What are the universal human rights? - Benedetta Berti

00:04:46
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nDgIVseTkuE

摘要

TLDRThe concept of human rights asserts that all individuals are entitled to the same basic rights and freedoms, which are universal and inalienable. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), adopted by the UN in 1948, serves as a foundational document outlining these rights. It includes civil, political, social, economic, and cultural rights, emphasizing their universality and interdependence. However, enforcement remains a challenge, with criticisms regarding the influence of Western nations and the prioritization of certain rights over others. The evolution of human rights continues, especially in the context of digital advancements and new societal needs.

心得

  • 🌍 Human rights are universal and inalienable.
  • 📜 The UDHR was adopted in 1948 by the UN.
  • 👩‍⚖️ Eleanor Roosevelt chaired the committee that wrote the UDHR.
  • ⚖️ Enforcement of human rights is challenging.
  • 🔍 The UN monitors but cannot enforce human rights violations.
  • 🌐 Digital rights are becoming increasingly important.
  • ⚖️ The European Convention on Human Rights has a binding court.
  • 🤔 Critics question the universality of human rights.
  • 📈 Human rights law is constantly evolving.
  • 🤝 Activists face significant challenges in promoting human rights.

时间轴

  • 00:00:00 - 00:04:46

    The concept of human rights asserts that every individual is entitled to the same basic rights and freedoms, which are universal and inalienable. However, the practical application of these rights is complex, raising questions about their definition, enforcement, and the authority behind them. The modern framework for human rights emerged post-World War II with the establishment of the United Nations and the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948, which outlines 30 articles covering civil, political, social, economic, and cultural rights. Despite the development of international human rights law, enforcement remains a challenge, as the UDHR is a declaration rather than binding law, leading to criticisms regarding the universality and inclusiveness of these rights. While some argue that human rights laws set important international standards, others highlight the need for evolution in understanding rights, especially in the context of digital advancements and collective rights.

思维导图

视频问答

  • What are human rights?

    Human rights are basic rights and freedoms entitled to every person, regardless of who they are or where they are born.

  • What is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?

    The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a document adopted by the UN in 1948 that outlines fundamental human rights.

  • Who wrote the UDHR?

    The UDHR was written by an international committee chaired by Eleanor Roosevelt.

  • Why are human rights often violated?

    Human rights are often violated due to weak enforcement mechanisms and the power of state interests.

  • What is the role of the UN in human rights?

    The UN monitors and investigates human rights violations but cannot enforce changes in state policies.

  • Are human rights universal?

    While human rights are intended to be universal, their development has been influenced by a small number of mostly Western nations.

  • What is the European Convention on Human Rights?

    The European Convention on Human Rights establishes a court for member countries to bring cases regarding human rights violations.

  • How are human rights evolving?

    Human rights are evolving to include new considerations, such as digital rights and the right to access the Internet.

  • What are some examples of human rights?

    Examples include the right to life, freedom of expression, the right to education, and the right to privacy.

  • What challenges do human rights activists face?

    Activists face challenges such as lack of enforcement, state power, and biases in the recognition of rights.

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  • 00:00:06
    The idea of human rights is that each one of us,
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    no matter who we are or where we are born,
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    is entitled to the same basic rights and freedoms.
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    Human rights are not privileges,
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    and they cannot be granted or revoked.
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    They are inalienable and universal.
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    That may sound straighforward enough,
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    but it gets incredibly complicated
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    as soon as anyone tries to put the idea into practice.
  • 00:00:32
    What exactly are the basic human rights?
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    Who gets to pick them?
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    Who enforces them, and how?
  • 00:00:39
    The history behind the concept of human rights is a long one.
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    Throughout the centuries and across societies, religions, and cultures
  • 00:00:46
    we have struggled with defining notions of rightfulness, justice, and rights.
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    But one of the most modern affirmations of universal human rights
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    emerged from the ruins of World War II with the creation of the United Nations.
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    The treaty that established the UN gives as one of its purposes
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    to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights.
  • 00:01:08
    And with the same spirit,
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    in 1948, the UN General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
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    This document, written by an international committee chaired by Eleanor Roosevelt,
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    lays the basis for modern international human rights law.
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    The declaration is based on the principle
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    that all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.
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    It lists 30 articles recognizing, among other things,
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    the principle of nondiscrimination and the right to life and liberty.
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    It refers to negative freedoms, like the freedom from torture or slavery,
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    as well as positive freedoms,
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    such as the freedom of movement and residence.
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    It encompasses basic civil and political rights,
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    such as freedom of expression, religion, or peaceful assembly,
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    as well as social, economic, and cultural rights,
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    such as the right to education
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    and the right to freely choose one's occupation
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    and be paid and treated fairly.
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    The declaration takes no sides as to which rights are more important,
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    insisting on their universality,
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    indivisibility,
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    and interdependence.
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    And in the past decades, international human rights law has grown,
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    deepening and expanding our understanding of what human rights are,
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    and how to better protect them.
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    So if these principles are so well-developed,
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    then why are human rights abused and ignored time and time again
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    all over the world?
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    The problem in general is that it is not at all easy
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    to universally enforce these rights or to punish transgressors.
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    The UDHR itself, despite being highly authoritative and respected,
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    is a declaration, not a hard law.
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    So when individual countries violate it,
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    the mechanisms to address those violations are weak.
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    For example, the main bodies within the UN in charge of protecting human rights
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    mostly monitor and investigate violations,
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    but they cannot force states to, say, change a policy or compensate a victim.
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    That's why some critics say it's naive to consider human rights a given
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    in a world where state interests wield so much power.
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    Critics also question the universality of human rights
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    and emphasize that their development
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    has been heavily guided by a small number of mostly Western nations
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    to the detriment of inclusiveness.
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    The result?
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    A general bias in favor of civil policital liberties
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    over sociopolitical rights
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    and of individual over collective or groups rights.
  • 00:03:40
    Others defend universal human rights laws
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    and point at the positive role they have on setting international standards
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    and helping activists in their campaigns.
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    They also point out
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    that not all international human rights instruments are powerless.
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    For example, the European Convention on Human Rights establishes a court
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    where the 47 member countries and their citizens can bring cases.
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    The court issues binding decisions that each member state must comply with.
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    Human rights law is constantly evolving
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    as are our views and definitions of what the basic human rights should be.
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    For example, how basic or important is the right to democracy
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    or to development?
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    And as our lives are increasingly digital,
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    should there be a right to access the Internet?
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    A right to digital privacy?
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    What do you think?
标签
  • human rights
  • Universal Declaration of Human Rights
  • UN
  • Eleanor Roosevelt
  • civil rights
  • political rights
  • social rights
  • economic rights
  • cultural rights
  • digital rights