The Vietnam War | Part 2 | The TV War | Free Documentary History

00:42:37
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W5-iR_5L1LQ

摘要

TLDRThe video provides a comprehensive overview of the Vietnam War, detailing the escalation of U.S. involvement driven by fears of communism, the impact of media coverage on public opinion, and significant events like the Tet Offensive. It discusses the anti-war movement, the roles of key figures such as Ho Chi Minh and President Johnson, and the societal implications of the draft. The narrative highlights the complexities of the conflict and the eventual withdrawal of U.S. forces, leading to Vietnam's unification under communist rule.

心得

  • 🕊️ The Vietnam War was driven by fears of communism.
  • 📺 Media coverage significantly influenced public opinion.
  • ⚔️ The Tet Offensive marked a turning point in the war.
  • ✊ The anti-war movement gained momentum through protests.
  • 📜 The Pentagon Papers revealed government secrets about the war.
  • ✈️ Operation Rolling Thunder was a major bombing campaign.
  • 👥 The draft led to widespread protests and societal changes.
  • 🇻🇳 The war ended with Vietnam's unification under communist control.

时间轴

  • 00:00:00 - 00:05:00

    The video opens with a poetic reference to the chaos of the Vietnam War, highlighting the fear of communism that drove America into conflict. It discusses the initial involvement of U.S. special forces as advisers, which quickly escalated into a full military engagement, leading to public backlash as the realities of war were broadcasted on television.

  • 00:05:00 - 00:10:00

    The narrative shifts to the assassination of President Kennedy and the subsequent rise of Lyndon Johnson, who leveraged the Gulf of Tonkin incident to escalate U.S. involvement in Vietnam. Johnson's misinterpretation of Ho Chi Minh's intentions and his belief in overwhelming force set the stage for a prolonged conflict.

  • 00:10:00 - 00:15:00

    As the war escalates, the video details the bombing campaigns and troop increases, including the use of Agent Orange. Public opinion begins to shift as anti-war protests grow, fueled by the stark realities of the war shown on television, leading to a significant divide in American society.

  • 00:15:00 - 00:20:00

    The video highlights the emergence of prominent anti-war figures, including Martin Luther King Jr. and Muhammad Ali, who spoke out against the war. The merging of civil rights and anti-war movements reflects a broader societal discontent with U.S. policies and the impact of the war on domestic issues.

  • 00:20:00 - 00:25:00

    The Tet Offensive is described as a turning point in the war, where North Vietnamese forces launched a surprise attack, shattering American perceptions of victory. The media coverage of the offensive significantly impacted public opinion, leading to increased anti-war sentiment across the nation.

  • 00:25:00 - 00:30:00

    The narrative continues with the challenges faced by U.S. troops in Vietnam, including the complexities of guerrilla warfare and the difficulties in understanding the local culture. The video emphasizes the disconnect between American soldiers and the Vietnamese populace, complicating the war effort.

  • 00:30:00 - 00:35:00

    As the war drags on, the video discusses the racial dynamics within the military, highlighting the disproportionate impact of the draft on Black and Latino soldiers. The growing discontent among these groups reflects broader societal issues and the changing demographics of the U.S. military.

  • 00:35:00 - 00:42:37

    The video concludes with the fallout from the war, including Nixon's secret bombing campaigns in Cambodia and the eventual withdrawal of U.S. support for South Vietnam. The legacy of the Vietnam War is portrayed as a profound and lasting impact on American society, politics, and foreign policy.

显示更多

思维导图

视频问答

  • What was the main reason for U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War?

    The fear of encroaching communism drove America into the Vietnam conflict.

  • How did public opinion change regarding the Vietnam War?

    Public support for the war declined as the realities of the conflict were broadcasted on television.

  • What was the Tet Offensive?

    The Tet Offensive was a major coordinated attack by the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese forces on January 30, 1968, which shocked the American public.

  • Who was Ho Chi Minh?

    Ho Chi Minh was a nationalist leader in Vietnam who initially sought support from the U.S. but turned to communism due to lack of support.

  • What role did media play in the Vietnam War?

    The Vietnam War was the first televised war, significantly influencing public perception and anti-war sentiment.

  • What was Operation Rolling Thunder?

    Operation Rolling Thunder was a sustained bombing campaign against North Vietnam initiated by President Johnson.

  • How did the anti-war movement manifest in the U.S.?

    The anti-war movement included protests, marches, and notable figures like Martin Luther King Jr. and Muhammad Ali speaking out against the war.

  • What was the impact of the draft on American society?

    The draft led to widespread protests, particularly as middle-class Americans were increasingly drafted into the war.

  • What were the Pentagon Papers?

    The Pentagon Papers revealed the U.S. government's secret actions and decisions regarding the Vietnam War.

  • What was the outcome of the Vietnam War for the U.S.?

    The U.S. ultimately withdrew from Vietnam, leading to the fall of Saigon and the unification of Vietnam under communist control.

查看更多视频摘要

即时访问由人工智能支持的免费 YouTube 视频摘要！
字幕
en
自动滚动:
  • 00:00:02
    logic and
  • 00:00:05
    proportion have
  • 00:00:07
    fallen be dead and the white night is
  • 00:00:12
    talking
  • 00:00:13
    backwards and the red Queens are the
  • 00:00:18
    head
  • 00:00:21
    remember what the D
  • 00:00:27
    said feed your head
  • 00:00:32
    Fe your
  • 00:00:37
    [Music]
  • 00:00:49
    head
  • 00:00:52
    yeah
  • 00:00:54
    [Applause]
  • 00:00:55
    absolutely the fear of encroaching
  • 00:00:58
    communism Drew America into the conflict
  • 00:01:01
    of the Vietnam
  • 00:01:05
    Wars fear scares the hell out of
  • 00:01:07
    everybody and who pays for it people
  • 00:01:11
    were so gung-ho about attacking the
  • 00:01:13
    North Vietnamese that they made some
  • 00:01:15
    serious
  • 00:01:18
    mistakes at first the 400 special forces
  • 00:01:22
    were just sent as advisers to the
  • 00:01:24
    Vietnamese but these numbers were soon
  • 00:01:27
    to
  • 00:01:28
    escalate the word advised
  • 00:01:30
    needs to be taken with a grain of salt
  • 00:01:32
    Pilots were flying missions helicopters
  • 00:01:35
    and large amounts of military equipment
  • 00:01:37
    were being supplied by the United States
  • 00:01:40
    we did the only an War covers in America
  • 00:01:42
    going on then you couldn't come out
  • 00:01:43
    against the war kids were beaten up by
  • 00:01:46
    cops in every town and city in America
  • 00:01:48
    for coming out against the
  • 00:01:51
    war public opinion which had supported
  • 00:01:54
    the war at first turned when endless
  • 00:01:56
    battles were shown nightly on television
  • 00:01:59
    without any sign of
  • 00:02:01
    success because of the
  • 00:02:03
    exposure the American public became
  • 00:02:06
    suddenly aware of how self-destructive
  • 00:02:09
    this war was I was a gassed at the
  • 00:02:13
    number of people who really had no
  • 00:02:15
    concept at all of what the war was about
  • 00:02:18
    in a fighting
  • 00:02:20
    sense the age of Aquarius brings civil
  • 00:02:23
    desent peace marches the death of a
  • 00:02:26
    president and a North Vietnamese leader
  • 00:02:28
    who is playing a patient game when you
  • 00:02:31
    put young men In Harm's Way they do bad
  • 00:02:35
    things were there any Americans who
  • 00:02:37
    thought the Americans were going to win
  • 00:02:39
    the war so what are you doing in the
  • 00:02:58
    jungle
  • 00:03:02
    [Music]
  • 00:03:04
    from Dallas Texas The Flash apparently
  • 00:03:07
    official President Kennedy died at 100
  • 00:03:11
    p.m. Central Standard
  • 00:03:13
    Time vice president Lyndon Johnson has
  • 00:03:16
    left the hospital in uh Dallas but we do
  • 00:03:19
    not know uh to where he has proceeded
  • 00:03:22
    presumably he will be taking the oath of
  • 00:03:25
    office shortly and become the 36th
  • 00:03:29
    president of the United
  • 00:03:31
    States Lyndon Johnson has made his way
  • 00:03:34
    to the presidential plane there he takes
  • 00:03:37
    the oath of office ensuring that
  • 00:03:39
    Presidential Power is unbroken end the
  • 00:03:42
    first Milestone of his presidency was
  • 00:03:44
    the signing of the new Civil Rights Act
  • 00:03:47
    of 1964 into law the Gulf of ton kin
  • 00:03:51
    incident is used by Johnson to launch
  • 00:03:54
    into the war he has kept things lowkey
  • 00:03:57
    till now in order to be reelected as an
  • 00:04:00
    ex-navy man he is Keen to take up the
  • 00:04:02
    challenge to finish the war and
  • 00:04:04
    retaliates with air
  • 00:04:08
    attacks the determination of all
  • 00:04:11
    Americans to carry out our full
  • 00:04:13
    commitment to the people and to the
  • 00:04:15
    government of South
  • 00:04:17
    Vietnam will be redoubled by this
  • 00:04:21
    outrage America has misinterpreted hoi
  • 00:04:24
    min's intentions and instead of
  • 00:04:26
    supporting him earlier against the
  • 00:04:28
    French they opposed him
  • 00:04:30
    hoi Min was a nationalist but with no
  • 00:04:32
    other support he had to turn to the
  • 00:04:34
    Russians into the arms of the Communists
  • 00:04:38
    he wasn't a a screaming nationalist
  • 00:04:41
    fanatic didn't come across the fanatic
  • 00:04:43
    at all he wasn't a communist he was a
  • 00:04:45
    nationalist I mean he was a great hero
  • 00:04:46
    to his country you know I mean they
  • 00:04:48
    called him Uncle ho and he looked like
  • 00:04:51
    your uncle and it was he was smiling and
  • 00:04:54
    uh he looked like a lovely
  • 00:04:57
    guy the vast meong River can provide
  • 00:05:00
    food and water and power on a scale to
  • 00:05:03
    dwarf even our own
  • 00:05:05
    TVA Johnson was in the mindset that if
  • 00:05:08
    he went in with Force hoochi Min would
  • 00:05:11
    capitulate Johnson offers hoochi Min a
  • 00:05:14
    vast development program for Vietnam if
  • 00:05:17
    they pull
  • 00:05:19
    back and we remain ready with this
  • 00:05:23
    purpose for
  • 00:05:25
    unconditional
  • 00:05:28
    discussions
  • 00:05:30
    hoi Min calculates that he and general
  • 00:05:32
    Gap will eventually rid Vietnam of this
  • 00:05:35
    American influence in the South
  • 00:05:37
    President Johnson for all his great
  • 00:05:39
    virtues wasn't very strong on foreign
  • 00:05:41
    policy he believed that overwhelming
  • 00:05:44
    Force worked he was a great Tex and
  • 00:05:47
    Wheeler Dealer he figured that that that
  • 00:05:50
    if he waved the big stick he could
  • 00:05:52
    negotiate with hoim Min hoim Min didn't
  • 00:05:55
    want to negotiate with anyone in my view
  • 00:05:58
    on reflection of course is that we may
  • 00:06:00
    have picked the wrong side when it came
  • 00:06:02
    to hoi men in particular and general [ __ ]
  • 00:06:06
    we were stuck with it and then all these
  • 00:06:08
    murderous bombing runs
  • 00:06:10
    began Johnson retaliates with Operation
  • 00:06:13
    Rolling
  • 00:06:15
    [Music]
  • 00:06:22
    Thunder the Americans not being able
  • 00:06:26
    politically to invade North Vietnam
  • 00:06:29
    tried to bomit into a
  • 00:06:32
    [Music]
  • 00:06:38
    cound President Johnson is advised that
  • 00:06:41
    the US Airfield at dang is vulnerable to
  • 00:06:44
    attack from the North Vietnamese and the
  • 00:06:46
    South Vietnamese Army lacks the strength
  • 00:06:48
    to defend
  • 00:06:50
    [Music]
  • 00:06:51
    it I have asked the Commanding General
  • 00:06:55
    General West
  • 00:06:56
    morand what more he needs to meet this
  • 00:07:00
    mounting
  • 00:07:04
    [Music]
  • 00:07:07
    aggression General West mland requests a
  • 00:07:09
    few battalions to protect the Airfield
  • 00:07:12
    this is the first of many requests for
  • 00:07:14
    further troops and by the end of the
  • 00:07:16
    year numbers of US troops would rise to
  • 00:07:21
    200,000 escalated and escalated LBJ
  • 00:07:24
    escalated it then then everybody was
  • 00:07:26
    escalating it you know suddenly everyone
  • 00:07:29
    in America is is is
  • 00:07:32
    affected the bombing campaign and
  • 00:07:34
    increasing troops does little to stop
  • 00:07:36
    the North Vietnamese Army moving
  • 00:07:38
    personnel and supplies through Laos and
  • 00:07:41
    into South Vietnam American B-52 planes
  • 00:07:45
    are sent in to bomb North Vietnam for
  • 00:07:47
    the first time these continuous
  • 00:07:50
    devastating air rates would last for 3
  • 00:07:52
    years and include the heavy deployment
  • 00:07:55
    of Agent
  • 00:07:56
    Orange agent orange was actually used on
  • 00:07:59
    American at highways to keep the weeds
  • 00:08:01
    down off the side of the
  • 00:08:03
    expressways but it was used in massive
  • 00:08:05
    uh amounts in Vietnam and there dioxin
  • 00:08:09
    which causes the Cancer birth
  • 00:08:13
    defect as more and more US troops are
  • 00:08:15
    sent to Vietnam the Stark reality of the
  • 00:08:18
    war hits home in America anti-war
  • 00:08:21
    demonstrators protest us involvement in
  • 00:08:24
    the Vietnam War public support for the
  • 00:08:26
    war begins to slide as anti-war
  • 00:08:28
    demonstrations increase in the US the
  • 00:08:31
    estimated 125,000 Manhattan Marchers
  • 00:08:33
    include students Housewives beatnik
  • 00:08:36
    poets doctors businessmen teachers
  • 00:08:38
    priests and nuns makeup and costumes
  • 00:08:40
    were
  • 00:08:42
    [Music]
  • 00:08:46
    bizarre in a major war effort the ground
  • 00:08:49
    offensive operation CED of Falls begins
  • 00:08:52
    30,000 us and South Vietnamese troops
  • 00:08:56
    are sent to destroy Viet Kong operations
  • 00:08:58
    and supply sites near
  • 00:09:03
    Saigon protest rallies and marches
  • 00:09:06
    against the war in Vietnam continued to
  • 00:09:09
    increase veterans from World War I World
  • 00:09:12
    War II and Korea stage a protest in New
  • 00:09:15
    York
  • 00:09:16
    City Muhammad Ali was world champion
  • 00:09:19
    from 1964 until 1967 when he was
  • 00:09:23
    stripped of his titles he caused a
  • 00:09:25
    sensation when he refused to be inducted
  • 00:09:27
    into the army you is my name is a white
  • 00:09:31
    people not Viet Chinese or Japanese I
  • 00:09:34
    saw just no comment on boxing religion
  • 00:09:37
    induction no comments on the WEA
  • 00:09:40
    nothing he refused to step forward he
  • 00:09:43
    was sentenced to 5 years in jail they
  • 00:09:47
    took they stripped his title while he
  • 00:09:49
    was waiting for the Supreme Court to his
  • 00:09:51
    case he spent his time going to colleges
  • 00:09:53
    talked all over the country he gave
  • 00:09:56
    young people the guts to come out
  • 00:09:59
    against the
  • 00:10:02
    war other artist activists such as Joan
  • 00:10:05
    bz Pete Seager and Bob Dylan had joined
  • 00:10:09
    what was to become an international
  • 00:10:11
    movement against the Vietnam War in
  • 00:10:14
    April
  • 00:10:15
    1967 Martin Luther King Jr makes a
  • 00:10:18
    powerful speech previously he had not
  • 00:10:21
    been vocal about Vietnam in order not to
  • 00:10:24
    upset President Johnson as the civil
  • 00:10:26
    rights legislation was going through
  • 00:10:28
    during his presidency he speaks out
  • 00:10:31
    against US policy in Vietnam Calling
  • 00:10:34
    America the greatest purveyor of
  • 00:10:36
    violence in the world he publicly
  • 00:10:39
    denounces their military presence in
  • 00:10:41
    Vietnam and proposes a merger of the
  • 00:10:43
    anti-war and Civil Rights Movement the
  • 00:10:46
    promises of the Great
  • 00:10:48
    Society have been shut down on the
  • 00:10:51
    battlefield of
  • 00:10:53
    Vietnam the pursuit of this widen
  • 00:10:56
    wall has narrowed the promise dimensions
  • 00:11:00
    of the domestic welfare programs making
  • 00:11:04
    the poor white and negro bear the
  • 00:11:07
    heaviest burdens both at the front and
  • 00:11:10
    at
  • 00:11:14
    [Music]
  • 00:11:18
    home where you going with that
  • 00:11:20
    [Music]
  • 00:11:23
    g in June 1967 the first Monteray Pop
  • 00:11:28
    Festival takes Place showcasing many
  • 00:11:30
    artists who've been expressing their
  • 00:11:32
    anti- Vietnam feelings when Jimmy
  • 00:11:35
    Hendrick takes to the stage many young
  • 00:11:38
    men in the audience already have their
  • 00:11:40
    draft
  • 00:11:43
    papers you had ravish Shang car on one
  • 00:11:45
    side and then you have the who smashing
  • 00:11:47
    up guitars on the other and Jimmy
  • 00:11:48
    Hendrick somewhere in the middle and
  • 00:11:51
    that would certainly have been a kind of
  • 00:11:53
    rallying cry for uh you know increasing
  • 00:11:57
    anti-vietnam sentiment there have been
  • 00:11:59
    various incidents of burning draft cards
  • 00:12:02
    but this was brought into intense focus
  • 00:12:04
    when it was acted out in the musical
  • 00:12:06
    hair in New York in October
  • 00:12:09
    1967 people in colleges were pretty well
  • 00:12:12
    organized by this time because they'
  • 00:12:14
    been fighting for civil rights so they
  • 00:12:16
    knew how to protest and and this
  • 00:12:19
    essentially divides the country that the
  • 00:12:21
    younger generation know how to cause
  • 00:12:23
    trouble know how to if necessary avoid
  • 00:12:26
    the draft and flee to Canada whereas the
  • 00:12:29
    older people remember World War II and
  • 00:12:33
    remember being
  • 00:12:35
    [Music]
  • 00:12:37
    right
  • 00:12:39
    1967 The Summer of Love had a bloody
  • 00:12:42
    underbar Young American boys are sent to
  • 00:12:45
    fight their counterparts in Vietnam this
  • 00:12:48
    will be brought to a terrifying
  • 00:12:50
    conflagration with the shock of the Tet
  • 00:12:53
    Offensive tell me what's going on I'll
  • 00:12:56
    tell you what's going on woo
  • 00:13:01
    Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara
  • 00:13:03
    visits General West mland to assess the
  • 00:13:06
    situation on the ground their advice to
  • 00:13:08
    President Johnson is taken up and Troop
  • 00:13:11
    numbers are eventually increased to more
  • 00:13:13
    than
  • 00:13:16
    500,000 as more and more US troops enter
  • 00:13:20
    Vietnam the siege of kasan begins and
  • 00:13:23
    the Marines are cut off the United
  • 00:13:26
    States had begun to suspect that the
  • 00:13:29
    North Vietnamese strategy was to lure
  • 00:13:32
    the Americans into a remote Outpost the
  • 00:13:36
    Americans thought that they could win
  • 00:13:37
    that if they built up enough forces and
  • 00:13:40
    win a conventional battle against the
  • 00:13:43
    North Vietnamese and so they built up
  • 00:13:46
    the large base of
  • 00:13:48
    kasan they expected that the attack
  • 00:13:51
    would come there and indeed it built up
  • 00:13:54
    all through December and
  • 00:13:58
    January
  • 00:14:00
    however this was a distraction from the
  • 00:14:02
    main event on the night of January 30th
  • 00:14:05
    the Vietnamese New Year some 880,000
  • 00:14:08
    Viet Kong attacked 36 capitals 64 towns
  • 00:14:12
    and four American bases around 4,000
  • 00:14:16
    Viet Kong attacked Saigon occupi the
  • 00:14:18
    grounds of the US Embassy and hit
  • 00:14:21
    General West morand's headquarters this
  • 00:14:23
    was known as the Tet Offensive Americans
  • 00:14:26
    have to engage intense Force to recover
  • 00:14:28
    from from the sudden
  • 00:14:34
    Onslaught the Americans think they're in
  • 00:14:37
    control of the the country then comes
  • 00:14:39
    the Teta offensive tet is is the
  • 00:14:42
    Vietnamese Lunar New Year the Americans
  • 00:14:45
    say that there's no chance that V would
  • 00:14:47
    attack them during tet it would be like
  • 00:14:49
    a starting an offensive on Christmas Day
  • 00:14:52
    it wouldn't happen however again nobody
  • 00:14:54
    read the Vietnamese history books the
  • 00:14:57
    Vietnamese W one of their greatest
  • 00:14:58
    victories against the
  • 00:15:00
    Chinese attacking on tet the Tet offense
  • 00:15:03
    was essentially led by the southern
  • 00:15:05
    Vietnamese communist the vietcom back by
  • 00:15:07
    the North Vietnamese um but it was a
  • 00:15:09
    Viet Kong inspired Uprising dozens and
  • 00:15:11
    dozens of cities came under near
  • 00:15:14
    simultaneous attack by mostly NLF
  • 00:15:17
    Southern guerillas who had been moved
  • 00:15:20
    into position largely unknown to the US
  • 00:15:24
    forces suddenly every town and city in
  • 00:15:28
    South Vietnam there are explosions going
  • 00:15:30
    off there's there's gunfire the Vietcong
  • 00:15:32
    even send a Suicide Squad into the
  • 00:15:36
    American Embassy and they hold it for
  • 00:15:38
    hours this is an American television the
  • 00:15:42
    Americans see their own Embassy occupied
  • 00:15:45
    by the enemy the fact that the Viet Kong
  • 00:15:49
    had entered the American Embassy in
  • 00:15:50
    Saigon and um caused a great deal of
  • 00:15:53
    damage shattered public opinion and
  • 00:15:55
    American faith in winning the war if the
  • 00:15:57
    war was ever winnable they can't believe
  • 00:15:59
    what they're saying they've been told
  • 00:16:00
    that they're winning this for and it
  • 00:16:02
    doesn't seem that they are the battle
  • 00:16:05
    for H was the response to tet to
  • 00:16:07
    Endeavor to take back the territory that
  • 00:16:09
    had been lost to the Viet Kong it's
  • 00:16:12
    regarded as one of the bloodiest and
  • 00:16:13
    longest battles of the Vietnam War
  • 00:16:16
    ending in March
  • 00:16:18
    1968 fighting is violent and if ever a
  • 00:16:21
    marine had to rely on his own quickness
  • 00:16:23
    and toughness this was
  • 00:16:26
    it house to house Street to Street for
  • 00:16:30
    three long
  • 00:16:33
    weeks massive retaliation was taken and
  • 00:16:36
    the the vehicon was swept out out of the
  • 00:16:38
    cities and and largely
  • 00:16:41
    annihilated and this is again was part
  • 00:16:43
    of hoim strategy because he realized
  • 00:16:47
    that eventually he was going to win the
  • 00:16:48
    war and he didn't want these annoying
  • 00:16:52
    Southerners many of whom weren at the
  • 00:16:54
    vcon weren't necessarily Communists they
  • 00:16:56
    were just nationalists he wanted to get
  • 00:16:58
    rid of them and this was a wonderful way
  • 00:17:01
    to do it this meant that the North
  • 00:17:03
    Vietnamese forces which had not even
  • 00:17:06
    appeared in many parts of the South for
  • 00:17:08
    instance the Mong Delta by that time now
  • 00:17:11
    began to play a much bigger role in the
  • 00:17:13
    war and it became necessary for the
  • 00:17:16
    Communist forces to have North
  • 00:17:18
    Vietnamese reinforcements to keep up
  • 00:17:21
    their level of
  • 00:17:27
    activity and to the first day Marines
  • 00:17:30
    own just two blocks of the city two
  • 00:17:33
    blocks and the price is deer militar was
  • 00:17:37
    a defeat for them but in political and
  • 00:17:39
    public relations terms it was a huge
  • 00:17:41
    success and uh badly damaged American
  • 00:17:44
    morale um particularly at home um and
  • 00:17:48
    the tide of the war changed on the north
  • 00:17:51
    side of the river the enemy's position
  • 00:17:52
    begins to crumble Marines along with the
  • 00:17:55
    South Vietnamese Army Marine and Ranger
  • 00:17:57
    units move into the the Imperial
  • 00:18:00
    T this great strategist was hoochi Min
  • 00:18:04
    because he realized fighting the
  • 00:18:06
    Americans it wasn't about what actually
  • 00:18:09
    happened in Vietnam it was what happened
  • 00:18:11
    on the television sets in the United
  • 00:18:13
    States so if he could get the war on the
  • 00:18:16
    news every night he knew that America
  • 00:18:19
    would Tire of it sooner or later and he'
  • 00:18:22
    get his
  • 00:18:23
    way finally the job is finished 25 days
  • 00:18:27
    of heavy fighting
  • 00:18:29
    enemy losses in the thousands and each
  • 00:18:32
    Marine knows he's been a part of a
  • 00:18:34
    historic battle knows he rates the
  • 00:18:36
    traditional well
  • 00:18:40
    done although America did win back their
  • 00:18:43
    territory this was a huge turning point
  • 00:18:45
    in the war as America loses its
  • 00:18:48
    appearance of
  • 00:18:49
    invincibility Vietnam was the first
  • 00:18:51
    television War it was on the Nightly
  • 00:18:53
    News in America and it was on the news
  • 00:18:55
    here in the UK um and so had a phenomen
  • 00:18:59
    impact it was in American living rooms
  • 00:19:03
    every
  • 00:19:05
    [Music]
  • 00:19:10
    evening now CIA men and MPS have gone
  • 00:19:14
    into the embassy and are trying to get
  • 00:19:16
    the snipers out this is the main
  • 00:19:19
    Vietnamese language radio station in
  • 00:19:20
    Saigon and right now and it went on and
  • 00:19:23
    on and on and of course the people in
  • 00:19:25
    America knew that their sons were going
  • 00:19:28
    and
  • 00:19:29
    there were shots at the body bags coming
  • 00:19:31
    home and it's terribly demoralizing
  • 00:19:34
    America has this great sort of culture
  • 00:19:36
    winning and they believed that with
  • 00:19:39
    their wealth their technical expertise
  • 00:19:42
    and their Manpower that they could do
  • 00:19:45
    anything the smoke turned on us again
  • 00:19:48
    and out of it in the briefest Lull in
  • 00:19:50
    the crossfire soldiers came running out
  • 00:19:53
    carrying children every time you went
  • 00:19:55
    around a corner you see a a palm leaf
  • 00:19:58
    move you think Christ it's a Ambush
  • 00:20:00
    every time you see a junk you think ah
  • 00:20:02
    it's full of explosives I mean this is
  • 00:20:04
    how American television had weaned me
  • 00:20:08
    into
  • 00:20:13
    Vietnam so I went out there convinced I
  • 00:20:16
    was either going to be killed or I was
  • 00:20:18
    going to fail in the story my very first
  • 00:20:21
    story in Vietnam Apocalypse Now the
  • 00:20:23
    scene where they're on that uh little
  • 00:20:25
    boat big machine gun up there but that
  • 00:20:28
    was my first story River Marine Patrol
  • 00:20:31
    it was called and I was absolutely
  • 00:20:34
    terrified I mean really quite
  • 00:20:38
    [Applause]
  • 00:20:43
    terrified patrols like these in the
  • 00:20:46
    mikon delra are convinced that they're
  • 00:20:48
    winning their war against the VC they
  • 00:20:50
    put a success they're as evidence of
  • 00:20:53
    their success the number of VC dead and
  • 00:20:56
    the number of VC defectors but they have
  • 00:20:59
    nevertheless the substantial backing of
  • 00:21:02
    thousands of well-armed and well-trained
  • 00:21:04
    troops plus Barrack ships helicopters
  • 00:21:07
    and gunships and the River Marine Force
  • 00:21:10
    the problem about TV is that when there
  • 00:21:13
    were big things happening in Vietnam
  • 00:21:16
    your bosses wanted Daily
  • 00:21:20
    News television journalists would go to
  • 00:21:22
    a battlefield but they would had to
  • 00:21:24
    leave the battlefield by a certain time
  • 00:21:26
    to get back to Saigon Airport and ship
  • 00:21:29
    their film to Hong Kong there were no
  • 00:21:31
    satellites of course we were shooting
  • 00:21:33
    film usually if you're doing a a feature
  • 00:21:35
    story you just get to New York then they
  • 00:21:38
    would uh develop it and edit it with
  • 00:21:41
    your narration now it's sort of hard I
  • 00:21:43
    think for journalist TV journalist today
  • 00:21:47
    to relate to the fact that we were
  • 00:21:48
    writing our narrations without ever
  • 00:21:51
    having seen the film that we were
  • 00:21:53
    narrating you just watched what you were
  • 00:21:56
    covering you watched what your cameraman
  • 00:21:58
    was filming you wrote to what you
  • 00:22:01
    thought he had filmed and then you laid
  • 00:22:03
    down the
  • 00:22:04
    narration and offered when the fire
  • 00:22:08
    spreads the people leave and in no time
  • 00:22:11
    at all that area is charred and ruined
  • 00:22:13
    and destroyed you couldn't go too far so
  • 00:22:16
    my area of operations tended to be down
  • 00:22:18
    in the mikon which as it turns out was a
  • 00:22:21
    pretty dangerous place to be
  • 00:22:24
    anyway for one moment they they panicked
  • 00:22:27
    and brightly Ser a mort hit
  • 00:22:29
    right in the middle of them down on the
  • 00:22:30
    right after 600 in the evening there was
  • 00:22:33
    nothing to
  • 00:22:34
    do that's when we all got into
  • 00:22:37
    trouble um and now I mean there was
  • 00:22:39
    nothing like 24 hours news and I
  • 00:22:42
    remember the when when a satellite first
  • 00:22:44
    came up it was Charles Collingwood who
  • 00:22:46
    said to
  • 00:22:48
    me our Glory Days Are Over we're going
  • 00:22:51
    to have to work for a living
  • 00:22:54
    now the journalists working out of saon
  • 00:22:57
    all seemed to have have a huge affection
  • 00:22:59
    for the city it is their Retreat from
  • 00:23:02
    the war a short helicopter ride away
  • 00:23:05
    nothing could be more of a contrast to
  • 00:23:07
    the war than their cocktail hour back at
  • 00:23:10
    the hotels we stayed at a hotel in
  • 00:23:13
    lamong square which is bang next to the
  • 00:23:16
    U Congress building the safest part of
  • 00:23:18
    town that little Center seemed to be
  • 00:23:20
    protected saig is a fantastic place to
  • 00:23:23
    be that a very exciting atmosphere
  • 00:23:26
    didn't seem to be in great danger at
  • 00:23:28
    that time there were French restaurants
  • 00:23:30
    there were um there's an old French
  • 00:23:33
    residual Community there who were very
  • 00:23:36
    attached to Vietnam who had Vietnam
  • 00:23:38
    Vietnamese wives a lot of them it was
  • 00:23:39
    French you know the wide streets the
  • 00:23:42
    plazas the squares the trees the flowers
  • 00:23:47
    and the restaurants you could go to war
  • 00:23:50
    in the most horrific circumstances and
  • 00:23:52
    see some rather Dreadful things and then
  • 00:23:55
    You' come back and go out into Saigon
  • 00:23:58
    cross the road and have the most superb
  • 00:24:00
    French meal with quite excellent French
  • 00:24:04
    [Music]
  • 00:24:06
    wine the American public has no Escape
  • 00:24:09
    From The War General West morland's
  • 00:24:11
    requests for more troops had required
  • 00:24:14
    students to be drafted this results in
  • 00:24:16
    an increase in demonstrations as the
  • 00:24:19
    public feel helpless against this
  • 00:24:21
    distant
  • 00:24:23
    struggle the hoochi Min Trail was
  • 00:24:26
    developed from earlier footpaths used
  • 00:24:28
    for trading it started just south of
  • 00:24:31
    Hanoi and due to the mountain range
  • 00:24:33
    trong son the trail dropped into Laos
  • 00:24:35
    and Cambodia and then into South Vietnam
  • 00:24:38
    west of dalat at first it took several
  • 00:24:41
    months to reach the South however the
  • 00:24:44
    volume of traffic expanded gradually
  • 00:24:46
    from carrying loads on soldiers backs or
  • 00:24:48
    in carts to improvements being made to
  • 00:24:51
    accommodate heavy trucks dotted along
  • 00:24:54
    the routs were fuel storage tanks and
  • 00:24:57
    field hospitals
  • 00:24:58
    the trail was covered by the heavy
  • 00:25:00
    jungle canopy and therefore hidden from
  • 00:25:03
    us bombing raids until the bombing
  • 00:25:05
    became so intense destroying the jungle
  • 00:25:08
    and using agent orange to
  • 00:25:10
    defoliate even so the determination of
  • 00:25:13
    the North Vietnamese would just make
  • 00:25:15
    another path around to join the trail
  • 00:25:17
    again this Trail was supplying several
  • 00:25:20
    hundred 100,000 troops in the South
  • 00:25:21
    against the
  • 00:25:23
    US my unit was trying to achieve a
  • 00:25:26
    workable uh interdiction of the hoi men
  • 00:25:29
    Trail where it came into South Mount
  • 00:25:32
    North of Saigon they bed the hoi men
  • 00:25:35
    trail with a supply trail that ran down
  • 00:25:38
    through lais and latly through Cambodia
  • 00:25:42
    the hman trail was in fact a series of
  • 00:25:44
    trails some of them big enough to take
  • 00:25:46
    Vehicles down They Carried the stuff was
  • 00:25:49
    weapons food medicine that sort of thing
  • 00:25:51
    for the fighters in the South were
  • 00:25:54
    either North vietnames or Viet Kong so
  • 00:25:56
    the bulk of the people we fought in
  • 00:25:58
    firefights were either North viames
  • 00:26:01
    coming down the trail or Viet Kong the
  • 00:26:04
    great story of the war the best story of
  • 00:26:06
    the war was never told because the best
  • 00:26:10
    story of the war was the hoian
  • 00:26:14
    trail how the guys got from North
  • 00:26:18
    Vietnam from Hanoi to a large extent
  • 00:26:20
    into South Vietnam and when they got to
  • 00:26:23
    South Vietnam managed to fight is
  • 00:26:27
    superhuman a year of my life was spent
  • 00:26:29
    either ambushing people or trying to
  • 00:26:31
    avoid being ambushed by them that was it
  • 00:26:34
    it was Ambush Warfare and that's what
  • 00:26:36
    the nature of the firefights were the
  • 00:26:38
    fantasy the journalistic fantasy was to
  • 00:26:40
    go down the trail with the North
  • 00:26:43
    Vietnamese but it it never happened for
  • 00:26:46
    years now the Viet Kong have been strong
  • 00:26:48
    in the Delta it's where they've always
  • 00:26:51
    raised taxes food and recruits and
  • 00:26:54
    recently they've even been enrolling
  • 00:26:55
    boys of 14 and 15
  • 00:26:58
    but the Americans say that since the T
  • 00:27:00
    offensive Viet Kong tactics have become
  • 00:27:03
    much more
  • 00:27:05
    aggressive pressure came down from the
  • 00:27:08
    top levels to inflate the body count and
  • 00:27:11
    uh sometimes this was done with false
  • 00:27:13
    reporting of the number of Communists
  • 00:27:15
    killed in particular actions but also
  • 00:27:18
    including civilian casualties in the
  • 00:27:21
    body Camp the Americans thought they'd
  • 00:27:23
    succeeded in keeping at least the main
  • 00:27:25
    waterways of the Delta clear of Viet
  • 00:27:27
    Kong but now they find that they're not
  • 00:27:30
    safe even
  • 00:27:33
    [Music]
  • 00:27:34
    there the person who first realized hoim
  • 00:27:39
    min's strategy was Robert McNamara that
  • 00:27:42
    the Communists were controlling the
  • 00:27:45
    action in the battlefield they could
  • 00:27:49
    attack and run away at will so they
  • 00:27:53
    could control how many people they were
  • 00:27:55
    losing what their casualties were and
  • 00:27:57
    all the they were doing was keeping
  • 00:27:59
    their casualties down to below their
  • 00:28:01
    birth rate which meant essentially they
  • 00:28:03
    could fight forever and of course the
  • 00:28:06
    Americans weren't going to fight forever
  • 00:28:08
    eventually they' go home the NLF also
  • 00:28:11
    were able to keep recruiting amongst
  • 00:28:13
    people who were disillusioned or
  • 00:28:15
    disgusted by uh the destruction and the
  • 00:28:18
    casualties inflicted on the Vietnamese
  • 00:28:19
    rural population it was the kind of
  • 00:28:22
    place where you had you know brothers
  • 00:28:26
    fighting for the Arvin the South
  • 00:28:28
    Vietnamese Army run by the South
  • 00:28:30
    Vietnamese American puppets and then you
  • 00:28:33
    had his brother in the
  • 00:28:35
    Viet and the Americans could never
  • 00:28:38
    understand what was going on they didn't
  • 00:28:39
    understand the language they didn't
  • 00:28:41
    understand the culture they didn't
  • 00:28:43
    understand how that was possible I mean
  • 00:28:44
    there weren't any can you imagine the
  • 00:28:46
    second world war you have one GI and his
  • 00:28:49
    brothers with the Nazis
  • 00:28:51
    unimaginable but this is what was going
  • 00:28:53
    on through the whole
  • 00:28:57
    War
  • 00:28:58
    President Johnson continues this huge us
  • 00:29:01
    bombing campaign of Rolling Thunder
  • 00:29:04
    targeting the hoochi Min Trail in the
  • 00:29:06
    main the tonnage of ordinance would
  • 00:29:08
    surpass all that was dropped in World
  • 00:29:10
    War II in old part
  • 00:29:15
    of make no mistake about
  • 00:29:18
    [Music]
  • 00:29:19
    it I don't want a man in here to go back
  • 00:29:23
    home thinking
  • 00:29:25
    otherwise we are going to win you be did
  • 00:29:28
    before your time
  • 00:29:31
    is there's another aspect to the war in
  • 00:29:35
    Vietnam which is race this was the first
  • 00:29:38
    time there was a major commitment of
  • 00:29:41
    mixed race units um a lot of young black
  • 00:29:45
    Americans wanted to prove their status
  • 00:29:47
    in in in American society their manhood
  • 00:29:49
    if if you will he wanted to get young
  • 00:29:52
    black man into the army so he could
  • 00:29:54
    Supply proper medical assistance to them
  • 00:29:56
    give them education and get them out of
  • 00:29:58
    the ghettos and improve their lock as
  • 00:30:00
    the war start to go badly the black guys
  • 00:30:03
    thought well why are we dying dying over
  • 00:30:06
    here when the enemies uh back home in
  • 00:30:13
    America in the early years of the war
  • 00:30:16
    the Black and Latino soldiers were
  • 00:30:18
    Professionals in mostly mixed race units
  • 00:30:21
    by the end of 1968 draft EES account for
  • 00:30:24
    over 30% of American troops amongst
  • 00:30:27
    these are many black soldiers who are
  • 00:30:29
    growing more and more disaffected in
  • 00:30:31
    what they call the white man's War when
  • 00:30:34
    there were so many racial issues to deal
  • 00:30:36
    with back home as the casualty rate
  • 00:30:38
    increased conscription was now to
  • 00:30:40
    include college students who had
  • 00:30:42
    previously been exempt this meant that
  • 00:30:45
    although the majority of US soldiers
  • 00:30:47
    were still volunteers their numbers now
  • 00:30:49
    included middleclass white Americans who
  • 00:30:52
    were forced to defer their University
  • 00:30:55
    education we got to get out of
  • 00:30:59
    [Music]
  • 00:31:03
    this when I first went out there in 68
  • 00:31:06
    the majority of the Infantry men were
  • 00:31:09
    all workingclass
  • 00:31:11
    Americans but when the Americans abandon
  • 00:31:14
    this avoidance of the draft and suddenly
  • 00:31:17
    in in Vietnam we saw the arrival not of
  • 00:31:21
    the officer class but of white middle
  • 00:31:24
    class kids in the ranks these are young
  • 00:31:26
    men who have to go and fight and we the
  • 00:31:29
    draft comes in and so you may have to
  • 00:31:31
    fight against your will and then the
  • 00:31:33
    whole idea of the draft Dodger comes in
  • 00:31:35
    well it wasn't the fact so much that
  • 00:31:38
    they were University students it was the
  • 00:31:40
    middle class the middle class was
  • 00:31:43
    getting
  • 00:31:44
    drafted not a chance forget it which is
  • 00:31:47
    why there hasn't been a draft since then
  • 00:31:49
    World War II draft was I mean everybody
  • 00:31:51
    believed in the war you suddenly had
  • 00:31:54
    middleclass kids being drafted in to do
  • 00:31:56
    the same job and they were writing
  • 00:31:58
    letters home their parents were
  • 00:32:00
    appealing to the
  • 00:32:02
    congressman and that's when it all
  • 00:32:04
    started the
  • 00:32:08
    change giant protests were not only not
  • 00:32:13
    even so much the soldiers as their
  • 00:32:16
    mothers because what the hell is my boy
  • 00:32:19
    doing in Vietnam he should be doing his
  • 00:32:23
    graduate work now well you could get a
  • 00:32:25
    student deferment for a while but the
  • 00:32:28
    middle class was getting drafted which
  • 00:32:31
    you can make a coherent Theory saying
  • 00:32:35
    that that's why we lost the
  • 00:32:37
    war they're only going there for a year
  • 00:32:40
    tour whereas the Vietnamese Fighters are
  • 00:32:43
    there all the time so every time you
  • 00:32:45
    send a fresh young guy who's just come
  • 00:32:48
    out of college they have to start again
  • 00:32:50
    with with a new guy who who who knows
  • 00:32:53
    nothing all the challenges have been met
  • 00:32:57
    the enemy is not beaten but he knows
  • 00:33:00
    that he has met his master in the
  • 00:33:04
    field President Johnson was under
  • 00:33:06
    tremendous pressure over the lack of
  • 00:33:08
    victory in Vietnam the Battle of H had
  • 00:33:11
    been the response to the Tet Offensive
  • 00:33:13
    as US forces managed to regain the
  • 00:33:16
    territories that had been lost but all
  • 00:33:18
    their claims of Victory were like dust
  • 00:33:20
    in the hand because this amounted to
  • 00:33:22
    only a stalemate in addition at home
  • 00:33:25
    despite all his efforts to pass a Civil
  • 00:33:27
    Rights Act through Congress to become LW
  • 00:33:29
    the lack of improvement for the black
  • 00:33:31
    situation caused the Black Power
  • 00:33:33
    movement to be active against him the
  • 00:33:36
    Democratic party splits into many
  • 00:33:38
    factions Johnson does badly in the New
  • 00:33:41
    Hampshire primary and ends his bid for
  • 00:33:43
    re-election the nation is stunned with
  • 00:33:47
    American sons in the field far
  • 00:33:51
    away with America's future under
  • 00:33:55
    challenge right here at home
  • 00:33:58
    with our hopes and the world's hopes for
  • 00:34:01
    peace and the balance every
  • 00:34:04
    day I do not
  • 00:34:06
    believe that I should devote an hour or
  • 00:34:09
    a day of my time to any personal partis
  • 00:34:14
    causes or to any duties
  • 00:34:18
    other than the awesome
  • 00:34:21
    duties of this office the
  • 00:34:25
    presidency of your country
  • 00:34:29
    accordingly I shall not
  • 00:34:33
    seek and I will not
  • 00:34:35
    accept the nomination of my party for
  • 00:34:38
    another term as your
  • 00:34:41
    president the famous CBS anchor Monto
  • 00:34:45
    kronite he hadn't been in in Vietnam
  • 00:34:47
    since
  • 00:34:48
    1965 he went back saw what he had to see
  • 00:34:52
    and said on American television we're
  • 00:34:54
    not winning can't win and at this
  • 00:34:58
    point President Johnson says if I've
  • 00:35:01
    lost Walter I've lost the American
  • 00:35:03
    public and he resigns a strike in
  • 00:35:07
    Memphis causes Martin Luther King Jr to
  • 00:35:10
    return to his hometown after his March
  • 00:35:12
    had been interrupted with civil unrest
  • 00:35:14
    he gave his I came to the Mountaintop
  • 00:35:17
    speech and I've looked
  • 00:35:19
    over and I've
  • 00:35:22
    seen the promised
  • 00:35:24
    land I may not get there with you
  • 00:35:28
    but I want you to know
  • 00:35:30
    tonight that we as a people will get to
  • 00:35:34
    the promised
  • 00:35:39
    land goad goad so I'm happy tonight I'm
  • 00:35:42
    not worried about anything I'm not
  • 00:35:45
    fearing any man my eyes have seen the
  • 00:35:49
    glory of the coming of the
  • 00:35:51
    [Applause]
  • 00:35:54
    Lord at his Motel the next day prepared
  • 00:35:57
    preparing to leave for another meeting
  • 00:35:59
    Martin Luther King Jr is shot in the
  • 00:36:02
    head and dies that April sees the
  • 00:36:05
    beginning of riots in many US
  • 00:36:26
    cities
  • 00:36:56
    e
  • 00:37:26
    e
  • 00:37:56
    e
  • 00:38:06
    let me tell you what those four years
  • 00:38:07
    have done to America the longest war
  • 00:38:10
    that America's ever had in this history
  • 00:38:13
    the worst crime wave we've ever had in
  • 00:38:15
    our history the highest taxes we've ever
  • 00:38:17
    had in our history the highest rate in
  • 00:38:20
    the cost of living that we've had in a
  • 00:38:22
    generation and the lowest respect for
  • 00:38:25
    the United States of America in our
  • 00:38:27
    history
  • 00:38:29
    as the squabbling for the presidential
  • 00:38:31
    election continues violent conflict
  • 00:38:33
    breaks out particularly in Newark and
  • 00:38:36
    Detroit in Chicago a huge anti-war
  • 00:38:39
    protest outside the Democratic National
  • 00:38:41
    Convention leads to ugly clashes with
  • 00:38:44
    [Applause]
  • 00:38:56
    police Hubert Humphrey gains the
  • 00:38:58
    Democratic nomination but loses to Nixon
  • 00:39:01
    by a majority vote of less than
  • 00:39:05
    1% Along Comes President Nixon who
  • 00:39:09
    promises peace with honor to get the
  • 00:39:11
    boys out of there everything's going to
  • 00:39:13
    be all right I decided in my mind I was
  • 00:39:16
    in Vietnam at the time that I would vote
  • 00:39:18
    for Nixon because he rather than Hubert
  • 00:39:20
    Humphrey would end the war and he would
  • 00:39:22
    some find some way to extricate the
  • 00:39:25
    United States out of that mess
  • 00:39:28
    unfortunately that's not what he gave
  • 00:39:30
    America he pulled some of the people out
  • 00:39:32
    but he expanded the war in into Cambodia
  • 00:39:36
    and
  • 00:39:37
    [Music]
  • 00:39:40
    L however less than two months into
  • 00:39:42
    office President Nixon orders the secret
  • 00:39:45
    bombing of Cambodia ostensibly to
  • 00:39:48
    destroy the hoochi Min tril and the
  • 00:39:50
    supply enclaves just over the Border
  • 00:39:53
    this covert bombing of over half a
  • 00:39:55
    million tons of ordinance would actually
  • 00:39:57
    stretch across the whole of Cambodia and
  • 00:39:59
    was carried out without the knowledge of
  • 00:40:01
    Congress or the US
  • 00:40:04
    public we will Aid Cambodia Cambodia is
  • 00:40:08
    the Nixon Doctrine in its purest form in
  • 00:40:11
    Cambodia what we are doing is helping
  • 00:40:12
    the cambodians to help
  • 00:40:15
    [Music]
  • 00:40:22
    themselves as part of Nixon's strategy
  • 00:40:26
    of reducing in soldiers on the ground
  • 00:40:28
    and attacking the Vietnamese communist
  • 00:40:32
    while trying to negotiate peace in Paris
  • 00:40:35
    he launched uh an legal bombing against
  • 00:40:39
    the Viet Kong camps in Cambodia and he
  • 00:40:44
    even followed up that with an illegal
  • 00:40:47
    Invasion Richard Nixon gave the order
  • 00:40:50
    for the Strategic bombing of Cambodia
  • 00:40:53
    using us B52 high altitude uh bombing
  • 00:40:57
    aircraft and the escalation of the
  • 00:41:00
    bombing of Cambodia occurred from March
  • 00:41:03
    1969 the war been spilled over from
  • 00:41:06
    South Vietnam we we learned later there
  • 00:41:07
    had been secret American bombing going
  • 00:41:09
    on um the South Vietnamese forces and
  • 00:41:12
    Americans moved into Cambodia to try and
  • 00:41:15
    wipe out the Vietnamese communist
  • 00:41:17
    Sanctuary areas in the eastern part of
  • 00:41:20
    Cambodia which bordered on South
  • 00:41:22
    [Music]
  • 00:41:26
    Vietnam
  • 00:41:28
    [Music]
  • 00:41:32
    hoochi Min dies General [ __ ] carries on
  • 00:41:36
    the strategy of the war the age of
  • 00:41:39
    Aquarius ends with students being shot
  • 00:41:41
    down by the Ohio National Guard South
  • 00:41:44
    Vietnam has lost its us support and
  • 00:41:47
    fights a desperate War alone against the
  • 00:41:49
    north Nixon's secret war crimes have
  • 00:41:52
    brought to light in the Pentagon papers
  • 00:41:54
    in the Washington Post with the New York
  • 00:41:57
    Times
  • 00:41:58
    General [ __ ] still stands strong for the
  • 00:42:00
    north as the war in Vietnam rages
  • 00:42:05
    [Music]
  • 00:42:10
    [Applause]
  • 00:42:13
    [Music]
  • 00:42:17
    [Applause]
  • 00:42:18
    [Music]
  • 00:42:26
    on
  • 00:42:28
    [Music]
标签
  • Vietnam War
  • U.S. involvement
  • Tet Offensive
  • Ho Chi Minh
  • anti-war movement
  • Operation Rolling Thunder
  • media impact
  • draft
  • Pentagon Papers
  • public opinion