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[Music]
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[Music]
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let me come to the concept of standard
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drive cycle
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a standard drive cycle
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is standardized and standard by some
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body
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not a normally motor vehicles authority
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in a country
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and it is standardized for different
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vehicles two wheelers
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three wheelers four wheelers ericsson
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autos
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so that vehicle by two manufacturers can
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be compared
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that's a purpose and also
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saying that well you are not
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unnecessarily
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wasting petrol because it is important
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because if you are wasting petrol
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it is actually converted into more and
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more emissions
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so just like those emissions testing
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etcetera has done the drive cycle tests
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are always done
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and of course the the slogan kitna
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has made this extremely important
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because i'll buy maruti
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because it gives me higher
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mileage so each vehicle have its own
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drive cycle
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in fact different cities can have
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different drive cycle
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why because depending on the congestion
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of in the city the drives standard drive
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is different
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it tries to typically picture a standard
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drive
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but very often so there is a daily drive
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cycle
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but very often in cities you use the
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same kind of drive cycle
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in a country countryside on a if you are
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mostly driving country side drive cycle
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is different
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usually climbing a slope or climbing
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down
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is not standardized as a drive cycle
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but if you are actually driving a
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vehicle
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in a place like trivandrum
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which has a huge slope going up and down
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most of the time
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it does not make a sense to have a daily
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drive cycle which is on flat road
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you have to define a drive cycle for
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travant
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which will have to take into account the
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slope up and slow down
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so its up one can define in fact
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in the things that i am going to give
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you while i will mostly talk about flat
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road
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i am going to give you some examples of
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some assignments where i will say
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let us have a slope up and down what is
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the energy consumed per kilometer
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different countries have different drive
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cycle or different continents for
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example
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in europe vehicles drive at 150
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kilometer per hour
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in india they are they do not drive at
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night more than 90 kilogram
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so europe will have a different drive
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cycle will have a different drive cycle
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us will have different in fact within u
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s also
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states have different drive cycles
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because they have different kilometer
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per hour
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limits it will take into account also
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the average roads
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what are your speed limits they are not
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supposed to drive at higher speed than
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speed limit
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normally drive cycle is never defined
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for 100 kilometers
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is defined for smaller distances two
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kilometer two point five kilometer
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small time and then you keep on
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repeating that cycle
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you take because you do not want to take
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measurements on one cycle because
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maybe some slight extra energy was used
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or less energy is used
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so you repeat that drive cycle 10
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20 times and then take the measurement
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so measurement is taken over multiple
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cycles
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with this let me come with the
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first definition of one drive cycle
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this is called india drive cycle
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for two wheeler it is called idc
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it is a drive cycle defined for two
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wheeler
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and it is very commonly used
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and remember that this drive cycles have
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been defined for petrol engine
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for electric vehicles same thing will be
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used but certain things
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you will see there is practically no
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reason
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it assumes that after you start
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your idling for 15 seconds this idling
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why are you defining idling
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idling means you are not you are
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just waiting zero speed
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in electric vehicle during zero speed
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you will consume zero energy by the way
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auxiliary things like lights etcetera
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are never used
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in standard drive cycle measurements
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thats extra
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electric vehicle at zero speed will
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consume zero energy
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in a petrol engine engine is turned on
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kept on and you are assuming consuming
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certain amount of energy
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so this is a part of a drive cycle
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idling
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of course today vehicles are designed
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more and more
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to consume less and less during idling
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even petrol engine
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they are designed to even
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turn off and then have a electronic
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turning on
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those are things there but anyway we
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will not consider that
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we are going to talk mostly about
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electric vehicle we'll assume there is
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first 18 seconds is
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18 second is zero speed and let me go
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through this so if you see sixteen
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seconds first sixteen second is idling
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then if you see your accelerating
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from time 16 seconds
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to 20 22 seconds
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six second you are accelerating and your
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acceleration is
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0.65 meters meter per second square it
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should have been
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i made a mistake here meter square per
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second i have taken
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so meters per second square please
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correct this meters
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per second square then
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you are actually after 22 seconds
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after say after that you are actually
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decelerating
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well here itself it is broken into two
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it is assumed 16 to 22 second it is
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at a certain speed 0.65 then your
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acceleration
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slightly decreases doesn't show very
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well in the curve
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why doesn't show because it is not a
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very fine curve but
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this is the important thing acceleration
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is 0.65
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acceleration goes smaller
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then for the next 4 second
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it is actually speed is going down
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then there is a steady speed for a short
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period of time
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constant speed neither zero acceleration
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for almost two seconds then you are
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again accelerating
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this part but you are accelerating at
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certain speed
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then you are accelerating faster
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so or slower from 0.56 you go to 0.44
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then you are again decelerating for 3
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second then you are running at constant
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speed
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for four seconds then you are
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decelerating
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then you are decelerating for two
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seconds then you are again running at
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constant speed
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then you are again decelerating
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so this is how the whole thing is
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defined
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for 108 seconds and after that for 12
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seconds again you are idling
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and or up to 108 seconds and then you
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just keep repeating
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keep repeating so total is defined for
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108 seconds
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ah and then you actually have to drive
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it six times
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with the same pattern total test time is
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there for six into 108
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648 second total distance
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if you travel you just integrate this ah
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kilometer per hour find out the distance
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travel
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it will come out to be 3.9484 kilometer
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and maximum speed is 42 kilometer per
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hour
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this is the drive cycle it is actually
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idling for about 15 percent of time
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16 seconds steady speed at
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for 12 acceleration for 42 seconds
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deceleration for 37 second this
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is average speed is 21.93 kilometer per
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hour
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this is a standard drive cycle
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now you drive the vehicle either
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electric vehicle or a petrol vehicle
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exactly as best for this cycle six times
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and you compute so earlier actually
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there used to be a vehicle track in
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which you had to drive
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to do the measurement now there are
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instruments
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um where
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the vehicle is kind of made to drive
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there is a track on which it is made to
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drive is actually not moving
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and there are instruments which will
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capture all the data
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what are these instruments called
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dynamometer so there are these
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dynamometers
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vehicle dynos
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so what do you do what is the mechanism
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that you use
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to now given this i want to first
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compute
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i know my forces i know my power
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for every speed and for every
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acceleration
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i know my drag i know my rolling
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resistance i know my acceleration
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force i know my ah climbing force in
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this
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case of course there is no climbing what
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do i do
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actually this can be nicely computed on
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a spreadsheet
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and i will in fact give you assignment
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problem to computer on a spreadsheet
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you actually can take every second or
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every half a second
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so 0 to 108 second if you do it 108
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1 second each so you take 108
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intervals of delta t of one second
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you calculate the average velocity
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during that
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why it may be actually increasing if you
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want to not
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take that into account you take 0.5
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second number of points will go up
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number of lines in a number of rows in a
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excel sheet will go up
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but typically one second with average
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velocity gives you
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very good result so find the average
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velocity
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and the distance traveled in that you
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can compute
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as velocity into delta t velocity is
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given by the drive cycle
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average velocity for that one second you
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can compute the
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delta t you start writing down every
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second what the velocity should be
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take v final minus v
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initial divided by two that is average
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velocity
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acceleration is what you have calculate
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the delta velocity
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every second you divide it by delta t
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it will give you acceleration meter per
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second square
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every second now you compute the force
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acceleration force is more mass into
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acceleration mass of the vehicle is
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known
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acceleration so you have all the 120
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value
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of the acceleration every second
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you are doing that you now compute the
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rolling resistance
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you know your mass you know the g you
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know the value of mu
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find out the rolling resistance
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you can assume mu to be constant
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also compute the drag force point five
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c t rho a is given
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v is changing every second it is
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changing comp average velocity
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take average velocity and compute all of
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that
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you go on now since you have computed
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the acceleration force rolling
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resistance
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drag this you compute what is called
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total traction force
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you also compute the traction
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torque you know the force multiplied by
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field meter
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so every second what is the torque that
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you require so you have data for every
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second
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for the traction force you have for
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traction
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torque you have the power consumed
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it is a force multiplied by velocity so
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you already have got the total traction
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force
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you take the average velocity multiply
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that
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you get every second what is the power
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consumed
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and if there is a deceleration and you
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want to take that into account
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take the value of r if r is negative
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then you take r into f
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track into v so r is equal to 1
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if it is ah
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if it is acceleration if there is a
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deceleration
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means f track will be negative then r
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will be equal to 0.3 or whatever
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of course track the
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traction power there will be negative
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negative so you have to take minus of
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that
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then you compute the energy requirement
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what is the energy requirement
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the power you have got for one second
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integrate the power or take the power in
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the beginning and power in the end and
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subtract it divide by two multiplied by
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one second that will give you the energy
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so you
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have the traction force torque
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power and energy you compu create a
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spreadsheet
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and i and for example i will actually do
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that
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for a two wheeler
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where i have given all the velo these
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are parameters that you have to put in
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the
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spreadsheet the mass g rolling
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resistance
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drag row a drive cycle
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you can just give the name huh and you
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as per dry cycle
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your velocity is changing
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you have to enter the velocity as per
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drive cycle
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will radius you have to define
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regeneration efficiency you
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have to find and based on that use india
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drive cycle
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compute velocity distance travel and
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acceleration
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every second compute each component of
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traction force
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drag rolling register and acceleration
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compute total traction force
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torque power consumed consume
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integrate the power consumed to compute
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the energy consumed
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use regeneration efficiency to compute
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the
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energy restored to the battery only when
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deceleration is taking place
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so this is the kind of spreadsheet that
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you create
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if you see this is for two wheeler
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the idc that i gave you um
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velocity is zero so in fact zero to
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sixteen second i do not write zero one
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two three four
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why because all going to be zero zero
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zero zero
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um so i actually from zero i come to
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zero seconds
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the velocity is zero kilometer per hour
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ah and distance travel even in meter per
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second of course
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from kilometer per hour i will convert
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it into meter per second
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how can i do by dividing by 3.6 ah
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so i have to divide by 3.6 to get 0
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meter per second
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i calculate what the acceleration is so
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from 16
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17 18 19 20 21 my velocity keeps on
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changing i take those velocity point
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take the average velocity point and
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compute my
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i take the average velocity point from
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0 to 2.33 the average velocity is 6.6481
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between 2.33 and 4.66 average velocity
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i calculate well velocity is 2.33
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and 4.66
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how i made a mistake um
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velocity is an acceleration is constant
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this is a this is a delta delta velocity
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this i am taking as delta velocity this
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i think delta is not visible it is a
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delta velocity
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and with the average i am able to do
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that so this
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is what the velocity versus
00:17:38
kilometer per hour i can plot that it is
00:17:40
the same as the drive cycle
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and i can also travel the distance that
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is travelled in each time
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remember this distance also travel
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during deceleration
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i am actually just keeps on
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adding the distance this is the
00:17:55
individual distance travel increment
00:17:58
this is the incremental velocity
00:17:59
incremental distance
00:18:01
incremental velocity incremental
00:18:03
distance this is the incremental
00:18:04
distance is the incremental
00:18:06
velocity i have to increa integrate to
00:18:09
calc
00:18:09
find out the total distance that i have
00:18:11
travelled total distance that i will
00:18:12
travel
00:18:13
is 658 meter so remember the distance
00:18:16
here as goes
00:18:17
it travels to 5 meters then it goes down
00:18:21
ah and keeps on going up and down
00:18:25
but what is happening is that if i
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integrate it it will give me 658
00:18:31
meter incremental distance is that much
00:18:34
these are incremental distance and
00:18:36
incremental velocity
00:18:38
ok i can compute the acceleration
00:18:41
once i have computed the acceleration i
00:18:44
can now
00:18:45
compute the acceleration force
00:18:48
mdv by dt rolling resistance for every
00:18:52
line every row i can calculate the drag
00:18:56
i can calculate this traction force
00:18:59
i can compute therefore the traction
00:19:02
force is total
00:19:03
acceleration for rolling distance per
00:19:05
track very easily double in
00:19:08
spreadsheet torque
00:19:11
i can get multiplied by radius wheel
00:19:13
radius
00:19:15
power i can consume because i multiply f
00:19:19
track by velocity i compute power
00:19:23
kilowatt and i multiplied by delta t
00:19:27
ah what is the power consumed this has
00:19:29
many more decimal places i have not
00:19:31
shown
00:19:32
and then i compute my energy by simply
00:19:34
integrating
00:19:35
at hundred percent regeneration
00:19:38
efficiency i can also compute at r
00:19:41
percent regeneration
00:19:43
now if you see the energy consumed
00:19:46
sometime goes negative
00:19:48
the net energy consumed integration why
00:19:51
because
00:19:52
my power consumed is negative
00:19:55
this is the regeneration that is going
00:19:57
on so i am taking the regeneration
00:19:59
efficiency into account
00:20:01
in in this case registration efficiency
00:20:03
is hundred percent
00:20:05
so this spreadsheet will be able to tell
00:20:07
me
00:20:08
what is the energy that i consumed what
00:20:12
is the power that i consumed
00:20:13
every second i can also con find out the
00:20:15
distance that i consumed
00:20:17
which i did that in the previous thing
00:20:19
the distance director
00:20:20
consumed and from here these two i can
00:20:22
consume the water or per kilometer
00:20:26
i am showing the same thing in this side
00:20:29
this energy comes here so i am hidden
00:20:32
part of the
00:20:33
i have taken this part of the data
00:20:36
and then i also take the data more
00:20:40
and if i see this i am here plotting for
00:20:43
the whole
00:20:43
i am i do not have 108 rows i am only
00:20:46
showing limited number of rows
00:20:48
but i am actually plotting for all the
00:20:50
108
00:20:51
what is the energy consumed in every
00:20:56
energy consumed energy consumed how is
00:20:59
the energy consumed
00:21:00
going up and down and i find the total
00:21:03
energy consumed
00:21:05
for 100 regeneration is about
00:21:10
7.441 kilowatt
00:21:12
that is a total energy consumed if you
00:21:15
see
00:21:16
energy consumed keeps on building up but
00:21:18
it goes down it goes
00:21:20
down why because it is actually
00:21:24
decelerating in the end it is
00:21:26
decelerating so this is the regeneration
00:21:28
energy efficiency energy and
00:21:31
regeneration energy since i have
00:21:32
consumed
00:21:33
made it equal to the sl r equal to one
00:21:36
it considerably goes down
00:21:40
what if i do not take r equal to hundred
00:21:42
percent but if i
00:21:44
take r less
00:21:48
so r equal to 0.5 if i assume
00:21:52
r equal to 0.5 what happens whenever
00:21:54
traction force is negative
00:21:56
else r is taken as 1 otherwise it is r
00:21:58
equal to 0.5
00:22:01
so energy consumed the same p track in
00:22:03
delta t
00:22:04
regeneration recovers only part of the
00:22:06
energy my total distance traveled
00:22:09
remains the same
00:22:10
658 meters but now look at this red
00:22:13
curve
00:22:14
red curves is assuming red curve is with
00:22:17
a 100 percent regeneration
00:22:19
blue curve it is slightly higher by
00:22:22
regeneration
00:22:23
see in the beginning it is the same but
00:22:25
regeneration does not recover the full
00:22:27
it is only recovering 50 percent
00:22:30
r is i have taken as 0.5 so it is not
00:22:33
recovering full
00:22:34
50 percent if it is recovering i am
00:22:37
consuming more
00:22:38
i am consuming 8.78 watt hour
00:22:42
in 658 meters my average energy consumed
00:22:46
is 13.34 watt per kilometer
00:22:52
if i took 100 percent regeneration
00:22:55
actually i consume less
00:22:57
11.31
00:23:02
if i assume no regeneration
00:23:06
then my curve will be different i am not
00:23:08
shown there instead of 50
00:23:10
if i consume no regeneration the
00:23:12
negative part will not come
00:23:14
it will come as flat it goes up to 15.38
00:23:19
watt hour per kilometer
00:23:21
what does do these numbers tell you
00:23:23
these numbers are very important
00:23:25
this is actually for a low speed two
00:23:26
wheelers india drive cycle
00:23:29
huh india drives a low low weight
00:23:32
180 kg 190 kg is what i have assumed
00:23:36
actually you need to consume even
00:23:39
without regeneration
00:23:41
about 16 watts per kilometer
00:23:49
of course i have made number of
00:23:52
assumption here
00:23:53
this is as for theory assuming that
00:23:57
as the all the forces
00:24:01
in reality what happens well i should
00:24:04
get pretty much close to this
00:24:05
very close to this because my rolling
00:24:08
resistance is actual
00:24:09
my drag is actual
00:24:13
what is non-ideal is motor there is a
00:24:18
loss in the motor
00:24:19
i am not taking that into account there
00:24:21
is a motor controller
00:24:23
there is a loss in the motor controller
00:24:25
so the losses i am not taking into
00:24:27
account
00:24:27
so to the extent i am not taking into
00:24:29
account the losses
00:24:30
that much energy consuming will become
00:24:33
more
00:24:36
so if i assume that there is 20 percent
00:24:38
losses which is
00:24:39
somewhat high my 15.38
00:24:43
may go up by another 3 3.2
00:24:48
watt hour so 17 to 18 watt hour
00:24:51
without regeneration with regeneration
00:24:54
depending on the amount of regeneration
00:24:56
i should be 15 16 watt hour per kg
00:25:00
another thing that i am not taking into
00:25:01
account is auxiliary is a light on
00:25:05
so if that whenever that is turned on
00:25:07
there will be some extra energy consumed
00:25:10
but we are still a light two wheeler
00:25:13
should not consume more than 20 watt
00:25:16
hour per
00:25:18
kilometer
00:25:21
a good one may consume 1617 watt hour
00:25:25
per kilometer
00:25:28
um two kit radical water kilometer
00:25:33
that is what i can even from computation
00:25:36
i can tell you
00:25:39
this i did for a two wheeler
00:25:44
i'll stop here and in the next class
00:25:47
there is an assignment
00:25:49
the assignment is pretty much what i did
00:25:52
prepare a spreadsheet for two wheeler
00:25:54
idc with the data that i have already
00:25:57
given
00:25:58
obtain the traction force traction power
00:26:01
torque every second and compute
00:26:05
this time i am going to ask you to
00:26:06
compute for r equal to 0.3
00:26:09
you cannot just copy the results that i
00:26:10
have produced you actually have to build
00:26:12
this spreadsheet
00:26:14
this is an assignment that i'm going to
00:26:15
give you you have to build it
00:26:17
take a little bit of work it will take
00:26:19
you an hour to hour of work
00:26:21
but you will find that you will be able
00:26:23
to actually do this
00:26:27
now i am going to change the drive cycle
00:26:30
and i assume that
00:26:31
100 seconds in the first hundred second
00:26:34
in the drive cycle
00:26:35
is exactly why what i defined for idc
00:26:39
but after that it climbs a slope at 5
00:26:42
degrees for 10 seconds
00:26:44
climbs a slope and then the vehicle is
00:26:48
taken to zero speed
00:26:50
climbing it at a constant speed i have
00:26:53
taken it at low enough speed
00:26:56
then the vehicle goes to zero second
00:26:58
just like in idc
00:27:00
so i have changed your drive cycle
00:27:04
you add that in your spreadsheet
00:27:07
change that now this extra take copy of
00:27:11
that spreadsheet
00:27:12
and add a few rows saying it is now
00:27:15
climbing up
00:27:16
add one more force the gradient force
00:27:20
nothing else changes so traction force
00:27:23
is
00:27:24
the previous three plus gradient force
00:27:27
and compute
00:27:31
this is a home assignment if you do this
00:27:33
you will actually get a
00:27:34
very good feel for everything we have
00:27:37
done so far
00:27:39
because it includes all the forces
00:27:42
acceleration force
00:27:45
the force due to drag force due to slope
00:27:49
force due to rolling resistance it tells
00:27:52
you how to compute the total force
00:27:54
it tells you how to compute the torque
00:27:56
we haven't talked too much about the
00:27:57
talk but we'll talk about torque some
00:27:59
other time it tells you what is the
00:28:02
energy
00:28:03
ah power consumed and every second
00:28:05
energy consumed
00:28:08
of course assuming motor and controller
00:28:11
and batteries to be idle
00:28:13
ideal if it is non-ideal we'll look at
00:28:15
it actually
00:28:16
to sum up a low end two-wheeler consumes
00:28:20
only about 16 watts per kilometer with
00:28:23
without taking into account regeneration
00:28:25
as i told you
00:28:27
with 15 50 regeneration gives you very
00:28:30
good result
00:28:32
so it can travel seventy kilometer in
00:28:35
one kilowatt hour
00:28:37
we will assume that one point two five
00:28:39
kilowatt hours actual battery
00:28:41
we are only consuming one kilowatt hour
00:28:44
of that
00:28:45
so it can actually give me 70 kilometer
00:28:47
with
00:28:48
the regeneration but if the regeneration
00:28:50
is not that good
00:28:51
it will not give me but as i point out
00:28:54
computation
00:28:55
does not take into account every they
00:28:57
assume that every element of the drive
00:28:59
cycle
00:28:59
drive is ideal inefficiency is made up
00:29:02
to around 20 percent
00:29:04
and it doesn't take into account the
00:29:06
auxiliary energy used
00:29:09
this is where i will stop but in the
00:29:12
next class
00:29:13
i am going to talk about
00:29:16
e auto e cycle ericsson
00:29:20
and compact sedan pretty much repeat
00:29:22
what i have done today
00:29:24
but with slightly different numbers
00:29:30
but you will get a feel of these three
00:29:32
vehicles also
00:29:34
exactly the same drive cycle may change
00:29:37
or may not change if changes will give
00:29:41
the new drive cycle
00:29:42
and thus do that this is what we will do
00:29:46
in the next
00:29:47
lecture very similar to what i just now
00:29:49
did
00:29:50
for two wheeler now i will do it for e
00:29:52
auto first then for e rickshaw
00:29:55
and then for a compact sedan
00:29:59
after that we will do the same thing for
00:30:01
a small truck
00:30:08
you
