:13:41
    problems
  • 00:13:42
    because of lovelace's discovery the
  • 00:13:44
    algorithms could be programmed into the
  • 00:13:46
    analytical engine it became the very
  • 00:13:48
    first general purpose computing machine
  • 00:13:50
    in history
  • 00:13:52
    and a great example that women have had
  • 00:13:54
    some of the most valuable minds in
  • 00:13:56
    technology since the 1800s we've covered
  • 00:13:59
    a lot of ground already learning about
  • 00:14:00
    how primitive counting devices like the
  • 00:14:02
    abacus evolved into huge complex devices
  • 00:14:05
    like the analytical engine proof that
  • 00:14:07
    there was life before social media
  • 00:14:12
    the development of computing has been
  • 00:14:14
    steadily growing since the invention of
  • 00:14:16
    the analytical engine but didn't make a
  • 00:14:18
    huge leap forward until world war ii
  • 00:14:20
    back then research into computing was
  • 00:14:22
    super expensive electronic components
  • 00:14:24
    were large and you needed lots of them
  • 00:14:26
    to compute anything of value this also
  • 00:14:28
    meant that computers took up a ton of
  • 00:14:29
    space and many efforts were underfunded
  • 00:14:32
    and unable to make headway when the war
  • 00:14:34
    broke out government started pouring
  • 00:14:35
    money and resources into computing
  • 00:14:38
    research they wanted to help develop
  • 00:14:39
    technologies that would give them
  • 00:14:41
    advantages over other countries lots of
  • 00:14:43
    efforts were spun up and advancements
  • 00:14:45
    were made in fields like cryptography
  • 00:14:47
    cryptography is the art of writing and
  • 00:14:49
    solving codes during the war computers
  • 00:14:52
    were used to process secret messages
  • 00:14:53
    from enemies faster than a human could
  • 00:14:56
    ever hope to do today the role
  • 00:14:57
    cryptography plays in secure
  • 00:14:59
    communication is a critical part of
  • 00:15:01
    computer security which you'll learn
  • 00:15:03
    more about in a later course for now
  • 00:15:05
    let's look at how computers started to
  • 00:15:07
    make a dramatic impact on society first
  • 00:15:10
    up is alan turing an english
  • 00:15:12
    mathematician and now famous computer
  • 00:15:14
    scientist he helped develop the top
  • 00:15:16
    secret enigma machine which helped ally
  • 00:15:18
    forces decode access messages during
  • 00:15:20
    world war ii
  • 00:15:21
    the enigma machine is just one of the
  • 00:15:23
    examples of how government started to
  • 00:15:25
    recognize the potential of computation
  • 00:15:28
    after the war companies like ibm hewlett
  • 00:15:30
    packard and others were advancing their
  • 00:15:32
    technologies into the academic business
  • 00:15:34
    and government realms lots of
  • 00:15:36
    technological advancements in computing
  • 00:15:38
    were made in the 20th century thanks to
  • 00:15:40
    direct interest from governments
  • 00:15:42
    scientists and companies left over from
  • 00:15:44
    world war ii these organizations
  • 00:15:46
    invented new methods to store data in
  • 00:15:48
    computers which fuel the growth of
  • 00:15:50
    computational power consider this until
  • 00:15:52
    the 1950s punch cards were a popular way
  • 00:15:55
    to store data
  • 00:15:56
    operators would have decks of ordered
  • 00:15:58
    punch cards that were used for data
  • 00:16:00
    processing if they dropped the deck by
  • 00:16:02
    accident and the cards got out of order
  • 00:16:04
    it was almost impossible to get them
  • 00:16:06
    sorted again they were obviously some
  • 00:16:07
    limitations to punch cards but thanks to
  • 00:16:10
    new technological innovations like
  • 00:16:12
    magnetic tape and its counterparts
  • 00:16:14
    people began to store more data on more
  • 00:16:16
    reliable media a magnetic tape worked by
  • 00:16:19
    magnetizing data onto a tape back in the
  • 00:16:21
    1970s and 80s people used to listen to
  • 00:16:24
    music on vinyl records or cassette tapes
  • 00:16:27
    these relics are examples of how
  • 00:16:28
    magnetic tapes can store information and
  • 00:16:31
    run that information from a machine
  • 00:16:33
    this left stacks and stacks of punch
  • 00:16:35
    cards to collect dust while their new
  • 00:16:37
    magnetic tape counterparts began to
  • 00:16:39
    revolutionize the industry i wasn't
  • 00:16:42
    joking when i said early computers took
  • 00:16:43
    up a lot of space they had huge machines
  • 00:16:46
    to read data and racks of vacuum tubes
  • 00:16:48
    that helped move that data
  • 00:16:50
    vacuum tubes control the electricity
  • 00:16:52
    voltages and all sorts of electronic
  • 00:16:54
    equipment like televisions and radios
  • 00:16:57
    but these specific vacuum tubes were
  • 00:16:59
    bulky and broke all the time imagine
  • 00:17:01
    what the work of an i.t support
  • 00:17:03
    specialist was like in those early days
  • 00:17:04
    of computing
  • 00:17:06
    the job description might have included
  • 00:17:07
    crawling around inside huge machines
  • 00:17:10
    filled with dust and creepy crawly
  • 00:17:11
    things while replacing vacuum tubes and
  • 00:17:14
    swapping out those punch cards in those
  • 00:17:16
    days doing some debugging might have
  • 00:17:18
    taken on a more literal meaning
  • 00:17:20
    renowned computer scientist admiral
  • 00:17:22
    grace hopper had a favorite story
  • 00:17:24
    involving some engineers working on the
  • 00:17:26
    harvard mark ii computer they were
  • 00:17:28
    trying to figure out the source of the
  • 00:17:30
    problems in a relay after doing some
  • 00:17:32
    investigating they discovered the source
  • 00:17:34
    of their trouble was a moth a literal
  • 00:17:36
    bug in the computer the iniac was one of
  • 00:17:39
    the earliest forms of general purpose
  • 00:17:40
    computers
  • 00:17:42
    it was a wall-to-wall convolution of
  • 00:17:44
    massive electronic components and wires
  • 00:17:47
    had 17 000 vacuum tubes and took up
  • 00:17:49
    about 1800 square feet of floor space
  • 00:17:52
    imagine if you had to work with that
  • 00:17:54
    scale of equipment today i wouldn't want
  • 00:17:56
    to share an office with 1800 square feet
  • 00:17:59
    of machinery eventually the industry
  • 00:18:01
    started using transistors to control
  • 00:18:02
    electricity voltages this is now a
  • 00:18:05
    fundamental component of all electronic
  • 00:18:07
    devices transistors perform almost the
  • 00:18:10
    same functions as vacuum tubes but they
  • 00:18:12
    are more compact and more efficient you
  • 00:18:14
    can easily have billions of transistors
  • 00:18:16
    in a small computer chip today
  • 00:18:18
    throughout the decades more and more
  • 00:18:19
    advancements were made
  • 00:18:20
    the very first compiler was invented by
  • 00:18:23
    admiral grace hopper compilers made it
  • 00:18:25
    possible to translate human language via
  • 00:18:28
    a programming language into machine code
  • 00:18:30
    in case you didn't totally catch that
  • 00:18:32
    we'll talk more about compilers later in
  • 00:18:34
    this course
  • 00:18:36
    the big takeaway is that this
  • 00:18:37
    advancement was a huge milestone in
  • 00:18:40
    computing that led to where we are today
  • 00:18:42
    now learning programming languages is
  • 00:18:44
    accessible for almost anyone anywhere we
  • 00:18:47
    no longer have to learn how to write
  • 00:18:49
    machine code in ones and zeros you'll
  • 00:18:51
    get to see these languages in action in
  • 00:18:53
    future lessons where you'll write some
  • 00:18:55
    code yourself
  • 00:18:56
    side note if the thought of that scares
  • 00:18:58
    you don't worry we'll help you every
  • 00:19:00
    step of the way but for now let's get
  • 00:19:02
    back to the evolution of computers
  • 00:19:04
    eventually the industry gave way to the
  • 00:19:06
    first hard disk drives and
  • 00:19:07
    microprocessors
  • 00:19:09
    then programming language started
  • 00:19:11
    becoming the predominant way for
  • 00:19:13
    engineers to develop computer software
  • 00:19:15
    computers were getting smaller and
  • 00:19:16
    smaller thanks to advancements in
  • 00:19:18
    electronic components instead of filling
  • 00:19:20
    up entire rooms like anyak they were
  • 00:19:22
    getting small enough to fit on tabletops
  • 00:19:25
    the xerox alto was the first computer
  • 00:19:27
    that resembled the computers we're
  • 00:19:28
    familiar with now
  • 00:19:29
    it was also the first computer to
  • 00:19:31
    implement a graphical user interface
  • 00:19:33
    that used icons a mouse in a window some
  • 00:19:35
    of you may remember that the sheer size
  • 00:19:37
    and cost of historical computers made it
  • 00:19:39
    almost impossible for an average family
  • 00:19:41
    to own one
  • 00:19:42
    instead they were usually found in
  • 00:19:44
    military and university research
  • 00:19:46
    facilities when companies like xerox
  • 00:19:48
    started building machines at a
  • 00:19:50
    relatively affordable price and at a
  • 00:19:51
    smaller form factor
  • 00:19:53
    the consumer age of computing began then
  • 00:19:55
    in the 1970s a young engineer named
  • 00:19:58
    steve wozniak invented the apple one a
  • 00:20:01
    single board computer meant for hobbyist
  • 00:20:03
    with his friend steve jobs they created
  • 00:20:05
    a company called apple computer
  • 00:20:08
    their follow-up to the apple one the
  • 00:20:10
    apple ii was ready for the average
  • 00:20:11
    consumer to use
  • 00:20:13
    the apple ii was a phenomenal success
  • 00:20:15
    selling for nearly two decades and
  • 00:20:17
    giving a new generation of people access
  • 00:20:19
    to personal computers
  • 00:20:21
    for the first time computers became
  • 00:20:23
    affordable for the middle class and
  • 00:20:24
    helped bring computing technology into
  • 00:20:26
    both the home and office
  • 00:20:28
    in the 1980s ibm introduced its personal
  • 00:20:31
    computer it was released with a
  • 00:20:33
    primitive version of an operating system
  • 00:20:35
    called ms-dos or microsoft disk
  • 00:20:37
    operating system side note modern
  • 00:20:40
    operating systems don't just have text
  • 00:20:42
    anymore they have beautiful icons words
  • 00:20:45
    and images like what we see on our
  • 00:20:46
    smartphones it's incredible how far
  • 00:20:48
    we've come from the first operating
  • 00:20:50
    system to the operating systems we use
  • 00:20:52
    today
  • 00:20:54
    back to ibm's pc it was widely adopted
  • 00:20:56
    and made more accessible to consumers
  • 00:20:59
    thanks to a partnership with microsoft
  • 00:21:01
    microsoft founded by bill gates
  • 00:21:03
    eventually created microsoft windows
  • 00:21:05
    for decades it was the preferred
  • 00:21:07
    operating system in the workplace and
  • 00:21:09
    dominated the computing industry because
  • 00:21:11
    it could be run on any compatible
  • 00:21:12
    hardware with more computers in the
  • 00:21:14
    workplace the dependence on i.t rose and
  • 00:21:17
    so did the demand for skilled workers
  • 00:21:19
    who could support that technology not
  • 00:21:21
    only were personal computers entering
  • 00:21:23
    the household for the first time but a
  • 00:21:25
    new type of computing was emerging video
  • 00:21:27
    games during the 1970s and 80s coin
  • 00:21:30
    operated entertainment machine called
  • 00:21:32
    arcades became more and more popular a
  • 00:21:34
    company called atari developed one of
  • 00:21:37
    the first coin operated arcane games in
  • 00:21:39
    1972 called pong
  • 00:21:41
    pong was such a sensation that people
  • 00:21:43
    were standing in lines at bars and rec
  • 00:21:46
    centers for hours at a time to play
  • 00:21:48
    entertainment computers like pong
  • 00:21:50
    launched the video game era eventually
  • 00:21:52
    atari went on to launch the video
  • 00:21:54
    computer system which helped bring
  • 00:21:56
    personal video consoles into the home
  • 00:21:59
    video games have contributed to the
  • 00:22:01
    evolution of computers in a very real
  • 00:22:03
    way tell that to the next person who
  • 00:22:05
    dismisses them as a toy video game show
  • 00:22:07
    people that computers didn't always have
  • 00:22:09
    to be all work in no play they were a
  • 00:22:11
    great source of entertainment too
  • 00:22:14
    this was an important milestone for the
  • 00:22:15
    computing industry since at that time
  • 00:22:18
    computers were primarily used in the
  • 00:22:20
    workplace or at research institutions
  • 00:22:23
    with huge players in the market like
  • 00:22:25
    apple macintosh and microsoft windows
  • 00:22:28
    taking over the operating system space
  • 00:22:30
    a programmer by the name of richard
  • 00:22:32
    stallman started developing a free
  • 00:22:34
    unix-like operating system unix was an
  • 00:22:37
    operating system developed by ken
  • 00:22:38
    thompson and dennis ritchie but it
  • 00:22:41
    wasn't cheap and wasn't available to
  • 00:22:43
    everyone stallman created an os that he
  • 00:22:45
    called gnu
  • 00:22:47
    it was meant to be free to use with
  • 00:22:48
    similar functionality to unix
  • 00:22:51
    unlike windows or macintosh gnu wasn't
  • 00:22:53
    owned by a single company its code was
  • 00:22:55
    open source which meant that anyone
  • 00:22:57
    could modify and share it gnu didn't
  • 00:23:00
    evolve into a full operating system but
  • 00:23:02
    it set a foundation for the formation of
  • 00:23:04
    one of the largest open source operating
  • 00:23:06
    system linux which was created by linus
  • 00:23:09
    torvalds we'll get into the technical
  • 00:23:11
    details of linux later in this course
  • 00:23:13
    but just know that it's a major player
  • 00:23:15
    in today's operating systems
  • 00:23:17
    as an i.t support specialist it is very
  • 00:23:20
    likely that you'll work with an open
  • 00:23:21
    source software you might already be
  • 00:23:23
    using one like the internet browser
  • 00:23:25
    mozilla firefox
  • 00:23:27
    by the early 90s computer started
  • 00:23:28
    getting even smaller
  • 00:23:30
    then a real game changer made its way
  • 00:23:32
    into the scene pdas or personal digital
  • 00:23:35
    assistants which allows computing to go
  • 00:23:37
    mobile
  • 00:23:38
    these mobile devices included portable
  • 00:23:40
    media players word processors email
  • 00:23:42
    clients internet browsers and more all
  • 00:23:45
    in one handy handheld device in the late
  • 00:23:48
    1990s nokia introduced the pda with
  • 00:23:51
    mobile phone functionality this ignited
  • 00:23:53
    an industry of pocketable computers or
  • 00:23:56
    as we know them today smartphones in
  • 00:23:58
    mere decades we went from having
  • 00:24:00
    computers that weigh tons and took up
  • 00:24:02
    entire rooms to having powerful
  • 00:24:03
    computers that fit in our pockets it's
  • 00:24:06
    almost unbelievable
  • 00:24:07
    and it's just the beginning if you're
  • 00:24:09
    stepping into the i.t industry it's
  • 00:24:11
    essential that you understand how to
  • 00:24:13
    support the growing need of this
  • 00:24:14
    ever-changing technology computer
  • 00:24:16
    support 50 years ago consisted of
  • 00:24:19
    changing vacuum tubes and stacking punch
  • 00:24:21
    cards things that no longer exist in
  • 00:24:23
    today's i.t world while computers
  • 00:24:25
    evolved in both complexity and
  • 00:24:27
    prevalence so did knowledge required to
  • 00:24:29
    support and maintain them in 10 years it
  • 00:24:32
    support could require working through
  • 00:24:34
    virtual reality lenses you never know
  • 00:24:36
    who knows what the future holds but
  • 00:24:38
    right now it is an exciting time to be
  • 00:24:41
    at the forefront of this industry now
  • 00:24:43
    that we've run down where computers came
  • 00:24:44
    from and how they've evolved over the
  • 00:24:46
    decades let's get a better grasp on how
  • 00:24:48
    computers actually work
  • 00:24:55
    remember when i said that a computer is
  • 00:24:56
    a device that stores and processes data
  • 00:24:58
    by performing calculations
  • 00:25:00
    whether you're creating an artificial
  • 00:25:02
    intelligence that can be humans at chess
  • 00:25:04
    or something more simple like running a
  • 00:25:05
    video game the more computing power you
  • 00:25:08
    have access to the more you can
  • 00:25:09
    accomplish
  • 00:25:10
    by the end of this lesson you'll
  • 00:25:12
    understand what a computer calculates
  • 00:25:14
    and how let's look at this simple math
  • 00:25:16
    problem 0 plus 1 equals what
  • 00:25:18
    it only takes a moment to come up with
  • 00:25:20
    the answer 1 but imagine that you needed
  • 00:25:22
    to do 100 calculations that were this
  • 00:25:24
    simple you could do it and if you were
  • 00:25:26
    careful you might not make any mistakes
  • 00:25:28
    what if you needed to do a thousand of
  • 00:25:29
    these calculations how about a million
  • 00:25:32
    how about a billion
  • 00:25:33
    this is exactly what a computer does a
  • 00:25:36
    computer simply compares ones and zeros
  • 00:25:38
    but millions or billions of times per
  • 00:25:41
    second wowza
  • 00:25:42
    the communication that a computer uses
  • 00:25:44
    is referred to as binary system also
  • 00:25:48
    known as base two numeral system
  • 00:25:50
    this means that it only talks in ones
  • 00:25:52
    and zeros you may be thinking okay my
  • 00:25:54
    computer only talks in ones and zeros
  • 00:25:56
    how do i communicate with it think of it
  • 00:25:58
    like this we use the letters of the
  • 00:26:00
    alphabet to form words and we give those
  • 00:26:02
    words meaning we use them to create
  • 00:26:04
    sentences paragraphs and whole stories
  • 00:26:06
    the same thing applies to binary except
  • 00:26:08
    instead of a b c and so on we only have
  • 00:26:12
    0 and 1 to create words that we give
  • 00:26:14
    meaning to
  • 00:26:15
    in computing terms we group binary into
  • 00:26:18
    8 numbers or bits
  • 00:26:20
    technically a bit is a binary digit
  • 00:26:22
    historically we use 8 bits because in
  • 00:26:24
    the early days of computing hardware
  • 00:26:26
    utilized the base 2 numeral system to
  • 00:26:29
    move bits around
  • 00:26:30
    2 to the 8th numbers offered us a large
  • 00:26:33
    enough range of values to do the
  • 00:26:35
    computing we needed back then any number
  • 00:26:37
    of bits was used but eventually the
  • 00:26:39
    grouping of eight bits became the
  • 00:26:41
    industry standard that we used today you
  • 00:26:43
    should know that a group of eight bits
  • 00:26:45
    is referred to as a byte
  • 00:26:47
    so a byte of zeros and ones could look
  • 00:26:49
    like one zero zero one one zero one one
  • 00:26:53
    each byte can store one character and we
  • 00:26:55
    can have 256 possible values thanks to
  • 00:26:59
    the base two system two to the eighth
  • 00:27:02
    in computer talk this byte can mean
  • 00:27:03
    something like the letter c and this is
  • 00:27:06
    how computer language is born let's make
  • 00:27:08
    a quick table to translate something a
  • 00:27:10
    computer might see into something we'd
  • 00:27:12
    be able to recognize
  • 00:27:14
    what does the following translate to
  • 00:27:18
    did you get hello pretty cool right
  • 00:27:21
    by using binary we can have unlimited
  • 00:27:24
    communication with our computer
  • 00:27:25
    everything you see on your computer
  • 00:27:27
    right now whether it's a video an image
  • 00:27:30
    text or anything else is nothing more
  • 00:27:32
    than a one or a zero it is important
  • 00:27:34
    that you understand how binary works
  • 00:27:37
    it is the basis for everything else
  • 00:27:38
    we'll do on this course so make sure you
  • 00:27:40
    understand the concept before moving on
  • 00:27:48
    remember from the earlier video that a
  • 00:27:49
    byte can store only zeros and ones
  • 00:27:52
    that means we can have 256 possible
  • 00:27:55
    values by the end of this video you'll
  • 00:27:57
    learn how we can represent the words
  • 00:27:59
    numbers emojis and more we see on our
  • 00:28:02
    screens from only these 256 possible
  • 00:28:05
    values it's all thanks to character
  • 00:28:07
    encoding character encoding is used to
  • 00:28:09
    assign our binary values to characters
  • 00:28:12
    so that we as humans can read them we
  • 00:28:14
    definitely wouldn't want to see all the
  • 00:28:15
    text in our emails and web pages
  • 00:28:18
    rendered in complex sequences of zeros
  • 00:28:20
    and ones this is where character
  • 00:28:22
    encodings come in handy you can think of
  • 00:28:24
    character encoding as a dictionary it's
  • 00:28:26
    a way for your computers to look up
  • 00:28:28
    which human character should be
  • 00:28:29
    represented by a given binary value the
  • 00:28:32
    oldest character encoding standard used
  • 00:28:34
    is ascii
  • 00:28:35
    it represents the english alphabet
  • 00:28:37
    digits and punctuation marks
  • 00:28:40
    the first character in the ascii to
  • 00:28:41
    binary table a lowercase a maps to zero
  • 00:28:45
    one one zero zero zero zero one in
  • 00:28:48
    binary this is done for all the
  • 00:28:50
    characters you can find in the english
  • 00:28:51
    alphabet as well as numbers and some
  • 00:28:54
    special symbols the great thing with
  • 00:28:56
    ascii was that we only needed to use
  • 00:28:58
    127 values out of our possible 256. it
  • 00:29:02
    lasted for a very long time but
  • 00:29:04
    eventually it wasn't enough other
  • 00:29:06
    character encoding standards were
  • 00:29:07
    created to represent different languages
  • 00:29:09
    different amounts of characters and more
  • 00:29:12
    eventually they would require more than
  • 00:29:14
    256 values we were allowed to have then
  • 00:29:17
    came utf-8 the most prevalent encoding
  • 00:29:20
    standard used today
  • 00:29:21
    along with having the same ascii table
  • 00:29:23
    it also lets us use a variable number of
  • 00:29:25
    bytes
  • 00:29:26
    what do i mean by that think of any
  • 00:29:28
    emoji it's not possible to make emojis
  • 00:29:30
    with a single byte since we can only
  • 00:29:32
    store one character in a byte
  • 00:29:34
    instead utf-8 allows us to store a
  • 00:29:37
    character in more than one byte which
  • 00:29:39
    means endless emoji fun
  • 00:29:41
    utf-8 is built off the unicode standard
  • 00:29:44
    we won't go into much detail but the
  • 00:29:46
    unicode standard helps us represent
  • 00:29:48
    character encoding in a consistent
  • 00:29:50
    manner now that we've been able to
  • 00:29:51
    represent letters numbers punctuation
  • 00:29:54
    marks and even emojis how do we
  • 00:29:56
    represent color well there are all kinds
  • 00:29:58
    of color models for now let's stick to a
  • 00:30:00
    basic one that's used in a lot of
  • 00:30:01
    computers rgb or red green and blue
  • 00:30:04
    model just like the actual colors if you
  • 00:30:07
    mix a combination of any of these you'll
  • 00:30:09
    be able to get the full range of colors
  • 00:30:11
    in computer land we use three characters
  • 00:30:14
    for the rgb model each character
  • 00:30:16
    represents a shade of the color and that
  • 00:30:18
    then changes the color of the pixel you
  • 00:30:20
    see on your screen with just eight
  • 00:30:22
    combinations of zeros and ones
  • 00:30:24
    we're able to represent everything that
  • 00:30:26
    you see on your computer from a simple
  • 00:30:28
    letter a to the very video that you're
  • 00:30:30
    watching right now on the coursera
  • 00:30:32
    website very cool
  • 00:30:38
    you might be wondering how our computers
  • 00:30:40
    get these ones and zeros it's a great
  • 00:30:42
    question imagine we have a light bulb
  • 00:30:44
    and a switch that turns the state of the
  • 00:30:46
    light on or off
  • 00:30:48
    if we turn the light on we can denote
  • 00:30:50
    that state as one
  • 00:30:52
    if the light bulb is off we can
  • 00:30:54
    represent the state as zero now imagine
  • 00:30:56
    eight light bulbs and switches
  • 00:30:58
    that represents eight bits with a state
  • 00:31:00
    of zero or one
  • 00:31:02
    let's backtrack to the punch cards that
  • 00:31:03
    were used in jacquard's loom remember
  • 00:31:05
    that the loom used cards with holes in
  • 00:31:07
    them
  • 00:31:08
    when the loom would reach a hole it
  • 00:31:10
    would hook the thread underneath meaning
  • 00:31:12
    that the loom was on
  • 00:31:14
    if there wasn't a hole it would not hook
  • 00:31:16
    the thread so it was off this is a
  • 00:31:18
    foundational binary concept
  • 00:31:21
    by utilizing the two states of on or off
  • 00:31:23
    jaccard was able to weave intricate
  • 00:31:26
    patterns into fabric with his looms then
  • 00:31:28
    the industry started refining the punch
  • 00:31:29
    cards a little more
  • 00:31:31
    if there was a hole the computer would
  • 00:31:32
    read one if there wasn't a hole it would
  • 00:31:35
    read zero then by just translating the
  • 00:31:38
    combination of zeros and ones a computer
  • 00:31:40
    could calculate any possible amount of
  • 00:31:42
    numbers binary in today's computer isn't
  • 00:31:45
    done by rooting holes it uses
  • 00:31:47
    electricity via transistors allowing
  • 00:31:49
    electrical signals to pass through
  • 00:31:51
    if there's an electric voltage we would
  • 00:31:53
    denote it as one if there isn't we would
  • 00:31:55
    denote it by zero but just having
  • 00:31:57
    transistors isn't enough for our
  • 00:31:59
    computer to be able to do complex tasks
  • 00:32:01
    imagine if you had two light switches on
  • 00:32:03
    opposite ends of a room each controlling
  • 00:32:05
    a light in the room what if when you
  • 00:32:07
    went to turn on the light with one
  • 00:32:09
    switch the other switch wouldn't turn
  • 00:32:11
    off that would be a very poorly designed
  • 00:32:13
    room both switches should either turn
  • 00:32:15
    the light on or off depending on the
  • 00:32:17
    state of the light
  • 00:32:18
    fortunately we have something known as
  • 00:32:20
    logic gates logic gates allow our
  • 00:32:22
    transistors to do more complex tasks
  • 00:32:24
    like decide where to send electrical
  • 00:32:26
    signals depending on logical conditions
  • 00:32:29
    there are lots of different types of
  • 00:32:30
    logic gates but we won't discuss them in
  • 00:32:32
    detail here if you're curious about the
  • 00:32:34
    role that transistors and logic gates
  • 00:32:36
    play in modern circuitry you can read
  • 00:32:38
    more about it in the supplementary
  • 00:32:40
    reading now we know how our computer
  • 00:32:41
    gets its ones and zeros to calculate
  • 00:32:43
    into meaningful instructions
  • 00:32:45
    later in this course we'll be able to
  • 00:32:47
    talk about how we're able to turn human
  • 00:32:49
    readable instructions into zeros and
  • 00:32:51
    ones that our computer understands
  • 00:32:52
    through compilers that's one of the very
  • 00:32:54
    basic building blocks of programming
  • 00:32:57
    that's led to the creation of our
  • 00:32:58
    favorite social media sites video games
  • 00:33:01
    and just about everything else and i'm
  • 00:33:02
    super excited to teach you how to count
  • 00:33:04
    in binary that's up next
  • 00:33:11
    binary is the fundamental communication
  • 00:33:13
    block of computers but it's used to
  • 00:33:15
    represent more than just text and images
  • 00:33:18
    it's used in many aspects of computing
  • 00:33:20
    like computer networking which you'll
  • 00:33:22
    learn about in a later course it's
  • 00:33:23
    important that you understand how
  • 00:33:24
    computers count in binary we've shown
  • 00:33:26
    you simple lookup tables that you can
  • 00:33:28
    use like the ascii to binary table
  • 00:33:30
    but as an i.t support specialist whether
  • 00:33:32
    you're working on networking or security
  • 00:33:35
    you'll need to know how binary works so
  • 00:33:37
    let's get started you'll probably need a
  • 00:33:39
    trusty pen and paper a calculator and
  • 00:33:42
    some good old-fashioned brain power to
  • 00:33:43
    help you in this video the binary system
  • 00:33:46
    is how our computers count using ones
  • 00:33:48
    and zeros but humans don't count like
  • 00:33:50
    that when you were a child you may have
  • 00:33:52
    counted using 10 fingers on your hand
  • 00:33:54
    that innate counting system is called
  • 00:33:57
    the decimal form or base 10 system in
  • 00:33:59
    the decimal system there are 10 possible
  • 00:34:01
    numbers you can use ranging from 0 to 9.
  • 00:34:04
    when we count binary which only uses 0
  • 00:34:07
    and 1 we convert it to a system that we
  • 00:34:09
    can understand decimal 330 250
  • 00:34:14
    244 million they're all decimal numbers
  • 00:34:17
    we use the decimal system to help us
  • 00:34:19
    figure out what bits our computer can
  • 00:34:21
    use
  • 00:34:22
    we can represent any number in existence
  • 00:34:24
    just by using bits that's right we can
  • 00:34:27
    represent this number just using ones
  • 00:34:30
    and zeros so how does that work
  • 00:34:32
    let's consider these numbers 128 64 32
  • 00:34:36
    16
  • 00:34:37
    8
  • 00:34:38
    4
  • 00:34:39
    2 and 1.
  • 00:34:41
    what patterns do you see
  • 00:34:42
    hopefully you'll see that each number is
  • 00:34:44
    a double of the previous number going
  • 00:34:46
    right to left what happens if you add
  • 00:34:48
    them all up you get 255. that's kind of
  • 00:34:51
    weird i thought we could have 256 values
  • 00:34:54
    for a byte well we do the zero is
  • 00:34:56
    counted as a value so the maximum
  • 00:34:58
    decibel number you can have is 255. what
  • 00:35:01
    do you think the number is represented
  • 00:35:03
    here
  • 00:35:04
    see where the ones and the zeros are
  • 00:35:06
    represented
  • 00:35:07
    remember if our computer sees a one then
  • 00:35:09
    the value is on if it sees a zero then
  • 00:35:11
    the value is off
  • 00:35:13
    if you add these numbers up you'll get a
  • 00:35:15
    decimal value
  • 00:35:16
    if you guess 10 then you're right good
  • 00:35:18
    job
  • 00:35:19
    if you didn't get it that's okay too
  • 00:35:21
    take another look the 2 and 8 are on and
  • 00:35:24
    if we add them up we get 10.
  • 00:35:26
    let's look at our ascii to binary table
  • 00:35:28
    again the letter h in binary is zero one
  • 00:35:31
    one zero one zero zero zero
  • 00:35:35
    now let's look at an ascii to decimal
  • 00:35:36
    table
  • 00:35:37
    the letter h in decimal is 104.
  • 00:35:41
    now let's try our conversion chart again
  • 00:35:43
    64 plus 32 plus 8 equals 104. look at
  • 00:35:48
    that the math checks out now we're
  • 00:35:50
    cooking
  • 00:35:55
    when we interact with our computers we
  • 00:35:57
    use our mouse keyboard or even a touch
  • 00:36:00
    screen
  • 00:36:01
    we don't tell it the actual zeros and
  • 00:36:03
    ones it needs to understand something
  • 00:36:05
    but wait we actually do
  • 00:36:07
    we just don't ever have to worry about
  • 00:36:09
    it we use the concept of abstraction to
  • 00:36:12
    take a relatively complex system and
  • 00:36:14
    simplify it for our use
  • 00:36:16
    use abstraction every day in the real
  • 00:36:17
    world and you may not even know it if
  • 00:36:19
    you've ever driven a car you don't need
  • 00:36:21
    to know how to operate the transmission
  • 00:36:23
    or the engine directly there's a
  • 00:36:24
    steering wheel some pedals maybe a gear
  • 00:36:27
    stick
  • 00:36:28
    if you buy a car from a different
  • 00:36:29
    manufacturer you operate it in pretty
  • 00:36:31
    much the same way even though the stuff
  • 00:36:33
    under the hood might be completely
  • 00:36:35
    different
  • 00:36:36
    this is the essence of abstraction
  • 00:36:38
    abstraction hides complexity by
  • 00:36:40
    providing a common interface the
  • 00:36:42
    steering wheel pedals gearstick engages
  • 00:36:44
    in our car example
  • 00:36:46
    the same thing happens in our computer
  • 00:36:48
    we don't need to know how it works
  • 00:36:50
    underneath the hood we have a mouse and
  • 00:36:51
    a keyboard we can use to interact with
  • 00:36:53
    it
  • 00:36:54
    thanks to abstraction the average
  • 00:36:56
    computer user doesn't have to worry
  • 00:36:57
    about the technical details we'll use
  • 00:36:59
    this under the hood metaphor throughout
  • 00:37:01
    the program to describe the area that
  • 00:37:03
    contains the underlying implementation
  • 00:37:05
    of a technology
  • 00:37:07
    in computing we use abstraction to make
  • 00:37:08
    a very complex problem like how to make
  • 00:37:11
    computers work easier to think about we
  • 00:37:13
    do that by breaking it apart into
  • 00:37:15
    simpler ideas that describe single
  • 00:37:17
    concepts or individual jobs that need to
  • 00:37:19
    be done and then stack them in layers
  • 00:37:22
    this concept of extraction will be used
  • 00:37:24
    throughout this entire course it's a
  • 00:37:26
    fundamental concept in the computing
  • 00:37:28
    world another simple example of
  • 00:37:30
    abstraction in an it role that you might
  • 00:37:33
    see a lot is an error message we don't
  • 00:37:35
    have to dig through someone else's code
  • 00:37:37
    and find a bug this has been abstracted
  • 00:37:39
    out for us already in the form of an
  • 00:37:41
    error message a simple error message
  • 00:37:43
    like file not found actually tells us a
  • 00:37:46
    lot of information and saves us time to
  • 00:37:48
    figure out a solution can you imagine if
  • 00:37:50
    instead of abstracting an error message
  • 00:37:52
    our computer did nothing and we had no
  • 00:37:54
    clue where to start looking for answers
  • 00:37:56
    abstraction helps us in many ways that
  • 00:37:58
    we don't even realize
  • 00:38:05
    in the last video i mentioned that
  • 00:38:07
    people don't need to understand how a
  • 00:38:09
    computer works for them to use it
  • 00:38:10
    because abstraction makes things simpler
  • 00:38:12
    for us
  • 00:38:13
    that's technically true
  • 00:38:15
    but since you're stepping to the world
  • 00:38:16
    of i.t you do need to understand all the
  • 00:38:19
    layers of a computer and how they work
  • 00:38:21
    it's essential that you understand how
  • 00:38:23
    the different pieces interact so you can
  • 00:38:24
    resolve any issue that may arise for the
  • 00:38:27
    rest of this course we'll deep dive into
  • 00:38:29
    the layers of computer architecture and
  • 00:38:31
    learn all the parts that make up a
  • 00:38:32
    computer a computer can be cut into four
  • 00:38:35
    main layers hardware operating system
  • 00:38:37
    software and users the hardware layer is
  • 00:38:40
    made up of the physical components of a
  • 00:38:42
    computer these are objects you can
  • 00:38:44
    physically hold in your hand laptops
  • 00:38:46
    phones monitors keyboards you get the
  • 00:38:49
    idea in the next lesson you'll learn all
  • 00:38:51
    of the components of a computer and how
  • 00:38:53
    they work you'll even be able to build
  • 00:38:55
    your own computer by the end of this
  • 00:38:56
    module the operating system allows
  • 00:38:58
    hardware to communicate with the system
  • 00:39:00
    hardware is created by many different
  • 00:39:02
    manufacturers the operating system
  • 00:39:04
    allows them to be used with our system
  • 00:39:07
    regardless of where it came from in the
  • 00:39:09
    next few lessons you'll learn about the
  • 00:39:10
    major operating systems that we use
  • 00:39:12
    today and you'll be able to understand
  • 00:39:14
    all of the underlying components that
  • 00:39:16
    make up an operating system by the end
  • 00:39:18
    of these lessons you'll have a strong
  • 00:39:20
    grasp on the major components of any
  • 00:39:21
    operating system like android or windows
  • 00:39:24
    and use that knowledge to navigate any
  • 00:39:26
    operating system the software layer is
  • 00:39:29
    how we as humans interact with our
  • 00:39:30
    computers
  • 00:39:32
    when you use a computer you're given a
  • 00:39:33
    vast amount of software that you
  • 00:39:35
    interact with whether it's a mobile app
  • 00:39:37
    a web browser a word processor or the
  • 00:39:40
    operating system itself later in this
  • 00:39:42
    course we'll learn how software is
  • 00:39:44
    installed on our systems
  • 00:39:46
    and how we interact with different types
  • 00:39:48
    of software the last layer may not seem
  • 00:39:50
    like it's part of the system but it's an
  • 00:39:52
    essential layer of the computer
  • 00:39:53
    architecture the user
  • 00:39:55
    the user interacts with the computer and
  • 00:39:57
    she can do more than that she can
  • 00:39:59
    operate maintain and even program the
  • 00:40:01
    computer the user layer is one of the
  • 00:40:04
    most important layers we'll learn about
  • 00:40:06
    when you step into the field of it you
  • 00:40:08
    may have your hands full with the
  • 00:40:09
    technical aspects
  • 00:40:11
    but the most important part of it is the
  • 00:40:13
    human element
  • 00:40:14
    while we work with computers every day
  • 00:40:16
    it is the user interaction that makes up
  • 00:40:18
    most of our job from responding to user
  • 00:40:20
    emails to fixing their computers by the
  • 00:40:22
    end of the course you'll also learn how
  • 00:40:24
    to apply your knowledge of how a
  • 00:40:25
    computer works to fix real-world issues
  • 00:40:28
    that can sometimes seem random and
  • 00:40:30
    obscure
  • 00:40:31
    we'll do this by learning how to utilize
  • 00:40:33
    problem-solving tactics to identify
  • 00:40:35
    issues and solutions there's a lot ahead
  • 00:40:38
    the next instructor you're going to meet
  • 00:40:39
    is a friend of mine devin tree theron
  • 00:40:42
    and i know there's no better person to
  • 00:40:44
    teach you about hardware i'll even show
  • 00:40:46
    you how to build a computer from its
  • 00:40:47
    component parts pretty cool
  • 00:40:50
    but before you get to building that
  • 00:40:51
    computer we got a quiz coming up for you
  • 00:40:53
    on binary counting
  • 00:40:56
    congratulations on finishing this lesson
  • 00:40:58
    from the google it support certificate
  • 00:41:01
    access the full experience including job
  • 00:41:03
    search help and get the official
  • 00:41:05
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    clicking here and subscribe to our
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    channel for more lessons from upcoming
  • 00:41:14
    google career certificates
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