Even back in 1968, workers were worried about being replaced by technology | RetroFocus

00:43:40
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qKKMTm-ixZE

摘要

TLDRDeze documentaire onderzoekt de impact van de computer op de werkplek in Australië, waar de evolutie van technologie en de veranderingen in de arbeidsmarkt aan bod komen. In de afgelopen tien jaar zijn er drie generaties computers ontstaan, die van grote invloed zijn op zowel overheids- als bedrijfsfuncties. Er wordt besproken hoe computers sneller en efficiënter kunnen werken dan mensen, en hoe ze in verschillende sectoren worden ingezet, zoals in de banksector en de medische zorg. De documentaire benadrukt ook de noodzaak van educatie in informatica en de zorgen over werkgelegenheid, vooral voor oudere werknemers. Bovendien worden de zorgen over privacy en controle via nationale databanken belicht, waarbij het belang van menselijke waarden en ethiek in technologisch vooruitgang wordt benadrukt.

心得

  • 💻 Computers zijn alomtegenwoordig in moderne industrieën.
  • 📈 Het aantal computers in Australië groeit snel.
  • 🏦 Banken gebruiken computers voor efficiëntie.
  • 👩‍🎓 Onderwijs in informatica is cruciaal voor toekomstige generaties.
  • 📊 Er zijn zorgen over baanverplaatsingen door automatisering.
  • 🔒 Privacyproblemen worden verergerd door nationale databanken.

时间轴

  • 00:00:00 - 00:05:00

    Het abacus is de tweede rekenmachine van de mens, na zijn vingers. Kinderen leren op school een nieuwe rekenmethode die hen voorbereidt op de computer, die de geest dreigt te beïnvloeden zoals de industriële revolutie de spieren beïnvloedde.

  • 00:05:00 - 00:10:00

    De computertijdperk in Australië is nu tien jaar oud, met drie generaties computers. Computers zijn van universiteiten naar de overheid en het bedrijfsleven verspreid, met een aanzienlijke groei in aantal en efficiëntie.

  • 00:10:00 - 00:15:00

    Computers verwerken informatie razendsnel en gedragsmatig, maar kunnen alleen data analyseren die aan hen is verstrekt. Dit heeft invloed op ons dagelijks leven en onze administratie, zoals pensioen- en belastingbetalingen.

  • 00:15:00 - 00:20:00

    De vraag naar computerexperts neemt toe, maar de opleiding blijft achter. Jongeren leren nu al computervaardigheden om op de vraag vanuit de industrie in te spelen.

  • 00:20:00 - 00:25:00

    De traditionele numerieke systematiek bedraagt veel complicaties, terwijl binaire systemen gemakkelijker en logischer zijn. Slechts een derde van de nieuwkomers in de sector zal succesvol zijn.

  • 00:25:00 - 00:30:00

    Met automatisering komen banen in gevaar, maar tegelijkertijd ontstaan er nieuwe en interessantere functies. De impact op de werkgelegenheid is onderwerp van discussie.

  • 00:30:00 - 00:35:00

    Bij banken en andere sectoren worden computers op grote schaal ingezet, wat leidt tot een transformatie van traditionele werkzaamheden naar efficiëntere processen.

  • 00:35:00 - 00:43:40

    De computerindustrie biedt mogelijkheden voor innovatie in verschillende domijnen, zoals gezondheidszorg en openbaar vervoer, maar brengt ook ethische en sociale overwegingen met zich mee.

显示更多

思维导图

视频问答

  • Wat is de rol van computers in de moderne werkplek?

    Computers automatiseren vele taken, verminderen de behoefte aan menselijke arbeid en veranderen de aard van verschillende beroepen.

  • Hoeveel generaties computers hebben we in Australie gezien?

    Er zijn in de afgelopen tien jaar drie generaties computers geweest.

  • Is er genoeg opleiding voor computerexperts in Australië?

    Er is een tekort aan goed opgeleide computerexperts; onderwijsprogramma's worden echter verbeterd.

  • Wat zijn de zorgen over de automatisering van banen?

    Er zijn zorgen dat computers banen zullen overnemen en dat dit leidt tot werkloosheid.

  • Hoe reageren banken op de opkomst van computers?

    Banken hebben computers enthousiast omarmd voor efficiëntie, maar persoonlijke service blijft belangrijk.

  • Wat zijn de sociale implicaties van een nationale databank?

    Er zijn zorgen over privacy en controle over individuen door centrale informatieverzameling.

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  • 00:00:02
    [Music]
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    the abacus was man's second a ducati the
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    first was his ten fingers
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    in their first month at school these
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    six-year-olds learn a system of
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    arithmetic utterly strange to their
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    parents before they leave school this
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    new approach to mathematics will widen
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    to prepare them for the computer the new
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    machine which promises or threatens the
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    mind with what the Industrial Revolution
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    did to the muscles
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    [Music]
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    this week four corners asks when this
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    circuit learns your job what are you
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    going to do
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    [Music]
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    [Applause]
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    the computer age in Australia is now
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    it's ten years old and in ten years
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    there have been three computer
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    generations from the first giant
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    machines home made in universities and
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    filling rooms with radio valves and
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    wiring to the new models many times
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    smaller many times cheaper and a
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    thousand times more efficient in 10
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    years the computer has spread from the
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    university research centers into
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    government and business there are now
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    600 in Australia they'll double in
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    number in the next three years and
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    increased fourfold in the next ten their
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    influence will grow even faster
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    in their metal boxes of salmon pink
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    beige or deep blue trimmed in stainless
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    steel or aluminium the circuits work
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    quietly at immeasurable speed Computers
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    fractured time into millionths of a
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    second nanoseconds the time taken for a
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    calculation the human operator is one
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    bottleneck another is translation of the
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    machines work into language we can
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    understand into the computer's
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    prodigious memory systems affair facts
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    for calculations the computer cannot
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    create it can only process and its
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    results are only as good as the facts
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    given to it everything is expressed in
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    mathematical terms to a computer a man
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    is a number a pattern of holes in a
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    punch card a recorded symbol on magnetic
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    tape or disk already often unknowingly
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    most people have dealings with computers
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    the old man's fortnightly pension check
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    is made out by a computer-controlled
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    machine
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    soon all social service payments will
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    turn out from machines in the
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    Commonwealth government's money
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    factories at 30,000 cheques and our
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    paychecks taxation cheques licenses and
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    pills the computer can calculate them
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    all builder where everyone who bets on
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    the TA B deals with a computer
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    [Music]
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    two computers handle the Victorian ta be
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    operations one does the work the other
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    is on standby a Stock Exchange computer
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    system on the blink in Sydney can
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    inconvenience brokers and investors a
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    failure here could cause a punters right
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    it's the only racing installation of its
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    kind in the world and it took 25 maeín
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    years to teach it the mathematics of the
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    turf whatever the race result the
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    computer pays its own dividend it does
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    the work of 700 clocks and will pay for
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    itself in a very few years eventually
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    telephone lines will link most Victorian
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    ta B agencies to the computer telephone
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    account betters are already doing
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    business with it but through an operator
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    race results are typed in as they come
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    from the course instantly dividends are
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    computed agencies miles away notified
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    winning accounts are credited and the
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    losers charged the process starts again
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    for the next race on any course forty IV
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    covers
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    another race the space race and here to
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    the computer is a starter in a quiet
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    farmland Valley near Canberra a computer
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    controls the great dish which listens to
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    transmissions from orbiting spacecraft
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    while one computer keeps the dish moving
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    at the right speed others receive and
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    process the spacecraft's information and
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    send it on direct to another computer in
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    Houston Texas science business and
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    government have created such a demand
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    for computer experts that there are not
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    enough to go around
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    apart from staff training in computer
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    houses and university courses which
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    concentrate on scientific rather than
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    commercial computing little training has
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    been available this is changing high
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    school students in South Australia began
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    learning computing this year in an
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    experiment started by Professor John
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    Evanston of the University of Adelaide
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    professor of instan favours an early
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    start to computer learning it is
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    possible but certainly not before about
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    12 to 14 I don't think they've got
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    enough logical thought or connected
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    logical thought to be motivated before
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    them there are exceptions but in general
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    I think it would be unfair to the child
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    in before that 12 to 14
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    do realities necessary the children of
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    this age in their early teens should
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    learn about these things though well the
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    techniques are equally well as flickable
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    to French or German or social studies as
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    they are to computer work and the
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    techniques they learn in computer
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    programming or applicable right
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    throughout the rest of their study and
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    if we just give them this basic training
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    they have something that they would not
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    have otherwise I think we've got to
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    remember that we're faced in Australia
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    with the curious sort of political
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    economic situation where if we don't
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    educate our people so that they can use
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    computers properly that our standards a
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    living room
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    to draw we're faced with the situation
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    there's no way out of it there are one
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    or two commercial schools or would-be
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    computer experts this is the Hemingway
  • 00:07:31
    Robertson Institute in Sydney we're
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    teaching starts with the computer
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    approach to basic mathematics our
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    numbering system generally and numbering
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    systems everywhere are a ghastly mess we
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    get our measurements our inches because
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    somebody had a long thumb and our mile
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    is a thousand double paces of the Roman
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    legion and our foot is the distance
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    between some English Kings elbow and his
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    wrist so consequently we have a large
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    number of peculiar numbering systems but
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    binary is a logical number system the
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    lecturer Franklinton Simkins says
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    computing is the new glamour industry a
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    lot of people want to be in it but how
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    many of the hopefuls will make the grade
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    I should imagine third I think well this
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    is my own personal view you must realize
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    this I'd say about one third will make
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    it what is it that decides success or
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    failure it's an indefinable ability the
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    circuit and the psychologists feel that
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    they can measure it I'm not too sure I
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    think that they can measure the top say
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    15% and certainly those ones will be a
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    success and they can measure the bottom
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    15% and they know they won't be a
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    success but there's a great mass of
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    people in between which as yet I don't
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    really think you can measure you can say
  • 00:09:01
    that somebody is likely to be good but
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    as yet there's no anchored measure
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    there's no final test as to what the
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    person is going to be nope
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    diction until they actually get into the
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    industry and then you can see see what
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    they do and that's it is there an age
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    bar to learning computers definitely has
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    a definite age bar there's no hope in
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    the world for somebody past the age of
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    35 unless he's already employed by some
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    company installs a computer and then
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    swaps him over somebody just coming into
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    the business from scratch wanting to
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    just sort of branch out and become a
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    computer program or systems analyst I
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    think there's little chance of him
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    getting a job being given a trainee job
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    past the age of 35 in fact now if you
  • 00:09:47
    look at the ads most ads to state this
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    quite category not in the far distant
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    future is the total distraction of the
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    position or profession of Clack most
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    clerks and officers are practically
  • 00:10:02
    unskilled laborers who can read and
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    write and this is about it their jobs
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    are in danger and they have about five
  • 00:10:08
    years to run at the most while the
  • 00:10:11
    arbitration court is considering a test
  • 00:10:13
    case involving replacement of people by
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    computers the Council of salaried and
  • 00:10:17
    professional associations sees other
  • 00:10:19
    fears its Victorian secretary mr. John
  • 00:10:21
    Sanders our principal concern is that
  • 00:10:24
    computers shall not be used to
  • 00:10:27
    reorganize the lives of people to change
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    their working lives all together but
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    that computer should be tools in the
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    hands of the people they should be
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    supplying their needs and not changing
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    their lives but have your members any
  • 00:10:43
    more to lose than the regularity of 9 to
  • 00:10:46
    5 hours well we feel that social
  • 00:10:51
    patterns of living in lis in the
  • 00:10:52
    nine-to-five area now are long
  • 00:10:55
    established and that interference with
  • 00:10:57
    these patterns where it's more than
  • 00:11:01
    really enforced by the requirements of
  • 00:11:05
    industry it's not necessarily the
  • 00:11:07
    concerns of people should come for the
  • 00:11:09
    concerns of the machines does this
  • 00:11:12
    disorganization of established ways of
  • 00:11:14
    life concern you more than a possible
  • 00:11:16
    must-have work altogether for people as
  • 00:11:18
    a result of computers
  • 00:11:19
    well no but I would say that the
  • 00:11:23
    possible loss of work altogether is
  • 00:11:25
    quite a long way in the future in the
  • 00:11:28
    Australian seen in certain overseas
  • 00:11:31
    countries in the United States for
  • 00:11:33
    instance it's been formulated and
  • 00:11:37
    possibly by the year 1980 only 10% of
  • 00:11:41
    the present workforce would be required
  • 00:11:43
    to maintain the output of goods and
  • 00:11:46
    services for the community event in a
  • 00:11:48
    developing country like Australia this
  • 00:11:50
    is much further ahead I would say can
  • 00:11:52
    you see banking becoming in the future a
  • 00:11:55
    totally automated industry I think this
  • 00:11:57
    is very unlikely I think the personal
  • 00:12:00
    service type industries will only be
  • 00:12:03
    susceptible to computerization in a
  • 00:12:07
    certain area and beyond that the
  • 00:12:08
    personal service will still be paramount
  • 00:12:15
    [Applause]
  • 00:12:21
    but the banks have taken
  • 00:12:22
    enthusiastically to computers at 30
  • 00:12:25
    miles an hour checks flash through this
  • 00:12:26
    computer-controlled machine at the Bank
  • 00:12:28
    of New South Wales in Sydney the first
  • 00:12:30
    and biggest banking computer in
  • 00:12:31
    Australia much of the checking work of
  • 00:12:34
    100 suburban branches is done here the
  • 00:12:36
    machines and their computer master scan
  • 00:12:38
    check sort and enter 600 checks a minute
  • 00:12:43
    [Applause]
  • 00:12:48
    banking is a rich field for computer
  • 00:12:51
    makers but overseas the designers are
  • 00:12:53
    thinking now of business without checks
  • 00:12:55
    at all instead a national credit card
  • 00:12:57
    system computer operated
  • 00:13:05
    the quiet dignity of the banking chamber
  • 00:13:07
    has long been a stronghold of the
  • 00:13:08
    white-collar worker but for how long
  • 00:13:10
    here to make us of course very keen to
  • 00:13:13
    sell their product and in my view they
  • 00:13:17
    tend to sell computers in two areas well
  • 00:13:20
    they're not really required and of
  • 00:13:22
    course purchasers fall in to some degree
  • 00:13:25
    with the companies for the sake of
  • 00:13:27
    keeping up with the Joneses it's an
  • 00:13:30
    image building device to have a computer
  • 00:13:32
    in your company good morning gentlemen
  • 00:13:38
    I'd like to welcome two visitors to our
  • 00:13:41
    meeting this morning our Regional
  • 00:13:43
    Marketing Director mr. art cap and a
  • 00:13:46
    manager of Education Greg Dunne Grace's
  • 00:13:50
    us with his presence every so often and
  • 00:13:52
    I want to take advantage of his presence
  • 00:13:54
    this morning by asking him to do some
  • 00:13:55
    work to present the salesman of the Week
  • 00:13:58
    award thanks are the weekly salesman's
  • 00:14:03
    meeting as IBM giant of the computer
  • 00:14:06
    business well everybody knows that a
  • 00:14:08
    Salesman is a man who sells by
  • 00:14:09
    definition but in IBM as you are well
  • 00:14:12
    aware our installing activity is equally
  • 00:14:15
    important and this week we're
  • 00:14:17
    recognizing as the salesman of the week
  • 00:14:18
    Peter Benjamin for an outstanding job of
  • 00:14:21
    installing a model 30 and one of his
  • 00:14:23
    insurance customers Peter would you come
  • 00:14:25
    up and be recognized
  • 00:14:29
    [Applause]
  • 00:14:33
    well it's it's been a very interesting
  • 00:14:37
    challenge these are among the best paid
  • 00:14:41
    salesmen in Australia they can make
  • 00:14:43
    twelve thousand dollars or more a year
  • 00:14:44
    and this rather than the prize pewter
  • 00:14:46
    punishment breeds their enthusiasm for
  • 00:14:48
    the industry that company the machines
  • 00:14:50
    some are university graduates all our
  • 00:14:53
    computer experts in the computer
  • 00:14:55
    business salesmen are the elite there
  • 00:14:57
    are no unsuccessful salesmen if at first
  • 00:14:59
    they don't succeed the prospects aren't
  • 00:15:01
    too good would you like to start the
  • 00:15:05
    ball rolling
  • 00:15:08
    4,000 points most of IBM's computer
  • 00:15:15
    business is the leasing of machines but
  • 00:15:17
    lease or sale $1 of business is one
  • 00:15:20
    competitive point for sales still
  • 00:15:27
    depends very much an avoid meeting later
  • 00:15:28
    on this week board meeting is how many
  • 00:15:36
    points in that site was a bank PETA well
  • 00:15:42
    myself I've got fifty four hundred yen
  • 00:15:44
    uh-huh this week yes the whole budgets
  • 00:15:48
    being on schedule so far there's no
  • 00:15:50
    reason my own Slipknot that's a good
  • 00:15:53
    time okay anybody try to let up okay and
  • 00:16:04
    it looks like with the sound business
  • 00:16:06
    it's in the range of about Oh 15 to that
  • 00:16:11
    depending on this swinger
  • 00:16:12
    well mister cap you satisfied with that
  • 00:16:14
    forecast
  • 00:16:16
    well that's far away the most
  • 00:16:18
    enthusiastic forecast and the healthiest
  • 00:16:20
    one I've seen this year of all the
  • 00:16:23
    branch offices on thank you a special
  • 00:16:24
    proposition if you can achieve let's see
  • 00:16:27
    20,000 points of that forecast I'll take
  • 00:16:30
    you all out to dinner after the next
  • 00:16:31
    sales meeting
  • 00:16:34
    [Applause]
  • 00:16:48
    outside fly the flags of Australia and
  • 00:16:51
    Britain but inside IBM it's big business
  • 00:16:53
    american-style arthur cap is marketing
  • 00:16:56
    director for australia after watching a
  • 00:16:58
    meeting of your salesmen I feel that
  • 00:17:00
    there's almost a military air about your
  • 00:17:02
    operations in the selling field would
  • 00:17:04
    you agree with this well I wouldn't call
  • 00:17:07
    it a military air but it certainly does
  • 00:17:09
    require a good bit of discipline you
  • 00:17:11
    know highly specialty oriented selling
  • 00:17:14
    forces ours we must bring them together
  • 00:17:17
    periodically to review the basic
  • 00:17:19
    fundamentals of not only the equipment
  • 00:17:21
    that we market but also the techniques
  • 00:17:23
    of selling themselves and that's the
  • 00:17:24
    purpose of the sales meeting it may
  • 00:17:26
    appear to be military because we have to
  • 00:17:28
    do quite a bit in a very short period of
  • 00:17:29
    time there's also a uniformity amongst
  • 00:17:31
    the men themselves I'd like to think
  • 00:17:35
    that that's by sheer chance but we do as
  • 00:17:40
    I'm as I said have a pretty high degree
  • 00:17:41
    of discipline in the organization we
  • 00:17:45
    begin by recruiting people that we think
  • 00:17:47
    will represent the company well with
  • 00:17:49
    senior executives and when we have very
  • 00:17:52
    young men calling on very senior
  • 00:17:53
    executives we're looking for I suppose a
  • 00:17:56
    degree of standardization sometimes it's
  • 00:17:59
    suggested that computers have been
  • 00:18:01
    oversold in Australia in recent years
  • 00:18:03
    and that because of over selling they're
  • 00:18:04
    being used in wasteful applications
  • 00:18:07
    there's a tendency when a new product is
  • 00:18:10
    announced for the sales representatives
  • 00:18:12
    to overstate the case to some extent
  • 00:18:17
    that's I think the natural enthusiasm of
  • 00:18:19
    the true salesmen expressing itself
  • 00:18:22
    having seen the rest of the system let
  • 00:18:25
    me now introduce you to the 22 16 new
  • 00:18:28
    points first beyond the physical
  • 00:18:30
    once itself mr. hammer you notice it's
  • 00:18:32
    quite a small compact neat little unit
  • 00:18:34
    it's um it's a very low rental unit it's
  • 00:18:37
    a unit which we can have many open a
  • 00:18:39
    company and we can have them not as you
  • 00:18:41
    see it here mr. Hanley directly in
  • 00:18:43
    location to be IBM makes seven out of
  • 00:18:47
    every ten computers sold in the world
  • 00:18:49
    for of every ten sold in Australia the
  • 00:18:51
    industry calls IBM snow white
  • 00:18:53
    competitors are the Seven Dwarfs all
  • 00:18:56
    watch with more than casual interests
  • 00:18:58
    the moves of the growing and independent
  • 00:18:59
    Japanese computer industry its plans to
  • 00:19:02
    begin marketing computers in Australia
  • 00:19:04
    this year could provide the Wicked Witch
  • 00:19:06
    in the story of an industry which so far
  • 00:19:08
    has been Pleasant and enormous ly
  • 00:19:10
    profitable
  • 00:19:12
    [Music]
  • 00:19:15
    right we push it and enter and there we
  • 00:19:18
    have follow it's a number good the
  • 00:19:20
    address and there we have it
  • 00:19:28
    Australia has no share yet in computer
  • 00:19:31
    manufacturing but in a small workshop
  • 00:19:33
    Factory in Sydney one company is moving
  • 00:19:35
    towards limited local manufacture
  • 00:19:37
    electronic associates Incorporated is an
  • 00:19:40
    offshoot of an American parent company
  • 00:19:41
    but it's designed for an analog computer
  • 00:19:43
    is wholly Australian the computer is
  • 00:19:47
    intended mainly for teaching it can also
  • 00:19:49
    be used in some engineering applications
  • 00:19:51
    such as the design of a motor car
  • 00:19:53
    suspension system at around twelve
  • 00:19:55
    hundred dollars it will be the smallest
  • 00:19:56
    and by far the cheapest computer sold in
  • 00:19:59
    Australia when production starts about
  • 00:20:01
    the middle of this year the workshop
  • 00:20:03
    expects to build one a week and hopes
  • 00:20:05
    for enough orders to keep going for four
  • 00:20:06
    years three-quarters of the parts used
  • 00:20:10
    in the prototype are made in Australia
  • 00:20:12
    this proportion could rise later this
  • 00:20:14
    year when a Melbourne manufacturer
  • 00:20:15
    begins production of computer circuit
  • 00:20:17
    putts at Croydon on the outskirts of
  • 00:20:20
    Melbourne the American electronics
  • 00:20:22
    manufacturer Fairchild
  • 00:20:23
    has a branch Factory it assembles
  • 00:20:25
    transistors for the Australian
  • 00:20:27
    electronics industry and for export
  • 00:20:39
    Fairchild plans to begin production this
  • 00:20:41
    year of micro miniature circuits the
  • 00:20:44
    tiny electronic devices which have made
  • 00:20:46
    possible the compact third generation
  • 00:20:47
    computers the specs are transistors each
  • 00:20:55
    can do the job of a valve and each spec
  • 00:20:57
    has to be soldered joined
  • 00:20:59
    to wires and leads market prospects are
  • 00:21:01
    good a computer system may contain more
  • 00:21:04
    than a million of these tiny parts
  • 00:21:21
    Australia has the design knowledge and
  • 00:21:24
    manufacturing know-how to make computers
  • 00:21:26
    one of the first stored memory computers
  • 00:21:28
    in the world was built here 20 years ago
  • 00:21:30
    but the market is too small and the
  • 00:21:32
    development capital needed for computer
  • 00:21:34
    design is lacking
  • 00:21:38
    [Music]
  • 00:21:45
    the industry continues to import
  • 00:21:47
    complete machines from overseas matching
  • 00:21:50
    together in this one installation
  • 00:21:51
    components made in four other countries
  • 00:21:58
    computer research in Australia mostly
  • 00:22:00
    aims at finding new uses new techniques
  • 00:22:03
    of operation one University is working
  • 00:22:05
    on what it calls a hierarchical computer
  • 00:22:07
    which can control others another
  • 00:22:09
    research effort aims to establish
  • 00:22:11
    communication between a number of
  • 00:22:13
    computers yet another seeks human voice
  • 00:22:15
    control of a computer system with an
  • 00:22:19
    electric pen a designer draws in three
  • 00:22:21
    dimensions on an electronic screen on
  • 00:22:42
    this computer control device he could
  • 00:22:45
    design a house a motor car or a bridge
  • 00:22:47
    and before a nail is driven or a
  • 00:22:49
    foundation dug the computer will supply
  • 00:22:51
    material quantities calculations of
  • 00:22:53
    stress and strain and an intriguing
  • 00:22:55
    picture of how the structure will look
  • 00:22:57
    from all possible and impossible angles
  • 00:23:07
    [Music]
  • 00:23:20
    [Music]
  • 00:23:33
    [Music]
  • 00:23:44
    [Music]
  • 00:23:50
    [Music]
  • 00:24:05
    [Applause]
  • 00:24:11
    [Music]
  • 00:24:29
    the translation of thought to reality is
  • 00:24:32
    one of the computers contributions to
  • 00:24:34
    science the only limit seems to be the
  • 00:24:36
    inventiveness of the man controlling the
  • 00:24:38
    machine this is a war game
  • 00:24:40
    the aeroplane has two bombs the ship two
  • 00:24:43
    missiles
  • 00:24:47
    [Music]
  • 00:25:03
    yeah
  • 00:25:07
    [Music]
  • 00:25:20
    this is more than an expensive parlor
  • 00:25:23
    game it's a test of the capability of
  • 00:25:25
    the computer and the university
  • 00:25:27
    programmer who devised the game
  • 00:25:35
    [Music]
  • 00:25:37
    after that it's almost disappointing to
  • 00:25:40
    find that the Defense Department which
  • 00:25:42
    plays the war game in earnest uses its
  • 00:25:44
    speed Canberra computers only for
  • 00:25:46
    military housekeeping here as elsewhere
  • 00:25:49
    in the Commonwealth's computer
  • 00:25:50
    activities the machines have forced the
  • 00:25:52
    revision of public service thinking men
  • 00:25:54
    have had their promotion prospects cut
  • 00:25:56
    short they've been moved to other
  • 00:25:57
    departments young computer men have
  • 00:25:59
    achieved rank and salary which older
  • 00:26:01
    officers might have worked a lifetime to
  • 00:26:03
    reach nearly two-thirds of trained
  • 00:26:05
    computer men work for government in
  • 00:26:07
    Australia this is one reason for the
  • 00:26:09
    shortage of experienced people although
  • 00:26:11
    not without its teething troubles
  • 00:26:13
    computing came at the right time for the
  • 00:26:15
    Defense Department the tasks of
  • 00:26:17
    controlling stores had become too much
  • 00:26:19
    for men to handle in one military
  • 00:26:21
    aeroplane there are three quarters of a
  • 00:26:23
    million parts Civil Aviation with
  • 00:26:26
    similar problems has also found new uses
  • 00:26:29
    for computers
  • 00:26:31
    [Music]
  • 00:26:38
    [Music]
  • 00:27:03
    laughs you're 5 here a block that's it
  • 00:27:09
    [Music]
  • 00:27:14
    TAS trainer callsign tango Sierra Bravo
  • 00:27:18
    a jet flight to nowhere
  • 00:27:28
    the flight simulator and its control
  • 00:27:30
    computer cost a million and a quarter
  • 00:27:32
    dollars but it's cheap training for
  • 00:27:34
    pilots and doesn't tie up an aeroplane
  • 00:27:36
    that could be carrying passengers if
  • 00:27:38
    things go wrong the flight can be halted
  • 00:27:40
    temporarily until they're put right the
  • 00:27:42
    pilots who use it regarded often as
  • 00:27:44
    harder than an actual flight the
  • 00:27:49
    airlines training advantage of an engine
  • 00:28:29
    [Music]
  • 00:28:37
    [Music]
  • 00:28:46
    exactly what the pilot was required to
  • 00:28:48
    do the reaction to this device for the
  • 00:28:51
    computer exactly the same as an aircraft
  • 00:28:54
    captain can you see computer controlled
  • 00:28:56
    flight school future no not really I can
  • 00:29:00
    see computer control of air traffic but
  • 00:29:02
    I don't believe in the foreseeable
  • 00:29:04
    future you can have computer control of
  • 00:29:06
    an aeroplane in in flight the actual
  • 00:29:08
    control of the airplane nowadays already
  • 00:29:12
    some international airline bookings are
  • 00:29:14
    made by computer the supersonic Concorde
  • 00:29:16
    airplanes which Qantas has on tentative
  • 00:29:18
    order will carry a computer program to
  • 00:29:20
    control the flight perhaps even the
  • 00:29:22
    automatic landing certainly as airplanes
  • 00:29:25
    get bigger and faster and their flights
  • 00:29:26
    more numerous air traffic will demand a
  • 00:29:28
    degree of computer control
  • 00:29:31
    [Music]
  • 00:29:42
    [Music]
  • 00:29:53
    on the ground another kind of traffic is
  • 00:29:56
    practically beyond human control
  • 00:29:57
    computers are at work on Sydney's
  • 00:30:00
    traffic measuring analyzing and looking
  • 00:30:02
    for solutions to the problem of a
  • 00:30:04
    choking City the computer can say where
  • 00:30:07
    a road should be built and how it can be
  • 00:30:09
    built it can draw the road in detail a
  • 00:30:11
    full design for an expressway at the
  • 00:30:13
    rate of one mile an hour
  • 00:30:24
    the engineering uses of computers are
  • 00:30:26
    endless change the program add some
  • 00:30:29
    accessories and the computer can control
  • 00:30:31
    a steel mill regulate a power station or
  • 00:30:33
    mastermind the automation of half our
  • 00:30:35
    manufacturing industry it can help to
  • 00:30:37
    design other better computers this
  • 00:30:40
    electronic Ouija board draws a contour
  • 00:30:42
    map of a tin mine a thousand miles away
  • 00:30:44
    working from surveyors figures with
  • 00:30:46
    similar data it could design a railway
  • 00:30:49
    line a harbor an aerodrome or a
  • 00:30:51
    superhighway
  • 00:31:05
    [Music]
  • 00:31:16
    [Music]
  • 00:31:20
    the cars that will make these roads
  • 00:31:23
    inadequate in a few years are probably
  • 00:31:25
    being computer designed now
  • 00:31:30
    it's hard to see the computer as a mercy
  • 00:31:32
    machine but computers can save lives
  • 00:31:34
    some states are financing research
  • 00:31:36
    projects to adapt computers to work in
  • 00:31:38
    hospitals the Victorian civil ambulance
  • 00:31:40
    already has a radio and telephone system
  • 00:31:42
    for directing patients to hospitals with
  • 00:31:44
    vacant beds some of this work could be
  • 00:31:46
    computer control once the patient is in
  • 00:31:50
    hospital the computer promises to be a
  • 00:31:52
    medical and nursing aide of enormous
  • 00:31:53
    value a constant watch of the pulse rate
  • 00:31:56
    and temperature of every seriously ill
  • 00:31:57
    patient an alarm system if a patient's
  • 00:32:00
    condition should suddenly change and as
  • 00:32:02
    well an accounting system to pay the
  • 00:32:04
    staff and prepare the patient's bills
  • 00:32:12
    in Adelaide a medical program is being
  • 00:32:14
    designed on the university computer
  • 00:32:16
    professor of instant web several
  • 00:32:18
    experiments going in medicine one on
  • 00:32:21
    psychology we were trying to examine all
  • 00:32:25
    the smears from women that come in for
  • 00:32:26
    cancer smears we update their files
  • 00:32:29
    follow up their treatment and try and
  • 00:32:32
    analyze the disease cases to see what in
  • 00:32:36
    fact is causing cancer we have another
  • 00:32:39
    experiment going and medical diagnosis
  • 00:32:41
    this is purely experimental at this
  • 00:32:44
    stage and so far we've only got thirteen
  • 00:32:47
    hundred and sixty-five symptoms for
  • 00:32:49
    about 95 diseases the idea is that the
  • 00:32:52
    doctor indicates the main symptoms he
  • 00:32:55
    can observe on the patient the machine
  • 00:32:58
    comes back with an answer saying that if
  • 00:33:01
    he has these symptoms I suggest you try
  • 00:33:03
    to examine this symptom to see that
  • 00:33:05
    whether or not he's got it if he has it
  • 00:33:07
    will then come back with the disease
  • 00:33:08
    that he thinks the patient Godmachine
  • 00:33:10
    thinks the patient has the doctor checks
  • 00:33:12
    this if he thinks it's the right disease
  • 00:33:15
    in terms of the symptoms he's observed
  • 00:33:16
    he can then ask for various treatments
  • 00:33:18
    and these treatments will vary from
  • 00:33:20
    moment to moment and from year to year
  • 00:33:22
    no doctor I'm afraid not any scientist
  • 00:33:26
    for that matter stay up-to-date with all
  • 00:33:27
    the literature so all this is as a means
  • 00:33:29
    of assisting the doctor to determine how
  • 00:33:32
    sick a patient is and what sort of
  • 00:33:34
    treatment he should give it that
  • 00:33:35
    particular type of patient
  • 00:33:44
    the computer craft keeps not only a wall
  • 00:33:47
    of plate glass between itself and the
  • 00:33:48
    world outside it has encouraged the
  • 00:33:50
    mystique which still surrounds computing
  • 00:33:52
    a mystique with a dollar value for the
  • 00:33:55
    fewer the people who know computers the
  • 00:33:56
    better the rewards for those in on the
  • 00:33:58
    ground floor but the machine makers are
  • 00:34:00
    trying to break down the barrier of
  • 00:34:02
    expertise by designing computer systems
  • 00:34:04
    for direct communication with the people
  • 00:34:06
    who have problems to solve
  • 00:34:23
    this computer costs a million dollars
  • 00:34:26
    but its services will be available soon
  • 00:34:28
    to any user its weekly cost less than
  • 00:34:31
    the wages of a clerk the computer gets
  • 00:34:33
    its work in plain language simply typed
  • 00:34:35
    in the answer comes back the same way to
  • 00:34:38
    a telly printer miles away from the
  • 00:34:39
    computer center the only link needed is
  • 00:34:42
    a telephone line
  • 00:35:11
    such advancing techniques could
  • 00:35:13
    eventually affect computer workers
  • 00:35:14
    themselves and reduce still further the
  • 00:35:16
    already sparse population of computer
  • 00:35:18
    rooms the fewer people visible in a
  • 00:35:20
    computer installation the neater tidier
  • 00:35:23
    and more efficient the installation is
  • 00:35:25
    considered
  • 00:35:43
    dr. Barry Thornton is director of
  • 00:35:46
    engineering for Honeywell Australia his
  • 00:35:48
    specialty is computer design and
  • 00:35:50
    development the operating of machines
  • 00:35:54
    these days is something that we have
  • 00:35:58
    almost succeeded in eliminating because
  • 00:36:01
    the manufacturers provide what we call
  • 00:36:03
    operating systems and these provided and
  • 00:36:08
    fed into the computer quite separately
  • 00:36:11
    to any program that the user may put in
  • 00:36:14
    and they look after the entire operating
  • 00:36:17
    procedure from well to go and they will
  • 00:36:22
    take batches of problems rather than
  • 00:36:23
    just a one-off problem and make much
  • 00:36:26
    more efficient use of the faster
  • 00:36:29
    machines that are available and it was
  • 00:36:31
    possible previously and the less
  • 00:36:34
    intervention by a human operator the
  • 00:36:37
    better because a human operator is
  • 00:36:39
    undergoing to slow things down so we
  • 00:36:41
    provide these operating systems as do
  • 00:36:43
    all organizations in the industry now
  • 00:36:45
    and the idea of operating it is
  • 00:36:48
    something that we want to get away from
  • 00:36:50
    it seems almost inevitable that because
  • 00:36:52
    of computers some people are going to
  • 00:36:53
    lose their jobs can the computer
  • 00:36:55
    industry regard itself as in any way
  • 00:36:57
    responsible for them certainly it is
  • 00:37:00
    designed to make the businesses more
  • 00:37:03
    efficient and more profitable but in
  • 00:37:05
    making them more efficient and more
  • 00:37:06
    profitable it usually makes them capable
  • 00:37:08
    of further expansion which requires more
  • 00:37:11
    people some of the people who are doing
  • 00:37:15
    very menial tasks find that there will
  • 00:37:17
    be opportunities to do much more
  • 00:37:20
    interesting tasks if they're able to do
  • 00:37:23
    it or willing to learn to do it and in
  • 00:37:25
    fact my observation so far on the
  • 00:37:28
    Australian industry is that the more
  • 00:37:30
    interesting jobs have been created than
  • 00:37:33
    jobs eliminated but the new and more
  • 00:37:35
    interesting jobs are for other people
  • 00:37:37
    out there under 35 and trained in
  • 00:37:39
    computers they are not necessarily for
  • 00:37:42
    other people but there are four people
  • 00:37:44
    who are willing to learn to do the new
  • 00:37:50
    jobs and as far as the age is
  • 00:37:53
    and certainly it is probably harder to
  • 00:37:58
    learn some of these new things in the
  • 00:38:00
    computer industry beyond 35 or 40 but it
  • 00:38:07
    doesn't mean that a man 35 or 40 is out
  • 00:38:10
    of the business computing lecturer Frank
  • 00:38:13
    Linton Simkins doesn't like all he sees
  • 00:38:16
    in the future of man and computer well
  • 00:38:18
    there's two main fears first ascent
  • 00:38:21
    normal one with any radical
  • 00:38:23
    technological change and this is the
  • 00:38:25
    replacement of jobs in fact the
  • 00:38:28
    destruction of jobs this would be
  • 00:38:32
    characterized final absurdity the
  • 00:38:34
    situation where nobody or people would
  • 00:38:36
    have not ever would be given a right to
  • 00:38:38
    work let's say three hours work a week
  • 00:38:43
    and I don't quite know what they do with
  • 00:38:46
    the rest of their time perhaps some
  • 00:38:47
    weekend full cycle and somebody would
  • 00:38:50
    reintroduce something like the Roman
  • 00:38:51
    circuses to keep them entertained this
  • 00:38:53
    is the this is for the future but what's
  • 00:38:58
    dangerous right now
  • 00:39:00
    terribly dangerous is the concept of
  • 00:39:03
    what's called a national data bank this
  • 00:39:06
    is an attempt by governments to control
  • 00:39:09
    information or gather information to one
  • 00:39:12
    central point about any person and all
  • 00:39:14
    people groups of people in the country
  • 00:39:17
    there are advocates of this national
  • 00:39:19
    data bank most of them very honest and
  • 00:39:23
    sincere men who think that will be a
  • 00:39:24
    good thing and so it would be in certain
  • 00:39:26
    areas and it would provide information
  • 00:39:29
    for health details
  • 00:39:31
    however for surveys the other thing and
  • 00:39:33
    the worst thing about it was this but
  • 00:39:35
    with information about a man's income
  • 00:39:37
    his job his place of residence his
  • 00:39:40
    health history his educational ability
  • 00:39:43
    and his taxation history all at one
  • 00:39:45
    point this gives you a terrific gives a
  • 00:39:48
    government a terrific control and
  • 00:39:51
    information about the individual in the
  • 00:39:54
    past when somebody has been accused of
  • 00:39:56
    gerrymandering and electorate they've
  • 00:39:58
    done this without a great deal of
  • 00:40:01
    knowledge of the individual people
  • 00:40:03
    with a computer and the National Data
  • 00:40:05
    Bank they could gerrymander an
  • 00:40:07
    electorate absolutely so that a
  • 00:40:10
    malevolent party in power would remain
  • 00:40:13
    in power legally indefinitely by rigging
  • 00:40:16
    the votes in this way bringing the
  • 00:40:18
    electorate there is an argument to again
  • 00:40:21
    drag events against me I'm not exactly
  • 00:40:23
    the only person who thinks it this way
  • 00:40:25
    but there are others who think quite the
  • 00:40:27
    opposite
  • 00:40:28
    they think the data banks national data
  • 00:40:30
    banks are a good idea and they say that
  • 00:40:32
    there will be built-in controls so that
  • 00:40:35
    people can't use these amiss use them
  • 00:40:38
    the wrong people can't get the
  • 00:40:39
    information but in all honesty just
  • 00:40:42
    think an idea of this power would you
  • 00:40:46
    trust the average politician whether
  • 00:40:48
    it's bad I'm afraid I wouldn't data Bank
  • 00:40:52
    is an unpopular phrase at the
  • 00:40:53
    Commonwealth Bureau of census and
  • 00:40:55
    statistics the Bureau denies absolutely
  • 00:40:57
    at top level that a plan or even an
  • 00:40:59
    intention exists for a national data
  • 00:41:01
    bank but the idea has been canvassed by
  • 00:41:04
    some of the bureau's own computer men
  • 00:41:05
    they claim the bank will come inevitably
  • 00:41:08
    computer people go about their business
  • 00:41:10
    with single-minded purpose to sell
  • 00:41:13
    install operate and control more
  • 00:41:15
    computers change and innovation are ends
  • 00:41:18
    in themselves and in the search for
  • 00:41:20
    technological advance the human goals of
  • 00:41:22
    technology seem destined to be forgotten
  • 00:41:24
    the disciples of the computer can see
  • 00:41:26
    the prospect that a man's rise to the
  • 00:41:29
    top may depend on his ability to commune
  • 00:41:31
    with a machine to turn computer power to
  • 00:41:33
    personal power and not the meek but the
  • 00:41:36
    systems analyst shall inherit the earth
  • 00:41:37
    with near religious fervor some promote
  • 00:41:40
    their machines as the cure for the
  • 00:41:42
    world's ills economic liberator of the
  • 00:41:44
    impoverished even bringer of
  • 00:41:45
    international peace but they don't say
  • 00:41:47
    how outside the computer world the
  • 00:41:53
    machines are vaguely feared Trevor
  • 00:41:55
    Pearcey president of the Australian
  • 00:41:57
    Computer Society some people fear
  • 00:42:00
    computers do you think there's a sound
  • 00:42:01
    basis for fear
  • 00:42:03
    on the whole I think not most people
  • 00:42:06
    fear computers largely from the hey the
  • 00:42:09
    promise they have while putting people
  • 00:42:11
    out at work but although some people
  • 00:42:13
    will become redundant I feel pretty
  • 00:42:15
    certain there will always be new things
  • 00:42:17
    they can do even if it means a certain
  • 00:42:19
    amount of the trailer I think the real
  • 00:42:22
    future lies not only so much in the
  • 00:42:25
    application of computers to automation
  • 00:42:28
    industry but in computers being applied
  • 00:42:31
    to what are currently semi-intelligent
  • 00:42:35
    functions of the human brain this will
  • 00:42:38
    lead people to apply their brains to a
  • 00:42:40
    higher level
  • 00:42:41
    now we shall in this case have computers
  • 00:42:46
    during the more menial mental services
  • 00:42:49
    and as these increase human mind we have
  • 00:42:52
    to expand and people hit off but is the
  • 00:42:55
    computer already too far ahead of our
  • 00:42:57
    ability to cope with it the Australian
  • 00:42:59
    and New Zealand Association for the
  • 00:43:00
    Advancement of science has warned that
  • 00:43:02
    no one in Australia has yet paused to
  • 00:43:04
    consider the social effects of computers
  • 00:43:09
    clearly computers are economic because
  • 00:43:11
    they repeal Parkinson's Law fewer people
  • 00:43:14
    handled more work they offer a degree of
  • 00:43:16
    business stability unknown with human
  • 00:43:18
    workers unpredictable contentious
  • 00:43:21
    disruptive people the computer is the
  • 00:43:24
    complete servant or the potential master
  • 00:43:27
    the time could be overdue for Australia
  • 00:43:29
    to take a hard look into the 1970s and
  • 00:43:32
    ask as a national question when this
  • 00:43:35
    circuit learns your job what are you
  • 00:43:38
    going to do
标签
  • computers
  • werkgelegenheid
  • automatisering
  • onderwijs
  • privacy
  • technologie
  • bankwezen
  • gezondheidszorg
  • sociale impact