00:00:04
our language the primary way for normal
00:00:08
sane human beings to communicate this
00:00:11
being the case a good human language
00:00:14
should be easy to use and remember and
00:00:17
allow for any idea to be communicated
00:00:20
easily and efficiently there's only one
00:00:23
issue with normal human languages which
00:00:26
is that they have a lot of words and
00:00:29
rules the most egregious example of this
00:00:32
is English with
00:00:36
170,000 words it really would be easier
00:00:39
if someone made a language with as few
00:00:42
words as possible one of the most famous
00:00:44
examples of this is Sonia Lang's
00:00:47
language tokipona which for those
00:00:50
unaware is a conine that she made to be
00:00:53
simplistic and elegant and it does a
00:00:55
good job with fewer than 200 words it
00:00:59
does require a little interpretation but
00:01:01
that's to be expected of such a small
00:01:03
vocabulary so long as one wants the
00:01:06
language to remain remotely usable by
00:01:09
human
00:01:10
beings but what if we didn't want our
00:01:13
language to be usable by human beings
00:01:16
what if our only goal was to minimize
00:01:19
the amount of words we would need to
00:01:20
Define while making sure that all
00:01:23
statements could not possibly be
00:01:26
misinterpreted well for the sake of
00:01:28
Interest I've done just that and the
00:01:30
resultant coning is without a doubt the
00:01:34
worst communication method I've ever had
00:01:36
the displeasure of using today I'm going
00:01:40
to explain it and maybe we'll learn a
00:01:43
little something about particle physics
00:01:45
and set theory along the
00:01:50
way okay so this is the language of bulu
00:01:54
taba after much deliberation I landed on
00:01:57
exactly 21 words or symbols that could
00:02:00
be used to describe almost everything in
00:02:03
the universe let's meet them all very
00:02:06
quickly I've included some logical
00:02:09
operators namely and or and not which
00:02:12
are respectively pronounced U Ru and new
00:02:16
and written like this we also have
00:02:19
equals Sue and open and close brackets B
00:02:24
and boo I've also added a way to cast
00:02:27
and Define your very own functions with
00:02:30
La a way to create and name custom
00:02:33
variables with war a way to repeat
00:02:35
something a given number of times or
00:02:38
until a certain condition is met with re
00:02:41
and the handy Woo which means do the
00:02:44
previous thing only if the following
00:02:46
thing is true now that we've gotten
00:02:49
those out of the way we can get to the
00:02:51
actual things that are things starting
00:02:54
with the most thing is thing of them all
00:02:57
tar which can refer to literally
00:03:00
anything ever we also have SE which
00:03:04
refers to a set of things a set is
00:03:07
merely a collection of any group of
00:03:09
things I could for example have a set of
00:03:13
a cat the number 37 and the planet
00:03:17
Jupiter one can individually label
00:03:19
things and sets by putting brackets
00:03:22
directly in front of them and then some
00:03:24
identifying numbers inside to go with
00:03:27
these sets we have car which is for when
00:03:30
a set contains a thing W which is for
00:03:33
when a thing is in a set C which is
00:03:36
forgetting the size of a set and N which
00:03:40
is forgetting the nth object in a set
00:03:44
along with all those is the more broadly
00:03:46
applicable L which simply gets all the
00:03:49
things within any defined boundaries
00:03:53
finally we can get to the symbols which
00:03:55
are used to define and differentiate
00:03:58
actual real world things there are only
00:04:01
four of them and I'll go through them
00:04:03
very quickly they're called Ma zah Pa
00:04:07
and lo and Define Mass electric charge
00:04:11
Spin and position in time and space
00:04:14
respectively I know all these seem
00:04:16
really random but I promise they are all
00:04:19
necessary since I don't want to do
00:04:21
anything too crazy let's make the goal
00:04:23
of this entire video to talk about a
00:04:26
single carbon atom sounds easy enough
00:04:29
there is just one tiny problem though
00:04:32
which some of you might have picked up
00:04:33
on already which is that we don't have
00:04:36
any numbers at all not only that but we
00:04:38
don't have any mathematical operators
00:04:41
like addition so our first challenge is
00:04:43
to rebuild all those slightly handy
00:04:45
Concepts from the ground up strap
00:04:50
[Laughter]
00:04:52
in the very first of many many phrases
00:04:55
that we will need to make is L which
00:04:59
simply means
00:05:00
all things the set that contains all
00:05:04
things is a very handy set but we want
00:05:07
to make the set that does not contain
00:05:09
all things this is an empty set because
00:05:12
it does not contain anything at
00:05:15
all the size of this set is what we
00:05:18
called zero let's try to make one one is
00:05:23
the size of a scent too it's the scent
00:05:25
that contains just one thing which will
00:05:29
SP specify by identifying it with a zero
00:05:32
and does not contain anything else so we
00:05:36
say it does not contain something that
00:05:38
is not zero it might be a little bit
00:05:42
long but it's still pretty cool two then
00:05:45
can be written as the set that contains
00:05:47
one and zero and does not contain
00:05:51
anything that is not one or zero hm this
00:05:55
is getting a little bit absurd to write
00:05:58
it might be worth the defining a
00:06:00
function to grow the size of a set by
00:06:02
one so we don't have to do it manually
00:06:04
every time here's one way we could do it
00:06:08
make a new function and call it Lambda
00:06:10
with an index of a zero we need this
00:06:13
index number so that whenever we need to
00:06:16
we can use this particular function it
00:06:18
should take one input which we will call
00:06:22
x0 and we will need to make sure that it
00:06:25
is a set we'll want the output to be
00:06:28
equal to a set set that contains
00:06:31
everything in the input set plus the
00:06:34
size of the input set and does not
00:06:37
contain anything else this might seem
00:06:40
like a bit of a waste but now we can
00:06:43
grow numbers more consistently three
00:06:46
which used to be written like this is
00:06:48
now condensed down to just this to
00:06:52
define a carbon atom though we're going
00:06:54
to need some more complex mathematical
00:06:57
operations so let's start by making
00:07:00
A+ addition is just the action of
00:07:03
repeatedly adding one so here is how an
00:07:07
addition function might work take two
00:07:09
number inputs turn the first input into
00:07:12
a set that has the size of the first
00:07:15
number input then we want to continually
00:07:18
repeat our + one Lambda 0 function on
00:07:21
the first input a number of times equal
00:07:24
to the second input this will give us a
00:07:27
set which has a size of the combined
00:07:31
inputs then we simply make that the
00:07:34
output we can already do everything
00:07:37
within that function except for turn a
00:07:40
number into a set so we're going to need
00:07:43
to make a function to do that before we
00:07:45
can make our addition function
00:07:47
fortunately this is not too hard Define
00:07:51
another function this one we'll call
00:07:53
Lambda 1 it should take a single input
00:07:58
which needs to be a number
00:08:00
we then Define a new set which we call
00:08:03
set zero inside of this function which
00:08:06
should start as equal to the empty set
00:08:09
we can then use the Lambda 0 function to
00:08:11
increment the size of set 0 by one and
00:08:14
we need to repeat this a number of times
00:08:16
equal to the size of the
00:08:20
input as a quick aside some of you might
00:08:24
think it a little bit strange that we're
00:08:26
choosing to represent numbers as the
00:08:28
sizes of given sense but it does make
00:08:32
sense when you think about it whenever
00:08:34
we say three we're really talking about
00:08:37
a group of three things like three
00:08:41
loaves of garlic bread or three Ace of
00:08:44
Spades playing cards these sets just
00:08:47
make it much more apparent anyhow let's
00:08:50
finally build our addition function
00:08:53
Define function Lambda 2 it takes two
00:08:57
inputs called x0 and X 1 both of which
00:09:01
need to be sizes of sets or numbers we
00:09:04
Define a new set called s0 which is the
00:09:08
set form of x0 it's our first input fed
00:09:11
through the Lambda 1 function we then
00:09:15
repeat the Lambda 0 function on s0 a
00:09:18
number of times equal to X1 which is our
00:09:21
second input after all this is done our
00:09:24
output is equal to the size of s0 this
00:09:28
entire function accompanied with the two
00:09:31
smaller functions within it is how to
00:09:33
write Plus in this
00:09:36
language we could have made this its own
00:09:39
defined word and saved over 200 symbols
00:09:43
of bother instead we've saved ourself
00:09:45
from needing to Define one extra
00:09:49
word let's continue on to make some more
00:09:52
complex operations just like how we
00:09:55
defined addition as repeated increments
00:09:58
of one we can Define multiplication as
00:10:01
repeated addition make a new function
00:10:04
called Lambda 3 it should take two
00:10:07
inputs call them x0 and X1 which should
00:10:11
both need to be numbers then we make a
00:10:14
new variable called X2 within the
00:10:17
function which starts as the same as our
00:10:20
input and set the output to the addition
00:10:24
function of x0 and X2 repeated X 1 time
00:10:31
or to put it more simply add input 0 to
00:10:35
itself the number of times equal to
00:10:38
input
00:10:39
[Music]
00:10:42
one let's round this off by making
00:10:46
exponents you know the job right now we
00:10:49
can call it Lambda 16 because 16 is an
00:10:52
exponent number Lambda 16 takes two
00:10:56
inputs which need to be numbers make it
00:10:59
new variable repeat multiplication of
00:11:02
that variable and the first number a
00:11:04
number of times equal to the second
00:11:07
number cool that wasn't too hard next
00:11:10
let's have a look and see if we can make
00:11:13
negative numbers which also means
00:11:16
subtraction we already have a
00:11:18
rudimentary form of subtraction by
00:11:20
simply removing items from a set but it
00:11:24
doesn't let us go below zero of course
00:11:27
we can't actually make make a set with a
00:11:30
size smaller than zero but we can
00:11:33
pretend that we can it's just like how
00:11:35
negative numbers in the real world don't
00:11:38
actually exist but they can be very
00:11:40
useful if we pretend that they do we can
00:11:44
define a new number which is written as
00:11:47
the thing that is the size of a set
00:11:50
where this number + one equals 0 the
00:11:55
size of this set must be -1 because the
00:11:58
size of it + 1 is equal to 0 we can make
00:12:02
a new function if we like which we can
00:12:04
call Lambda -1 which will turn a
00:12:08
positive number into a negative number
00:12:10
or vice versa it takes one number called
00:12:13
x0 as an input we make a variable called
00:12:18
X1 our output equals this number X1 when
00:12:23
the input x0 + X1 is equal to0
00:12:34
adding this output number is equivalent
00:12:36
to subtracting by the input number let's
00:12:39
quickly compile that into a subtraction
00:12:41
function Lambda -2 takes two inputs and
00:12:45
outputs and is literally just a copy of
00:12:49
the addition function but with the
00:12:51
second input fed through Lambda -1
00:12:55
before it gets
00:12:57
added we can make divisions through a
00:13:00
similar process let's try to make 1/2
00:13:04
first 1/2 is the number that when
00:13:07
multiplied by 2 equals 1 so let's write
00:13:11
that the thing that equals 1 when
00:13:14
applied through Lambda 3 function of two
00:13:18
that sounds a bit scary but what we're
00:13:20
really saying is the number that when
00:13:23
multiplied by 2 is equal to 1 remember
00:13:27
that even though this number is
00:13:29
expressed as the size of some set the
00:13:31
set which represents it is completely
00:13:33
imaginary you could never actually get a
00:13:36
set with a size of
00:13:39
1/2 let's make a more General division
00:13:42
function Lambda 1/2 takes two number
00:13:46
inputs and Returns the number that when
00:13:48
it is multiplied by the second input
00:13:51
equals the first input
00:13:57
[Music]
00:13:59
could keep going if we wanted to
00:14:01
rebuilding all sorts of fancy things
00:14:04
like s and cosine or
00:14:07
tetration or square roots but we don't
00:14:10
need to for the moment if you'd like to
00:14:13
have a go though I'd be more than happy
00:14:15
to see what you come up with now we can
00:14:18
finally get on to the actual particle
00:14:21
physics
00:14:23
[Music]
00:14:26
bit a carbon atom isi represented by its
00:14:30
component parts in this language a
00:14:32
standard atom of carbon is made of six
00:14:34
protons six neutrons and six electrons
00:14:38
each proton and neutron is made of
00:14:40
quarks with two up quarks and one down
00:14:43
Quark for a proton and two down quarks
00:14:46
and one up Quark for a neutron electrons
00:14:50
are fundamental particles on their own
00:14:52
so they can't really be subdivided let's
00:14:55
start with them first we need a way to
00:14:58
talk about a particle particle which we
00:14:59
do like this a particle is simply a
00:15:03
thing that does not contain all things
00:15:05
that are not itself that might sound a
00:15:08
bit confusing so let's break it down all
00:15:11
we're really saying is that the thing
00:15:13
cannot be reduced into more pieces its
00:15:16
set of components does not contain
00:15:19
anything except for
00:15:21
itself we can represent an electron as
00:15:24
one of these particles but that meets
00:15:27
specific conditions first we can Define
00:15:30
the mass the mass of an electron is
00:15:33
about
00:15:37
0.0000
00:15:39
00000000 0
00:15:42
0000000000
00:15:46
00009
00:15:48
microgr which is approximately 4.1 * 10
00:15:53
to the -23 plank masses let's Express
00:15:56
that using our notation
00:15:58
[Music]
00:16:12
[Music]
00:16:14
since that won't fit on the screen
00:16:16
though I'm just going to write that
00:16:18
using our standard base 10 notation but
00:16:22
rest assured that all the numbers I'm
00:16:23
about to use could be represented in
00:16:26
this
00:16:27
conine next we need to put the other
00:16:29
characteristics of an electron the
00:16:32
charge of an electron is the charge of
00:16:34
one proton multiplied by -1 or -1 e
00:16:39
where e stands for the unit of one
00:16:41
Elementary charge let's write that
00:16:44
[Music]
00:16:48
down lastly electrons have a spin of 1/2
00:16:52
which we can not down
00:16:55
to we don't need to worry about the
00:16:57
position of this electron since there
00:17:00
aren't any other particles to compare it
00:17:02
to let's define a function to talk about
00:17:05
electrons called Lambda 4 just to make
00:17:08
it so we don't have to rewrite this out
00:17:10
every time we want to mention one which
00:17:12
we're going to have to do six separate
00:17:14
times next let's make a function for an
00:17:16
up Quack and another for a down quack
00:17:19
Lambda 5 and Lambda 6 we humans actually
00:17:23
don't know the mass of up or down quarks
00:17:26
for certain but we do know that they're
00:17:28
both very
00:17:29
very light a true speaker of this
00:17:32
language would know the mass exactly but
00:17:34
for us feeble humans a simple question
00:17:37
mark will have to suffice up quarks have
00:17:39
an electric charge of exactly 2 over
00:17:46
3E and down quarks have a charge of -1
00:17:50
over
00:17:52
[Music]
00:17:54
3E down quarks and up quarks both have a
00:17:58
spin of one half two to build a proton
00:18:01
and neutron simply combine two of one
00:18:04
type of Quark with one of the other and
00:18:06
Def find their exact distance apart the
00:18:09
strong nuclear force makes this distance
00:18:11
very hard to measure because quarks hate
00:18:14
being on their own but we can assume
00:18:17
that they're very close together indeed
00:18:20
call a proton Lambda 7 and a neutron
00:18:23
Lambda 8
00:18:24
[Music]
00:18:33
Clump six protons and six neutrons
00:18:36
together with a distance of about 10 -15
00:18:40
M around 62 quintilian 500 quadrillion
00:18:44
plank lengths
00:18:48
apart then add six electrons which orbit
00:18:52
the nucleus at a whopping
00:18:56
0.00000000 00005
00:18:58
5 m or about 6.25 sextilion plank
00:19:03
lengths though the exact distances vary
00:19:06
from electron to electron especially in
00:19:08
a carbon atom where there are multiple
00:19:10
occupying more complex orbits and there
00:19:12
you have it a carbon atom in all its
00:19:15
Glory here for those interested is the
00:19:17
complete description it also has a
00:19:20
spoken form but I'm not even going to
00:19:23
try to attempt to say it because it
00:19:24
would likely take several hours to
00:19:27
pronounce well that that sure was an
00:19:29
adventure was it a huge waste of time
00:19:33
probably but did we learn something
00:19:35
interesting well I hope so if the
00:19:38
universe spoke it would speak in a
00:19:40
language a little bit like this
00:19:43
convoluted arly incomprehensible and not
00:19:46
for human use but logical behind all the
00:19:48
madness and very pretty in a strange way
00:19:58
m
00:20:12
[Music]
00:20:20
[Music]
00:20:28
a
00:20:33
[Music]
