Racismo: Uma historia Parte 2
摘要
TLDRO vídeo revela os horrores do imperialismo e do racismo científico, destacando como as ideologias do século XIX justificaram massacres e genocídios. Começando com os campos de morte na Namíbia, onde os povos Herero e Nama foram exterminados, o vídeo explora a destruição dos aborígenes da Tasmânia e as fomes na Índia, resultantes de políticas britânicas. A narrativa mostra a transição de uma visão de benevolência imperial para uma de exterminação, culminando na ascensão do nazismo. O racismo científico, que emergiu como uma justificativa para a dominação colonial, é apresentado como um precursor das atrocidades do século XX, incluindo o Holocausto. O vídeo conclui que a memória desses eventos não pode ser apagada, pois eles fazem parte de uma continuidade histórica de violência e opressão.
心得
- 🪦 Restos de vítimas de um campo de morte na Namíbia revelam um passado sombrio.
- 📜 O imperialismo europeu foi marcado por massacres e genocídios.
- ✝️ A abolição da escravidão não eliminou o racismo; ao contrário, ele se transformou.
- 🌍 A ciência foi usada para justificar a dominação e o extermínio de povos indígenas.
- ⚔️ A Guerra Negra na Tasmânia resultou em quase a extinção dos aborígenes.
- 📉 Políticas britânicas na Índia causaram fomes que mataram milhões.
- 🧬 A eugenia buscou 'melhorar' a população através da seleção genética.
- 📚 O racismo científico influenciou a ascensão do nazismo.
- 🔍 O Holocausto é parte de uma continuidade histórica de violência.
- 🕊️ A memória dos massacres não pode ser apagada; é crucial para entender a história.
时间轴
- 00:00:00 - 00:05:00
As profundezas do deserto Namib, um terrível segredo emerge: os restos de vítimas do primeiro campo de morte do mundo, onde milhares de africanos foram exterminados pelo exército alemão, muito antes da ascensão dos nazistas. Esses restos permaneceram esquecidos por mais de um século, mas não são únicos, pois existem locais de massacres e genocídios ao redor do mundo, resultado do imperialismo, onde milhões morreram em uma parte da história colonial que a Europa prefere esquecer.
- 00:05:00 - 00:10:00
No século XIX, cientistas, escritores e filósofos europeus desenvolveram ideias que justificavam os assassinatos em massa da era imperial. Essas teorias inspiraram horrores que consumiriam a Europa no século XX. O século XIX começou com otimismo, com a Grã-Bretanha se preparando para abolir a escravidão, libertando 750 mil escravos nas plantações do Caribe, mas a visão de um futuro de gratidão e trabalho duro pelos ex-escravizados era ilusória.
- 00:10:00 - 00:15:00
A luta contra a escravidão foi liderada por abolicionistas cristãos, que acreditavam que, embora os negros fossem homens e irmãos, eram considerados inferiores. A perspectiva dominante era de uma ordem racial hierárquica, onde a missão de elevar os povos negros e marrons justificava a expansão do Império Britânico, levando à destruição de culturas indígenas e religiões.
- 00:15:00 - 00:20:00
Durante o século XIX, a visão dos missionários foi gradualmente ofuscada por uma nova ideologia que afirmava que as raças escuras não podiam ser civilizadas e deveriam ser exterminadas. A colonização da Tasmânia pelos britânicos exemplificou essa ideologia, onde os aborígenes, considerados primitivos e sem cultura, foram massacrados e deslocados de suas terras.
- 00:20:00 - 00:25:00
A guerra negra na Tasmânia foi um conflito oculto, onde os colonos britânicos mataram aborígenes e cometeram atrocidades. A escassez de aborígenes levou à sua quase extinção, e o governador colonial George Arthur, preocupado com a reputação do Império Britânico, implementou políticas que resultaram em mais violência e morte entre os aborígenes.
- 00:25:00 - 00:30:00
George Robinson, encarregado de 'civilizar' os aborígenes, os forçou a adotar um modo de vida europeu, resultando em doenças e morte. A população aborígene, que antes era forte, sofreu um declínio devastador em uma geração, com muitos morrendo em condições desumanas em uma ilha onde foram confinados.
- 00:30:00 - 00:35:00
O que aconteceu na Tasmânia não foi um evento único; povos indígenas em todo o mundo foram empurrados à beira da extinção. Na África do Sul, os povos Koisan foram escravizados e mortos, enquanto na América do Sul, guerras de extermínio contra os índios Pampas estavam em andamento. O racismo que surgiu na era da escravidão começou a ressurgir, culpando os ex-escravizados pela ruína das plantações.
- 00:35:00 - 00:40:00
Com a abolição da escravidão, os antigos proprietários de escravos começaram a culpar os negros pela perda de suas riquezas, ressurgindo estereótipos raciais. A ideia de que os negros eram intrinsecamente preguiçosos começou a ganhar força, e a visão otimista dos abolicionistas começou a se desvanecer, levando a uma nova era de racismo e desumanização.
- 00:40:00 - 00:45:00
A ciência racial emergiu, com anatomistas e craniologistas medindo crânios para justificar a ideia de que diferentes raças eram espécies separadas. A teoria da evolução de Darwin foi mal interpretada para justificar a dominação das raças superiores sobre as inferiores, levando a uma aceitação da ideia de que a extinção de raças 'inferiores' era natural e inevitável.
- 00:45:00 - 00:59:02
Na virada do século XX, a Alemanha, influenciada por teorias de eugenia e racismo científico, cometeu genocídios em suas colônias, como na Namíbia, onde os povos Herero e Nama foram exterminados em campos de concentração. Esses eventos prefiguraram os horrores do Holocausto, mostrando que a violência nazista não foi um desvio, mas uma extensão lógica de uma história de racismo científico e imperialismo.
思维导图
视频问答
Qual é o tema principal do vídeo?
O vídeo aborda os horrores do imperialismo e do racismo científico, destacando genocídios e massacres ao longo da história.
O que aconteceu na Namíbia?
Na Namíbia, os alemães estabeleceram campos de concentração onde os povos Herero e Nama foram exterminados.
Como o racismo científico influenciou a história?
Ideias de racismo científico justificaram massacres e políticas genocidas, culminando em eventos como o Holocausto.
Qual foi o impacto da abolição da escravidão?
A abolição da escravidão levou a uma nova forma de racismo, onde os ex-proprietários de escravos culpavam os libertos por suas dificuldades econômicas.
O que foi a Guerra Negra na Tasmânia?
A Guerra Negra foi um conflito entre colonos britânicos e aborígenes, resultando em massacres e quase a extinção dos aborígenes.
Como a ciência foi usada para justificar o imperialismo?
A ciência foi usada para promover teorias de hierarquia racial, justificando a dominação e exterminação de povos indígenas.
Qual foi a resposta do governo britânico aos massacres?
O governo britânico frequentemente ignorou ou minimizou os massacres, priorizando a manutenção do império.
O que é eugenia?
Eugenia é uma ciência que buscava melhorar a população humana através da seleção genética, frequentemente associada a políticas racistas.
Como o imperialismo afetou a Índia?
O imperialismo britânico na Índia resultou em fomes devastadoras, onde milhões morreram devido a políticas de mercado e negligência.
Qual é a relação entre o imperialismo e o nazismo?
O nazismo pode ser visto como uma extensão lógica das ideologias racistas e imperialistas do século XIX.
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- 00:00:05From deep within the dunes of Africa's
- 00:00:07Namib Desert, a terrible secret is
- 00:00:11beginning to
- 00:00:14emerge. These are the remains of victims
- 00:00:16of the world's first death
- 00:00:19camp. A place where thousands of
- 00:00:21Africans were exterminated by the German
- 00:00:24army 30 years before the Nazis came to
- 00:00:27power.
- 00:00:30These remains have lain here forgotten
- 00:00:33for over a hundred years. But this
- 00:00:36terrible place is not
- 00:00:40unique. Scattered across the world are
- 00:00:43the sites of the massacres and genocides
- 00:00:45of
- 00:00:47imperialism where millions died in an
- 00:00:50aspect of colonial history that Europe
- 00:00:52often chooses to forget.
- 00:00:56These people were victims of the truth
- 00:00:58that lies behind the myth of the white
- 00:01:01man's
- 00:01:03burden. Throughout the 19th century,
- 00:01:06European scientists, writers, and
- 00:01:09philosophers developed ideas to justify
- 00:01:12the mass killings of the age of
- 00:01:15empire. These same theories went on to
- 00:01:18inspire some of the horrors and the
- 00:01:20savagery that would consume Europe in
- 00:01:23the 20th century.
- 00:01:46The 19th century was to end with the
- 00:01:48worst crimes of empire, but it began
- 00:01:51with a great moment of optimism.
- 00:01:55In the 1830s, in the great plantations
- 00:01:58of the Caribbean, Britain prepared to
- 00:02:01become the first nation to end
- 00:02:06slavery. 3/4 of a million slaves across
- 00:02:09the Caribbean were about to be freed.
- 00:02:12And as Britain basted in her sense of
- 00:02:14national benevolence, it was presumed
- 00:02:17that the grateful slaves would transform
- 00:02:19themselves into a hardworking and
- 00:02:21Christian peasantry.
- 00:02:33[Music]
- 00:02:44The battle against slavery had been led
- 00:02:47from the pullpit by an alliance of
- 00:02:49Christian abolitionists and
- 00:02:50missionaries.
- 00:02:52They had fought the campaign from their
- 00:02:54churches and meeting
- 00:03:01halls in the 1830s. It was their views
- 00:03:04that dominated the national debate on
- 00:03:10race. When slavery was finally
- 00:03:13abolished, there would have been an
- 00:03:15enormous sense of elation and
- 00:03:17achievement on the part of the
- 00:03:18abolitionists. Don't forget this was a
- 00:03:2050-year campaign from 1787 onwards
- 00:03:23involving hundreds of thousands of
- 00:03:25ordinary British people, petitions, etc.
- 00:03:27So that when slavery was abolished, the
- 00:03:29abolitionists had won. A sort of a sense
- 00:03:31of triumph. I think they also felt that
- 00:03:33that question, am I not a man and a
- 00:03:36brother was
- 00:03:40answered. The abolitionist response to
- 00:03:43that great question was that although
- 00:03:45men and brothers, black people were
- 00:03:48lesser men and lesser
- 00:03:51brothers. I think in that moment the
- 00:03:54dominant perspective is of a
- 00:03:58hierarchical racial order, but one in
- 00:04:01which it's a question of culture and
- 00:04:03civilization. They certainly do not
- 00:04:06think that black people are equal to
- 00:04:08them at this time. They think maybe at
- 00:04:11some time in the future they will be
- 00:04:13equal.
- 00:04:15The mission to raise up the black and
- 00:04:17brown peoples of the world to the
- 00:04:19supposedly superior level of white
- 00:04:21Englishmen was not to be confined to the
- 00:04:23former slaves. This was to be the great
- 00:04:27task that would justify the expansion of
- 00:04:29the British Empire. The abolitionists
- 00:04:32satisfied one aspect of their tutilage
- 00:04:36and governance of black people in that
- 00:04:38they fought and won for the freedom of
- 00:04:41black people. The next step was to send
- 00:04:44your stormtroopers, your missionaries
- 00:04:47into Africa and the Caribbean to finish
- 00:04:49off the job as it were. You know, these
- 00:04:51are heathens who have to be brought into
- 00:04:53into the fold of Christianity.
- 00:04:55That notion of giving civilized values
- 00:04:58and modes of behavior to other peoples,
- 00:05:01that's the ideology that underpinned the
- 00:05:04empire. In the empire that the
- 00:05:06missionaries and abolitionists set out
- 00:05:08to create, indigenous peoples would see
- 00:05:11their cultures destroyed and their
- 00:05:13religions
- 00:05:15eradicated. And yet all this seems
- 00:05:17almost benign when compared with the
- 00:05:20grim reality of what imperialism became.
- 00:05:23Because during the 19th century, their
- 00:05:26dream was gradually overwhelmed by
- 00:05:28another vision. One that claimed that
- 00:05:31the dark races could not be civilized
- 00:05:33and should instead be
- 00:05:41exterminated. The event that began the
- 00:05:43slow collapse of the missionaries vision
- 00:05:46took place in the then little known
- 00:05:48outpost of Britain's vast and expanding
- 00:05:50empire.
- 00:05:54This is Tasmania on the southern coast
- 00:05:57of
- 00:05:58Australia. What the British did on this
- 00:06:00small island was to resonate down
- 00:06:03through the Victorian
- 00:06:10age. When the British started to settle
- 00:06:13in Tasmania in 1803, they encountered
- 00:06:16the ancient Aboriginal peoples of the
- 00:06:18island. only 5,000 strong, they had
- 00:06:22lived in complete isolation for 10,000
- 00:06:24years on the very edge of the habitable
- 00:06:31world. The settlers saw these people
- 00:06:33through ideas brought with them from
- 00:06:36Europe. Quite early, you get expressions
- 00:06:39of disgust and shock about the way the
- 00:06:43Tasmanians lived. To the Europeans, it
- 00:06:47appeared that the Tasmanians were
- 00:06:49without culture. They were without
- 00:06:52religion. They were godless. So, they
- 00:06:55looked upon the Tasmanians as people
- 00:06:57who'd been left behind by history. And
- 00:07:01they also related to a very popular idea
- 00:07:04of the late 18th century, that is the
- 00:07:06great chain of being that the various
- 00:07:09races of humankind were arranged in
- 00:07:12hierarchical order. and that the
- 00:07:15Tasmanians were uniquely savage and
- 00:07:17primitive and therefore can be treated
- 00:07:20almost as animals.
- 00:07:26The British set about building a new
- 00:07:28capital and settling the surrounding
- 00:07:31countryside, land that for millennia had
- 00:07:34been the prime hunting ground of the
- 00:07:39Aboriginals. Out in these fields and
- 00:07:41pastures, far from the control of the
- 00:07:44authorities, the settlers were free to
- 00:07:46displace and abuse the
- 00:07:49[Music]
- 00:07:52Aboriginals. From the 1820s, huge amount
- 00:07:55of Aboriginal land has been taken up and
- 00:07:58there is this enormous struggle between
- 00:08:00Aboriginal people and whites. Of course,
- 00:08:03it's very hard to document a lot of the
- 00:08:06settler violence because they know that
- 00:08:08it is against the law to kill Aboriginal
- 00:08:11people. They are being told that
- 00:08:12Aboriginal people are British subjects,
- 00:08:15but they certainly reveal in their
- 00:08:17diaries and journals the desire to kill
- 00:08:20Aboriginal people.
- 00:08:22What became known as the Black War was a
- 00:08:25hidden conflict. The landscape itself
- 00:08:27was the only witness. The British
- 00:08:30settlers killed any Aboriginals they
- 00:08:33encountered. Whole groups were
- 00:08:34massacred. Kidnapping and rape became
- 00:08:37common place. The Aboriginals regularly
- 00:08:40attacked the settlers as they fought
- 00:08:42desperately to defend their land. And as
- 00:08:44the death toll rose, fear fused with
- 00:08:47hatred.
- 00:08:49In such circumstances, it was very easy
- 00:08:53um on both sides, no doubt, to regard
- 00:08:57the other side as being totally
- 00:08:59subhuman. I've got no doubt that the
- 00:09:01Aborigines thought the Europeans were
- 00:09:04people totally without morality uh or
- 00:09:08without any restraint. Equally, the the
- 00:09:11Europeans uh slipped very quickly into a
- 00:09:15view that these people were animals and
- 00:09:17savages. So that conflict in such a
- 00:09:21racially divided society so easily tips
- 00:09:25over into an extreme feeling of
- 00:09:30hatred. The death toll of the Black War
- 00:09:32had terrifying implications for the
- 00:09:34Tasmanian Aboriginals. The British, who
- 00:09:37arrived in everinccreasing numbers,
- 00:09:39could replace their dead. But the
- 00:09:41Aboriginals, only 5,000 strong before
- 00:09:44the war, could not. And by the end of
- 00:09:47the 1820s, they were at risk of being
- 00:09:50completely
- 00:09:51annihilated. The only man who had any
- 00:09:53hope of halting the violence was the
- 00:09:56colonial governor George Arthur. Now,
- 00:09:59the governor of Tasmania is an
- 00:10:02evangelical. He knows Wilberforce and he
- 00:10:06is aware that his future and his
- 00:10:11reputation depends on how he deals with
- 00:10:14this problem above all else. Now, he's
- 00:10:17already been warned in the late 1820s by
- 00:10:20the British
- 00:10:22government that the rapidly declining
- 00:10:25numbers suggests that these people might
- 00:10:28be exterminated. And were this to
- 00:10:32happen, it would be an indelible stain
- 00:10:35on the reputation of the British
- 00:10:38Empire. But by implication, it would
- 00:11:22The poster also propagated the lie that
- 00:11:25the British wanted to integrate with the
- 00:11:27Aboriginals. It was both a fiction and a
- 00:11:30complete failure because out in the
- 00:11:33bush, the killings on both sides
- 00:11:35continued. And in 1830, Governor Arthur
- 00:11:39embarked upon a new policy. He ordered
- 00:11:42the army to sweep across the area of
- 00:11:44European settlement in an attempt to
- 00:11:46capture the remaining Aboriginal
- 00:12:46Robinson took a message that the
- 00:12:49government wanted to come to some sort
- 00:12:52of an
- 00:12:53agreement, a negotiation, a peace
- 00:12:57treaty. And that is, I believe,
- 00:13:00undoubtedly the way the Aborigines saw
- 00:13:02it. They too saw this as a way to end a
- 00:13:07conflict which they had realized they
- 00:13:10could never win. They could never get
- 00:13:12rid of the
- 00:13:13Europeans. If they stayed and fought,
- 00:13:16they would be wiped out.
- 00:13:18and Robinson and his intermediaries
- 00:13:21convince them that they should
- 00:13:25temporarily go to an island where
- 00:13:27they'll be looked after and
- 00:13:29fed and that they will ultimately Um,
- 00:14:53husband had been murdered in front of
- 00:14:55her. All of them had seen their culture
- 00:14:58almost wiped out. What little was left,
- 00:15:02Robinson now set out to
- 00:15:04erase. Because Point Civilization was
- 00:15:07not merely a settlement. It was
- 00:15:09essentially a factory to transform
- 00:15:12so-called savages into civilized
- 00:15:14Christians.
- 00:15:16To become a successful Christian, he
- 00:15:19believes you have to settle down. You
- 00:15:21have to live in a village. He wants to
- 00:15:24send the children to school. He wants to
- 00:15:27teach them to to plow and to sew and to
- 00:15:30become agriculturalists.
- 00:15:37Forced to adopt an alien way of life and
- 00:15:40confined to an island hundreds of miles
- 00:15:42from home, they began to succumb to
- 00:15:44European diseases and what the local
- 00:15:47doctor called dejected
- 00:15:50spirits. They die one by one by one.
- 00:15:55Children are not being born and there
- 00:15:58must have been this enormous sense of
- 00:16:01trauma amongst them. A people that had
- 00:16:04once been strong and healthy suffering
- 00:16:08this enormous
- 00:16:10decline within a generation.
- 00:16:15George Robinson, the supposed savior of
- 00:16:18the Aboriginals, was reduced to
- 00:16:20sketching out his plan for their future
- 00:16:22graves.
- 00:16:25Frequently he he cries with the mourers.
- 00:16:30He weeps himself. He's so moved by their
- 00:16:34fate. But ultimately he says, "Well, it
- 00:16:37is better that they die here having
- 00:16:40letared the message of uh of the gospels
- 00:16:43rather than be killed in the bush by the
- 00:16:45settlers." He finds a way to ease his
- 00:16:48own conscience so that Robinson's own
- 00:16:50beliefs, you see, protect him against a
- 00:16:53full accounting of what he was partly
- 00:16:56responsible for.
- 00:17:03Of the 300 Aboriginals lured to Flenders
- 00:17:06Island, by the mid 1840s, around 260
- 00:17:10were dead.
- 00:17:17Jinny,
- 00:17:20Manama, and Watti had all
- 00:17:28succumbed. Tranini was one of the few
- 00:17:31survivors. She lived on, growing into
- 00:17:34old age. When she finally died in
- 00:17:371876, she was regarded by some as being
- 00:17:40the last full-blooded Tasmanian.
- 00:17:44A people whose story could be traced
- 00:17:46back 10,000 years had within the span of
- 00:17:49a single lifetime been almost
- 00:17:58exterminated. What had happened in
- 00:18:00Tasmania was far from being a unique
- 00:18:07event. Across the world, indigenous
- 00:18:10peoples were being pushed to the brink
- 00:18:12of
- 00:18:13extinction. In the South African Cape,
- 00:18:16the Koisan peoples have been driven from
- 00:18:18their land, enslaved and killed in their
- 00:18:21thousands by British settlers and the
- 00:18:24bo. The same forces had also attacked
- 00:18:27the ancient Stan Bushmen of the
- 00:18:28Kalahari, hunting them down as if they
- 00:18:31were
- 00:18:32animals. In New Foundland, the native
- 00:18:35Beeruck peoples had been completely
- 00:18:37wiped out by
- 00:18:39Europeans. And in South America, wars of
- 00:18:42extermination sanctioned by the
- 00:18:44Argentinian government were raging
- 00:18:46against the Pampas Indians. Everywhere
- 00:18:49it seemed, white settlers were
- 00:18:51destroying indigenous peoples.
- 00:19:05And in these very same years, the old
- 00:19:08racism that had been born in the age of
- 00:19:10slavery began to
- 00:19:14reemerge. In the aftermath of abolition,
- 00:19:17competition from new sugar producers
- 00:19:19began to undermine Britain's once mighty
- 00:19:22sugar plantations.
- 00:19:24And as their estate rotted, the former
- 00:19:27slave owners began to blame their ruin
- 00:19:30on the people who had once made them
- 00:19:34rich. When the Caribbean plantations
- 00:19:37started to lose money in a big way, um
- 00:19:40they fell back to the stereotype of the
- 00:19:42lazy negro.
- 00:19:45The planters were then able to say to
- 00:19:47the abolitionists and to Britain, look,
- 00:19:49we are now in ruin because we no longer
- 00:19:52have the freedom to coair splacks to
- 00:19:55work. We no longer have the freedom to
- 00:19:56to drive them to work. These people are
- 00:19:59intrinsically lazy. You know, you were
- 00:20:01arguing that they were human beings, a
- 00:20:03man and a brother, but in fact, they're
- 00:20:04not. They're still at the level of
- 00:20:06beasts.
- 00:20:10Whereas up to the end of the
- 00:20:131830s, it's been pretty unpopular to
- 00:20:17talk about Africans in those ways and
- 00:20:20the respectable talk of the
- 00:20:22humanitarians about Africans has been,
- 00:20:25you know, far more prevalent. By the mid
- 00:20:281840s, that's beginning to shift. Those
- 00:20:32who argued that abolition had been a
- 00:20:34failure due to the laziness and savagery
- 00:20:37of the slaves now claimed that the
- 00:20:39Christian vision of a civilizing empire
- 00:20:42was also doomed.
- 00:20:45You might say that the moral momentum
- 00:20:47ran out of the abolitionist movement.
- 00:20:50People found that other races were not
- 00:20:54becoming civilized. There was something
- 00:20:58difficult.
- 00:21:00They fought back. They didn't seem to
- 00:21:04learn as fast as we would appreciate to
- 00:21:07make them more pliable for
- 00:21:09us. Christian optimism about the spread
- 00:21:12of civilization and the Christianization
- 00:21:16of people of color around the world
- 00:21:19began to drain away.
- 00:21:23If the non-white races seem to reject
- 00:21:25the message of the missionaries, some in
- 00:21:27Britain began to ask if they could be
- 00:21:29civilized at
- 00:21:31all. One of those who thought not was
- 00:21:33the eminent writer and historian Thomas
- 00:21:36Carlilele. In 1849, Carlilele published
- 00:21:40an essay entitled Occasional Discourse
- 00:21:43on the Negro Question in which he
- 00:21:46appealed for a return to some form of
- 00:21:48slavery.
- 00:21:50It was printed and reprinted in
- 00:21:52magazines across the world and helped
- 00:21:54transform the 19th century debate about
- 00:21:57race. Carlilele's voice is a kind of
- 00:22:00prophetic voice, you know, which booms
- 00:22:03out from
- 00:22:05his study in in Cheney Walk in Chelsea.
- 00:22:10And he writes these, you know,
- 00:22:12extraordinarily powerful prophetic
- 00:22:14pieces which were read, you know, with
- 00:22:18gusto by Victorians. than they I mean
- 00:22:21one can imagine them all sitting around
- 00:22:23their fires reading the latest
- 00:22:25periodical that's come out with this
- 00:22:27flow of
- 00:22:28rhetoric in this case in the occasional
- 00:22:31discourse on the negro question the flow
- 00:22:33of rhetoric is about the necessity for
- 00:22:36inequality inequality is the proper way
- 00:22:40to run a society those who know should
- 00:22:43rule those who don't know men should
- 00:22:45rule women white people should rule
- 00:22:48black educated people should rule the
- 00:22:51masses.
- 00:22:55The depth to which these ideas became
- 00:22:57embedded within mid Victorian society
- 00:23:00was revealed by one of the most
- 00:23:02controversial events of the whole 19th
- 00:23:07century. In 1865, the people of Morant
- 00:23:11Bay, a tiny settlement in East Jamaica,
- 00:23:15attacked a courthouse during a minor
- 00:23:17demonstration.
- 00:23:22In return, the governor general imposed
- 00:23:24martial law and ordered his soldiers to
- 00:23:28go on a killing spree. It was a killing
- 00:23:31time. Nearly 500 people were just
- 00:23:34executed. 600 people just fgged, some of
- 00:23:36them to the point of death, and a
- 00:23:38thousand homes torched. Enormous
- 00:23:42um disparity in terms of the retaliation
- 00:23:46against these people. And you know, when
- 00:23:47all this was being done, the so-called
- 00:23:49rebels didn't put up a fight. You know,
- 00:23:51when their houses were being burned,
- 00:23:54they didn't they weren't terrorists.
- 00:23:56They weren't murderers, you know. All
- 00:23:58they wanted was for the judiciary to
- 00:24:00treat them with with a with a sense of
- 00:24:02justice.
- 00:24:04The man who ordered the killings was
- 00:24:06Governor
- 00:24:07Edward. And when news of what he had
- 00:24:09done reached Britain, the liberal
- 00:24:11establishment was shocked. And the cause
- 00:24:14is taken up by the old abolitionists
- 00:24:18who've kept going and kept going and
- 00:24:20kept going. And the old anti-slavery
- 00:24:23societies kind of wrenched themselves
- 00:24:25back into action and mobilized
- 00:24:26themselves again. And all the ladies
- 00:24:28who've been doing it for decades when
- 00:24:30the men have gone off and done more
- 00:24:32interesting things. You know, there they
- 00:24:34are with the machinery still in place
- 00:24:36that can be mobilized when you need to.
- 00:24:38Their tactic was to put Governor Heir on
- 00:24:41trial for mass murder. But in court, he
- 00:24:44was acquitted due in part to a huge wave
- 00:24:46of popular support. He had the whole of
- 00:24:50House of Lords, parliamentarians,
- 00:24:51bishops, priests, the establishment, the
- 00:24:54aristocracy backing him, saying that he
- 00:24:56was justified uh he was justified in
- 00:24:59imposing severe order in these people
- 00:25:01because that's the only language they
- 00:25:03could understood because they black
- 00:25:04people were brutes.
- 00:25:07heir's defense was orchestrated by the
- 00:25:09high priest of the new racism, Thomas
- 00:25:12Carlilele.
- 00:25:15But behind him stood many members of the
- 00:25:17British literary elite. All of whom made
- 00:25:20known their support for Governor Heir
- 00:25:22and his actions at Morant
- 00:25:24Bay. The art critic and writer John
- 00:25:29Ruskin. The author of Vanity Fair,
- 00:25:32William Makepiece Stackery. The Reverend
- 00:25:35Charles Kingsley, writer of the
- 00:25:37children's classic The Water Babies, and
- 00:25:40Charles Dickens, the most celebrated
- 00:25:43author of the century.
- 00:25:46the notion of treating other people with
- 00:25:49some degree of justice and rule of law
- 00:25:52finally went out of the window and was
- 00:25:55demolished in uh in the 1860s over
- 00:25:57Moren. You know, from then on we knew
- 00:25:59that the empire was about ruling people
- 00:26:02with the maximum degree of coercion.
- 00:26:19Some of the new ideas about race in the
- 00:26:21high Victorian age drew their evidence
- 00:26:24from the world of the
- 00:26:26dead. Based on the study of corpses and
- 00:26:28skeletons, the burgeoning science of
- 00:26:31anatomy laid the foundations for a new
- 00:26:34scientific racism.
- 00:26:38In Britain, the most important race
- 00:26:40scientist was a now forgotten
- 00:26:42Edinburghough surgeon. Ruined by a body
- 00:26:45snatching scandal in the 1820s, he had
- 00:26:48fled Britain in disgrace. But in the
- 00:26:511840s, Dr. Robert Knox resurfaced with a
- 00:26:55publication of a new book.
- 00:26:59Race is everything. Literature, science,
- 00:27:02art, in a word,
- 00:27:04civilization depends on it. For Robert
- 00:27:07Knox in that book, race is everything.
- 00:27:11It determined your character. It
- 00:27:12determined your position in
- 00:27:14civilization. It determined your
- 00:27:16destiny. Can the black races become
- 00:27:18civilized? I should say not. He saw
- 00:27:22racial conflict and extermination
- 00:27:25happening all around the world. It was
- 00:27:27natural for him to believe that racial
- 00:27:31types were bound to struggle and that
- 00:27:34the superior races would dominate the
- 00:27:37naturally inferior ones. The Saxon race
- 00:27:40will never tolerate them, never
- 00:27:42amalgamate, never be at peace. It is a
- 00:27:45war of
- 00:27:46extermination. One or other must.
- 00:27:50Robert Knox was not a lone voice. In
- 00:27:53America, a group led by the renowned
- 00:27:56craniologist Samuel George Morton had
- 00:27:59begun to collect the skulls of different
- 00:28:00races and compare them. Skulls were
- 00:28:04chosen to be measured because it was
- 00:28:06reckoned that the skull was the
- 00:28:08container of the most important part of
- 00:28:10the human body, the brain. The bigger
- 00:28:13the skull, the bigger the brain. The
- 00:28:14shape of the skull, the shape of the
- 00:28:16brain.
- 00:28:18The American School of Race Scientists
- 00:28:20concluded that the races as measured
- 00:28:23through their skulls were so different
- 00:28:25as to be separate
- 00:28:28[Music]
- 00:28:30species. Tasmanians, Africans, American
- 00:28:33Indians were not the lower races of men.
- 00:28:36They were perhaps not fully human at
- 00:28:38all.
- 00:28:46One writer compared the extermination of
- 00:28:49these races by white settlers as being
- 00:28:52like the melting of snow before the
- 00:28:55advancing rays of the
- 00:28:59sun. But the theory that was to have the
- 00:29:02most powerful impact upon race came not
- 00:29:05from the anatomists or the skull
- 00:29:07measurers, but from the work of one of
- 00:29:09the 19th century's greatest minds.
- 00:29:14[Music]
- 00:29:18The origin species really threw a
- 00:29:19bombshell first of all into science. It
- 00:29:21really invented the science of biology
- 00:29:24and then into religion and into society.
- 00:29:27And what Darwin did in some ways was to
- 00:29:29give an alibi for being a judge. If
- 00:29:32evolution had changed the races and the
- 00:29:34species of the world, why hadn't he done
- 00:29:37the same to humans?
- 00:29:39Many believed that Darwin's laws had
- 00:29:42done just that. Natural selection, they
- 00:29:45claimed, neatly explained and justified
- 00:29:49the global expansion of the great
- 00:29:52British race.
- 00:29:55Life favors a hierarchy of
- 00:30:00specialists, and you find that
- 00:30:02throughout the plant and the animal
- 00:30:03world.
- 00:30:04[Music]
- 00:30:08There are bugs on top of bugs on top of
- 00:30:10bugs. Each one surviving at another's
- 00:30:12expense. Each one filling a niche that
- 00:30:15another can't
- 00:30:17[Music]
- 00:30:22occupy. People, Darwin said, are the
- 00:30:24same way. They are expansive organisms.
- 00:30:28In other words, Englishmen are just like
- 00:30:30other organisms. They are successful
- 00:30:33because they are good at
- 00:30:36expanding. Those who understood
- 00:30:38colonialism and human competition in
- 00:30:41terms of Darwin's theories became known
- 00:30:44as the social
- 00:30:45Darwinists. Men like the radical
- 00:30:47biologist Thomas Henry Huxley and the
- 00:30:51famous economist Herbert
- 00:30:53Spencer and social Darwinism foresaw
- 00:30:56very different fates for the various
- 00:30:58races of mankind.
- 00:31:01Evolution was in operation.
- 00:31:05It was advancing the most recently
- 00:31:09evolved, the most successfully evolved,
- 00:31:12that is the northern Europeans, the
- 00:31:15British. But evolution also suggested
- 00:31:19that there had to be losers in this
- 00:31:22great cosmic process. And the losers
- 00:31:25were those peoples who could not
- 00:31:29compete and once put into competition
- 00:31:32with superior races were doomed to
- 00:31:35disappear. And this was likely to happen
- 00:31:37to all the native peoples in North
- 00:31:39America, in the Pacific, and in Africa.
- 00:31:43Across the world, the crimes of
- 00:31:45imperialism now came to be taken as
- 00:31:47proof that the social Darwinists were
- 00:31:50right.
- 00:31:59In North America, centuries of disease
- 00:32:01and war had devastated the Native
- 00:32:04Americans. Whole nations had been all
- 00:32:06but
- 00:32:07annihilated. In parts of the Australian
- 00:32:10mainland, the peoples of the outback
- 00:32:12were, it seemed, going the same way as
- 00:32:14their cousins in Tasmania.
- 00:32:17And across Africa, the scramble for
- 00:32:19empire had brought the might of Europe
- 00:32:22to bear against innumerable peoples,
- 00:32:25killing literally
- 00:32:30[Music]
- 00:32:33millions. The social Darwinists
- 00:32:35predicted a future in which these races,
- 00:32:38like many animal species, would only be
- 00:32:41remembered as
- 00:32:42curiosed exhibits in anthropological
- 00:32:45museums. the white man's burden and the
- 00:32:48Christian dream of benign imperialism
- 00:32:50were rendered obsolete.
- 00:32:53old missionaries who still talked about
- 00:32:56the equality of humanity and talked
- 00:32:59about everyone descended from Adam and
- 00:33:01Eve and talked about that the truth the
- 00:33:05only truth came from the Bible were seen
- 00:33:08as being extraordinarily old-fashioned
- 00:33:10who simply had failed to come to terms
- 00:33:13with the great scientific thinking of
- 00:33:15the age
- 00:33:17and these racial theories were not only
- 00:33:20applied in new colonies but also in the
- 00:33:23oldest parts of the
- 00:33:27empire. In the traditional story of
- 00:33:30imperialism, British India has usually
- 00:33:32been represented as an example of benign
- 00:33:35imperial rule. The British Raj, we are
- 00:33:37told, was run by men who were competent,
- 00:33:40professional, and wise. Men who brought
- 00:33:43order and prosperity to a chaotic land.
- 00:33:46But there is an aspect of Indian history
- 00:33:48that has been written out of this
- 00:33:49account of the imperial past.
- 00:33:53[Music]
- 00:33:56In the mid 1870s, the great dam plane of
- 00:33:59India was affected by the climatic
- 00:34:01phenomenon we now know as El Nino. And
- 00:34:04within months, millions of peasants had
- 00:34:07begun to starve.
- 00:34:10The monsoons had failed. People had
- 00:34:12eaten their food reserves. India stood
- 00:34:14on the precipice of a great human
- 00:34:16tragedy. At this point, the viceroy of
- 00:34:19India, Lord Linton, was totally absorbed
- 00:34:22in in what was probably the largest
- 00:34:25party in world history. Uh, celebrating
- 00:34:28the coronation of Queen Victoria as
- 00:34:32Empress of India. This is one of the
- 00:34:35great catering feats in history since it
- 00:34:37meant whining and dining. uh more than
- 00:34:4060,000 sat traps and princes and
- 00:34:44retainers and friends of the British
- 00:34:46Empire uh in India over the course of a
- 00:34:50long
- 00:34:55week as Lord Littton and the ruling
- 00:34:58elite of the Raj feasted at banquetss
- 00:35:00and posed for official photographs.
- 00:35:03Millions were slowly dying in the
- 00:35:05countryside and the viceroy justified
- 00:35:07his inaction with arguments gleaned from
- 00:35:09the social
- 00:35:13Darwinists. This was a very very crass
- 00:35:16use of a Darwinian evolutionary notion
- 00:35:20of survival of the fittest whereby a
- 00:35:23famine could be actually seen as an
- 00:35:26instrument of of Darwinian winnowing.
- 00:35:29Yes. that people who were unfit uh would
- 00:35:32effectively perish as a result of this
- 00:35:34and to intervene to stop them perishing
- 00:35:37was really to interfere with with almost
- 00:35:39a rule of
- 00:35:43nature. What made the famines especially
- 00:35:46deadly was that the British had
- 00:35:48dismantled ancient systems that had for
- 00:35:50centuries prevented food shortages from
- 00:35:52turning into famines.
- 00:35:55If you'd had a poor monsoon and there
- 00:35:57was a food shortage, many people still
- 00:35:59had enough. They may have had less, but
- 00:36:01they would have had enough because they
- 00:36:03grew their own food or they would have
- 00:36:04had access to it from from other groups
- 00:36:07in the community who would share it with
- 00:36:09them during a time of
- 00:36:11crisis. All this had been wiped away
- 00:36:13when the British force the poorest
- 00:36:15peasants to grow cash crops like wheat
- 00:36:17and rice for export, thereby ushering
- 00:36:20them into a global market. And in the
- 00:36:231870s, that market condemned them to
- 00:36:27death. By
- 00:36:291877, millions in southern and central
- 00:36:31India were
- 00:36:33starving. In desperation, parents sold
- 00:36:36their children for scraps of food. Many
- 00:36:38thousands committed suicide. And in some
- 00:36:41places, the people were forced into
- 00:36:46cannibalism. And all the while, the food
- 00:36:48that could have saved them was piled up
- 00:36:50on the docks of Madras, ready to be
- 00:36:53shipped to Britain and
- 00:36:57America. But to Lord Littton, it was no
- 00:37:00more than an unfortunate byproduct of
- 00:37:02the iron laws of social Darwinism.
- 00:37:06If you read the letters of Lord Littton,
- 00:37:09what is so striking about them is not
- 00:37:11simply their fanatical devotion to uh to
- 00:37:14the market and then and and market
- 00:37:17forces. It's not simply their, you know,
- 00:37:21parsimony and desire to spend as little
- 00:37:23as possible, but the enormous calm with
- 00:37:28which they accept the fact that millions
- 00:37:30of Indians would die because these are
- 00:37:32Indians they believe are the useless
- 00:37:33part of the population. The poorest of
- 00:37:35the poor, people condemned to death by
- 00:37:37nature.
- 00:37:43When finally Litton was pressured into
- 00:37:45action, his solution proved just as
- 00:37:48deadly as the famine itself.
- 00:37:52Lord Littton sets up a system of outdoor
- 00:37:55relief that looks more like Nazi
- 00:37:57concentration camps than anything
- 00:37:59representing decent human charity. First
- 00:38:02of all, there's the obligatory test. You
- 00:38:04can't be relieved. That is given a job
- 00:38:06or food within 10 miles of your
- 00:38:08residence. You must walk and you must
- 00:38:10walk sometimes distances of hundreds of
- 00:38:12kilometers and tens of thousands of
- 00:38:15people die in the course of that. Then
- 00:38:16you're put to work doing heavy labor,
- 00:38:19very heavy labor, breaking stone,
- 00:38:21working on the railroads, and you're
- 00:38:23confined then to swallowed camps where
- 00:38:25your daily diet is in caloric terms less
- 00:38:28than that provide to inmates of
- 00:38:30Bukinwall and other Nazi concentration
- 00:38:32camps. They become literally and simply
- 00:38:35death camps. And perhaps worst of all,
- 00:38:37children were now too weak and small to
- 00:38:39do the necessary uh work. children
- 00:38:42became the the main victims of Britain's
- 00:38:45coolhearted
- 00:38:50[Music]
- 00:38:54policies. 8 million Indians died in the
- 00:38:57famines of the
- 00:38:591870s. But they were not the only
- 00:39:01famines of the British Raj. And they
- 00:39:03were not the last. Famines returned in
- 00:39:06the 1880s and the 1890s. And in all
- 00:39:10almost 30 million Indians starved to
- 00:39:12death under British rule. A story
- 00:39:15airbrushed out of the glorious accounts
- 00:39:17of the Raj and the men who ruled over
- 00:39:19it.
- 00:39:23[Music]
- 00:39:43Social Darwinism had justified genocidal
- 00:39:45policies in the colonies. And in the
- 00:39:48same years, it also fueled new fears
- 00:39:50amongst the British elite. Fears of
- 00:39:52other dangerous races living in their
- 00:39:54midst, the working classes of their own
- 00:39:57cities.
- 00:40:00[Applause]
- 00:40:02Race and class are actually very close
- 00:40:04to each other. If you look at books
- 00:40:06about race around Darwin's time, they
- 00:40:09often talk about the Cocknney race, the
- 00:40:11English country race, the the Scottish
- 00:40:15race. There were drawings of the head of
- 00:40:18a typical member of the Cocknney race
- 00:40:20and the word was used quite
- 00:40:23seriously. There were maps made of where
- 00:40:26the criminal races lived. These were the
- 00:40:29rrookeries. This was the east end, the
- 00:40:32uh the melting pot of all the horrors of
- 00:40:34going to go out infect the rest of part
- 00:40:35of the
- 00:40:39population. Race scientists and social
- 00:40:42reformers visited prisons to study the
- 00:40:44criminal races at firsthand. And among
- 00:40:47them was Charles Darwin's cousin,
- 00:40:49Francis Golton. Golton was terrified by
- 00:40:52the fact that the underclass were
- 00:40:54reproducing faster than the middle
- 00:40:56classes. Darwinian law had, it seemed,
- 00:40:59been turned on its head. The least fit
- 00:41:01were surviving. Reversing this situation
- 00:41:04became his mission. Darwin had looked
- 00:41:07backwards. Where have we come from?
- 00:41:09Golton turned the telescope around and
- 00:41:12looked forward. Where were we going? And
- 00:41:14he devoted much of the rest of his life
- 00:41:16to the idea of understanding homo
- 00:41:18sapiens, us as a species, and trying to
- 00:41:21direct where homo sapiens was going to
- 00:41:23go in order to become more sapient, more
- 00:41:26wise in the future, more of a genius and
- 00:41:28less of what he saw, more stupid, more
- 00:41:31ignorant, and more decayed.
- 00:41:37Golton designed a new science of human
- 00:41:39selective breeding. He dreamed of
- 00:41:41encouraging the middle classes to have
- 00:41:43more children and inhibiting breeding
- 00:41:45amongst the lower and criminal classes.
- 00:41:48And he named his new science
- 00:41:51eugenics. In the last decades of the
- 00:41:5319th century, it became widely
- 00:41:56respected, attracting an array of
- 00:41:58highprofile supporters.
- 00:42:01They included many of the great figures
- 00:42:03of the late 19th, early 20th century.
- 00:42:04People like George Bernard Choy, HG
- 00:42:06Wells, uh Winston Churchill. All of them
- 00:42:09absolutely convinced
- 00:42:12[Music]
- 00:42:18eugenicists. In the first years of the
- 00:42:2020th century, all the racial theories
- 00:42:23developed in the Victorian age.
- 00:42:25Eugenics, social Darwinism, and
- 00:42:27scientific racism came together in a
- 00:42:30forgotten outpost of
- 00:42:33colonialism. This is Namibia. But at the
- 00:42:37dawn of the 20th century, it was the
- 00:42:39German colony of Southwest Africa and
- 00:42:42home to an ancient people called the
- 00:42:45Herrera. In 1904, they rebelled against
- 00:42:48the brutality of German rule. What
- 00:42:51followed was to prefigure the worst
- 00:42:53crimes of the 20th century.
- 00:42:58The Germans committed innumerable
- 00:43:00massacres and atrocities, but they were
- 00:43:02unable to hunt down and destroy all the
- 00:43:04Herrera people across such a vast
- 00:43:07landscape. And when the Nama, another of
- 00:43:10the Namibian peoples, rose up, the
- 00:43:12Germans turned instead to a recent
- 00:43:14invention, the concentration camp.
- 00:43:22In these camps, the Herrerero and Nama
- 00:43:24were imprisoned and
- 00:43:26enslaved. Thousands were worked to
- 00:43:29death, others raped, beaten or simply
- 00:43:32murdered by the guards.
- 00:43:44The most infamous and deadly of the
- 00:43:47camps was at a place called Shark
- 00:43:53Island. Shark Island was established for
- 00:43:56the express purpose of killing
- 00:43:59people. Anybody placed on that island,
- 00:44:02everybody knew they were going to
- 00:44:04die.
- 00:44:06People knew that. The German officers
- 00:44:09knew that. If I were to have to use the
- 00:44:12language of the Nazi period, then I
- 00:44:15would certainly see Shark Island as a
- 00:44:18death camp.
- 00:44:21The people
- 00:44:23were bang together in Shak Island from
- 00:44:26all over Namibia. Heros,
- 00:44:29Tamaras, Bushman, Nama. And they had
- 00:44:33cool blooded murder
- 00:44:36there. My own family, my
- 00:44:39ancestors that they were also killed
- 00:44:43there. In this desolate place on the
- 00:44:46southern edge of Africa, 3 and a half
- 00:44:49thousand people were exterminated with
- 00:44:51the speed and efficiency that was to
- 00:44:53become the hallmark of 20th century
- 00:44:55slaughter.
- 00:44:57The genocides which took place in
- 00:44:59Namibia in 1904 to 199. They are the
- 00:45:02precursor to what happens in the Nazi
- 00:45:05period, they are the precursor. They
- 00:45:07have the
- 00:45:09same symptoms in the sense that you can
- 00:45:12see the bureaucratization of mass
- 00:45:14killing and this
- 00:46:06The site of Shark Island lie some of the
- 00:46:09victims of the 20th century's first
- 00:46:11genocide.
- 00:46:28Other victims were denied even the
- 00:46:30meager dignity of a mass
- 00:46:33grave. They became the raw material of
- 00:46:36racial
- 00:46:39science.
- 00:46:42Their skulls and even severed heads were
- 00:46:47sold to museums in Europe and used to
- 00:46:49prove the inferiority of
- 00:46:52[Music]
- 00:46:56Africans. The trade in skulls was so
- 00:46:58accepted that it was even depicted on a
- 00:47:01postcard.
- 00:47:11In the aftermath of the genocide, German
- 00:47:14racial scientists continued to use
- 00:47:16Namibia as a field laboratory and the
- 00:47:18African peoples who had survived as
- 00:47:21their subjects.
- 00:47:25In 1908, a eugenicist called Oen Fischer
- 00:47:29traveled to the small town of Riaboth,
- 00:47:31home to a people of mixed bore and
- 00:47:33African heritage, who called themselves
- 00:47:35the Riaboth
- 00:47:38basters. Fischer and his assistants
- 00:47:41spent months photographing, measuring,
- 00:47:44and examining the inhabitants of this
- 00:47:47town, people whose descendants still
- 00:47:49live here.
- 00:47:54The person at the bottom there is my
- 00:47:59grandfather, Malcolm
- 00:48:01McNab, and above him is his brother,
- 00:48:05Charles
- 00:48:07McNab. My grandfather used to talk a lot
- 00:48:10about what they
- 00:48:13did, measurements, the eyes, the nose,
- 00:48:16the lips, the ears, hair, etc.
- 00:48:21They was not
- 00:48:23aware of the nature of the
- 00:48:27[Music]
- 00:48:30experiment. Lying in the vaults of an
- 00:48:33archive in modernday Namibia, Oen
- 00:48:36Fisher's original files and photographs
- 00:48:38remain as he left them a century ago.
- 00:48:41They reveal his methods and also his
- 00:48:44aims. Here, Ogan Fischer has lined the
- 00:48:47different pictures up next to each other
- 00:48:49to try to trace very specific facial
- 00:48:52features like the eyes or the noses. And
- 00:48:54the reason he's done this is to try to
- 00:48:56show how very specific African facial
- 00:48:59features like high cheekbones and the
- 00:49:00the drawn out eyes that represent the
- 00:49:03African genes are very prominent and
- 00:49:06become more prominent through the
- 00:49:08degenerations.
- 00:49:10Oegan Fischer came to Namibia to prove
- 00:49:13one basic point and that was that racial
- 00:49:15mixing was always bad and that the
- 00:49:18African gene is dominant over the white
- 00:49:23[Music]
- 00:49:27gene. Fischer's work in Riaboth sealed
- 00:49:30his reputation as one of Germany's
- 00:49:32leading racial scientists.
- 00:49:35It also brought in recognition from a
- 00:49:37nation that was then experiencing the
- 00:49:39greatest influx of immigration the world
- 00:49:42had ever
- 00:49:43seen. In the first years of the 20th
- 00:49:46century, the ethnic makeup of America
- 00:49:49was being transformed as millions of
- 00:49:51immigrants poured into her great
- 00:49:54cities. Many of those who feared that
- 00:49:56mass immigration would lead to
- 00:49:58widespread racial mixing looked to the
- 00:50:00ideas of eugenics, an increasingly
- 00:50:02powerful science.
- 00:50:05Eugenics flourished, mutated and went
- 00:50:07out of control when it got to the United
- 00:50:09States. And the irony is that the
- 00:50:13eugenics movement in the United States,
- 00:50:15which which uh certainly descended
- 00:50:19directly from Golton,
- 00:50:21um had the great advantage of having a
- 00:50:24lot of money, huge amount of money.
- 00:50:27[Music]
- 00:50:30Some of that money was used to establish
- 00:50:32the eugenics records office ran by the
- 00:50:35infamous Charles
- 00:50:37Davenport. In order to defend the health
- 00:50:39and purity of the white race, Davenport
- 00:50:42and his followers sought to identify
- 00:50:44those classes and those races in America
- 00:50:47whom they considered genetically
- 00:50:50unfit. Identified and monitored, the
- 00:50:53scientists would then take control of
- 00:50:54their lives and their fertility.
- 00:51:00Once you were identified as a certain
- 00:51:02class, it meant what school you could go
- 00:51:05to, what cemetery you could be buried
- 00:51:07in, where you could live. It was a
- 00:51:09matter of life and
- 00:51:11death. Marriage laws were established in
- 00:51:13dozens of states around the United
- 00:51:15States, saying that people could not
- 00:51:16marry outside of their group. Blacks
- 00:51:18could not marry whites. Um, Indians
- 00:51:20could not marry blacks. In Virginia, if
- 00:51:23you married the wrong person, meaning
- 00:51:25interracial marriage, they would unmar
- 00:51:27you. They would invalidate your
- 00:51:31marriage. 27 states passed eugenics
- 00:51:34marriage laws. An eugenicist spread
- 00:51:37their message using the new medium of
- 00:51:46[Music]
- 00:51:52cinema. The propaganda was intended to
- 00:51:55protect the genetic health of the white
- 00:51:57race.
- 00:52:01[Music]
- 00:52:05This would be achieved by eradicating
- 00:52:08those deemed unworthy through forced
- 00:52:10mass sterilization.
- 00:52:13[Music]
- 00:52:16They went about methodically tracking
- 00:52:18ancestry and target and targeting
- 00:52:21bloodlines for extinction. That's
- 00:52:24eugenics. the effort to create a white
- 00:52:28master blonde, blue-eyed, master race by
- 00:52:33wiping out other bloodlines until they
- 00:52:36were left only with
- 00:52:39themselves and people who resembled
- 00:52:42[Music]
- 00:52:45themselves. And what's important here is
- 00:52:48that these people thought they were
- 00:52:50saving humanity. These people thought
- 00:52:52they were liberals. They were reformers.
- 00:52:55[Music]
- 00:52:58Eugenics was a worldwide movement. In
- 00:53:01Sweden, an official program forcibly
- 00:53:04sterilized 60,000 people, mental
- 00:53:06patients, and members of the ethnic
- 00:53:08minorities. In Britain, the Eugenic
- 00:53:11Society received widespread support from
- 00:53:13across the political spectrum.
- 00:53:18[Music]
- 00:53:25But it was in Germany that the radical
- 00:53:28ideas of the American eugenics movement
- 00:53:30found its most receptive audience.
- 00:53:36Anything connected to America would seem
- 00:53:38to be modern, progressive, scientific,
- 00:53:41democratic, reasonable. So it must be
- 00:53:43good. America was the future, the force
- 00:53:45of the future. Secondly, I think that
- 00:53:48many European eugenicists, including the
- 00:53:50Germans, like the tone adopted by
- 00:53:52American eugenicists, which was very
- 00:53:54radical and sort of nononsense and they
- 00:53:57didn't use euphemisms. They said exactly
- 00:53:59what they meant. The Americans provided
- 00:54:02more than just
- 00:54:04inspiration. American foundations also
- 00:54:06bankrolled the development of German
- 00:54:09eugenics. This was the Kaiser Vilhelm
- 00:54:12Institute of Anthropology and Human
- 00:54:14Heredity. In the 1930s, the men and
- 00:54:17women who worked here received grants
- 00:54:19from the American Rockefeller
- 00:54:22Foundation. And the leading scientist
- 00:54:24here was the man who made his name in
- 00:54:27Namibia, Oegan
- 00:54:30Fiser. Under the Nazis, Fischer was
- 00:54:33empowered to sterilize the racially
- 00:54:35mixed people of Germany's rhinand, 400
- 00:54:38of them, all children.
- 00:54:41The majority of those sterilized by the
- 00:54:43Nazis before 1939, however, were the
- 00:54:45mentally
- 00:54:47ill. But when the Nazis began their war,
- 00:54:50they abandoned sterilization in favor of
- 00:54:53adult euthanasia, the Nazi euphemism for
- 00:54:58murder. The victims of this program were
- 00:55:01amongst the first people gassed by the
- 00:55:03Nazis. But the program wasn't restricted
- 00:55:05to the mentally
- 00:55:07ill. when um they have killed the target
- 00:55:12figure of mental patients they want to
- 00:55:14kill which is roughly 70,000 people they
- 00:55:16slightly exceeded it so the first thing
- 00:55:18they do then is to contact the SS who
- 00:55:21have large numbers of what they deem to
- 00:55:23be sick um concentration camp prisoners
- 00:55:26in other words people who might have got
- 00:55:28wear glasses or you know be myopic or
- 00:55:31have a wooden leg or something so they
- 00:55:33want them out of the way so these people
- 00:55:35oblige and they take 15 or 20,000 people
- 00:55:38from the concentration camps and kill
- 00:55:40them on behalf of the SS, it's a bit
- 00:55:42like sort of contract work. And then
- 00:55:45when the um uh SS and other people have
- 00:55:48decided they're going to go for the big
- 00:55:50project, which is to kill the Jewish
- 00:55:52population of Europe, and in particular
- 00:55:54that of Poland, which is the biggest
- 00:55:56population they're concerned with. Then
- 00:55:58those people push themselves forward and
- 00:56:00say, "Well, hey, we can do this. We've
- 00:56:02done it. We have a record of doing this.
- 00:56:04We murder people." and they become the
- 00:56:07core personnel in all the big
- 00:56:09extermination camps.
- 00:56:12These killing centers were the second
- 00:56:14network of concentration camps and death
- 00:56:17camps in German
- 00:56:19history. And the experts in eugenics or
- 00:56:22race hygiene as the Germans called it
- 00:56:25were involved not just in their
- 00:56:26day-to-day running but also in the
- 00:56:28highest levels of planning.
- 00:56:31It's worth reminding ourselves that the
- 00:56:33Bonsai Conference, which is the one that
- 00:56:36set up the plan for the final solution,
- 00:56:38almost half the people around that
- 00:56:40table, had doctorates, PhDs in race
- 00:56:43hygiene or genetics as we'd say today.
- 00:56:46So there really is a genuine link
- 00:56:49between the Goltonian agenda and the
- 00:56:52horrors which happen in Germany.
- 00:56:57The German experts in race hygiene who
- 00:57:00assembled here at the Vansy Villa
- 00:57:02outside Berlin dreamed of racial
- 00:57:04genocide just like their spiritual
- 00:57:06predecessors, the race scientists and
- 00:57:08the social Darwinists of the Age of
- 00:57:13Empire. But the colonial genocides
- 00:57:15inspired and justified by the 19th
- 00:57:18century theorists have been written out
- 00:57:20of Europe's history.
- 00:57:23The horrors of the Shark Island death
- 00:57:26camp, the destruction of the Tasmanian
- 00:57:33Aboriginals, the 30 million victims of
- 00:57:36the Indian
- 00:57:38famines, all have been
- 00:57:43forgotten. The erasure of this memory
- 00:57:46encourages the belief that Nazi violence
- 00:57:49was an aberration in European history.
- 00:57:52Though the Holocaust itself was
- 00:57:54motivated by the fanatical anti-semitism
- 00:57:56of the Nazis, it can also be seen as
- 00:58:00part of a longer historical
- 00:58:02continuum, one that identifies it as a
- 00:58:05logical extension of scientific
- 00:58:08racism. But this history, like the bones
- 00:58:12in the Namibian deserts, refuses to
- 00:58:15remain buried forever.
- 00:58:19[Music]
- 00:58:32[Music]
- 00:58:39[Music]
- 00:58:45[Music]
- imperialismo
- racismo
- genocídio
- Namíbia
- Tasmânia
- eugenia
- Holocausto
- história
- colonialismo
- fome