Neanderthal Ancestry in Modern-Day Humans with Svante Pääbo

00:06:03
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dmozrtb3P_o

摘要

TLDRThe video discusses the advancements in DNA sequencing technology that began in the early 2000s, enabling researchers to analyze ancient DNA, particularly from Neanderthal bones in Croatia. The research showed that modern humans likely interbred with Neanderthals, particularly when migrating out of Africa, leading to a small percentage of Neanderthal DNA in modern non-African populations. This groundbreaking discovery stirred public interest, with individuals claiming Neanderthal ancestry contributing to the conversation.

心得

  • 🔬 Advances in DNA tech allow efficient sequencing.
  • 🦴 Research focused on Croat Neanderthal bones.
  • 🌍 Modern humans likely mixed with Neanderthals.
  • 📈 Non-Africans have 1-2% Neanderthal DNA.
  • ✉️ Public interest grew with findings.
  • 👤 Many claimed Neanderthal ancestry after discoveries.

时间轴

  • 00:00:00 - 00:06:03

    The speaker emphasizes the unpredictability of scientific advancements, particularly regarding negative predictions. They highlight advancements in DNA sequencing technology that emerged at the beginning of the millennium, which enabled rapid and inexpensive sequencing of DNA fragments from ancient fossils. Through a funded project, researchers refined techniques for extracting DNA from bones and sequenced significant amounts from Neanderthal remains found in Croatia. These sequences were then compared to the human genome, revealing previously unseen variations. The research led to questions about the interaction between modern humans and Neanderthals, particularly regarding potential genetic mixing, which was confirmed by the analysis of genomes from individuals across Europe and beyond, showing additional genetic matches to Neanderthals, thereby suggesting that Neanderthal genes are present in modern humans from outside Africa. The findings sparked public interest, leading to numerous inquiries from individuals identifying with Neanderthal ancestry.

思维导图

视频问答

  • What unexpected technology emerged in the early 2000s?

    Technologies for rapid and inexpensive sequencing of millions of DNA fragments.

  • Where were the Neanderthal bones studied?

    In Croatia, specifically at India Cave.

  • What did the research find regarding modern humans and Neanderthals?

    Modern humans likely mixed with Neanderthals when migrating out of Africa.

  • What percentage of DNA from Neanderthals is found in non-African populations?

    About 1-2% of their genome.

  • What was the public's reaction to the findings?

    There was significant public interest, with many claiming Neanderthal ancestry.

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  • 00:00:00
    and I guess it just goes to say that you
  • 00:00:01
    should never make predictions in science
  • 00:00:04
    particularly not negative predictions
  • 00:00:06
    because he was gently overtaking and
  • 00:00:08
    what overtakes you is only technology so
  • 00:00:12
    what I hadn't anticipated that came
  • 00:00:14
    around at the beginning of the
  • 00:00:15
    millennium were technologies to sequence
  • 00:00:19
    millions and billions of DNA fragments
  • 00:00:23
    rapidly and inexpensively so you could
  • 00:00:26
    sort of just look at all the DNA you
  • 00:00:29
    could extract from such a false fossil
  • 00:00:31
    sequence all the DNA in it make your own
  • 00:00:34
    little database of what's in this bowl
  • 00:00:37
    and start comparing it to the human
  • 00:00:40
    genome that then became available and
  • 00:00:42
    other genomes and we were very lucky to
  • 00:00:46
    be able to apply for and get funding for
  • 00:00:49
    a five-year project to then improve the
  • 00:00:51
    techniques which extract short little
  • 00:00:54
    fragments from the bones and convert an
  • 00:00:57
    efficiently to form you could feed into
  • 00:00:59
    such sequencing machines so we got a lot
  • 00:01:02
    better in that process and we then
  • 00:01:06
    looked a lot round Europe for four
  • 00:01:09
    places to find good bones and they ended
  • 00:01:12
    up at this site in southern Europe in
  • 00:01:15
    Croatia India Cave will be focused on
  • 00:01:18
    three different bones from three
  • 00:01:21
    different Neanderthals and went and
  • 00:01:24
    sequenced around a billion DNA molecules
  • 00:01:26
    from those bones
  • 00:01:27
    most of these molecules and come from
  • 00:01:30
    bacterial DNA and final DNA in the bone
  • 00:01:34
    but we could then map some of these
  • 00:01:37
    molecules to the human genome taking
  • 00:01:40
    these modifications that exist there
  • 00:01:42
    into account so in 2010 we had sequence
  • 00:01:46
    so much to each position in the genome
  • 00:01:50
    had statistically been seen once but
  • 00:01:53
    that means some places are seen one some
  • 00:01:55
    us in two times and many others are not
  • 00:01:58
    seen at all so we had then a little over
  • 00:02:02
    half the neanderthal genome that we'd
  • 00:02:04
    seen once or more but it could begin to
  • 00:02:07
    ask questions and the one of the first
  • 00:02:10
    questions we were really interested in
  • 00:02:12
    was this question
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    what have happened when modern humans
  • 00:02:15
    met Neanderthals did one mix with each
  • 00:02:18
    other or not so what you would expect if
  • 00:02:23
    modern humans mixed with Neanderthals in
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    Europe would of course be that Europeans
  • 00:02:28
    today should share more genetic variants
  • 00:02:32
    with Neanderthals than people in Africa
  • 00:02:35
    where Neanderthals had never existed
  • 00:02:37
    there's no reason to think African
  • 00:02:40
    ancestors would ever have seen the under
  • 00:02:43
    culture mixed with them so we could ask
  • 00:02:46
    that them in some very simple ways we
  • 00:02:49
    had the neanderthal genome here from
  • 00:02:51
    Croatia you can compare it european
  • 00:02:53
    individual at the time before we
  • 00:02:57
    sequenced one individual from europe to
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    high-quality course a french person is
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    what we thought was the most typical
  • 00:03:04
    european did that an african individual
  • 00:03:08
    and then just look for any places these
  • 00:03:12
    two individuals differ from each other
  • 00:03:14
    the European person African individual
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    and see how often does an undertone
  • 00:03:18
    match European and African if there'd be
  • 00:03:21
    no contribution in Europe it should be
  • 00:03:23
    50/50 and to my surprise we found that
  • 00:03:28
    it was statistically significantly more
  • 00:03:30
    matching to the European person than
  • 00:03:32
    African person suggesting they could
  • 00:03:34
    have been a contribution there from the
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    undertones even more surprising was that
  • 00:03:39
    when we did this with a Chinese person
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    and an African person we again saw more
  • 00:03:45
    matching although most people who say
  • 00:03:47
    there never been Neanderthals in China
  • 00:03:49
    some people would debate that but when
  • 00:03:52
    we then went to Papua New Guinea where
  • 00:03:54
    for sure and never been down the Falls
  • 00:03:56
    we again see this so no matter where we
  • 00:04:00
    looked outside sub-saharan Africa in
  • 00:04:02
    North Africa and all the rest of the
  • 00:04:04
    world we find this additional matching
  • 00:04:07
    to the Neanderthal and that then led to
  • 00:04:10
    this suggestion which are largely sort
  • 00:04:13
    of hold up for the test of time
  • 00:04:16
    suggesting that when modern humans
  • 00:04:18
    spread in African and started spreading
  • 00:04:20
    out of Africa that presumably came
  • 00:04:23
    through the middle
  • 00:04:25
    and we know there were Neanderthals in
  • 00:04:27
    the middle-east and if these early
  • 00:04:29
    modern humans outside Africa then mixed
  • 00:04:31
    with Neanderthals it could then carry
  • 00:04:34
    this Neanderthal component with them so
  • 00:04:37
    to say to the rest of the world also two
  • 00:04:39
    parts of the world where there had never
  • 00:04:41
    been the undertoads to the extent that
  • 00:04:43
    no matter where you come from if your
  • 00:04:47
    ancestors outside Africa one to two
  • 00:04:50
    percent of the gene will come from the
  • 00:04:52
    undertoads suit was very sort of
  • 00:04:55
    satisfying there were lot of follow-up
  • 00:04:57
    of that in a scientific literature quite
  • 00:05:00
    rapidly after we published this but we
  • 00:05:05
    also found out indeed that lots of the
  • 00:05:08
    general public turned out to be very
  • 00:05:10
    interested in this and I can never stop
  • 00:05:12
    myself from pointing out that we started
  • 00:05:15
    getting lots of emails and letters from
  • 00:05:17
    people who self-identified as
  • 00:05:18
    Neanderthals and after a viola started
  • 00:05:23
    seeing a pattern in this communication
  • 00:05:25
    so - mainly men who say they're only
  • 00:05:28
    under calls and very few women would
  • 00:05:32
    claim they'd only under calls and want
  • 00:05:34
    to contribute to us so you know I
  • 00:05:37
    presented this to my group as my
  • 00:05:39
    research I count the emails and there
  • 00:05:42
    are post hypercritical of anything I do
  • 00:05:44
    so they say this is just ascertain went
  • 00:05:47
    man or more interested in molecular
  • 00:05:49
    genetics and they were right - you few
  • 00:05:52
    were women right but I went back to all
  • 00:05:55
    these letters and found that that's not
  • 00:05:56
    at all true because there are plenty of
  • 00:05:58
    women who write to us and say they're
  • 00:06:00
    married to me under house
标签
  • DNA sequencing
  • Neanderthals
  • modern humans
  • genetic intermingling
  • Croatia
  • ancient DNA
  • migration
  • public interest