Method of the Year 2011: Gene-editing nucleases - by Nature Video

00:03:36
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zDkUFzZoQAs

Sintesi

TLDRThe video presents genome editing with engineered nucleases as the method of the year for 2011, emphasizing its ability to make precise changes in the genome. It explains the mechanism of nucleases, which consist of a DNA-binding component and a cutting component, and discusses their application in gene therapy, particularly for HIV. The two main types of engineered nucleases, zinc finger nucleases and TALENs, are described, highlighting the advantages of TALENs in terms of simplicity and effectiveness. Despite some challenges in achieving precise edits, the scientific community is enthusiastic about the potential of this technology for future research and therapies.

Punti di forza

  • 🧬 Genome editing allows precise changes in the genome.
  • 🔬 Engineered nucleases consist of a DNA-binding part and a cutting part.
  • 💉 Potential applications include therapies for diseases like HIV.
  • ⚙️ Zinc finger nucleases and TALENs are the two main types of engineered nucleases.
  • 🌱 TALENs are simpler to design and bind more effectively to DNA.
  • 🔄 After cutting, the cell repairs DNA, which can lead to gene deletion or new DNA incorporation.
  • 🚀 Scientists are excited about the new possibilities this technology offers.
  • ⚠️ Challenges remain in achieving precise edits and ease of use.

Linea temporale

  • 00:00:00 - 00:03:36

    In 2011, genome editing with engineered nucleases was recognized as the method of the year. This technology allows researchers to target specific locations in the genome across various species and make precise changes, offering potential therapeutic applications, such as in HIV treatment. The process involves using nucleases to cut DNA, leading to double strand breaks that the cell repairs, either deleting the gene or incorporating new DNA. There are two main types of engineered nucleases: zinc finger nucleases and TALENs. Zinc finger nucleases are complex to design due to their intricate interactions with DNA, while TALENs, derived from bacterial proteins, offer a simpler binding mechanism. Despite challenges in achieving precise edits, scientists are enthusiastic about the possibilities and ongoing experiments with these tools.

Mappa mentale

Video Domande e Risposte

  • What is genome editing with engineered nucleases?

    It is a technology that allows researchers to make precise changes to the genome at specific locations.

  • How do engineered nucleases work?

    They consist of a DNA-binding part and a nuclease that cuts the DNA, creating a double strand break for repair.

  • What are the two types of engineered nucleases mentioned?

    Zinc finger nucleases and TALENs (transcription activator-like effector nucleases).

  • What is the potential application of gene editing in medicine?

    Researchers are exploring its use as a therapy for conditions like HIV.

  • What challenges exist with engineered nucleases?

    It can be difficult to achieve the exact desired change, and some nucleases are hard to create.

  • What is the significance of TALENs compared to zinc finger nucleases?

    TALENs are simpler to design and bind to DNA more effectively.

  • What happens after the DNA is cut by nucleases?

    The cell repairs the break, which can result in gene deletion or incorporation of new DNA.

  • Why are scientists excited about genome editing?

    It opens up new possibilities for experiments and potential therapies.

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Scorrimento automatico:
  • 00:00:00
    [Music]
  • 00:00:02
    our method of the year for 2011 is
  • 00:00:05
    genome editing with engineered nucleases
  • 00:00:08
    this is a technology that lets
  • 00:00:10
    researchers pick just about any spot in
  • 00:00:13
    the genome in many species and put in
  • 00:00:18
    exactly the change that they want it's a
  • 00:00:21
    powerful way to control the function of
  • 00:00:23
    genes in the clinic researchers are
  • 00:00:26
    looking into using gene editing
  • 00:00:28
    nucleases as therapies for example blood
  • 00:00:32
    cells are taken from patients with HIV
  • 00:00:35
    and then mixed with nucleases that are
  • 00:00:38
    designed to snip out the protein in
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    blood cells that lets the virus in it's
  • 00:00:45
    too early to know if that's going to
  • 00:00:47
    help patients but it is fair to say that
  • 00:00:49
    scientists are really excited about
  • 00:00:51
    those possibilities gene editing
  • 00:00:54
    nucleases have two parts one part binds
  • 00:00:57
    the DNA and researchers can design that
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    to recognize just about any sequence
  • 00:01:05
    they want the other part the nucleus
  • 00:01:08
    works like scissors that cuts the DNA
  • 00:01:11
    and makes what's known as a double
  • 00:01:13
    strand break once the DNA is cut the
  • 00:01:17
    cell has to repair it that repair
  • 00:01:19
    process either deletes the gene where
  • 00:01:21
    you cut it or if you put in new DNA with
  • 00:01:25
    the sequence you want then that new DNA
  • 00:01:27
    is incorporated into the genome right
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    now there are two types of engineered
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    nucleases one type is called zinc finger
  • 00:01:36
    nucleases and the other type is called
  • 00:01:38
    talons tal ENS transcription activator
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    like effector nucleases talents
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    scientists figured out how dink finger
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    proteins grab onto DNA in the early
  • 00:01:51
    1990s and then they got the idea of
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    attaching them to the DNA cutting
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    proteins but the way that zinc fingers
  • 00:02:00
    interact with DNA and with each other is
  • 00:02:03
    complicated each finger interacts with
  • 00:02:05
    about three nucleotides and if you don't
  • 00:02:08
    get all the interactions just right
  • 00:02:11
    finger nuclease doesn't bind very well
  • 00:02:13
    so these engineered nucleases can be
  • 00:02:16
    difficult to make just a couple years
  • 00:02:18
    ago researchers have found out that
  • 00:02:20
    there are proteins that have a new way
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    of binding to DNA these are called the
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    TEL effectors and they come from
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    bacteria that infect plants like rice
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    and bell peppers and though when you
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    attach these towel effectors to
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    nucleases they're called talons the way
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    the tell effectors bind DNA is that one
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    binding subunit contacts one nucleotide
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    and the subunits don't seem to interfere
  • 00:02:47
    with each other at all so they could be
  • 00:02:49
    a lot simpler to make engineered
  • 00:02:52
    nucleases let researchers put the
  • 00:02:55
    changes in exactly where they want them
  • 00:02:59
    even inside existing genes and there's
  • 00:03:04
    still some improvements that need to be
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    made it's not always possible to get the
  • 00:03:09
    exact change that you want and sometimes
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    the nucleases can be hard to make but
  • 00:03:15
    scientists are already using them and
  • 00:03:17
    they're excited about all the new
  • 00:03:18
    experiments that they can do
  • 00:03:29
    you
Tag
  • genome editing
  • engineered nucleases
  • gene therapy
  • HIV
  • zinc finger nucleases
  • TALENs
  • DNA modification
  • scientific research
  • biotechnology
  • genetic engineering