SOCIALISM IN EUROPE & RUSSIAN REVOLUTION in 1 Shot || FULL Chapter (THEORY+PYQs) || Class 9th SST

The speaker discusses the historical impacts of leaders like Raja Ram Mohan Roy in India, who along with other global leaders, initiated social revolutions challenging absolute monarchy and advocating for controlled power. They emphasize the significance of European events on the world, including India's social evolution.

The discussion moves to European historical contexts, covering the unification of Germany and Italy, the Greek War of Independence, and the impacts these events had on other regions, including Russia. It highlights the influence of social change and nationalism across Europe.

A deeper look into socialist philosophies is provided, examining the different viewpoints of liberals, radicals, and conservatives in response to social change. Liberals advocated for a controlled monarchy and individual rights, radicals wanted rapid change and opposed landowner privileges, while conservatives gradually accepted necessary changes.

Industrial society and its changes are examined, emphasizing the spread of new cities, industries, and railways, which led to industrial revolutions. However, this growth also brought problems like poor working conditions and extended working hours, highlighting the need for social reform.

The differences in socialist ideologies are further explored, showing how some sought cooperation and collective ownership of industries. Robert Owen's attempt in America and Louis Blanc's vision in France demonstrate early socialist models struggling against capitalist structures.

The emergence of socialism in Europe is traced back to diverse socialist movements pushing against private property and advocating for social benefits shared by society. Karl Marx's revolutionary views on overthrowing capitalist structures are explored as part of this ideological development.

The struggles against the established order are highlighted, with liberals, radicals, and nationalists opposing royal and conservative governance in Europe. These social and political movements laid the groundwork for socialism's rise, even sparking revolutionary actions in places like Russia.

The narrative delves into Russian societal structure and economy before World War I, noting its agrarian base and limited industrialization. It discusses peasants' demands for land redistribution and the challenges faced by both urban workers and rural peasants under Tsarist rule.

The impact of World War I on Russia is detailed, showing economic strain and military losses. These hardships exacerbated public discontent with Tsarist rule, leading to strikes and uprisings, eventually culminating in the February Revolution and the establishment of a provisional government.

The dissatisfaction with the provisional government led to further unrest. Lenin's return to Russia and the Bolshevik agenda, including ending World War I involvement and land distribution to peasants, are explored as pivotal points leading to the October Revolution.

The October Revolution, led by the Bolsheviks, results in the overthrow of the provisional government and the establishment of a new socialist state. Structural changes, such as nationalizing banks and distributing land, mark the consolidation of Bolshevik power against opposition.

The discussion transitions into the civil war period in Russia, where Bolsheviks, faced with internal and external opposition, implement drastic measures. These included tight control over society and land collectivization led by Stalin, reflecting both progress and harsh repression.

The presentation addresses the global impact of the Russian Revolution, noting how it influenced socialist parties worldwide despite varied responses. The USSR's example propelled socialist movements, though criticisms arose over authoritarian governance and limited freedoms under Soviet rule.