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hello everyone welcome back
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to gis in the previous session
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we were discussing on some of the basic
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ideas before starting
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our gis class so today we will introduce
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the world of geographic information
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system
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hence in today's session we will be
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discussing
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what is a gis what are the basic
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functions provided by gis
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what are the major components of a gis
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its major advantages and applications
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in today's world so let's move
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into the definition of gis there have
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been several atoms to define
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the gis however it should be noted that
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any definition of gis will depend on
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the background and the viewpoint of the
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person
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or the organization who is using it
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burrow in the year 1986 defined
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gis as a set of tools for collecting
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storing retriving at advil transforming
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and displaying spatial data from the
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real world
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for a particular set of purpose
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the department of environment defined
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gis in the year 1987 as
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a system of capturing storing
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checking integrating manipulating
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analyzing and displaying the data
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which are spatially referenced to the
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earth
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thus a geographic information system
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is basically a computer-based tool for
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mapping and analyzing geographic
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information
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it allows virtually anyone to create
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a map to help explain the historic
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events
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plan for the future and predict the
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outcomes
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thus gis is an organized collection of
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computer hardware software
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geographic data and personal design
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to effectively capture store
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update manipulate analyze
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and display all forms of geographically
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or a spatially referenced information
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does this gis consist of two distinct
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disciplines
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one is the geography and the other one
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is the information system
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geography is the scientific study of
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spatial pattern
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and the process on the surface of the
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earth
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where the major emphasis is placed upon
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the organization and arrangement of
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any phenomenon on the earth's surface we
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choose
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the information system we have already
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discussed
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in the previous session so
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in layman words a geographic information
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system
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is a framework for gathering managing
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and analyzing any type of spatially
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referenced
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data wrote it in the science of
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geography the gis integrates
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many types of data it analyzes
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spatial location and organizes
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layers of information into visualization
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with the help of maps and 3d scenes
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with this unique capability gis reveals
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deeper insights into data such as
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patterns
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relationship and situation thus
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help the users to make some smarter
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decisions
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now let's look into the basic functions
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of gis
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there are four basic functions that gis
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always provide
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the data capture the data management the
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spatial analysis
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and presenting the results there are
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various source from which
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a gis uses data gis provides tools and
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methods
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for the integration of data into a
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format
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so that these data can be compared
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and analyzed scanned paper maps
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aerial photograph existing digital data
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data collected from the photographs
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gps and remote sensing satellite images
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are the few point sources used in gis
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after the collection and the integration
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of data
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a gis facilitate to store and maintain
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the data
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with the help of effective data
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management
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data security screening
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integrity storage and retrieval
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as well as maintenance are some of the
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aspects of effective data management
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in gis the gis
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also functions as a better spatial
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analyst
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the function of spatial analysis in gis
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makes it distinct
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from other software or tools like cat
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the spatial analysis allows one to
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interpolate
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buffer and overlay operations across
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the regions or places and
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one of the most distinctive feature of
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gis is its visual presentation of the
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results
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in the form of three-dimensional images
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this will provide a better results
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when compared to our traditional methods
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of
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tabulation and graphs
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now let's look into what are the major
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components
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of a gis we have already discussed that
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a gis is an integration of human
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resource
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spatial and attribute data analytical
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methods and computer hardware
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and software which are organized to
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store
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manage and deliver information through
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geographic presentation
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thus a gis requires five major
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components
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to integrate all its functions these are
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the hardware the software the data
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the people and the methods or the
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procedures
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hardware refers to all the equipments
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which are needed to support
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gis activities from data collection to
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data analysis
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the main parts of hardware include
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the computer or the workstation to run
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the gis software
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with all its peripherals
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digitizers and scanners gps
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are important peripheral components in a
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gis
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the advent of web enabled gis
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also promoted the web servers to be
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an important part of gis 2d
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software the gis software provides
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the functions and tools needed to store
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analyze and display geographic or
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spatial information
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the key components of a gis software are
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a database management system tools for
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input and manipulate tools for the
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functions to support
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geographic query analyze and
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visualization
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and a user-friendly graphical user
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interface
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for easy access to all these tools
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now looking into data there are
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basically
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two types of data used in gis
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a spatial data and an attribute data
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the spatial data are the data which are
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geographically referenced with the help
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of
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coordinates coupled with this data
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contains additional information about
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the spatial data
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and these data are termed as an
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attribute data
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the documentation of js data sets that
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contain information
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on the content quality
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condition origin and other
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characteristics of a data
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is been termed as metadata
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now moving to the people it is the human
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resource
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who are actually capable of using the
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gis appropriately
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and can make gis work with understanding
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and analyzing the output they include
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the gis manager the data administrators
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application specialist system analyst
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and programmers these people are
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responsible for maintaining
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the database and technically supporting
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the gis work
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people associated with gis can be
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categorized
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into three the viewers
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the general users and the gis
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specialists
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now moving into the procedures or the
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methods
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the methods of the procedures are the
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steps or the instructions
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used to carry out the work in a gis
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software
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it focus on how the data will be
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retrieved
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input into system stored managed
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analyzed and present into final
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output now let's look into
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some of the advantages of gis
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for a project with larger spatial
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compound
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analyzing the impacts is an essential
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prerequisite
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before the beginning of any project
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the gis facilitates thematic maps
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of various aspects and utility maps
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that help the decision makers to analyze
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the project
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thus gis helps the policy makers
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to calculate the area distance
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length width volume and many others
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within a short period of time
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thereby reduces the time and the cost
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of the project thus
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gis always helps
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project efficiency with cost and time
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saving
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gis is a tool to query
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analyze and present data
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in support of a decision making process
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thus gis helps in a better decision
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making
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gis technology assist in resolving
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territorial disputes site selection
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corridor selection natural resource
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planning
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and conservation and thereby helps the
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planners to take
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correct decision improved communication
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and organizational integration
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gis has the ability to link the data
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sets
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and thereby facilitates sharing and
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communication
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interdepartmental information
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this improves the communication between
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different teams
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departments and professional fields
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leading to
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higher organizational integration
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it is the primary responsibility of many
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organization
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to maintain the records and the status
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and change of geographical data
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cultural and social aspects
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gis provide a strong framework
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for maintaining such type of records
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with full transactions
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and reporting tools thus gis
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is a better record-keeping information
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system
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gis with its advanced technology
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like dtm and third-dimensional modeling
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helps us to visualize and understand
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the terrain of the region gis
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is a valuable tool to analyze the
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socio-economic data
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such as population distribution site
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selection
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environmental impact assessment and
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thereby leading
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to better decision making among the
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governmental authorities
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gas can also provide solutions to
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various
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environmental problems by modeling the
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disaster activity
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precisely gis provides
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high accuracy by presenting better
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predictions
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and analysis by involving vast range of
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tasks
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simultaneously with effective time
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management
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now let's look into some of the
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applications
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of gis
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mapping the key function of the gis
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the function of the gis basically is to
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facilitate
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visual interpretation of various data in
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the form of
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maps with the use of this application
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it is not necessary to become a
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cartographer to produce
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maps nowadays
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gis is highly used under telecom
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and network services the gis enable
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wireless
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telecommunication organizations to
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incorporate
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geographic data into the computer
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network defining
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planning and maintenance activities
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this allows the telecom to enhance their
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engineering applications
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customer relations and location based
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service accident
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and hotspot analysis the gis data
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helps to identify the accident locations
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and road networks that can be optimized
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using data intelligence this
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intelligence helps to improve road
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safety measures
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and allows better traffic management
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urban and transport planning gis data
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analysis
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urban growth and the direction of
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expansion
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when appropriately applied it can
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discover
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new sites for further development
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considering
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various factors that are necessary for
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successful
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building of an urban center gis data
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is commonly used for managing the
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transportation issues
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with addition of environmental and
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topical data
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in a gis platform companies can plan for
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new road or a railroad
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environmental management environmental
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impact assessment
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is an important initiative taken by the
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authorities
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in view of conserving the environment
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prior
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to the beginning of large developmental
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projects
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gas is being used for the complete
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evaluation
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of such projects from the construction
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to the effects of
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environment health and other aspects
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even
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after completion and running of those
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projects
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all the aspects of such impacts are
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combined in gis software
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to create ecological models and
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effective
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environmental management practices
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agricultural applications
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at grassroot level gis create
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effective and efficient farming
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techniques to increase the production
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with minimum input cost gis
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helps to fully integrate different
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aspects of cropping
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from the soil quality to nutrition
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capacity
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and water retention and climate change
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gps receivers are established in
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real time with the gps softwares in
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many developed nations to estimate the
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application of fertilizers
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chemicals and water for improving
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the food and agriculture production
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defense and intelligence in many
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countries
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the defense services uses gis technology
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to manage maintain and visualize
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terrain features climatic records and
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various echo facilities
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for real-time military planning
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the web-based navigation maps use gis
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data
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to provide public with useful
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information
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web maps are regularly updated per gis
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information
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and are used consistently in everyday
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life
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besides you can find the applications
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of gis in almost every part in our
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today's life
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like our flood damage and estimation
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natural resource management banking
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surveying
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taxation assets management and
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maintenance
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diary industry irrigation water
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management
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pest control and management and many
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others
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i hope you have enjoyed today's session
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post your comments and queries in the
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comment box or in the google classroom
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i wish everyone a great day ahead
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thank you
