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welcome ladies and gentlemen to this
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presentation on the age of Reform I am
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Miss Jennifer blank and I'm going to be
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providing a basic breakdown of several
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different reform movements throughout
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the course of this
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presentation so what reform movements
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are we're going to learn about well
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we're going to start with the discussion
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of Education public education in the
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United States we're going to move into
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the Abolitionist Movement we're talking
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about we're going to talk about penal or
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prison Asylum reform we're going to talk
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about women's suffrage and then we're
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going to end with the temperance
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movement education is so important
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during this period because it marks the
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official start of public education in
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the United States without these reforms
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you don't get to sit here and learn you
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don't get access to a free and public
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education this is where that movement
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start starts so it's very very important
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that that we learn and understand how
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and why this movement got off the ground
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the guy who really got it going was
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Horus man he he was the Secretary of
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Education for the state of Massachusetts
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and he felt very strongly that we needed
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to have an educated populace and during
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this period a lot of folks agreed with
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him and that was part of the impetus
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toward gaining uh a a set of public
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education that could work so we're going
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to focus on a couple of things we're
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going to focus on education in general
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but we're also going to focus on the
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education of women specifically because
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during this period the opportunities for
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women expanded significantly so all of
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these reform movements that we're
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talking about they work together they
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work in tandom there's a lot of give and
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take between all of these reform
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movements and a lot of the reformers
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with one move movement uh popped in and
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helped out with others so it's very
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important I want you to start seeing the
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connections here so you see here Horus
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man is listed as important people and
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there are a few others as well but let
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me give you some basic breakdowns so few
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public schools existed before 1840
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there's very little money for books and
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supplies you had teachers who did not
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know what they were doing and a lot of
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people like Horus man believ that better
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schools were needed for an educated
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democracy uh Ben Franklin is famous for
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uh for stating uh this quote and I'm
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paraphrasing a bit but a a society that
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expects to be ignorant and free expects
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Something That Never Was and never will
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be so so this idea that we needed to be
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active participants in our government
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started uh from our very founding a and
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now it's starting to come to fruition
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with people recognizing the need for us
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to have educated citizens how can we
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possibly keep tabs in our government and
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vote properly if we're not educated all
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right so what did they do about it well
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they passed some laws to increase money
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for schools and the form of property
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taxes so now we could afford to build
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the buildings buy the books hire the
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teachers even train the teachers so we
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got better teacher training a longer
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school year which was championed by
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Horus man himself and the earliest
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textbooks the mcguffy's reader and Noah
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Webster's Dictionary so that was very
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important now moving forward with the
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education of women you you have at this
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time period still existing what's called
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The Cult of Domesticity okay so and this
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this Cult of Domesticity argued that
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women's place was in the home that's
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where they belonged raising the children
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civilizing their husband right well the
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this a prime lady who was involved in
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this was Katherine beeer and she was
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working in tandem with Horus man and
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even though she thought women should
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stay home they still needed a good
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education to raise their children into
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model citizens so even she got on the
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education bandwagon but at this point
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there are few educational opportunities
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for women and many wanted to go to
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college so what do we do about it well
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many colleges were founded specifically
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for women and a couple of them were
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listed here but what's interesting is
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Oberlin College in Ohio in 1833 became
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the first college to admit both women
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and African-Americans so very ahead of
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its time very
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Progressive okay I want to shift gears
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and talk about abolitionism for a minute
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uh I'm not going to go into a whole lot
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of detail about it because I go into
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great detail in my PowerPoint video
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lessons you can find on my website but
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basically abolitionism was the fight to
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end slavery that was its sole purpose
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its sole goal was to free slaves and end
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the institution of slavery as a whole
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abolitionists viewed slavery as a moral
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problem an economic problem and a
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political problem it was morally wrong
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it was economically backward and it was
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politically anti-republican
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like Frederick Douglas you see him in
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the top left corner I talked about him a
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little bit earlier this man was
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incredible he was a freed
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slave an escape slave himself uh he made
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it to freedom in the north and he began
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directing his Energies toward freeing
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others and toward helping others achieve
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that freedom he was an amazing orator a
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brilliant man quite possibly uh one of
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the most brilliant uh historical figures
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in all of American History he was
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incredible when he uh made it to Freedom
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uh a little bit after he started
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publishing this publication called the
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North Star and it was an abolitionist
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magazine designed to help uh Advance the
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movement to help folks who wanted to get
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involved learn how to get involved and
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to help uh freed slaves uh make a life
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for themselves now we have some very uh
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diametrically opposed opinions going on
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here on the left hand side here you see
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uh an advertisement for uh an
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abolitionist meeting uh there was an
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abolitionist going to speak and uh this
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uh this advertisement was designed to
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get people who were pro slavery to
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attend the meeting and shut this
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abolitionist down it says an
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abolitionist of the most revolting
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character is among you exciting the
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feelings of the north against the South
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a seditious lecture is to be delivered
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you you notice this this language
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revolting character
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sedici uh this is mean silencing by
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Peaceable means this tool of evil and
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fanaticism the very charged words
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designed to excite people to action and
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to stop the Abolitionist Movement by
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contrast if you look on the right hand
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side you see this is an advertisement in
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Boston uh cautioning freed slaves and
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All Blacks really to watch out don't
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talk to Watchmen and police officers
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because they are coming to kidnap and
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take you back to your slave owners so
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the the abolitionists in Boston were so
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bold as to actually put up leaflets
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saying hey do not talk to Cops avoid
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cops because they're going to arrest you
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and they're going to send you back from
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when you came so it's an amazing amazing
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uh uh time in our history of
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diametrically opposed views and this
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this right here basically sum IES the
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buildup to the Civil War you've got on
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one side people who are pro slavery a
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and and pro the existing system and
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you've got others who want to change it
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want to make it more what they deem to
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be in line with the
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Constitution when you think penal or
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prison and Asylum reform I want you to
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think dorotha Dix that's her right here
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and a quote from her here says I tell
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what I have seen uh dorotha dicks
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witnessed a lot of Horrors in uh in
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mental institutions and in prisons and
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unfortunately most of the mentally ill
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actually wound up in prison which was
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exactly the last place that they needed
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to be because they they couldn't get the
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help that they needed and during this
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time uh people didn't view mental
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illness the way we today view it now we
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view it as a disease something that
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needs to be treated people need help uh
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it people with mental illness were
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basically viewed as criminals uh
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something went wrong with them and you
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just had to isolate them from society so
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in the best case scenario they went to a
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mental hospital in the worst case
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scenario they wound up in prison PR so
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uh I want to draw your attention to a
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couple of Graphics here one here this uh
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this person in a chair looks like an
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electric chair doesn't it uh well
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basically it was this is was a
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tranquilizing chair and it was used in
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the treatment of the mentally ill in the
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19th century or the 1800s so you you see
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that this this poor individual is
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strapped down the here bound at the feet
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and also at the wrists and there's this
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weird thing around their head now a a as
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time went on you had electric shock
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treatment you had beating you had
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physical torture to try to exercise the
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demons out of these folks and
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unfortunately uh people were were worse
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off after having had this treatment than
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than than not having it um I'm going to
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show you another graphic to give you a
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nice little breakdown it's a graphic
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we've seen before but this time we're
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going to talk about the treatment of the
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mentally ill uh so here you see we have
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dorotha Dix right there she's the key
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important person why she thought reform
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was needed mentally ill were put in
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dungeons cages they were abused a lot of
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times they were put in prison so she
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traveled the country writing about what
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she saw okay she she wanted the insane
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to be treated more human humanely and
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she was involved in in in helping to
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found several different hospitals that
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that would actually help these people
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get better and not not just just destroy
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their lives and destroy what what little
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mental stability they had left so this
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was a major major problem during this
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period and Dorothy adx was instrumental
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in helping to deal with it the women's
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suffrage movement was trying to gain
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additional rights for women women
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couldn't hold property they couldn't
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vote they had no say in virtually
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anything they'd have their husband's
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permission their father's permission
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they really had no access to an
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education it was a it was a rough rough
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time to be a woman so these ladies got
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together uh Susan B Anthony luri M
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Elizabeth Katy Stanton um they all got
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together and tried to to figure out a
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way to make this work to to to try to
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get women the rights that they so richly
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deserve what I'm going to focus on here
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uh is the senica Falls convention in New
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York in 1848 and I I the graphic I'm
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about to show you I got it from this
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website it's on wikas Spaces it's by an
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American history teacher it's actually a
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fantastic resource for the suffrage
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movement so I strongly recommend that
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people take a look at that site because
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it really is fantastic so let me bring
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this graphic up and talk about the
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senica Falls Convention a little bit so
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it happened in 18 48 all right senal
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Falls 1848 this is what's largely
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believed by historians to be the
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beginning of the official women's rights
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movement in the US was organized by lri
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m Elizabeth Katie Stanton and they
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wanted to discuss the social civil and
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religious condition and rights of women
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they wanted to make sure that people
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were aware that women were considered
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second class citizens and they wanted to
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find a way to fix it that shouldn't be
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the case over 300 people attended uh
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both male and female actually um there
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was a series of declarations passed and
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the issue of female suffrage uh meant
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serious opposition until Frederick
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Douglas convinced people to pass a
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declaration demanding it so Frederick
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Douglas a The prominent abolitionist he
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got involved because he had the same
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idea as Martin Luther King Jr a threat
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to just to Injustice anywhere is a
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threat to Justice everywhere he had the
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same kind of idea that if I'm fighting
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for African-American rights and I'm
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treated like a second class citizen
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guess what women are too they're not two
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separate
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separate things and we need to fight
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this together so only one convention
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attendee uh 19-year-old Charlotte
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Woodward actually lived to see the women
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win the vote in 1920 everybody else had
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long passed away since then but it's an
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amazing amazing event there was a
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declaration of sentiments that was
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issued and my guys we're going to
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examine that in class but I strongly
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suggest you take a look because it's
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amazing amazing stuff the temperance
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movement grew out of the second grade
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awakening it was largely based on on
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Christian beliefs Christian doctrine and
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it was the move to get rid of alcohol
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alcohol had to be stopped by any means
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necessary as you can see uh this picture
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over here on the right hand side lips
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that touch liquor shall not touch ours
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so these are Christian women uniting
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together saying hey if you're a drunk or
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if you drink at all we want nothing to
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do with you uh so that that was it was
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very much a female-based movement I want
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to draw your attention to another
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graphic this was another um depiction of
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what alcoholism did to folks so you see
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here the husband who is drunk drunk is
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beating his wife his children are
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begging him to stop there's somebody
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else in the corner here you know looking
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very worried and concerned and this was
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a depiction of what uh Temperance folks
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believed alcohol did to people it caused
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husbands to become evil evil men who
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beat their wives neglected and abused
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their children it was on the whole just
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a bad thing and alcohol had to be
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stopped you had to get rid of it you had
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to remove it another graphic I want to
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draw your attention to and this one was
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very very popular it's called the
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drunkard's progress and I'm going to
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bring this up so you can make it bigger
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so you see this is a depiction of the
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process that somebody goes through from
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the first drink step one a glass of wine
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with a friend step two a glass to help
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uh keep the world out and then you see
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moving through the steps as Things
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become worse and worse and worse until
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finally death or suicide so you wind up
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dying from alcoholism in and of itself
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some way whether you die of alcohol
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poisoning or you wind up killing
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yourself because your life is so
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miserable this is what happens so this
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was a a Key Advertising technique to try
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to get people involved in the temperance
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movement to show people how awful
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alcohol was so I want to bring up this
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other graphic here and we've again we've
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seen this before but this time we're
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going to focus on Temperance so Lyman
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Beacher was the was the key person and
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like I said a lot of Christian women and
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these folks thought that alcohol was
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immoral they were horrified that people
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drank an average of seven gallons per
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year they considered alcohol the root of
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all societies evil so crime poverty y
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abuse of men unemployment bad economy
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you name it the temperance people
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believed that alcohol caused it so
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strategies they used to defeat this they
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formed the American Temperance Society
00:13:39
they had books and sermons and some
00:13:41
states actually passed laws prohibit
00:13:43
proh prohibiting alcohol the temperance
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movement would culminate in Prohibition
00:13:49
in uh the the early 1900s and we're not
00:13:51
going to talk about Prohibition here
00:13:53
because it's beyond the scope of our
00:13:54
course but the temperance movement
00:13:55
definitely had a lasting historical
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impact so what did we learn we learned
00:13:59
that education was essential in getting
00:14:01
both the women's suffrage movement off
00:14:03
the ground and in enabling other people
00:14:05
in American society to advance forward
00:14:07
it's the foundation of public education
00:14:09
in the United States we talked about the
00:14:11
Abolitionist Movement was which was
00:14:13
essentially its goal was to get rid of
00:14:15
slavery by any means get rid of it as
00:14:18
soon as possible Frederick Douglas uh
00:14:21
was a very prominent abolitionist very
00:14:23
important guy wrote the north north star
00:14:25
was a freed slave himself we learned
00:14:27
about Dorothy ad dicks and penal and ass
00:14:29
reform and about how horribly the
00:14:31
mentally ill were treated and how she
00:14:33
was instrumental in helping to alleviate
00:14:35
that very serious issue in society we
00:14:37
learned about women's suffrage and how
00:14:39
this was about not just the right to
00:14:41
vote but also about rights for women in
00:14:42
general access to education access to
00:14:45
property access to control over their
00:14:47
children we also learned about the
00:14:49
temperance movement and how that was
00:14:50
anti-alcohol and it culminated in the
00:14:53
prohibition of the early 1900s I hope
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this lesson was useful and I will see
00:14:57
you next time
