4 La fe en los numeros SUBTITULADO

00:48:43
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1v9WoIB_XQE

摘要

TLDREl vídeo expone la importancia de las comunicaciones modernas y cómo el mundo moderno depende de ellas para funcionar eficazmente. Esta dependencia se compara con la caída del Imperio Romano, donde los altos impuestos y la corrupción condujeron al colapso, pero fue el sistema de comunicación de la Iglesia el que mantuvo unidad y orden. A lo largo del vídeo también se explora cómo la tecnología ha transformado el mundo desde la Edad Media, pasando por la Revolución Industrial hasta la innovación moderna con el papel y la imprenta, que permitieron una rápida difusión del conocimiento. Se destacan las tarjetas perforadas de Hollerith durante el censo estadounidense como un paso crucial hacia el desarrollo de las computadoras, enfatizando cómo estas invenciones pasadas formaron la infraestructura tecnológica de hoy. En resumen, el vídeo hace una reflexión sobre los avances tecnológicos a través del tiempo y su impacto duradero en la forma en que las sociedades se organizan y comunican.

心得

  • 📡 La comunicación moderna es crucial para la organización global.
  • 🛰️ Los satélites ofrecen datos precisos de ubicación.
  • 💧 La tecnología hidráulica medieval permitió un incremento en la producción.
  • 🕰️ La iglesia mantuvo la estructura social durante la Edad Media.
  • 📚 La imprenta revolucionó la difusión del conocimiento.
  • 💰 El uso del papel fue un factor clave para la imprenta.
  • ⚙️ Infinidad de inventos medievales impulsaron el desarrollo técnico.
  • 📈 Los mercados medievales europeos eran grandes centros de comercio.
  • 🚢 Inmigración masiva impulsó nuevas soluciones administrativas.
  • 💻 Tarjetas perforadas de Hollerith allanaron el camino para las computadoras.

时间轴

  • 00:00:00 - 00:05:00

    La comunicación a larga distancia es vital para el mundo moderno, demostrada a través de un sistema de recepción que usa satélites para determinar ubicaciones precisas en la tierra. La habilidad de telecomunicaciones permite una organización eficiente, similar a cómo la Iglesia mantuvo comunicaciones en la Edad Media después de la caída del Imperio Romano.

  • 00:05:00 - 00:10:00

    En la Edad Media, con la Iglesia como única red comunicacional activa, se desarrollaron innovaciones tecnológicas como la rueda hidráulica, que potenciaron un giro industrial medieval gracias al trabajo organizado de los monjes benedictinos, quienes establecieron prácticas de gestión y autosuficiencia en los monasterios.

  • 00:10:00 - 00:15:00

    El poder del agua y la eficiencia tecnológica medieval crearon un sistema que facilitó un auge económico. La llegada de nuevos inventos chinos a Europa, como el telar y la rueca, aceleró la producción textil, provocando un boom en el comercio de lana y enriqueciendo ciudades europeas clave.

  • 00:15:00 - 00:20:00

    El creciente comercio en los siglos XII y XIII se vio impulsado por ferias internacionales y contratos de inversión que permitían compartir riesgos. Sin embargo, el cambio climático y la peste negra en el siglo XIV devastaron las economías y redujeron drásticamente la población, impactando la actividad económica.

  • 00:20:00 - 00:25:00

    La peste negra dejó una Europa traumada pero con recursos para gastar, impulsando el consumo y la moda, lo que a su vez generó un excedente de lino usado en papel. La asequibilidad del papel facilitó el surgimiento de la industria de la impresión, revolucionando la difusión del conocimiento.

  • 00:25:00 - 00:30:00

    La invención de la impresión por tipos móviles por Gutenberg en el siglo XV democratizó el acceso al conocimiento, cambió la producción de libros y asentó las bases de un cambio cultural masivo. El efecto fue un avance en la especialización del conocimiento en la sociedad.

  • 00:30:00 - 00:35:00

    Venecia se convirtió en un centro del saber gracias a la imprenta de Aldus Manutius, que promovía clásicos griegos. La disponibilidad de libros impulsó un interés renovado por la ciencia y la tecnología antigua, influyendo en las artes y las ciencias europeas durante el Renacimiento.

  • 00:35:00 - 00:40:00

    El desarrollo de mecanismos automáticos y el interés por los juguetes mecánicos en el Renacimiento llevó a la innovación en diversos campos, alimentado por el conocimiento de textos antiguos. Estos avances mecánicos se aplicaron creativamente en la Europa señorial.

  • 00:40:00 - 00:48:43

    La llegada de millones de inmigrantes a Estados Unidos a finales del siglo XIX impulsó una revolución en el procesamiento de datos. La tecnología de tarjetas perforadas de Herman Hollerith, inspirada en las tarjetas de Jaquard, se usó para gestionar el censo de EE.UU. y sentó las bases para las modernas computadoras.

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思维导图

Mind Map

常见问题

  • ¿Cuál es la idea principal del vídeo?

    Destaca la importancia de la comunicación satelital moderna y compara con la comunicación en tiempos antiguos para demostrar cómo las tecnologías cambian sociedades.

  • ¿Cómo se relaciona la comunicación con la organización en sociedades?

    El vídeo señala que, históricamente, las redes de comunicación han sido cruciales para mantener la cohesión social y organizacional.

  • ¿Qué información transmite el satélite descrito en el video?

    El satélite transmite su ubicación y una señal de frecuencia precisa que se compara con la teoría del efecto Doppler para determinar la posición en la Tierra.

  • ¿Cómo se compara la disolución del Imperio Romano con el presente?

    Comparando la caída del Imperio Romano con situaciones actuales, el vídeo sugiere que la comunicación juega un papel crítico en mantener la estabilidad organizativa.

  • ¿Qué ejemplos de tecnología medieval se mencionan en el vídeo?

    Describiendo cómo las tecnologías hidroeléctricas y las ruedas hidráulicas transformaron la Europa medieval.

  • ¿Qué efecto tuvo el papel económico en el desarrollo de la imprenta?

    El papel barato facilitó la impresión masiva, abaratando también el costo de la transmisión de información.

  • ¿Cómo influyeron las modas chinas en la Europa del siglo XVIII?

    El impresionismo se centra en detalles complejos y se originó en Lyon, ayudado por innovaciones en mecanismos automáticos.

  • ¿Cómo conecta el video la imprenta y el desarrollo de los ordenadores?

    La comparación enfatiza el uso compartido de conocimiento especializado, al igual que hace la industria de libros y la informática para esparcir conocimiento.

  • ¿Cómo impactaron los inmigrantes en los sistemas administrativos en EE.UU.?

    La llegada masiva de inmigrantes forzó innovaciones administrativas como las tarjetas perforadas para censos.

  • ¿Qué reflexión final proponen en el video sobre la tecnología moderna?

    Cree que destacados como EG Marshall podrían ofrecer reflexiones cerrando con preguntas sobre el futuro de la tecnología.

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    sh
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    without longdistance communication the
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    modern world would not function as it
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    does that's obvious take this equipment
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    for instance it's a receiving system in
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    contact with a navigational satellite
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    600 miles up circling the earth north
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    south so that as the Earth turns beneath
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    it the satellite covers the entire Globe
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    now as it comes over it broadcasts two
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    things it says where it is and it sends
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    out a continuous note at a very precise
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    frequency now if you compare that note
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    to the sound say of the whistle of a
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    train as the train comes towards you and
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    goes away the note Rises and then Falls
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    like
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    this now the the way the note Rises or
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    Falls depends on where you hear it from
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    if you knew exactly where the train was
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    then what you were listening to would
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    tell you where you were because you'd
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    only hear it that way in that place and
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    that's what this equipment
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    does there's the receiver locking into
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    the signal from the
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    satellite now the computer is working
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    out the one location on Earth where a
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    satellite at that particular point in
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    space would give it the noise it's
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    hearing
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    okay here's where we are North 43° 42
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    minutes 12.1
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    seconds East 4° 43 minutes 18.8
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    seconds right you check those numbers
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    out on a map and this is where it says
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    we are south of France near the town of
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    AR at a position accurate to within 30
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    ft precisely there where it says there
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    is an ancient
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    aqueduct
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    there it
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    is telecommunications can pinpoint
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    somebody like that did or because he
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    picks up a telephone or because he's on
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    a computer data Bank we organize
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    ourselves better because of that the
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    question is how well organized will we
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    become too
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    well to a certain extent the modern
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    world would fall apart without that Oran
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    organizational ability the new community
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    of Nations that has grown up from the
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    bits and pieces of the old European
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    Empires the the French the English the
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    Dutch the Spanish the Portuguese is held
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    together because we can
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    organize but what will that
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    organizational Network that
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    Communications Network do to us
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    next well the answer to that question
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    may lie in the past because this kind of
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    Situation's happened before the last
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    time a world empire fell apart was about
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    1500 years ago then the empire was
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    Roman now this is the accepted view of
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    the fall of Rome you know rape and
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    Village destruction the way Hollywood
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    does it but what really let the
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    barbarians walk all over the Romans was
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    something it won't take you a second to
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    sympathize with the taxes were too high
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    to pay for the army that was losing all
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    the battles and a bunch of freeloaders
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    in government and of course to pay for
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    thousands of civil servants so for the
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    Western Romans better the Barbarian you
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    didn't know than the tax collector you
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    did so the place fell apart the Imperial
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    provinces cracked up into small
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    Barbarian kingdoms and all that Big Time
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    stuff you have to have with Imperial
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    government you know super highways
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    theaters aqueducts were no longer worth
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    the upkeep that's why we're here outside
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    all this Aqueduct fed the biggest
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    industrial complex in Europe with water
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    to run the wheels of the great grain
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    mills at barbal 28 tons of flour a day a
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    technological Marvel perhaps to be lost
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    forever in the
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    chaos all through this period the
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    so-called Dark Ages the one organization
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    that still functioned internationally
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    still traveled the Roman roads where
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    nobody else would handling the king's
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    local and Foreign Affairs because its
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    members could still read and write was
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    the church it had a fully operational
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    network of communications from Bishop to
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    Bishop throughout Europe and that's what
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    held things together the church then was
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    like our telecommunications now and so
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    the knowledge that the monks had
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    accumulated gradually spread knowledge
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    like how baragil had worked with the
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    Great Water Wheel and the gearing system
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    that made it so efficient and in the end
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    by the Middle Ages look what they did
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    with that
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    wheel here's the wheel being operated by
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    water and here's the gearing system
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    turning the horizontal movement vertical
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    then horizontal again and then vertic
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    again in order to operate the millstones
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    here's another system operating a trip
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    hammer for bashing things like mineral
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    ore or cloth or leather soften it up
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    here's a system that operates a similar
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    trip Hammer device but it's to work a
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    suction pump for a water supply same
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    system again operating two levers
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    pressing on Bellows for a blast furnace
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    and finally over here a crank that turns
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    a circular movement into back and
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    forward movement for a
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    sawmill beautiful system so put put
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    yourself in their position the wars are
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    all over there's loads of productive
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    land everywhere you've got water coming
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    out of your ears and an amazing machine
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    to use to harness the power what would
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    you do yes you'd have yourself a
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    medieval Industrial
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    [Music]
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    Revolution the great thing about these
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    wheels was that they were easy to make
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    and they'd work almost anywhere you
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    lived up a mountain Hollow a few trees
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    out and you had yourself a wooden
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    [Music]
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    Aqueduct horizontal Wheels didn't need
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    gears because they spun millstones
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    directly above you could turn a vertical
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    wheel with water falling from above or
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    flowing past Below in a river and with
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    gears you could slow down the effect of
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    a fast stream or speed up a slow
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    one water power made you a lot of bread
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    in both
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    senses but the star of the show was this
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    the
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    cam with a cam you can trip hammers to
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    pound things with harder and faster than
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    any human
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    being and build yourself Mills to work
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    Timber oil grain leather cloth iron beer
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    wire sugar coin you name
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    [Music]
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    it
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    [Music]
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    it took a lot of energetic monks to get
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    it all together now they were energetic
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    because in 1098 a bunch of benedictines
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    fed up with the luxury and the ritual
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    lit out for the wild country and the
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    simple life ANS and Benedict's original
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    idea that hard work was good for the
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    soul but it was the way these cians
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    organized themselves that turned them
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    into a medieval multinational and gave
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    Europe systems
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    management see each monry had to be
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    self-sufficient in food so they cut back
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    on the praying and added 6 hours labor a
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    day they went into rearing animals
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    clearing and draining land they went out
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    looking for new plants they could grow
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    and they wrote each other reports of the
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    latest developments like this one
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    growing vines on bad land Hillside
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    Terraces they used all the technology
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    available wine presses water Mills iron
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    foundaries a San Abbey was like a
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    corporation with the special advantage
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    that at the end of a hard day business
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    they served the house wine in the
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    company
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    [Music]
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    canteen mind you the food wasn't that
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    hot no meat they sold all that just
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    vegetables nettle soup a few Roots bread
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    and silence while you listen to
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    instructive selections from the
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    corporation handbook on getting
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    spiritual and managerial strategy right
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    otherwise known as the rule of St
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    Benedict well with this kind of
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    organization how could you fail within a
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    century the were nearly 600 cian
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    [Music]
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    monasteries these monks did everything
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    with fanatical discipline nothing got in
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    the way no fancy architecture or ritual
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    or color to distract from the corporate
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    image of efficiency and as their lands
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    and their management techniques
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    developed the news spread to the world
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    outside
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    [Music]
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    maybe their single biggest success was
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    their sheep rearing techniques cuz by
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    the 13th century they were producing the
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    best wool in
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    Europe
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    so there were the Europeans of the 12th
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    century with all that amazing water
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    power technology and and the red hot
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    industrial management systems worked out
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    by the
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    cians almost waiting for something to
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    happen
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    something that would generate enough
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    money to trigger the economy off into
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    high
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    gear and when that something happened it
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    was one of those examples of the way
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    change can come about quite
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    unexpectedly because the two inventions
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    that were to trigger the Great Leap
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    Forward could never have been foreseen
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    here in Europe because they came from
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    China the Arabs brought them to us and
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    what a gift they
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    were the first one of those Chinese
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    gifts was a new loom and it immediately
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    caused a problem it speeded up weaving
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    because the thread lifting business was
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    now done by foot pedals not by the
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    Weaver's hands anymore the new loom
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    produced cloth so fast they ran into the
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    problem of not enough yarn see up to
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    then you spun yarn in a way that hadn't
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    changed for centuries you teased the
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    fibers out of the mass and hand Twisted
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    them onto a spindle took hours then in
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    the 13th century the second Chinese idea
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    arrived and solved the problem because
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    it produced yarn fast enough to keep up
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    with a new loom it was the spinning
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    wheel early on they didn't have much
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    more than the wheel and the spindle foot
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    pedals came later but these two simple
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    bits of Machinery fitted together like
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    bits of a jigsaw and when they did the
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    places they were used got very very very
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    rich places like
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    [Music]
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    Brugge
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    Brugge was one of the richest of the
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    medieval cities built by the Woolen
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    trade and if you know anybody called
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    Draper boy were his ancestors well off
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    the cloth Merchants made so much loot
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    they didn't know what to do with it they
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    built roads canals guil Halls Cathedrals
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    they even had their own laws and in
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    spite of all that they still had enough
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    money left for high technology
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    [Music]
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    music not just this kind of toy the kind
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    you can still hear in the cathedral
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    Towers all over Belgium where the Kon
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    still
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    plays recognize the mechanism it's the
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    cam again tripping levers that pulled
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    wires that eventually pulled The Clapper
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    on one or other of a number of
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    differently tuned
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    Bells you set the cams in like pegs to
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    trip certain levers and ring certain
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    Bells now the the reason all the good
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    burgers had all these extra goodies was
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    because they'd found a new market for
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    their
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    [Music]
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    wool see all over Europe people now had
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    Surplus and surplus always looks for a
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    ready
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    Market South from Scandinavia and
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    England and Flanders came fur and wool
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    and
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    cloth North through the Mediterranean
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    through Genoa and Venice came silk and
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    spices from the far east east from
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    France and Spain came salt wine and
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    civan leather and from Russia fur I
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    suppose everybody's Crossroads lay in
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    the county of champagne at four little
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    towns where they set up the first
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    International markets called the
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    champagne
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    [Music]
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    fairs the biggest fair was held at tuah
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    in those days half the size of London
  • 00:14:23
    and Merchants turned up because they got
  • 00:14:24
    a special safe conduct from the King and
  • 00:14:27
    armed guards along the road of course
  • 00:14:29
    the town made a bit out of it too you
  • 00:14:31
    had to pay a license to set up your
  • 00:14:33
    stall and there was a sales tax isn't
  • 00:14:35
    there always and you had to pay to come
  • 00:14:37
    in and out of town not that any of this
  • 00:14:39
    bothered the merchants they just upped
  • 00:14:41
    the price funny how some things don't
  • 00:14:44
    change anyway this International
  • 00:14:47
    moneymaking went like a house on fire
  • 00:14:49
    especially among those able to turn up
  • 00:14:52
    with the very very rare stuff like like
  • 00:14:55
    Silk where you really made a
  • 00:14:58
    packet
  • 00:15:06
    most of the really fancy stuff was
  • 00:15:08
    brought by the Italians who practically
  • 00:15:09
    ran the place by
  • 00:15:12
    1275 there were no less than 15 Italian
  • 00:15:14
    cities who had consulates here in
  • 00:15:21
    tuah the reason the Italians mattered so
  • 00:15:24
    much was because when everybody got back
  • 00:15:27
    from a crusade in the Middle East
  • 00:15:29
    to their rather dull northern European
  • 00:15:31
    town all they could talk about were the
  • 00:15:34
    amazing luxuries of the mysterious
  • 00:15:36
    Orient silk cinnamon pepper elephant
  • 00:15:41
    tusks things which the Italians were
  • 00:15:43
    very well placed to provide at the fairs
  • 00:15:45
    the venetians the genoise and the
  • 00:15:48
    peasons all had trading colonies all
  • 00:15:50
    around the Eastern Mediterranean where
  • 00:15:52
    they could pick up stuff from as far
  • 00:15:53
    away as
  • 00:15:54
    China well there was so much money to be
  • 00:15:56
    made here and given the fact that the
  • 00:15:59
    genoes have always had a reputation for
  • 00:16:01
    being where the prophets are it's not
  • 00:16:03
    surprising that it was probably they who
  • 00:16:05
    came up with a way to keep the financial
  • 00:16:07
    ball rolling so to speak with this thing
  • 00:16:11
    it's an investment contract called a
  • 00:16:12
    commander now this is a copy but this
  • 00:16:15
    particular one was written on the 14th
  • 00:16:17
    of November
  • 00:16:19
    1244 and it's a contract between a
  • 00:16:21
    traveling Merchant called John of the
  • 00:16:23
    Parish of San jius and a draper called
  • 00:16:26
    Otto there's Otto who is in investing 81
  • 00:16:31
    genoise pounds as a share in a load of
  • 00:16:34
    purple cloth and gold silk that John the
  • 00:16:36
    merchant is bringing up here to the
  • 00:16:37
    champagne fairs the agreement goes on to
  • 00:16:40
    say that John can use his discretion as
  • 00:16:41
    to where and when he trades on condition
  • 00:16:44
    that when he gets back to Genoa Otto
  • 00:16:46
    gets detailed accounts and his share of
  • 00:16:47
    the
  • 00:16:49
    profits this Tatty bit of paper which
  • 00:16:52
    looks like an everyday thing you write
  • 00:16:53
    in the back of an envelope practically
  • 00:16:55
    represent a really fundamental
  • 00:16:58
    innovation
  • 00:16:59
    because it brought everybody rich and
  • 00:17:01
    poor who had any spare cash in on the
  • 00:17:03
    ACT and that spread the risk and that
  • 00:17:06
    encouraged more Merchants to go to more
  • 00:17:08
    places so the champagne fairs and others
  • 00:17:11
    places like this really
  • 00:17:13
    [Music]
  • 00:17:22
    boomed it looked as if good times were
  • 00:17:24
    here to
  • 00:17:27
    stay
  • 00:17:30
    and then at the beginning of the 14th
  • 00:17:31
    century came a change in the weather
  • 00:17:34
    freezing Winters and rainy
  • 00:17:36
    Summers Bad harvests followed and then
  • 00:17:40
    famine with little or no Surplus crops
  • 00:17:43
    to sell money became tight and the fairs
  • 00:17:46
    began to fail all over Europe people
  • 00:17:48
    tightened their belts and in this
  • 00:17:50
    weakened condition they were virtually
  • 00:17:52
    defenseless against attack and when it
  • 00:17:55
    came in
  • 00:17:57
    1347 the effect was devastating all the
  • 00:18:00
    more so because they had no defense
  • 00:18:02
    against the enemy it was a
  • 00:18:05
    [Music]
  • 00:18:11
    flea the flea carried the black death
  • 00:18:14
    and from when it arrived in Europe in
  • 00:18:16
    1347 on board ship from the Crimea to
  • 00:18:19
    when it receded only 4 years later it
  • 00:18:21
    killed maybe 40 million people 200,000
  • 00:18:25
    Villages were totally wiped out at the
  • 00:18:27
    height of the plague there were enough
  • 00:18:29
    living to bury the dead the flea sucked
  • 00:18:32
    the disease in rat's blood and when the
  • 00:18:33
    rat died it jumped onto people and bit
  • 00:18:35
    them the effect was appalling from fever
  • 00:18:39
    to abscesses in the groin and armpits to
  • 00:18:41
    death inside 24 hours black pules spread
  • 00:18:45
    all over the body which was why they
  • 00:18:46
    called it the Black Death the effects
  • 00:18:48
    were particularly bad in the towns
  • 00:18:50
    packed with people busy making all that
  • 00:18:52
    money the plague ripped through
  • 00:18:57
    them
  • 00:19:03
    and a new face appeared in all the
  • 00:19:05
    pictures and for those with itchy feet a
  • 00:19:07
    new kind of dance you could unexpectedly
  • 00:19:09
    find yourself swinging to the dance of
  • 00:19:15
    [Applause]
  • 00:19:22
    death one grimly enjoyable thing came
  • 00:19:25
    out of it all the people who died left
  • 00:19:27
    their money to the people who lived all
  • 00:19:30
    they could hope for was that they'd
  • 00:19:31
    survived to enjoy
  • 00:19:33
    [Music]
  • 00:19:35
    it well no nightmare lasts forever by
  • 00:19:39
    1351 the worst was
  • 00:19:41
    [Music]
  • 00:19:47
    over when it was all over the survivors
  • 00:19:50
    went insane trying to forget the horror
  • 00:19:52
    they'd lived through life everywhere in
  • 00:19:54
    Europe became one long hysterical
  • 00:19:57
    shindig
  • 00:20:03
    people spent the money the plague had
  • 00:20:04
    given them on the wildest outfit they
  • 00:20:06
    could buy if you were Rich silk
  • 00:20:08
    embroidered with gold wire was the thing
  • 00:20:11
    the middle classes went into expensive
  • 00:20:13
    Little Numbers in wool and velvet and
  • 00:20:15
    The Peasants well thanks to that Loom
  • 00:20:17
    way back and the fact that flax is cheap
  • 00:20:19
    to grow linen was their thing well it
  • 00:20:22
    was everybody's thing really in hats and
  • 00:20:24
    shirts and bed sheets and especially if
  • 00:20:28
    you take an indiscret look up the
  • 00:20:30
    nearest girl's
  • 00:20:31
    skirt that underwear and just this once
  • 00:20:36
    that's the great historical trigger of
  • 00:20:37
    change what you're looking at now yes
  • 00:20:40
    frilly
  • 00:20:42
    [Music]
  • 00:20:52
    nickers this is the first result of the
  • 00:20:55
    great 14th century bed linen and
  • 00:20:56
    underwear Boom the guy who used to go
  • 00:20:59
    around collecting bones for fertilizer
  • 00:21:01
    now started collecting linen too he
  • 00:21:03
    became a Rag and Bone man why well
  • 00:21:07
    that's the second result of everybody
  • 00:21:08
    wearing linen because when they wore it
  • 00:21:10
    out they threw it away so there was this
  • 00:21:13
    great pile of linen Rag and guess who
  • 00:21:16
    went bananas about
  • 00:21:19
    that okay let me give you a clue the
  • 00:21:21
    first thing that happens to the linen in
  • 00:21:23
    this process is that they take it and
  • 00:21:25
    rip it against a knife to make the rags
  • 00:21:27
    even smaller
  • 00:21:29
    and what is shredded linen rag
  • 00:21:31
    absolutely perfect for making yes
  • 00:21:37
    paper so the paper makers got an
  • 00:21:39
    unexpected linen rag Bonanza pounded by
  • 00:21:42
    hammers tripped Again by the
  • 00:21:51
    C you bash the rag in water and gum for
  • 00:21:54
    48 hours and the sludge you get is paper
  • 00:21:57
    pulp slush that onto a wire mesh frame
  • 00:22:00
    count five and you've got yourself a
  • 00:22:02
    sheet of paper well a sheet of very wet
  • 00:22:04
    paper so the next thing you do no prices
  • 00:22:07
    is dry it funny coincidence the wire
  • 00:22:10
    mesh frame a lot of wire makers about
  • 00:22:13
    making all that gold embroidery people
  • 00:22:14
    had started wearing anyway the paper you
  • 00:22:17
    lay each sheet between layers of wool
  • 00:22:19
    and cloth to soak up the moisture looks
  • 00:22:22
    more like a sheet of porridge doesn't
  • 00:22:27
    it and when you've got a big pile of
  • 00:22:29
    wool and wet paper sandwiches stacked up
  • 00:22:31
    you call the
  • 00:22:33
    [Music]
  • 00:22:36
    lads all you do now is squeeze the pile
  • 00:22:38
    in a press until you've got nearly all
  • 00:22:40
    the water out of the paper when you hang
  • 00:22:42
    it up to dry and that's all there is to
  • 00:22:44
    it funny how it all comes together here
  • 00:22:47
    in the paper mill the water power to run
  • 00:22:49
    the cams tripping the Hammers to make
  • 00:22:51
    the pulp The Wine Press come linen
  • 00:22:53
    pressed to squeeze out the water and
  • 00:22:56
    thanks to the automatic Bloom the linen
  • 00:22:58
    that makes the p and because of all that
  • 00:23:00
    free linen suddenly the cheapest thing
  • 00:23:02
    around was
  • 00:23:06
    [Music]
  • 00:23:18
    paper this is one of those moments in
  • 00:23:21
    history when things come together like a
  • 00:23:23
    jigsaw to produce something something
  • 00:23:25
    entirely new look at the bits we've got
  • 00:23:28
    so far because of the linen we have
  • 00:23:31
    cheap paper the Black Death is just over
  • 00:23:34
    so the economy of Europe is on the up
  • 00:23:37
    and up Administration is expanding there
  • 00:23:40
    are many more Clarks needed to do all
  • 00:23:42
    the paperwork however the Black Death
  • 00:23:44
    has killed half the Clarks off so they
  • 00:23:47
    cost a great deal so we have extremely
  • 00:23:50
    cheap paper and the cost of a man who
  • 00:23:52
    writes on it has gone up astronomically
  • 00:23:54
    what do you need to solve that
  • 00:23:57
    problem yes
  • 00:23:59
    Printing and that's exactly what
  • 00:24:01
    happened but before the final bid of the
  • 00:24:03
    jigsaw could be put into place you
  • 00:24:05
    needed one particular skill the kind of
  • 00:24:07
    skill say a Goldsmith has if you come
  • 00:24:11
    upstairs with me I'll show you what I
  • 00:24:17
    mean you see printing had been around
  • 00:24:20
    for centuries in the case of the Chinese
  • 00:24:22
    for a thousand years but it was printing
  • 00:24:24
    with blocks like
  • 00:24:26
    this the trouble was those blocks being
  • 00:24:28
    made of wood would tend to wear down and
  • 00:24:30
    in any case they only did the one
  • 00:24:32
    thing now what our Goldsmith friend did
  • 00:24:36
    and by the way his name was Johan
  • 00:24:38
    Gutenberg and he lived in Ms in Germany
  • 00:24:40
    in the 1450s he used his expertise with
  • 00:24:43
    precious metal he knew what that was the
  • 00:24:47
    Hallmark and he knew that the Hallmark
  • 00:24:48
    was made with a punch so he took a punch
  • 00:24:51
    and he carved a letter on the end of it
  • 00:24:53
    and using the punch he punched that
  • 00:24:55
    letter into a soft copper bar then he
  • 00:24:59
    designed a mold in two bits so that it
  • 00:25:02
    comes apart you put the mold together
  • 00:25:04
    like that you slide into the mold the
  • 00:25:07
    letter you want to make any
  • 00:25:09
    letter close it tight with a Big
  • 00:25:12
    Spring turn it
  • 00:25:14
    over and then very very carefully you
  • 00:25:18
    put molten lead alloy into the mold like
  • 00:25:25
    this leave it for just a few seconds
  • 00:25:29
    and then you break the
  • 00:25:32
    mold and the letter is there
  • 00:25:37
    ready to print
  • 00:25:40
    with and that letter A will go anywhere
  • 00:25:43
    on the page you want to put a letter A
  • 00:25:44
    it will go in the place of any other
  • 00:25:46
    letter A the mold makes all the letters
  • 00:25:48
    so they're all the same size it makes
  • 00:25:50
    all the spaces so they're all the same
  • 00:25:51
    size so the printing is uniform but it's
  • 00:25:53
    the interchangeability of the letters
  • 00:25:56
    that is at the heart of gutenberg's
  • 00:25:57
    invention
  • 00:26:00
    if you think about it it was a a good
  • 00:26:02
    deal easier for a European to do than
  • 00:26:04
    say for a Chinese because the Chinese
  • 00:26:07
    language has thousands of characters and
  • 00:26:09
    if you made every one of them you need a
  • 00:26:11
    space as big as this printing room in
  • 00:26:13
    antp just to store them in whereas the
  • 00:26:16
    the Latin alphabet of the time only had
  • 00:26:18
    23 letters to be
  • 00:26:20
    made as for the printing itself well
  • 00:26:22
    that was a bit of a cinch this press was
  • 00:26:26
    just an adaptation of linen press that
  • 00:26:30
    had been around for centuries as had the
  • 00:26:33
    ink and the
  • 00:26:35
    paper this
  • 00:26:38
    is the first dated piece of printing we
  • 00:26:42
    know of it's there may be earlier ones
  • 00:26:44
    but this one has a date on it and the
  • 00:26:47
    people who did it were very proud of
  • 00:26:48
    what they' done it's the introduction to
  • 00:26:50
    a book of Psalms and the text says this
  • 00:26:54
    work adorned with the magnificence of
  • 00:26:57
    capital letters
  • 00:26:59
    was fashioned with the use of a
  • 00:27:00
    mechanical process for printing and
  • 00:27:02
    making letters without the use of a pen
  • 00:27:05
    and then it says the name of the two men
  • 00:27:06
    who were so proud of what they' done
  • 00:27:08
    yahim forest and Peter Sheffer and then
  • 00:27:12
    the date 14th of August
  • 00:27:21
    1457 the coming of the book changed
  • 00:27:25
    everything perhaps the most obvious
  • 00:27:27
    change was the appearance of the
  • 00:27:29
    Bookshop where you could come in and buy
  • 00:27:30
    anything you wanted to read knowledge
  • 00:27:33
    was no longer the private property of of
  • 00:27:35
    the priest or the prince or the scholar
  • 00:27:38
    if you could pay and you could read it
  • 00:27:41
    was all
  • 00:27:42
    yours the new books also standardized
  • 00:27:46
    spelling They Carried an author's name
  • 00:27:49
    and they encouraged accuracy because the
  • 00:27:51
    books could be widely read by people who
  • 00:27:53
    knew more about the subject perhaps than
  • 00:27:54
    the author
  • 00:27:55
    himself but perhaps most fundamental all
  • 00:27:58
    the new books gave birth to the
  • 00:28:01
    specialization that is the the blessing
  • 00:28:03
    or or the Bane depending on your point
  • 00:28:05
    of view of our modern world because you
  • 00:28:07
    see The Architects and the engineers
  • 00:28:09
    started to write about what they knew in
  • 00:28:11
    terms that only their co- professionals
  • 00:28:13
    would
  • 00:28:14
    understand the generation that first
  • 00:28:16
    read these new books could as easily
  • 00:28:18
    turn its hand to the lute or the sword
  • 00:28:21
    or the architect's drawing and because
  • 00:28:23
    of printing they were the last
  • 00:28:25
    generation to be able to do that the
  • 00:28:28
    coming of the books must have seemed as
  • 00:28:30
    if it was going to turn the world upside
  • 00:28:32
    down in the way it spread and and
  • 00:28:34
    democratized
  • 00:28:36
    knowledge and one of the few men
  • 00:28:39
    responsible for that spread was an
  • 00:28:41
    Italian called oldest manutius and he
  • 00:28:43
    realized that what people needed and
  • 00:28:45
    wanted was cheap standard books that
  • 00:28:49
    they could carry with them anywhere they
  • 00:28:50
    went in their saddle bags and so he
  • 00:28:52
    produced the world's first Pocket
  • 00:28:53
    Edition and he did so in what by 1500
  • 00:28:57
    was the capital of Europe
  • 00:29:17
    Venice used to blow their own trumpet a
  • 00:29:20
    lot the 16th century venetians well you
  • 00:29:22
    couldn't blame them there were after all
  • 00:29:24
    more millionaires per square inch here
  • 00:29:27
    than anywhere else in Europe
  • 00:29:28
    biggest Navy biggest overseas commercial
  • 00:29:30
    empire biggest bank balance Venice was
  • 00:29:33
    Queen of the Seas of course there was
  • 00:29:35
    nowhere else she could have been queen
  • 00:29:36
    of not much land in
  • 00:29:42
    Venice she was a city full of
  • 00:29:44
    businessmen and because of her
  • 00:29:46
    connections with Constantinople she was
  • 00:29:47
    also full of Greeks refugees from when
  • 00:29:50
    the Turks invaded it in
  • 00:29:52
    1453 and it was the Greek connection
  • 00:29:54
    that gave the printer Aldis manutius his
  • 00:29:56
    big chance
  • 00:30:05
    because oldest got the Greek refugees to
  • 00:30:07
    work for him and because of that his
  • 00:30:09
    books gave the world a taste for the
  • 00:30:11
    knowledge and the style of ancient
  • 00:30:14
    Greece he turned out dictionaries and
  • 00:30:17
    grammar books first so his customers
  • 00:30:19
    could learn Greek and then of course
  • 00:30:21
    they could move on to reading the Greek
  • 00:30:22
    books he would sell them no fool he well
  • 00:30:26
    the new books got everybody turned on to
  • 00:30:28
    matters ancient one of the earliest
  • 00:30:30
    bestsellers was a Roman thing on
  • 00:30:32
    architecture that got people into big
  • 00:30:34
    Prestige building projects people like
  • 00:30:47
    Michelangelo thanks to aldus and the
  • 00:30:49
    Venetian printing presses in 1500 only
  • 00:30:51
    50 years after Guttenberg there were no
  • 00:30:53
    less than 20 million books in existence
  • 00:30:56
    in 15115 alest
  • 00:31:01
    [Music]
  • 00:31:09
    died alest manutius was laid to rest
  • 00:31:12
    with his books heaped around him as a
  • 00:31:14
    mark of respect for what he'd done which
  • 00:31:16
    was to print every major Greek classic
  • 00:31:18
    in existence and invent a new kind of
  • 00:31:20
    letter type for his Pocket Editions it
  • 00:31:23
    was a kind of print that would pack a
  • 00:31:24
    lot into a tight space we call it italic
  • 00:31:27
    so now now the world could start
  • 00:31:28
    worrying about something it had never
  • 00:31:30
    had to worry about before the small
  • 00:31:37
    [Music]
  • 00:31:45
    print but above all thanks to books the
  • 00:31:48
    world learned about Greek
  • 00:31:50
    science this was one of the books that
  • 00:31:52
    made the greatest impact of all by the
  • 00:31:53
    Greek hero of Alexandria it details how
  • 00:31:56
    to make machines using the natural
  • 00:31:58
    forces of air or steam or water as power
  • 00:32:02
    sources it's really talking about
  • 00:32:03
    complicated toys but this book and
  • 00:32:06
    others like it put the world of Greek
  • 00:32:09
    science and the ancient past into the
  • 00:32:11
    hands of the armorers and The Architects
  • 00:32:13
    and the engineers working for the
  • 00:32:15
    princes and Bishops of 16th century
  • 00:32:17
    Italy and look how the armor is
  • 00:32:18
    immediately begin to work in the antique
  • 00:32:20
    Style on this tapestry this bunch of
  • 00:32:22
    soldiers they're using the latest in
  • 00:32:24
    handguns and yet they themselves are
  • 00:32:26
    dressed like Caesar
  • 00:32:28
    uans as the the wealth of the mysterious
  • 00:32:31
    East and West began to pour into Europe
  • 00:32:34
    and the population began to soore the
  • 00:32:36
    princes also began to embellish their
  • 00:32:38
    growing cities with elaborate water
  • 00:32:40
    supply systems operated by the same
  • 00:32:43
    Mechanical Devices as were shown in the
  • 00:32:45
    Greek and Roman books and in their homes
  • 00:32:48
    the aristocrats would hang tapestries
  • 00:32:50
    like this one containing scenes of
  • 00:32:52
    fantastic inventions like the flying
  • 00:32:53
    Throne being carried into the Sky by
  • 00:32:55
    winged beasts that can never quite make
  • 00:32:57
    make the piece of ham above their heads
  • 00:33:00
    or the mythical story of Alexander the
  • 00:33:02
    Great exploring the oceans on board a
  • 00:33:05
    submarine what the princes wanted were
  • 00:33:07
    things toys that would show off their
  • 00:33:10
    their wealth and position in a way that
  • 00:33:12
    would amuse and impress their friends
  • 00:33:14
    and now their armorers and their
  • 00:33:16
    Engineers had the techniques to do it
  • 00:33:19
    one of the most famous armorers of the
  • 00:33:20
    time fellow called barthol mui switched
  • 00:33:24
    for example from making this rather
  • 00:33:25
    complex armor Gauntlet to making things
  • 00:33:28
    like this it's A Clockwork tortoise
  • 00:33:32
    carrying the god Poseidon and it was
  • 00:33:34
    used at the dinner table because they
  • 00:33:37
    would set it
  • 00:33:38
    down and it would take toothpicks from
  • 00:33:41
    one guest to another around the
  • 00:33:43
    table the Vogue for automatic machines
  • 00:33:46
    spread everywhere and with the help of
  • 00:33:48
    the hydraulic Engineers it spread in a
  • 00:33:50
    form that would bring people hundreds of
  • 00:33:53
    miles just to take a
  • 00:33:56
    look
  • 00:33:57
    [Music]
  • 00:34:06
    this is one of the best ones still
  • 00:34:07
    working the castle of hellbrun outside
  • 00:34:09
    salsburg built in 1615 so the prince
  • 00:34:12
    Archbishop and his guests could have a
  • 00:34:14
    little waterp powered fun and
  • 00:34:16
    games the whole place works on water
  • 00:34:18
    turbines running the familiar cylinder
  • 00:34:20
    with pegs in it operating a 16th century
  • 00:34:26
    Disneyland
  • 00:34:30
    [Music]
  • 00:34:32
    the name of the game was to get the most
  • 00:34:34
    unexpected things to spurt water all
  • 00:34:36
    over the suckers who come to dinner
  • 00:34:38
    everybody laugh haha cuz the host was a
  • 00:34:40
    prince and besides you got a free meal
  • 00:34:43
    out of it all well that's not all you
  • 00:34:45
    got out of
  • 00:34:46
    [Music]
  • 00:34:56
    it
  • 00:34:58
    of course haha you couldn't get up until
  • 00:34:59
    the prince did and of course haha he
  • 00:35:02
    didn't need
  • 00:35:04
    to The Craze for automatic Machinery
  • 00:35:07
    that spread through Europe came here too
  • 00:35:09
    of course here the pegged cylinders run
  • 00:35:12
    an entire Village of mechanical puppets
  • 00:35:14
    working like the Caron in Belgium did on
  • 00:35:16
    wires and levers the whole thing's only
  • 00:35:18
    18 ft wide and they packed 113 little
  • 00:35:21
    people into that
  • 00:35:25
    space over the top of all this water
  • 00:35:27
    powered Wizardry there was a mechanical
  • 00:35:28
    organ to drown the Machinery noise and
  • 00:35:31
    as you left the prince would politely
  • 00:35:34
    raise his
  • 00:35:36
    [Music]
  • 00:35:49
    hat mechanical organs and things might
  • 00:35:52
    have stayed just that if it hadn't been
  • 00:35:53
    for another craze sweeping Europe a
  • 00:35:55
    Mania for Chinese Fashions particularly
  • 00:35:57
    in dress when at the beginning of the
  • 00:35:59
    18th century very complicated patterns
  • 00:36:02
    became All the Rage especially in France
  • 00:36:04
    and particularly in
  • 00:36:07
    silk by the beginning of the 18th
  • 00:36:09
    century the demand for this kind of
  • 00:36:11
    pattern was giving the silk Weavers of
  • 00:36:13
    Leon a real headache because silk
  • 00:36:15
    weaving isn't just the simple over and
  • 00:36:17
    under business of ordinary weaving it's
  • 00:36:19
    much more complicated I mean take a look
  • 00:36:20
    at this this already complicated pattern
  • 00:36:22
    if you follow it across there you see
  • 00:36:25
    suddenly for about five thread
  • 00:36:28
    that particular orange so it comes in
  • 00:36:30
    say at thread 530 and it disappears
  • 00:36:33
    again at thread 535 now if you get that
  • 00:36:36
    one thread wrong you've blown it let me
  • 00:36:39
    show you on this little model Loom here
  • 00:36:41
    how they crack that problem every thread
  • 00:36:45
    runs through a tiny ring on a cord so
  • 00:36:48
    that if you want to lift the thread you
  • 00:36:50
    pull the cord up the thread lifts and in
  • 00:36:52
    this case the crossing thread would go
  • 00:36:54
    underneath and in the final pattern not
  • 00:36:55
    be seen now if if you tie together all
  • 00:36:59
    the cords for all the threads that you
  • 00:37:00
    want to lift into one bunch then one
  • 00:37:03
    pull will lift them all like
  • 00:37:09
    this now in a complicated pattern there
  • 00:37:12
    would be a lot of those cords to pull
  • 00:37:14
    and the children whose job it was to do
  • 00:37:16
    it would get tired and pull their own
  • 00:37:17
    cords and maybe ruin a week's work so in
  • 00:37:21
    1725 a Leones Weaver called basil bushon
  • 00:37:24
    solved the problem because his father
  • 00:37:26
    was an organ Builder
  • 00:37:28
    because his father used these things for
  • 00:37:30
    his automated organs remember the organs
  • 00:37:33
    used the same cylinder with pegs in it
  • 00:37:35
    to make music as they'd used in Belgium
  • 00:37:38
    to work their Bing in carryon and they'd
  • 00:37:40
    originally got that idea from the cams
  • 00:37:42
    set onto the shaft of the paper mill
  • 00:37:45
    Buon saw that the piece of paper that
  • 00:37:47
    you give to the carpenter to tell him
  • 00:37:49
    where to put these pegs on the cylinder
  • 00:37:51
    was in
  • 00:37:52
    fact a kind of control mechanism so he
  • 00:37:55
    put it on a Lube
  • 00:37:58
    look each control cord comes over and
  • 00:38:01
    down here and whether or not it's moved
  • 00:38:04
    depends on this horizontal needle
  • 00:38:10
    here okay now for the control mechanism
  • 00:38:13
    part what basil bushon did was put a
  • 00:38:17
    roll of perforated paper up against the
  • 00:38:20
    needles across needles and where there
  • 00:38:23
    was a hole the needles stayed put cuz
  • 00:38:24
    they came through the holes and where
  • 00:38:26
    there was not a hole as in the case of
  • 00:38:28
    these four needles here the paper pushed
  • 00:38:31
    the cross needles so that all four
  • 00:38:32
    needles and all their threads operated
  • 00:38:34
    simultaneously like
  • 00:38:41
    this and to change the pattern you
  • 00:38:43
    simply moved the paper along one row of
  • 00:38:44
    holes but the paper tore and the Weavers
  • 00:38:48
    placed it in the wrong position so
  • 00:38:50
    around 1740 another Weaver from Leon
  • 00:38:52
    called Falon came up with this idea he
  • 00:38:55
    put each pattern on a separate C card
  • 00:38:58
    now the card was more durable and you
  • 00:39:00
    couldn't really mistake how you should
  • 00:39:01
    position it around 1750 one of the
  • 00:39:04
    greatest machine makers of all time a
  • 00:39:06
    man called Von who was also the
  • 00:39:08
    inspector for silk factories automated
  • 00:39:10
    the entire process he put the perforated
  • 00:39:13
    roll around a cylinder and mounted the
  • 00:39:15
    cylinder on a chassis which went
  • 00:39:16
    backwards and forwards on water power
  • 00:39:18
    like this and as it did so it clicked
  • 00:39:21
    forward one row of holes automatically
  • 00:39:23
    each
  • 00:39:24
    time now that was limited to much paper
  • 00:39:27
    you could put around the cylinder and it
  • 00:39:29
    put men out of work so for nearly 50
  • 00:39:32
    years this Loom moldered unnoticed here
  • 00:39:35
    in the Paris Museum of Arts and Crafts
  • 00:39:37
    until just after 1800 another Weaver who
  • 00:39:40
    happened to be here at the time was
  • 00:39:41
    asked to put it together and Ino so he
  • 00:39:43
    made a few changes he put Von's idea
  • 00:39:47
    together with Falcon's cards and came up
  • 00:39:49
    with
  • 00:39:50
    this it's automated and it has the
  • 00:39:53
    advantage that if you want to increase
  • 00:39:54
    the pattern you simply add more cards
  • 00:39:58
    now for that minor Amendment he got all
  • 00:40:00
    the glory because to this day the entire
  • 00:40:03
    concept is named after this man this is
  • 00:40:05
    a jaar loom and boy what a success that
  • 00:40:10
    was well not in France because the
  • 00:40:12
    revolutionaries decided they didn't like
  • 00:40:14
    fancy aristocratic patterns but in
  • 00:40:16
    England where the loom ended up making
  • 00:40:18
    things like Paisley Shaws very
  • 00:40:21
    popular and where these cards got picked
  • 00:40:23
    up for a very different reason they got
  • 00:40:26
    used to control automatic riveting
  • 00:40:28
    machines that by the mid 19th century
  • 00:40:31
    helped to build the Great new iron ships
  • 00:40:33
    that were to make the crossing of the
  • 00:40:34
    Atlantic safer and faster just in time
  • 00:40:38
    to handle the biggest load of passengers
  • 00:40:40
    that any Shipping Lines have ever
  • 00:40:41
    carried the poor huddled masses of
  • 00:40:45
    [Music]
  • 00:40:48
    Europe and though they didn't know it
  • 00:40:51
    these immigrants were to trigger off the
  • 00:40:52
    development of one of the modern world's
  • 00:40:54
    most extraordinary
  • 00:40:56
    invention
  • 00:40:59
    by the 1870s the immigrants were
  • 00:41:01
    stepping ashore on American soil at a
  • 00:41:02
    rate of over 7,000 every day the journey
  • 00:41:06
    across the Atlantic had taken anything
  • 00:41:07
    from 12 days to 3 weeks and most of them
  • 00:41:11
    traveled in conditions that varied from
  • 00:41:12
    bad to appalling many of the bigger
  • 00:41:15
    ships were designed with only one thing
  • 00:41:16
    in mind to carry as many immigrants as
  • 00:41:19
    possible and so they came in filth and
  • 00:41:24
    degradation packed in like cattle
  • 00:41:26
    treated much the same the vast majority
  • 00:41:29
    came to New York at first to the
  • 00:41:31
    immigration Depot at Castle garden and
  • 00:41:34
    then later here to the place that was to
  • 00:41:37
    become a symbol both of everything that
  • 00:41:39
    America offered and the terrible fear
  • 00:41:43
    that at the very Gates of Freedom they
  • 00:41:45
    would be turned
  • 00:41:46
    away here at Ellis
  • 00:41:56
    Island
  • 00:41:59
    it took only a few hours to be accepted
  • 00:42:01
    or rejected how much of that time has
  • 00:42:04
    spent confused and bewildered waiting
  • 00:42:07
    clutching their cardboard suitcases tied
  • 00:42:09
    up with
  • 00:42:10
    string everything they possessed some of
  • 00:42:14
    them those who could write even left
  • 00:42:16
    their names on the walls as if to say
  • 00:42:21
    look I made
  • 00:42:26
    it
  • 00:42:34
    and then came the Moment of Truth the
  • 00:42:36
    point at which they either passed or
  • 00:42:39
    failed the test to become American what
  • 00:42:42
    none of them could have known was how
  • 00:42:43
    easy that test was a quick look at the
  • 00:42:46
    eyes the hands and the throat and then
  • 00:42:48
    the writing down of their particular
  • 00:42:50
    details the point at which many of them
  • 00:42:52
    lost their old names because the
  • 00:42:53
    inspectors couldn't spell them and they
  • 00:42:55
    couldn't write them so they became came
  • 00:42:57
    Smith Brown
  • 00:43:00
    Jones eight out of 10 people passed the
  • 00:43:03
    test but with one inspector handling 500
  • 00:43:05
    people a day it was almost a case of if
  • 00:43:07
    you could walk you were
  • 00:43:11
    in in the 30 years between 1850 and 1880
  • 00:43:15
    nearly 8 million people got in and as
  • 00:43:17
    the country grew and the Frontiers
  • 00:43:18
    pushed West the immigrants were
  • 00:43:21
    swallowed up to disappear in the vast
  • 00:43:23
    Open Spaces of this enormous country the
  • 00:43:25
    trouble was every 10 years the
  • 00:43:27
    government had to find them all again
  • 00:43:29
    for the national census and as the
  • 00:43:31
    population soed the paperwork for doing
  • 00:43:33
    that became
  • 00:43:34
    unbelievable and then in 1880 an army
  • 00:43:38
    surgeon called John Shaw Billings who
  • 00:43:40
    was working on the census was watching
  • 00:43:42
    the mountains of paperwork being
  • 00:43:44
    shuffled when he happened to mention to
  • 00:43:46
    his young engineer assistant that he
  • 00:43:48
    reckoned that the Jaa cards with their
  • 00:43:50
    punched holes ought to be able to carry
  • 00:43:52
    information you know if a man was
  • 00:43:53
    married you'd punch a hole and if he
  • 00:43:55
    wasn't you wouldn't
  • 00:43:58
    the young engineer Herman holth worked
  • 00:44:00
    on the idea and came up with
  • 00:44:02
    this it's called a tabulator and it
  • 00:44:05
    works on cards like these the size of a
  • 00:44:08
    dollar bill of the period now holth
  • 00:44:09
    chose that size because they already had
  • 00:44:12
    holders for dollar bills and what that
  • 00:44:14
    meant was he wouldn't have to design and
  • 00:44:15
    build one himself no fool so you put the
  • 00:44:19
    card in here now let's say we're talking
  • 00:44:22
    about a white male aged 35 who is single
  • 00:44:26
    lives in m
  • 00:44:27
    and came originally from Russia right
  • 00:44:30
    you
  • 00:44:31
    punch
  • 00:44:33
    white
  • 00:44:35
    male
  • 00:44:38
    35
  • 00:44:39
    single the code for the
  • 00:44:42
    state
  • 00:44:45
    Maine and
  • 00:44:47
    finally
  • 00:44:49
    Russia now you take the card out see the
  • 00:44:52
    little holes and put it into this press
  • 00:44:55
    now when you push this press down
  • 00:44:57
    these little needles here with springs
  • 00:44:59
    on them either go through a hole or they
  • 00:45:04
    don't remember jakar and if they do go
  • 00:45:07
    through a hole they make electrical
  • 00:45:09
    contact down
  • 00:45:12
    there and that triggers these counters
  • 00:45:14
    up here one click forward now depending
  • 00:45:17
    on what you want to count you program
  • 00:45:19
    the counters say you just want a general
  • 00:45:21
    population figure then all these are the
  • 00:45:23
    states and territories of which that is
  • 00:45:25
    Main and that one in the corner is the
  • 00:45:27
    grand total so our man in Maine would
  • 00:45:30
    add one to Maine and one to the grand
  • 00:45:32
    total like
  • 00:45:37
    this and thebel told you You' done it
  • 00:45:40
    now the sensus involved much more
  • 00:45:43
    detailed analysis than that so holth
  • 00:45:46
    also designed a sorter this cabinet with
  • 00:45:48
    lots of boxes in it connected to the
  • 00:45:49
    tabulator now let's say you want to take
  • 00:45:52
    a particular look at all 35-year old men
  • 00:45:55
    what you do is program the tabulator so
  • 00:45:57
    that when one of them comes under the
  • 00:45:59
    press it causes a particular box to flip
  • 00:46:01
    open like
  • 00:46:03
    this and you pop the card into the
  • 00:46:06
    box and at the end of the day you took
  • 00:46:10
    out all the 35y olds and ran them back
  • 00:46:14
    under the press to see where they all
  • 00:46:16
    lived and to see how many of them there
  • 00:46:17
    were and you could do that with any bit
  • 00:46:20
    of information on a card or any mixture
  • 00:46:23
    of bits of information on a
  • 00:46:25
    card well the the 1880 census had taken
  • 00:46:28
    or over 7 years to complete with a new
  • 00:46:31
    tabulator the 1890 census was finished
  • 00:46:33
    in half that time and they checked the
  • 00:46:35
    total twice 62,939
  • 00:46:57
    and the linen It produced that made
  • 00:46:59
    paper so cheap it spurred the
  • 00:47:00
    development of printing of books that
  • 00:47:03
    interested people in things like
  • 00:47:04
    automated organs whose pegged cylinders
  • 00:47:07
    gave the French silk Weavers the
  • 00:47:09
    opportunity to run their Looms with
  • 00:47:11
    perforated cards that holler used to
  • 00:47:14
    count Americans who had once passed
  • 00:47:15
    through this Hall in Ellis
  • 00:47:18
    Island gateway to the one country that
  • 00:47:20
    more than any other would fall apart if
  • 00:47:22
    it weren't for holl's card used to
  • 00:47:25
    program the computers without whose help
  • 00:47:27
    the entire massive structure of the
  • 00:47:29
    modern world would fall
  • 00:47:32
    down most of the ancestors of the
  • 00:47:34
    computer brought people pleasure what
  • 00:47:36
    will it bring
  • 00:47:40
    us that is precisely the issue that EG
  • 00:47:42
    Marshall and his guests are about to
  • 00:47:44
    Grapple with and they'll do so in just a
  • 00:47:55
    moment
  • 00:47:59
    [Music]
  • 00:48:42
    a
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