Why wasn't Portugal Conquered by Spain?

00:18:19
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zaD6WPIOoN8

Sintesi

TLDRPortugal e España compartiron unha historia complexa de conflitos e alianzas. A pesar de múltiples invasións por parte de España, Portugal mantivo a súa independencia debido a varios factores, incluíndo a súa xeografía favorable, o forte espírito de resistencia dos seus habitantes e alianzas crave, especialmente coa Inglaterra. Iso quedou ilustrado durante as guerras de restauración no século XVII, onde Portugal recuperou a súa soberanía completa despois do dominio español. Durante o período de expansión colonial, ambos países optaron pola colonización antes que a conquista interna, debido a España ao seu foco no Novo Mundo e Portugal nas rutas comerciais en África e Asia. A resistencia de Portugal e as súas estratexias aseguraron que nunca fose totalmente subxugado por España.

Punti di forza

  • 🇵🇹 Portugal nunca foi completamente conquistado por España.
  • ⚔️ Afonso Henriques foi clave na independencia de Portugal.
  • 🛡️ A resistencia portuguesa demostrou ser un elemento crucial.
  • 🤝 A alianza con Inglaterra foi moi influente para Portugal.
  • 📜 O Tratado de Tordesillas dividiu o mundo entre España e Portugal.
  • 🌍 Durante moito tempo, España enfocouse máis na expansión colonial que na conquista europea.
  • ⛵ Portugal foi un líder en exploración naval no século XV.
  • 📅 En 1640, Portugal restaurou a súa independencia de España.
  • 🤔 Os retos xeográficos tamén impediron a conquista total.
  • 🚫 A guerra dos Sete Anos reforzou as posicións de Portugal contra España.

Linea temporale

  • 00:00:00 - 00:05:00

    No século XVI, a pesar do poder militar de España, Portugal nunca foi completamente conquistado. Durante séculos, a Península Ibérica estivo baixo diferentes dominacións, incluíndo os romanos, visigodos e o Califato Omeya. A Reconquista comezou coa resistencia cristiá contra o dominio musulmán, levando á eventual creación dos reinos cristiáns no norte, mentres que Alfonso de Asturias estableceu o Condado de Portugal, despois de reclamalo dos mouros.

  • 00:05:00 - 00:10:00

    Portugal consolidouse como país independente en 1143, cando Afonso Henriques foi recoñecido como rei tras vencer na Batalla de São Mamede e máis tarde na Batalla de Ourique contra os musulmáns. O Reconquista portugués completouse en 1249, coa recuperación de Algarve dos mouros, mentres que Lisboa foi nomeada capital en 1255. Algúns asuntos internos e externos marcaron as relacións entre Portugal e outros reinos, incluíndo o Tratado de Alcañices que formalizou as fronteiras con León.

  • 00:10:00 - 00:18:19

    No século XV, Portugal destacou no eido da exploración marítima baixo Enrique o Navegante, establecido colonias entre África e o Atlántico. A competencia pola expansión territorial levou ao Tratado de Tordesillas en 1494, dividindo o mundo entre España e Portugal. Aínda que España tivo a oportunidade de invadir Portugal no século XVII, as súas prioridades seguían centradas na colonización ultramarina e os conflitos internos, o que impediu calquera conquista total de Portugal.

Mappa mentale

Video Domande e Risposte

  • Por que España nunca conquistou Portugal?

    España nunca conquistou completamente Portugal debido ás difíciles condicións xeográficas, a resistencia feroz dos portugueses e a distracción de España cos seus intereses coloniais no exterior.

  • Cando foi Portugal baixo dominio español?

    Portugal estivo baixo dominio español técnico durante un período de 60 anos, pero nunca foi completamente conquistado.

  • Cal foi o papel do Tratado de Tordesillas?

    O Tratado de Tordesillas de 1494 dividiu o mundo entre España e Portugal ao longo dunha liña de demarcación, permitindo a ambos países expandirse sen conflitos territoriais directos.

  • Quen foi Afonso Henriques?

    Afonso Henriques foi o primeiro rei de Portugal despois de liderar unha vitoria decisiva contra os mouros e separarse do reino de León.

  • Que aconteceu en 1640 en Portugal?

    En 1640, Portugal recuperou a súa independencia completa a través da Guerra da Restauración Portuguesa, rompendo o seu vínculo co Reino de España.

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Scorrimento automatico:
  • 00:00:00
    Even though the Spanish did indeed invade  Portugal on several occasions, Portugal has
  • 00:00:06
    never been fully conquered by Spain. This may seem a little puzzling,
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    considering how enthusiastically Spain  went about acquiring new colonies.
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    And, at the height of its powers, Spain was  unquestionably more mighty than Portugal,
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    both in terms of military  power and population size.
  • 00:00:28
    Portugal was even technically under Spanish  rule for a 60-year period, but conquered? Never.
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    In the 1500s, Spain was flexing its military  muscle and snapping up new territories almost at
  • 00:00:44
    will. Mexico, the Caribbean, the Philippines,  and South America fell to Spanish rule,
  • 00:00:51
    making Spain seriously rich in the process. And all the while, a smaller, less-populated
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    country lay unconquered, right on Spain’s  doorstep and surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean.
  • 00:02:47
    To understand why, it’s important to  first look at how each country took shape.
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    The Iberian Peninsula – today’s  Spain and Portugal – has seen
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    its fair share of rulers over the years… The Romans claimed Iberia in around 218 BC,
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    where it remained a Roman territory for  the next six hundred or so years until
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    the Visigoths came onto the scene. In the year 418 AD, the Visigoths
  • 00:03:18
    stormed into Iberia, seizing it from the Romans  and assuming control for the next three centuries.
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    Iberia was very much a Visigoth stronghold but  fell to the Umayyad Caliphate in the 8th century
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    AD. The Umayyads brought an army of Moors  from North Africa and imposed Muslim rule,
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    which was fiercely opposed by the Iberians. There were uprisings and a never-ending
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    series of battles, leading to eventual  civil war throughout the whole peninsula.
  • 00:03:51
    This battle against Muslim rule was the start of  The Reconquista – or the “Reconquest” of Iberia,
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    later to become Spain and Portugal. The Moors controlled most of the south,
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    while in the north, the Christian kingdoms Aragon,  Castille, Navarre, and Leon were established.
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    In the late 9th century, King Alfonso  of the Kingdom of Asturias sent one of
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    his noblemen into the northwest of  the peninsula to expel the Moors.
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    The nobleman was Vimara Peres  and he rose to the challenge.
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    In 868, Peres led his Christian  soldiers to a decisive victory
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    against the Moors and reclaimed the region around the Minho and Douro Rivers,
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    including the city of Portus Cale –  from which Portugal was to get its name.
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    King Alfonso was delighted and immediately  declared the new region to be the County
  • 00:04:48
    of Portugal, and Peres was named the Count  of Portugal. The Count began building new
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    towns in the area, one of which he named  Vimaranes – known today as Guimarães.
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    Even though Portugal didn’t officially become  a country until 1143, most Portuguese regard
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    Guimaraes as the country’s “cradle  city”, where Portugal was born.
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    In 910, the Kingdom of Asturias  was split, but reunited again
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    in 924 – this time as the Kingdom of Leon. Portugal was now a county in the north-western
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    Kingdom of Leon, and by the end of the 10th  century, had begun to grow in power. More and
  • 00:05:29
    more people were opting to settle in  Portugal and the cities were growing.
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    In the early 12th century, the rulers  of the county of Portugal were Henry of
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    Burgundy and his wife Teresa of León. They had a son, Afonso Henriques,
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    and when Henry died in 1112, his wife  Teresa was left to rule Portugal alone.
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    But, to the disapproval of many Portuguese,  she soon remarried – to a nobleman from the
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    Galicia region. They were suspicious of  Teresa and her new husband’s motives,
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    and they backed young Afonso to lead Portugal to  further victories over the southern Moors. Afonso
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    was urged to seize control of Portugal, which  meant going into battle against his own mother.
  • 00:06:19
    At the Battle of Sao Mamede in 1128, Afonso’s  soldiers soundly defeated his mother’s army,
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    and he became the sole leader of Portugal. He continued to fight for the Reconquista and
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    in 1139, won a famous victory  at the Battle of Ourique.
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    The clash took place in the south of  the Iberian Peninsula against the Muslim
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    army of Cordoba. Although outnumbered,  Afonso orchestrated a stunning victory
  • 00:06:48
    with cunning tactics and surprise attacks. After the battle, Afonso was declared to
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    be the King of Portugal. This meant that  Portugal was to be now recognized as its
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    own independent state, not a county of Leon… The King of Leon recognized Afonso in 1143 with
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    the signing of the Zamora Treaty. This signified  the beginning of Portugal as an independent
  • 00:07:16
    country, and in 1179, the Catholic Church  finally recognized the new Kingdom of Portugal.
  • 00:07:25
    The Portuguese Reconquista became a  reality in 1249 when Christian forces
  • 00:07:31
    marched into Algarve and sent the last  of the Moors packing. Portugal had now
  • 00:07:37
    extended all the way south to the Atlantic Ocean.
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    In 1255, Lisbon was named the  Portuguese capital, and in 1297,
  • 00:07:48
    King Denis signed the Treaty of Alcañices,  which formalized Portugal’s border with Leon.
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    The borders set up then have  essentially remained the same as today.
  • 00:08:00
    As Portugal entered the 14th century as an  optimistic and outward-looking young country,
  • 00:08:06
    Spain was still fighting its  way towards the Reconquista.
  • 00:08:11
    Progress was slowed due to infighting between  kingdoms, a lack of sturdy leadership, and the
  • 00:08:16
    much greater land mass. In the early 14th century, Portugal began amassing
  • 00:08:22
    its naval power. In 1325, Afonso the Fourth  commissioned the building of maritime vessels for
  • 00:08:29
    exploration and potential war. The Canary Islands  were discovered in 1341, but Castille – basically
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    Spain - disputed the legitimacy of the discovery. But, in the mid-14th century, the Black Death
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    decimated most of Europe, putting the brakes  on any plans for exploration and expansion.
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    However, in the latter half of the 1300s,  the European powers began jostling for the
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    upper hand. Relations between England and  France were strained, and both countries
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    were in the midst of the Hundred Years  War, which dragged out from 1337 to 1453.
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    France wanted access to Spain’s formidable  navy, which had one of the largest fleets
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    in the world at the time. This would give France a  definite edge at sea against England. So, in 1169,
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    an alliance between France and Castille was  drawn up, which made England exceedingly uneasy.
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    The English realized that Portugal  was strategically located between
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    Spain and the Atlantic Ocean,  and had a well-established navy.
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    The two agreed on an alliance, with the  Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1373 sealing the deal.
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    The Anglo-Portuguese Treaty remains the world’s  oldest existing formal treaty between two nations…
  • 00:10:00
    In the 15th century, Portugal established itself  as a world leader in naval exploration. For the
  • 00:10:07
    first half of the century, Spain  was distracted by its fight for
  • 00:10:10
    the Reconquista, and Portugal led the way. Under the backing of Henry the Navigator,
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    Portugal sent out fleet after fleet with very  clear orders to find and conquer new lands.
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    It kicked things off with the conquest  of Cuerta in Morocco, in 1415.
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    Then, in 1420, Portugal colonized the  Madeira archipelago off the African
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    West Coast, the Azores islands in the North  Atlantic in 1439, and Cape Verde in 1456.
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    Spain could only watch on in envy,  as it had its hands full fighting
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    the remaining Muslims in the  southern region of Granada.
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    The Spanish finally saw off the last of  the Emirate of Granada, but not until 1492.
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    The shackles were now off and Spain looked  to start asserting its authority and building
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    some serious wealth. Following Portugal’s lead,  the Spanish began planning missions to discover
  • 00:11:13
    and settle new territories overseas. Later that year, the Spanish government
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    commissioned an ambitious explorer from  Genoa called Christopher Columbus to seek
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    new lands to the west. 1492 was about  to become a really big year for Spain…
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    While Spain had been tied up with its  Reconquista, Portugal had wasted no time
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    in establishing several colonies and trading  settlements along the African West Coast.
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    This enabled the Portuguese  complete access to gold, silver,
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    and the burgeoning slave trade in Africa. In 1488, Bartolomeu Dias sailed around the
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    Cape of Good Hope, proving that the Indian  and Atlantic Oceans could indeed meet up.
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    Portugal was rubbing its hands in glee at what  seemed like a monopoly of colonization. But when
  • 00:12:08
    Columbus sailed into the Bahamas in October  1492, things were about to really heat up.
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    Europe was blown away to learn of a completely  new land across the Atlantic. The race was
  • 00:12:21
    on to conquer the Americas, with Portugal and  Spain leading the way. Competition was fierce…
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    To prevent any likely territorial disputes,  a papal bull was created. In 1494,
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    the Treaty of Tordesillas was signed by  Spain and Portugal, essentially splitting
  • 00:12:42
    the world in two. A demarcation line was drawn  vertically down the middle of the Atlantic,
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    roughly 500 kilometers west of the Cape  Verde islands. Spain could lay claim to
  • 00:12:55
    anything lying to the west, while Portugal  was entitled to anywhere to the east.
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    The treaty meant that Spain had  virtually all of the Americas to itself,
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    with the exception of Brazil, which was  jutting out into Portuguese territory.
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    With both Iberian countries now victorious  over the Moors, it could have been the prime
  • 00:13:18
    time for Spain to turn its energies to Portugal. However, the lure of global dominance and overseas
  • 00:13:26
    wealth was far greater. Spain and Portugal ramped  up their efforts to acquire whatever they could.
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    In 1498, Vasco De Gama literally put  Portugal on the map when he ventured
  • 00:13:41
    around Cape Horn and made it to India. This  opened up huge new opportunities for Portugal
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    as it now had a sea route to trade with Asia. In 1500, Pedro Álvares Cabral claimed Brazil for
  • 00:13:57
    Portugal. Spain hit back with the conquest  of Cuba in 1511 and then Mexico in 1521.
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    This continued throughout much of the 16th  century, with countries amassing huge fortunes
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    from the resources in their new colonies. And then suddenly, Portugal was left
  • 00:14:18
    without an heir to the throne… In 1578, Portugal’s young King
  • 00:14:23
    Sebastian the First was killed in battle. His  successor was his great uncle Henry the First,
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    who also died just two years later. But as luck would have it, the Spanish
  • 00:14:36
    King Philip the First had Portuguese lineage.  His parents were Charles the Fifth – the Holy
  • 00:14:42
    Roman Emperor – and Isabella of Portugal. He  promptly claimed the Portugese throne somewhat
  • 00:14:49
    confusingly as Philip the Second. Bizarrely, both  countries now shared the same king but were united
  • 00:14:58
    only as kingdoms. Portugal still retained  its independence but with strict limitations
  • 00:15:04
    regarding foreign policy. If ever there was a time  for Spain to conquer Portugal, this was surely it.
  • 00:15:12
    Again though, Spain was too busy in maintaining  and developing its overseas colonies. Besides,
  • 00:15:19
    the Reconquista had exhausted  Spain. An invasion of Portugal
  • 00:15:24
    would have required huge numbers of troops  and resources that simply weren’t available.
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    Spain also had other concerns. It was engaged in the Eighty Years War
  • 00:15:37
    with the Netherlands. This meant dragging  Portugal in, against Portugal’s wishes.
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    The awkward alliance with Spain also  meant Portugal’s treaty with England
  • 00:15:48
    became null and void. As Portugal was  drawn into tensions with the Netherlands,
  • 00:15:53
    the Dutch-Portuguese War broke out. From 1595  to 1663, the Dutch raided countless Portuguese
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    colonies in Brazil, India, and Africa, and  Portugal bemoaned the lack of English support.
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    Meanwhile, nobles in Portugal were incensed  with having to pay extra taxes to support
  • 00:16:16
    Spain. The union of kingdoms was  deemed to be biased towards Spain.
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    In 1640, Portugal’s John the Fourth led a  revolt, and full independence was returned
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    with the Portuguese Restoration War. This enabled Portugal to mend its
  • 00:16:35
    relationship with Britain, which proved to  be very useful in the late 18th century.
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    The Seven Years' War between England  and France led once again to tensions
  • 00:16:46
    between the former Iberian allies. The English-backed Portuguese were
  • 00:16:51
    invaded by the French-supported Spanish in  1762. Portuguese guerilla warfare and the
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    onslaught of British naval and cavalry power  were too much. Despite the French and Spanish
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    throwing thousands of men into the invasion,  they were soundly defeated and withdrew in 1763.
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    This was as close as Spain  came to conquering Portugal.
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    Spanish forces had entered Portugal  and engaged in conflict. They ran
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    into an unforgiving hilly terrain and a  fiercely determined civilian population.
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    When the Spanish troops withdrew, it signaled  the final opportunity to conquer Portugal. The
  • 00:17:36
    Spanish were always more concerned with overseas  colonization than with conquering Portugal. That,
  • 00:17:43
    in addition to ongoing conflicts with  the Moors and other European nations,
  • 00:17:48
    meant they simply couldn’t afford to.
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    But as the Portuguese showed ever since Vimara
  • 00:17:55
    Peres defeated the Moors – they were  never going to be conquered anyway...
Tag
  • Portugal
  • España
  • conquista
  • independencia
  • Reconquista
  • Tratado de Tordesillas
  • colonización
  • Afonso Henriques
  • alianza
  • James IV