00:00:06
iein engineers in this video we are
00:00:09
going to talk about the blood supply to
00:00:10
the liver as well as will have a little
00:00:12
clinical tidbit at the end on a patek
00:00:14
portal hypertension so let's go ahead
00:00:16
and get started all right so first off
00:00:18
when we talk about the liver we should
00:00:19
actually have a good understanding of
00:00:20
where we can find the liver anatomically
00:00:23
that's important so if we actually take
00:00:25
and look at me as an example the liver
00:00:27
if we take a nine quadrant system right
00:00:29
I come down a right vertical plane left
00:00:31
vertical plane superior transverse plane
00:00:34
interfere transverse plane it separates
00:00:36
me into nine quadrants the liver is
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gonna occupy three out of those nine
00:00:40
quadrants it's gonna occupy the right
00:00:42
hypochondriac the upper top one here and
00:00:44
then it's gonna occupy a part of the
00:00:47
epigastric and there's actually a
00:00:49
different lobes of the liver the left
00:00:51
lobe of the liver just barely peeks over
00:00:53
into the left hypochondriac region okay
00:00:56
so remember it's found in three
00:00:57
different quadrants of the nine quadrant
00:00:59
system right hypochondriac
00:01:01
epigastric and a little bit of the left
00:01:03
type of contract next thing you should
00:01:05
understand is when we talk about its
00:01:07
relationship it's actually smo STUV it
00:01:10
is surrounded by the ribcage about from
00:01:13
the seventh rib down to the 11th rib is
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where the liver can actually extend to
00:01:17
okay there is a small portion of it that
00:01:19
is exposed
00:01:20
because you have what's called the
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costal margin here and then you have
00:01:23
your xiphoid process that's important
00:01:25
too because whenever someone is doing
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CPR you make sure you always feel for
00:01:28
that xiphoid process because if you
00:01:30
start doing it there you're gonna break
00:01:31
that thing off possibly and it could be
00:01:33
stabbing the guy in the liver instead of
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helping them okay so that's important
00:01:37
that we should have a basic
00:01:38
understanding of where we can find the
00:01:40
liver the next thing we should
00:01:41
understand about it is how much does it
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weigh okay about how much in a male the
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liver weighs approximately okay so if we
00:01:51
say the mass of the liver or the weight
00:01:52
of the liver the mass of the liver for a
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male is approximately 1600 grams okay
00:02:00
about 1600 grams for a female it's a
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little bit less about 1300 grams Nutkin
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range this is more of the adult life we
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in general for fetuses that are in the
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tenth week of gestation their liver
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weighs approximately one tenth of their
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actual body weight whereas if we take
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for example someone who is just born
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their liver only weighs about an
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eighteenth of their normal body weight
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in adults it weighs about a 36th of
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their normal body weight okay so that's
00:02:38
important to know the mass of the liver
00:02:39
we know where we can find it we know the
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mass of the liver next thing we should
00:02:43
understand about the liver is its blood
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supply it's extremely important that we
00:02:48
do understand the blood supply the liver
00:02:50
so we talk about it here's what I want
00:02:53
you to remember there's two blood
00:02:55
supplies okay so we're gonna take blood
00:02:57
supply here and there's going to be two
00:03:01
blood supplies one is going to account
00:03:02
for only 25 percent of the actual blood
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supply 25 percent of blood supply this
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25 percent of the blood supply is going
00:03:13
to be carried out by what's called via
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paddock artery proper and that's what I
00:03:22
want to spend a little bit of time doing
00:03:23
right now and then we'll talk about the
00:03:24
other one who accounts for 75% of the
00:03:28
actual blood flow going into the liver
00:03:29
and that is going to be the portal vein
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okay so let's go ahead and first start
00:03:38
off here on the apotheca artery proper
00:03:40
now if you guys know a little bit about
00:03:42
your cardiovascular system like the
00:03:44
anatomy wise we have our aorta we're
00:03:47
gonna assume that this guy is the aorta
00:03:48
right we have the thoracic aorta and
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then have the abdominal aorta coming off
00:03:52
of the abdominal aorta there is a big
00:03:54
big vessel here it's called the celiac
00:03:56
trunk so again if we were to kind of
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right here this right here we're gonna
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assume is the abdominal aorta okay then
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coming off of the abdominal aorta we
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have this big big vessel here and this
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is called the celiac trunk okay so we
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have the abdominal aorta off the
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abdominal aorta comes the celiac trunk
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this celiac trunk will actually split
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into three vessels
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okay one of them is gonna go to the
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stomach we call this one right here
00:04:33
that's coming off here we call this one
00:04:35
the left gastric artery all right so
00:04:40
we're gonna the left gastric artery
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we'll have another one over here and
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this one's actually gonna go to the
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spleen so if I were to kind of encase
00:04:46
this one right here this one right there
00:04:49
is going to be the splenic artery art
00:04:53
and then the next one is there's
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branches that come off of this and
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there's actually going to be another
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artery that goes and supplies the
00:04:59
pancreas there's a bunch of different
00:05:00
branches that can go and supply the
00:05:02
pancreas we're just going to call this
00:05:04
one the pancreatic arteries okay so
00:05:06
we'll say these are pancreatic arteries
00:05:08
okay now these are just some of the
00:05:11
branches but the most important one that
00:05:13
we should really understand is is this
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guy right here this guy right here is
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going to be what's called the common
00:05:20
hepatic artery so right here we're gonna
00:05:22
encase this one here that is going to be
00:05:24
the common hepatic artery now the common
00:05:32
hepatic artery when it enters into the
00:05:33
liver will actually enter in through a
00:05:34
structure we'll see here in a second the
00:05:36
porta pottis but when it enters into the
00:05:39
liver it actually is going to before it
00:05:41
does that it branches okay so it gives
00:05:43
off another branch so what do I mean
00:05:44
let's say for example here I take the ax
00:05:47
patek artery like this okay so here I'm
00:05:50
gonna have to come in a patek artery and
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then what's going to happen is it's
00:05:54
going to give off a branch here and it's
00:05:57
going to give off a branch like this
00:05:58
okay so right here this is the common
00:06:01
hepatic artery there's going to be
00:06:04
another branch like we said there's two
00:06:06
branches here one is gonna be this one
00:06:08
this is the one that we're gonna focus
00:06:10
on this is called the ax patek artery
00:06:15
proper the other one is going to be
00:06:20
called the gastro duodenal artery the
00:06:23
gastro duodenal artery okay
00:06:28
so that's important so I want you guys
00:06:30
to know that the actual artery entering
00:06:32
into the liver through the porta hepatis
00:06:34
is really the eppadi Carter II proper
00:06:36
and then we'll talk about this in
00:06:37
another video for right now I just want
00:06:39
to get the basic blood
00:06:41
blood supply down but the Apothic artery
00:06:43
proper will actually branch out and
00:06:45
supply the right lobe of the liver and
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the left lobe of the liver so for
00:06:50
example we're gonna say that this is the
00:06:51
right side this is the left side so this
00:06:55
would be the right hepatic artery this
00:07:02
would be the left hepatic artery and
00:07:08
then one last thing here since we're
00:07:10
already there is the right hepatic
00:07:12
artery will also give off another branch
00:07:14
and this last branch here is actually
00:07:17
going to go to another important organ
00:07:19
here and this is actually going to be
00:07:22
called the Cystic artery okay so we have
00:07:26
another branch here and we'll say that
00:07:28
that's the Cystic artery and that's
00:07:29
going to go and supply the gallbladder
00:07:31
okay so again just making sure that we
00:07:33
got it down here the arterial supply to
00:07:35
the liver is gonna come via the celiac
00:07:38
trunk to the common hepatic artery the
00:07:40
common hepatic artery will then branch
00:07:43
off into two vessels one is the gastro
00:07:45
duodenal the other is the apothecary
00:07:47
proper this is the one that's entering
00:07:49
into the liver via the porta hepatis
00:07:51
then when it's in the liver it sprouts
00:07:54
out and gives off branches one branch is
00:07:57
gonna go to the left lobe of the liver
00:07:58
via the left hepatic artery the other
00:08:00
branch is gonna go to the right lobe of
00:08:02
the liver via the right hepatic artery
00:08:04
and then just remember that there's a
00:08:06
small branch ooh that comes off of the
00:08:08
right of patek artery called the Cystic
00:08:11
artery okay so that is going to be the
00:08:15
basic thing here that I want you guys to
00:08:16
understand at least for right now for
00:08:19
the blood supply we'll get into more
00:08:20
detail on the branches of these when we
00:08:22
actually go into the liver lobby all the
00:08:24
histology of the liver okay but that's
00:08:27
good for right now next thing we have
00:08:30
the arterial supply we understand this
00:08:32
one other thing that you should know is
00:08:34
what kind of blood is this actual of
00:08:37
these vascular system taken to the liver
00:08:40
this type of blood is primarily going to
00:08:44
be oxygen-rich blood so it's going to
00:08:49
have a pretty high partial pressure of
00:08:50
oxygen around 100 millimeters of mercury
00:08:53
so that's really important is that
00:08:55
this vessel is gonna be bringing
00:08:56
oxygen-rich blood into the liver it's
00:08:59
different for the portal vein and that's
00:09:01
why I'm trying to emphasize this okay so
00:09:04
now we have that the next thing we
00:09:06
should understand is the other 75% of
00:09:09
the blood supply which is the portal
00:09:10
vein now this right here this big
00:09:13
managed ammo right there that's our
00:09:14
portal vein okay it's the one that's
00:09:17
going to be taking 75% of the blood into
00:09:19
the actual liver so here if I write this
00:09:21
right here this big man the Jama right
00:09:24
here is called the portal vein the a
00:09:30
patek portal vein now one thing we
00:09:33
should understand is where in the heck
00:09:34
is this portal vein getting its blood
00:09:36
the portal vein is going to be getting
00:09:39
its blood from a bunch of different GI
00:09:40
organs okay
00:09:41
pretty much all your digestive viscera
00:09:43
is going to be taking and emptying their
00:09:45
blood supply into this portal vein to go
00:09:47
to the liver anything that we're
00:09:49
actually for the most part ingesting as
00:09:51
it's going through the different parts
00:09:52
and accessory glands we'll see takes and
00:09:55
actually picks up that nutrient rich
00:09:57
blood as well as it might contain toxins
00:09:59
and bacteria as well as other different
00:10:01
things - alcohol drugs and we can take
00:10:04
that thing into the liver for the liver
00:10:06
to sift through it before it gets put
00:10:07
into the systemic circulation so what
00:10:10
are some of those areas that it gets the
00:10:12
blood from well if we start up here at
00:10:14
the top we already know a lot of these
00:10:15
okay the pancreas the pancreas is gonna
00:10:17
have some veins here that are gonna
00:10:19
drain it remember that this was the
00:10:21
pancreatic artery it was delivering
00:10:22
blood oxygen-rich blood to the pancreas
00:10:24
well there's gonna be some blood that's
00:10:26
gonna drain it here and these are gonna
00:10:27
be called these ones right here these
00:10:31
are called your pancreatic veins this is
00:10:36
actually important I want to take a
00:10:37
little bit just a second here to mention
00:10:39
why this is important you should know
00:10:40
this when you're ingesting food okay
00:10:42
let's assume that it might be a
00:10:44
carbohydrate rich meal when we're taking
00:10:47
carbohydrates and we're taking into the
00:10:49
liver the liver is one of the most
00:10:50
metabolic organs in the entire body
00:10:51
control so many things wouldn't it make
00:10:54
sense that the pancreas when we're in
00:10:57
the fed State it makes a hormone called
00:10:59
insulin all right for the pancreatic
00:11:01
beta-cells an insulin will travel via
00:11:03
the port via pancreatic veins into the
00:11:05
portal vein into the liver the reason
00:11:07
why that's important is because if your
00:11:09
member insulin is a super anabolic
00:11:11
hormone that actually is responsible for
00:11:12
protein synthesis lipogenesis glyco
00:11:15
genesis it even controls glycolysis
00:11:17
amino acid uptake glucose uptake so many
00:11:22
different things that this guy controls
00:11:23
so it's important when we're in the fed
00:11:25
state and we're taking these nutrients
00:11:26
to our liver that the pancreas be
00:11:28
releasing a hormone called insulin to
00:11:31
help to shuttle some of that glucose
00:11:33
into the liver cells so that not a lot
00:11:35
of it is actually going into our
00:11:36
systemic circulation makes sense right
00:11:39
okay what other veins well you're gonna
00:11:41
have here another one the splenic vein
00:11:43
right here there was the splenic artery
00:11:45
now we're gonna have a vein here taking
00:11:47
the blood and this is going to be called
00:11:50
our splenic veins this is important we
00:11:55
should understand this as well what does
00:11:56
this bleed most responsible for we
00:11:57
obviously know it's a lymphoid organ a
00:11:59
secondary at that but you know that in
00:12:02
the spleen we have these different types
00:12:05
of sinusoids they call them the cords of
00:12:07
bill rod right and it's responsible for
00:12:08
removing any types of old age or
00:12:12
defective red blood cells so any of the
00:12:15
resulting red blood cells or any type of
00:12:17
remnants of those destructed red blood
00:12:19
cells are gonna get put into the splenic
00:12:20
vein so any Billy Rubin that we actually
00:12:23
might have released via the breakdown of
00:12:26
the actual hemoglobin in the red blood
00:12:28
cell can get taken through the splenic
00:12:30
vein into the portal vein and into the
00:12:32
liver and can be incorporated into the
00:12:34
bowel so that's important too that we
00:12:35
should understand that okay what else
00:12:37
what about these veins that are coming
00:12:39
from the stomach okay well these are
00:12:41
called our gastric veins so these are
00:12:43
gonna be called our gastric veins this
00:12:47
is an important one too there isn't much
00:12:49
absorption in the stomach but two things
00:12:51
that can be absorbed into the stomach
00:12:53
are a couple things those are usually
00:12:55
lipid soluble substances primarily
00:12:58
aspirin and alcohol okay are absorbed in
00:13:01
the stomach so it can be taking with it
00:13:03
aspirin and alcohol and other lipid
00:13:05
soluble substances through these gastric
00:13:07
veins okay for the last ones here is the
00:13:10
intestines okay I didn't want the
00:13:12
diagram to to be too crazy so just drew
00:13:14
in the large big big intestine here but
00:13:17
this intestines so these are intestines
00:13:19
here intestines and this includes the
00:13:22
large and the small okay here's what I
00:13:25
want you understand there's another two
00:13:27
other branches that come off of the
00:13:28
about early order here this one right
00:13:30
here which is going to go to parts of
00:13:32
the intestine like the Jew genome the
00:13:34
ileum it's also gonna go to the
00:13:37
ascending colon and the cecum the
00:13:40
transverse colon this guy is going to be
00:13:43
called the superior mesenteric artery so
00:13:49
this is our superior mesenteric artery
00:13:57
okay and again it's going to be
00:13:58
supplying a lot of blood oxygen-rich
00:14:00
blood to different parts of the
00:14:01
intestines like the Jew genome the ileum
00:14:04
the ascending colon the cecum the
00:14:06
transverse colon a lot of structures the
00:14:09
other one is going to supply the
00:14:11
descending colon the sigmoid colon and
00:14:13
the superior aspect of the rectum and
00:14:15
this is going to be called the inferior
00:14:21
mesenteric artery now whenever they drop
00:14:26
their blood off they deliver oxygen-rich
00:14:28
blood to the cells the entero sites here
00:14:30
again there's going to be veins here
00:14:32
they're gonna be picking up a lot of
00:14:33
that nutrient-rich blood from the small
00:14:35
intestines are picking up water from the
00:14:38
actual large intestines and taking it up
00:14:40
via these two veins since this was the
00:14:43
inferior mesenteric artery we're gonna
00:14:45
assume that this part here is the
00:14:47
descending colon the sigmoid colon or
00:14:49
the superior aspect of the rectum and so
00:14:53
this is going to be drained by a big
00:14:55
vein here and this vein is called the
00:14:57
inferior mesenteric vein this one here
00:15:08
is gonna be draining a lot of the Jew
00:15:10
genome the ileum the ascending colon the
00:15:12
transverse colon the cecum so this one
00:15:15
is gonna be forming what's called the
00:15:18
superior mesenteric vein alright so now
00:15:27
we have all of these veins they're gonna
00:15:30
be picking up nutrients picking up water
00:15:31
electrolytes picking up aspirin alcohol
00:15:34
taking remnants of red blood cell
00:15:36
production taking insulin maybe even
00:15:38
some other hormones you know the display
00:15:40
I mean the pancreas also makes other
00:15:41
hormones like glucagon somatostatin
00:15:43
pancreatic polypeptide a bunch of
00:15:46
different things but all of these things
00:15:48
are going to be filtered in and taken up
00:15:50
through the portal vein and into the
00:15:52
liver and again what kind of things is
00:15:54
it gonna be taking with it okay we don't
00:15:56
need this diagram here anymore let's get
00:15:58
this out of the way
00:15:59
what kind of substances is this portal
00:16:04
vein gonna be taking with it it's
00:16:05
important that we know this it's gonna
00:16:08
be taking with it drugs okay different
00:16:13
types of drugs that could be carried out
00:16:15
through the intestines or the stomach it
00:16:17
could also be taking hormones
00:16:19
for example we said it could be taking
00:16:22
insulin glucagon somatostatin a bunch of
00:16:24
different things a large amount of
00:16:27
nutrients this is the important one I
00:16:29
want to make sure that we get this one
00:16:31
across here
00:16:32
lots of nutrient rich blood okay rich
00:16:35
and glucose rich an amino acid rich in
00:16:36
fatty acids rich in trace minerals like
00:16:39
copper iron so many different things and
00:16:42
also unfortunately could be taking
00:16:44
certain pathogens so sometimes in
00:16:48
certain foods that we eat there might
00:16:50
actually be a bacteria okay there might
00:16:53
be some viruses there might even be some
00:16:58
toxins you know that there's some toxins
00:17:01
that come from bacteria like
00:17:02
lipopolysaccharides
00:17:04
which come from gram-negative bacteria
00:17:05
so a lot of different things can
00:17:07
actually come through this thing and the
00:17:09
last thing I want to mention here is the
00:17:12
hepatic artery proper right and he was
00:17:15
taking ox rich blood to the liver but
00:17:17
all of these other arteries superior
00:17:18
mesenteric inferior mesenteric the
00:17:20
splenic the pancreatic and the gastric
00:17:22
they were delivering oxygen-rich blood
00:17:23
to the cells of this GI tract well they
00:17:26
get drained by these different
00:17:28
pancreatic veins splenic veins gastric
00:17:31
veins inferior mesenteric superior
00:17:32
mesenteric vein and they're brought up
00:17:34
right with all of the things that
00:17:36
they're carrying with it but not a lot
00:17:38
of oxygen so what's really important
00:17:40
here is I want you guys to remember that
00:17:41
this is going to be oxygen poor blood
00:17:45
that's important to remember okay so I
00:17:47
think we got for the most part
00:17:49
we're eggs what exactly is the blood
00:17:52
supply to the liver and we got this down
00:17:54
one thing I want to add on just to hit
00:17:56
it home here is when we're looking at
00:17:58
the liver right now this this diagram
00:18:00
here we're looking at it particularly in
00:18:02
anterior surface so like if you guys are
00:18:04
looking at me the way that you see the
00:18:06
liver right now is the way that I'm
00:18:07
actually standing here you're getting an
00:18:09
anterior and a little bit of a superior
00:18:11
view of the liver okay so this is the
00:18:13
anterior surface of the liver and again
00:18:15
just a little bit of gross anatomy not a
00:18:17
lot here but obviously this is the right
00:18:19
lobe of the liver this is the left lobe
00:18:22
of the liver there technically you can
00:18:25
say that it's separated by this nice
00:18:27
little remnant here this actually
00:18:29
peritoneum ligament if you will and this
00:18:31
right here is called the falciform
00:18:35
ligament and actually well it's one of
00:18:40
the things that allows the liver to
00:18:41
maintain what's called its
00:18:42
intraperitoneal position in other words
00:18:44
it's it's resides in the peritoneal
00:18:46
cavity okay so now I just want to orient
00:18:48
you guys a little bit so again we have
00:18:49
the right lobe the left lobe and the
00:18:51
falciform ligament but again when we're
00:18:52
looking at this again what view is this
00:18:54
we should write this down here this is a
00:18:56
anterior and a slightly superior view of
00:19:04
the liver okay so now again what's
00:19:11
really important about this is I just
00:19:12
want you guys to get an understanding
00:19:13
here that when we have an anterior and
00:19:15
superior view of the liver there's this
00:19:17
there's the surface of the liver antion
00:19:19
superior that is covered by a very
00:19:21
important organ one of the main muscles
00:19:22
of inspiration it's called the diaphragm
00:19:24
so on the inferior surface of the
00:19:26
diaphragm it comes into contact with the
00:19:29
superior and anterior surface of the
00:19:31
liver now that's called the
00:19:34
diaphragmatic surface of the liver the
00:19:36
part of the liver that comes in contact
00:19:38
with particularly the actual diaphragm
00:19:41
there is some ligaments we'll see a
00:19:43
better here when I go into the posterior
00:19:45
inferior view but we'll talk about some
00:19:47
coronary ligaments and triangular
00:19:49
ligaments afterwards so okay but you
00:19:51
just want what she has to trust me for
00:19:53
right now that we'll get to that okay so
00:19:55
next thing here when we talk about the
00:19:58
blood going into the liver we're gonna
00:20:00
go into more detail on this when we go
00:20:01
into a liver lobule
00:20:03
okay for right now I want to get the
00:20:04
basic thing here if I were to draw a
00:20:08
structural and functional unit of the
00:20:11
liver we it comes down to this nice
00:20:13
little hexagonal structure here okay
00:20:17
this right here this hexagonal structure
00:20:19
is what we refer to as a liver lobule
00:20:23
and again we'll focus on this more when
00:20:25
we get to the liver lobule video what I
00:20:28
want you to see here just to put it
00:20:29
together is that when the portal vein
00:20:32
enters into the liver
00:20:33
it also branches like the apat artery
00:20:35
proper does it gives off tributaries
00:20:38
okay and those branches of the portal
00:20:41
vein go to various parts of the liver
00:20:43
but if you look here let's pretend that
00:20:45
I just take some of them here and I go
00:20:47
right there I go right here I go right
00:20:50
here right here and right here all of
00:20:56
these guys here these little branches
00:20:58
coming off here those are your portal
00:21:00
vein tributaries there are patek portal
00:21:02
venules and they're gonna go to each end
00:21:04
or point of this hexagonal structure
00:21:07
this liver lobule okay in the same way
00:21:11
if I take here let's say here's my patek
00:21:14
artery proper and it branches into right
00:21:16
and left to patek arteries that's gonna
00:21:18
go and that's going to give off these
00:21:20
branches and it's gonna give off these
00:21:22
arterioles and these arterioles are
00:21:25
gonna go and supply all the different
00:21:28
portions of the liver lobule all of
00:21:30
these different six corners you'll see
00:21:32
one other thing again we'll talk about
00:21:34
it when we get to live in LA but there's
00:21:35
another structure called the bile duct
00:21:37
that drains the bile from the apat
00:21:40
asides via the bile canaliculi and
00:21:41
together that whole structure makes
00:21:43
what's called a portal triad and we'll
00:21:45
talk about that but here's the big thing
00:21:47
I want you to know this this is what's
00:21:49
what usually blows my mind both of these
00:21:52
guys empty their blood into the same
00:21:55
capillary network now that's what's
00:21:58
super odd because usually that's not the
00:22:00
way it happens but they do they both
00:22:02
empty their blood into a nice little
00:22:04
capillary network here and I'm gonna
00:22:06
represent this capillary network like
00:22:07
this for right now here's this little
00:22:09
capillary network like this and like
00:22:12
this that little space in there is
00:22:15
called the sinusoidal capillary
00:22:17
our liver sinusoids the a patek portal
00:22:20
vein you and the apat ik aren't
00:22:21
arterioles will empty their blood into
00:22:23
the sinusoids and then from there it'll
00:22:26
empty into these things called central
00:22:28
veins eventually a bunch of the central
00:22:31
veins will come together and eventually
00:22:34
what they'll do is is they will empty
00:22:36
their blood into what's called hepatic
00:22:39
veins so what is this vein up here
00:22:41
called this vein right here is called so
00:22:46
this is your a patek veins so after all
00:22:51
of this sifting through all of the
00:22:52
oxygens the nutrients the bacteria the
00:22:55
pathogens the alcohol the drugs all that
00:22:57
crap it gets emptied into a central vein
00:22:59
emptied into the hepatic veins it's
00:23:00
completely been filtered and then guess
00:23:03
what the apat acquaints do they take
00:23:05
that blood and they put it right here
00:23:08
into this nice little venous system
00:23:11
what is this venous system here called
00:23:13
this guy is your AI V C which stands for
00:23:18
your inferior vena cava and then from
00:23:22
there you guys should know that the
00:23:23
inferior vena Cable will take that blood
00:23:25
and empty it into the right atrium okay
00:23:27
so that is the pol idea that I want you
00:23:30
guys to get out of this portal
00:23:31
circulation here and as well as the
00:23:33
arterial circulation now what I want to
00:23:36
do is just to hit it home I want to take
00:23:38
so we looked at the anterior superior
00:23:40
view of the liver now what I want to do
00:23:42
is I want to take a look at the
00:23:43
posterior inferior view of the liver
00:23:44
okay okay so now what I want to do is I
00:23:46
want to take it to look at the posterior
00:23:47
inferior view so imagine here for a
00:23:49
second I take this liver alright I'm
00:23:51
grabbing onto the right lobe I'm gonna
00:23:53
flip it over so now the right lobes over
00:23:56
here the left lobe is over here so I'm
00:23:58
looking at the posterior and inferior
00:24:00
view of the liver so now what is this
00:24:03
lobe right here okay this right here
00:24:05
actually that's right down what view is
00:24:06
this again this is our posterior an
00:24:12
inferior view of the liver that's
00:24:17
important because just like there was
00:24:19
the anterior superior that was the
00:24:20
diaphragmatic surface the posterior
00:24:22
inferior view is more of the visceral
00:24:24
surface of the liver it's what comes
00:24:25
into contact with a lot of the visceral
00:24:27
organs okay but again this lobe right
00:24:30
here
00:24:30
is our right lobe this over she's this
00:24:37
over here is our left lobe of the liver
00:24:42
now we add two lobes to the mix why not
00:24:46
make things more complicated right these
00:24:48
two lobes right here are added to the
00:24:50
mix now this lobe I'm going to do them
00:24:54
in a different color here this lobe
00:24:56
right here which is bordered by this
00:24:58
ligamentum Teri's and then bordered by
00:25:00
the specifically the gallbladder this
00:25:04
right here is called the quadrate lobe
00:25:09
and then there's another lobe right here
00:25:13
which is bordered by the fissure for the
00:25:15
ligamentum venosum and then bordered
00:25:18
over here by the inferior vena cava and
00:25:20
then bordered in fearly by the porta
00:25:22
hepatis this right here is called the
00:25:26
caudate lobe okay so we have the left
00:25:32
lobe the right level deliver the caudate
00:25:34
lobe and the quadrate lobe now a couple
00:25:36
other things again I wanted to mention I
00:25:37
already kind of put it right there but
00:25:39
if you see here okay
00:25:41
the falciform Lehman was going
00:25:43
anteriorly right here it reflects
00:25:46
backwards okay so it reflects backwards
00:25:49
and when it reflects backwards it makes
00:25:52
these it makes this triangular ligament
00:25:55
over here so you see this ligament right
00:25:56
here this kind of like where it comes to
00:25:58
a point this part right there is called
00:26:02
the left triangular ligament it's what
00:26:09
helps to anchor the left lobe of the
00:26:12
liver to the inferior surface of the
00:26:14
diaphragm then there's this little part
00:26:17
right here you see this little thing
00:26:18
here where it reflects back and then
00:26:20
comes together and it makes a little
00:26:21
fissure there that little fissure is
00:26:24
actually going to be the remnant of the
00:26:26
ductus venosus but instead now that it
00:26:29
were in the adult it is called the
00:26:31
ligamentum venosum
00:26:37
okay but there's a little fissure in
00:26:39
there and then one more is you have this
00:26:43
little ligament right here
00:26:44
you see this guy right there let's do
00:26:47
this one here in this blue color this
00:26:49
guy comes over here and comes down from
00:26:51
the porta pottis this is a really
00:26:53
interesting one especially with respect
00:26:54
to fetal circulation this one right here
00:26:57
is actually called the ligamentum Teri's
00:27:05
or the round ligament you know why this
00:27:06
is important because in fetal
00:27:08
circulation and the fetus this was
00:27:10
actually the umbilical vein and then in
00:27:12
the fetus the ligamentum venosum
00:27:14
spinosus so the umbilical vein was
00:27:16
taking blood from the placenta and
00:27:18
taking it to the baby but it had to get
00:27:20
that blood into the systemic circulation
00:27:22
into the the babies in fear of Yoona
00:27:24
Kayla how did it do that there was this
00:27:27
little blood vessel here this little
00:27:28
channel or shunt and it's now it was the
00:27:30
ligamentum venosum of the adults but
00:27:32
it's the ductus venosus and the fetus
00:27:34
and so the ligamentum Terry's right
00:27:36
which used to be the umbilical vein
00:27:38
delivered blood right through that
00:27:40
ductus venosus and then into the
00:27:42
inferior vena cava isn't that so cool
00:27:43
all right now what happens is there's a
00:27:48
little reflection again of this the the
00:27:51
visceral peritoneum back here and it
00:27:53
forms these two ligaments right here
00:27:55
this one up here and this one down here
00:27:57
okay
00:27:58
this one right here up at the top is
00:28:00
called the anterior coronary ligament
00:28:08
this one right here is called the
00:28:13
posterior coronary ligament okay now
00:28:21
again these are helping to anchor the
00:28:22
liver to the diaphragm and then there's
00:28:26
one little point here you see where they
00:28:28
cut the anterior and the posterior
00:28:30
coronary ligament come together and they
00:28:31
make a nice little point here that part
00:28:33
right there is called the right
00:28:37
triangular ligament right triangular
00:28:43
ligament okay cool and again all of
00:28:46
these are helping to anchor the
00:28:47
diaphragm anchor the liver to the
00:28:50
diaphragm there's a nice little space in
00:28:52
there they call that the bear area it's
00:28:53
where there's no actual covering of
00:28:55
visceral peritoneum
00:28:56
that's called a bear
00:28:58
there and again this is the inferior
00:29:01
vena cava so this is your IVC right here
00:29:07
then you see how you have this big old
00:29:10
structure right there really really
00:29:11
important guy here really really
00:29:12
muscular thing right there this guy
00:29:14
right here is called your gall bladder
00:29:18
and it sits in what's called the Cystic
00:29:24
notch or the fossa
00:29:25
there's actually a little foster their
00:29:26
what's it's called the cystic fossa now
00:29:30
here's where I want us to really really
00:29:33
zoom in now so now that we got a good
00:29:34
orientation the basic anatomy here of
00:29:37
the liver
00:29:38
we now have one more area see this big
00:29:41
big area right here where you see a vein
00:29:43
you see an arteriole and you see this
00:29:45
little biliary system coming out and in
00:29:48
this whole thing right here I'm gonna
00:29:50
highlight this in orange here like this
00:29:53
I'm gonna kind of encase it that right
00:29:56
there is a special structure called the
00:30:00
porta hepatis the porta hepatis is where
00:30:08
the hepatic arterial so again this is
00:30:10
the this is gonna be the apat ik artery
00:30:13
so let's put here H a this is gonna be a
00:30:18
patek artery this right here is gonna be
00:30:22
the portal vein so let's put portal vein
00:30:25
and then you have this nice little
00:30:27
system here coming out we'll talk about
00:30:29
this later but you guys I've already
00:30:31
known from a lot of the videos we have
00:30:32
what's called the left to patek duct
00:30:34
which is actually gonna be taking the
00:30:35
bow from the left lobe of the liver the
00:30:37
right hepatic duct which is gonna be
00:30:39
taking the ball from the right lobe of
00:30:41
the liver they come together and they
00:30:43
make this structure here which is coming
00:30:45
out called the common hepatic duct so
00:30:49
I'm gonna put here CHD for common
00:30:52
hepatic duct okay so that's important so
00:30:57
now here's what I want you guys to
00:30:58
understand then the porta hepatis
00:31:00
has three important structures that are
00:31:03
going in and out and that is going in
00:31:09
portal vein hepatic artery proper come
00:31:12
out is the common hepatic duct there is
00:31:15
two other things that aren't actually
00:31:16
going in and out of here
00:31:18
you have what's called a nerve plexus
00:31:19
that's actually going in there the apat
00:31:21
ik plexus that's actually formed from
00:31:23
specifically the vagus nerve and coming
00:31:26
from the celiac ganglia on the
00:31:27
sympathetic nerves coming from the
00:31:28
celiac ganglia they're also going in
00:31:31
there and you have some lymphatic
00:31:32
systems that are actually kind of
00:31:34
draining the liver as well okay so that
00:31:36
gives us a good orientation now exactly
00:31:39
about how the actual portal vein hepatic
00:31:42
arterial and even the common hepatic
00:31:44
duct are going into and out of the liver
00:31:47
now here's where I want to put in this
00:31:51
nice little clinical tidbit it's really
00:31:52
important that we do have this clinical
00:31:54
tidbit in there
00:31:55
understanding the anatomy and the
00:31:57
physiology is crucial but if we make a
00:31:58
nice sort of clinical correlation here
00:32:00
watch this what happens for some reason
00:32:04
that a person isn't able to get enough
00:32:06
blood going through the liver and into
00:32:09
the eppadi thing there's three primary
00:32:11
causes pre hepatic causes intrahepatic
00:32:16
causes post apat causes we're not gonna
00:32:19
go into super detail this isn't a path
00:32:21
of video it's just making a clinical
00:32:23
correlation here for whatever reason
00:32:25
there's a thrombosis of any of these
00:32:28
veins that are emptying into the portal
00:32:31
vein that could cause the blood flow to
00:32:33
back up right and if the blood flow is
00:32:36
backing up there's gonna be pressure on
00:32:39
this side of the portal vein so if
00:32:42
there's something here that's actually
00:32:43
occluding the blood flow the pressure is
00:32:45
gonna back up from this point that can
00:32:49
lead to portal hypertension pretty
00:32:51
dangerous stuff here another common
00:32:53
cause is out of all of them the most
00:32:56
common is anything that can cause the
00:32:58
fibrosis of the liver so for example we
00:33:02
call that cirrhosis the fibrotic liver
00:33:04
cirrhosis could be caused by overuse of
00:33:06
alcohol it could be due to drug toxicity
00:33:09
it could be due to chronic hepatitis
00:33:11
it could even be due to fatty liver
00:33:13
disease or Wilson's disease or
00:33:15
hemochromatosis so many causes the whole
00:33:18
point that I want to get across is for
00:33:20
whatever reason there's fibrosis of the
00:33:22
liver it narrows the vessels that are
00:33:25
the
00:33:25
patek art haddock venules they get
00:33:28
narrowed and if they're narrowed the
00:33:30
pressure proximal to that narrowing is
00:33:33
gonna get back it's gonna start building
00:33:36
up and building up and building up and
00:33:38
this portal venous pressure is gonna
00:33:40
start really really rising the last
00:33:43
cause is and again not very common as
00:33:45
well but again it's I'm just mentioning
00:33:46
it is opposed to Pat it cost anything
00:33:49
that is affecting the blood flow
00:33:50
draining the liver so for example maybe
00:33:53
there's a thrombus of the apat of Ames
00:33:55
they call that bud Kyary syndrome if
00:33:58
there's some type of occlusion of the
00:33:59
apat of Eanes the blood can backflow
00:34:02
into the liver and if there's backflow
00:34:04
into the liver it causes this portal
00:34:05
venous system to develop a lot of
00:34:07
pressure now why is this bad when there
00:34:11
is portal venous hypertension three
00:34:15
reasons why and I'm going to go through
00:34:17
each one of them I want to go through
00:34:19
the first one here one of the car and
00:34:22
it's something that can happen with the
00:34:23
pathophysiology of portal tension is
00:34:26
there can be a no rectal hemorrhoids
00:34:34
okay now here's what I want us to
00:34:39
understand there are certain areas where
00:34:42
the portal venous system and the
00:34:45
systemic system form what's called an
00:34:48
anastomosis okay so this right here I'm
00:34:51
gonna kind of encase it here in orange
00:34:54
this is called a port Oh
00:34:58
systemic anastomosis Anasta Moses now
00:35:06
generally I have a little pressure
00:35:09
system right here okay a little pressure
00:35:10
valve normally the portal system and the
00:35:14
systemic system there's not much blood
00:35:16
flowing through these in a stenosis so
00:35:19
the pressure is really low and it's
00:35:20
pretty equal on both sides but in a
00:35:23
situation like hepatic portal
00:35:24
hypertension so hepatic portal
00:35:30
hypertension
00:35:34
this is going to affect him and what
00:35:36
it's going to do is gonna take this
00:35:38
little pressure valve and Boop it's
00:35:40
gonna go over here and now it's gonna
00:35:42
shift to the left so now the pressure
00:35:45
the pressure is going to be over here
00:35:48
now and so there's gonna be more portal
00:35:50
pressure portal venous pressure than
00:35:52
systemic venous pressure now if you guys
00:35:55
know anything about the concept of
00:35:57
pressure flow things like to go from
00:36:00
areas of high pressure to low pressure
00:36:02
where there's the least resistance well
00:36:05
because there's some type of venous
00:36:08
thrombosis or cirrhosis or bud tre
00:36:11
syndrome and remember Priya Patek
00:36:13
intrahepatic poster pad it causes these
00:36:15
things will cause the blood to backflow
00:36:18
through these portal venous systems now
00:36:21
these veins here they're not used to
00:36:23
large volumes of blood but whenever you
00:36:27
cause a lot of this blood from the
00:36:28
portal system to come out here it starts
00:36:32
causing them to dilate and form a lot of
00:36:36
like varicosities here and this
00:36:39
varicosity is gonna be causing
00:36:41
hemorrhoids anal tentacles kind coming
00:36:44
out the button right so you don't want
00:36:45
that these can be pretty nasty okay so
00:36:48
that's important to remember is that if
00:36:49
there is a high pressure system major
00:36:51
the portal systems higher it's going to
00:36:52
go to the path of least resistance which
00:36:54
is going to go into these rectal veins
00:36:56
that's important because if you're a
00:36:57
member for example we talked about it
00:36:59
briefly over here what was this vein
00:37:01
called that was the part of the portal
00:37:03
vein this was called the superior rectal
00:37:07
vein that supplied the superior aspect
00:37:10
of the rectum well there's middle and
00:37:12
inferior ekdal veins
00:37:13
that's for these systemic veins that's
00:37:15
where the circuit is okay this one is in
00:37:18
a medical emergency not so serious
00:37:20
obviously you can do ligation of these
00:37:22
or they can actually surgically remove
00:37:24
them as well pretty nasty stuff though
00:37:25
okay all right so now we talked about
00:37:27
anal rectal hemorrhoids now I want to
00:37:29
kick another view here I want to talk
00:37:30
about another clinical manifestation
00:37:33
that we can see with someone what's the
00:37:34
paddock for hypertension so we're gonna
00:37:37
take a sagittal view here this is so for
00:37:39
example I'm coming here I'm making this
00:37:41
type of section a sagittal section I'm
00:37:43
turning my body so that you guys can see
00:37:44
it
00:37:45
okay so I'll give you a little bit of an
00:37:46
atomic
00:37:48
orientation here ok so again this is
00:37:49
actually a sagittal view here okay this
00:37:56
is a sagittal view so right here this is
00:37:59
our anterior abdominal wall this is our
00:38:02
liver now when we look at the liver in
00:38:03
this way this is the superior surface of
00:38:06
the liver right here I'll put superior
00:38:08
this is actually the posterior surface
00:38:10
of the liver this is the anterior
00:38:13
surface of the liver and then down here
00:38:15
is the inferior surface of the liver
00:38:20
what's important for you guys to
00:38:22
understand here is remember when when
00:38:25
there actually is the fetal life right
00:38:27
there's has to be this umbilical cord
00:38:30
which allows for the umbilical vein to
00:38:32
take blood from the placenta to the baby
00:38:35
where again we talked about it will
00:38:37
empty into the ductus venosus which will
00:38:39
take it and shunt it into the inferior
00:38:40
vena cava when we're born is it that
00:38:44
actual vein closes okay and it becomes
00:38:48
this ligament that we talked about and
00:38:51
this ligament is called the ligamentum
00:38:53
teres or the round ligament cuz terry's
00:39:02
means round so it's also the round
00:39:04
ligament now remember I told you that if
00:39:09
for whatever reason let's say here's our
00:39:12
portal vein so here's our portal vein
00:39:13
okay that was taking blood into the
00:39:16
liver and again it's branching out here
00:39:19
to the different parts of the liver
00:39:21
right left lobe all that stuff but for
00:39:25
whatever reason due to the portal
00:39:27
hypertension
00:39:28
pria paddock thrombosis or intrahepatic
00:39:31
being any type of cirrhosis post a
00:39:33
paddock being occlusion blood tre
00:39:35
syndrome whatever it might be
00:39:37
for the portal hypertension the blood
00:39:39
has to go somewhere
00:39:41
it needs to go somewhere has to have
00:39:43
somewhere to go so what happens is is
00:39:46
this high pressure from the portal
00:39:49
hypertension
00:39:49
rique analyzes this ligament because it
00:39:54
really it has a little a little lumen
00:39:57
here but it's so so small but what
00:39:59
happens is because of
00:40:01
high-pressure system because of the
00:40:03
portal hypertension it wreak analyzes
00:40:06
that and that crazy
00:40:07
so there's what's called re canalization
00:40:12
of ligamentum Terry's and it provides a
00:40:21
little blood circuit for it to roll
00:40:23
through
00:40:24
now this isn't again it's not a super
00:40:26
dangerous condition but it can actually
00:40:29
be helpful in their differential
00:40:31
diagnosis like a diagnostic sign right
00:40:33
because what happens is the blood has to
00:40:34
go somewhere so what happens is the
00:40:36
blood goes into this actual ligament
00:40:40
some terries that sure gets wreak
00:40:41
analyzed and then it actually moves into
00:40:46
these superficial peri umbilical veins
00:40:48
so you have some superficial superficial
00:40:51
peri umbilical veins
00:40:52
now remember going back to hit us again
00:40:54
there's a little pressure valve normally
00:40:57
it's equal not much blood going through
00:40:59
this portal systemic and a stenosis but
00:41:05
because of the portal hypertension the
00:41:08
portal venous pressure rises if the
00:41:11
portal venous pressure rises the blood
00:41:14
has to go from areas of high pressure to
00:41:15
areas of low pressure when it does it
00:41:18
goes into these Perry umbilical veins
00:41:20
these superficial Perry umbilical veins
00:41:21
and guess what that does it causes these
00:41:24
guys to start kind of bulging and
00:41:27
forming these nasty little varicose
00:41:30
veins type of structure on the abdomen
00:41:33
and you can see it
00:41:35
they call this capita deucey okay so
00:41:39
they call this when these veins here are
00:41:42
super distended they call it Capet
00:41:47
Medusa okay they get that because uh the
00:41:52
Greek god
00:41:52
Medusa look like she had a bunch of
00:41:55
snakes on her head so they thought that
00:41:56
these veins when they were distended
00:41:58
because of the portal hypertension it
00:42:00
looked like that so that's why they call
00:42:01
it captain Medusa again not a medical
00:42:03
emergency but again it's important for
00:42:05
diagnosis the last one that is a medical
00:42:07
emergency and if it does happen it's
00:42:09
usually not a good sign okay
00:42:12
is esophageal varices okay so let's do
00:42:15
this last one here in purple esophageal
00:42:19
the last one is called a sawfish eel
00:42:23
varices now again what is this little
00:42:27
area right here this is a portal
00:42:31
systemic anastomosis remember this is
00:42:33
the portal vein here right well one of
00:42:36
the branches that goes to the esophagus
00:42:37
you know the esophagus the inferior
00:42:40
portion of the esophagus inferior
00:42:41
portion is drained by the portal vein
00:42:44
but the superior and middle aspect of
00:42:47
the esophagus is drained by the systemic
00:42:49
veins when they come together again they
00:42:52
form this little port of systemic
00:42:53
anastomosis but because of pre hepatic
00:42:56
causes like thrombosis intra paddock
00:42:57
like fibrosis of the liver or post a pod
00:43:00
it causes like a bud qre syndrome the
00:43:02
pressure starts building up as the
00:43:05
pressure starts building up the pressure
00:43:07
starts back flowing and again go back to
00:43:09
our pressure valve here if the pressure
00:43:11
starts rising in the portal venous
00:43:12
system where is it going to want to go
00:43:15
it's going to want to go to the path of
00:43:17
least resistance so guess where it will
00:43:19
do it'll shunt through the portal
00:43:21
systemic anastomosis into these systemic
00:43:24
veins in the esophagus and there's
00:43:26
internal veins and external veins here's
00:43:29
what can happen though look at this
00:43:31
as these get filled with blood their
00:43:37
walls get distended as the walls are
00:43:39
being distended eventually due to the
00:43:42
consistent chronic portal hypertension
00:43:44
these puppies can rupture and you can
00:43:47
start spitting up blood okay so you
00:43:49
could have them opt esis but another
00:43:52
common sign is guess what you just
00:43:54
swallow it and some of that blood will
00:43:58
get passed out right through the poopoo
00:44:02
right into the poopoo and what you'll
00:44:05
see is you'll see the stool is going to
00:44:07
be kind of black and tari stool and that
00:44:12
could be a sign that maybe there is some
00:44:15
type of GI bleed most likely upper GI
00:44:17
and it's these esophageal varices and
00:44:19
again really important that these get to
00:44:21
pay attention to because this can be a
00:44:23
medical emergency okay
00:44:25
this can be a medical emergency usually
00:44:28
the the treatment of choice for this one
00:44:30
is an endoscopic ligation okay if that
00:44:33
not then they can do farm you know they
00:44:35
can get pharmacological interventions
00:44:37
like octreotide and other different
00:44:39
types of drugs the new modern procedure
00:44:42
that they're using nowadays though to
00:44:45
really help out with alleviating this
00:44:47
portal hypertension is called tips okay
00:44:50
so what does it called it's called tips
00:44:55
and tips stands for trans jugular intra
00:45:05
hepatic porto systemic shunt okay t i--
00:45:14
PS okay
00:45:16
and again they call this tips you
00:45:18
probably like no wonder they call it
00:45:19
tips alright now what they do is they
00:45:23
take a catheter and they thread it
00:45:27
through the internal jugular vein they
00:45:30
thread it through the right
00:45:31
brachiocephalic vein through the
00:45:33
superior vena cava through the inferior
00:45:36
vena cava and then what they do is they
00:45:39
give off a branch into these hepatic
00:45:41
veins right so these are your patek
00:45:43
veins from here it'll go to a portal
00:45:46
vein tributary and it'll put in a stent
00:45:51
and by putting in this stent is trying
00:45:55
to increase the blood flow and alleviate
00:45:58
a lot of this portal hypertension so by
00:46:01
doing this putting in this stent here
00:46:03
we're going to kind of open this vessel
00:46:06
up a little bit more and by doing that
00:46:08
it's going to help to try to alleviate a
00:46:11
lot of this back pressure so that
00:46:13
instead of the blood going to these
00:46:15
different areas which they are it can
00:46:16
start moving through the portal
00:46:18
circulation it's a pretty cool modern
00:46:20
technique that they're using nowadays
00:46:21
there is another one that they could use
00:46:23
again they don't use it as much but they
00:46:26
could do it is you could put a little
00:46:27
shot right here between the portal vein
00:46:31
and the inferior vena cava because this
00:46:33
is your inferior vena cava again this is
00:46:36
your portal vein
00:46:38
and so they can do what's called a
00:46:40
portal cable shut that's another one and
00:46:43
again by doing that it allows for the
00:46:45
blood to be diverted into the inferior
00:46:47
vena cava and back up to the right
00:46:49
atrium okay so that's an important point
00:46:51
to understand EIN in genera so in this
00:46:54
video we talked about the blood supply
00:46:55
to the liver and we had a little
00:46:57
clinical tidbit on the up attic portal
00:46:58
hypertension guys I want to thank you
00:47:00
guys so much for watching this video if
00:47:02
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00:47:04
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00:47:14
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00:47:16
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00:47:21
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00:47:39
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