What Baby Boomers Feel About The 1960s. Show 6.

00:59:18
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k7ESly55Om8

摘要

TLDRThe documentary 'Making Sense of the 60s' delves into the pivotal decade of the 1960s, exploring its significant, lasting impacts on American society. It discusses how the era heralded shifts in family structures, such as rising divorce rates and altered gender roles, leading to a societal landscape vastly different from the 1950s nuclear family model. The cultural revolution of this time saw an unprecedented change in sexual norms and attitudes, broadening the societal acceptance of diverse lifestyles and sexual preferences. In education, the 60s brought about reforms that introduced new curricula, including ethnic and women's studies, which remain influential. The counterculture movement and anti-establishment sentiments of the time contributed to a legacy of skepticism towards authority, especially seen in the response to the Vietnam War and the subsequent Watergate scandal. Politically, the era's civil rights movements challenged deeply ingrained systemic racism, leading to vital legislative changes despite persistent social challenges. The long-term political impact included a shift in party dominance, with Republicans gaining strength post-60s due to changing demographics and disillusionment with the liberal agenda.

心得

  • 📅 The 1960s marked significant societal upheavals and transformations.
  • 👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 Family structures changed, with divorce becoming more common.
  • 🚨 The era fueled skepticism of authority due to events like the Vietnam War.
  • 🎓 Educational reforms saw the introduction of ethnic and women's studies.
  • 🇺🇸 Civil rights movements made legislative gains but faced ongoing challenges.
  • 🎸 Counterculture movements fostered new forms of personal expression.
  • 💼 Work attitudes shifted towards self-fulfillment rather than just earning.
  • ♂️♀️ The sexual revolution altered societal norms around relationships.
  • 🎤 Political landscapes shifted, influencing decades of party dynamics.
  • 🔍 The decade continues to fuel debates on its long-term impacts.
  • 📖 Many who lived through it feel it was a deeply educational period.
  • 🔄 The cultural shifts of the 60s are still felt in today's society.

时间轴

  • 00:00:00 - 00:05:00

    "Making Sense of the 60s" reflects on how the decade remains a significant part of the lives of those who experienced it, having shaped identities and personal insights. Some people see it as a time of self-discovery that still influences their lives today.

  • 00:05:00 - 00:10:00

    The close of the 1960s is seen as a pivotal moment; for some, it was a chance to find a spiritual or philosophical high, imagining communities like the Kingdom of God. Others saw it as liberation from an era where societal norms seemed restrictive.

  • 00:10:00 - 00:15:00

    Personal narratives reveal the 60s as a time of radical change—choices made, often out of necessity, led to new careers and personal paths. While some embraced counterculture, others eventually found solace in traditional roles, re-evaluating past ideals of success and societal norms.

  • 00:15:00 - 00:20:00

    Differences in life choices reflect the diversity of the 60s experience. Those involved in counterculture have stories of ideological and geographic shifts. Despite initial rebellious fervor, many later sought change from within established systems, questioning the permanence of 60s ideals.

  • 00:20:00 - 00:25:00

    The focus shifts to family dynamics, highlighting transformative changes in societal norms since the 60s. The era witnessed a dramatic shift in traditional views on marriage and family, with divorce rates doubling and evolving attitudes towards cohabitation before marriage.

  • 00:25:00 - 00:30:00

    The sexual revolution of the 60s created lasting changes in societal norms. Conversations around premarital sex and gender equality expanded, challenging traditional views and breaking long-standing taboos, reflecting broader social tolerance for diverse lifestyles.

  • 00:30:00 - 00:35:00

    The counterculture movement is critiqued for its anti-establishment ethos and naivety, especially in alienating potential allies like the working class. However, critiques highlight its impact on academic and cultural reforms which persisted and evolved into mainstream societal norms.

  • 00:35:00 - 00:40:00

    The legacy of the 60s is explored through feminism's impact on women's roles, career attitudes that prioritize fulfillment over finance, and persisting questions about the true meaning of success. The era challenged conventional metrics of achievement.

  • 00:40:00 - 00:45:00

    The 60s altered American societal fabric profoundly, yet integration and civil rights reforms left unresolved socio-economic disparities, leading to ongoing challenges in achieving racial equality. The era's ambitions clashed with realities of institutional inertia.

  • 00:45:00 - 00:50:00

    Reflections on governmental and political paradigms shifted after Vietnam, leading to skepticism in political leadership and ethical governance. The era's veterans remain cautious of repeating past mistakes, sustaining a wariness towards authority and interventionist policies.

  • 00:50:00 - 00:59:18

    The continuing influence of the 60s asks enduring questions about societal values and personal legacies. As the nation grapples with these reflections, individuals must negotiate how to convey their past experiences to younger generations, capturing the era's complexities.

显示更多

思维导图

视频问答

  • How did the 1960s impact American families?

    The 1960s saw a shift from the traditional family model as divorce rates doubled and the concept of marriage changed, leading to only 15% fitting the traditional description by the end of the decade.

  • What were some societal norms that changed during the 1960s?

    The 1960s brought changes in sexual mores, resulting in more women having premarital sex, changing views on living together before marriage, and general liberalization of sexual behavior.

  • How did the 1960s influence political structures?

    The political landscape shifted as the civil rights movement and social upheavals led to a fragmentation of the Democratic coalition, aiding in Republican dominance in subsequent decades.

  • What lasting cultural impacts did the 1960s have?

    The 1960s challenged conformity, fostered diversity, and encouraged personal expression, resulting in lasting changes in American culture and identity.

  • In what ways did the Vietnam War affect American society?

    The Vietnam War left a legacy of skepticism toward government and warlike moves, influencing American foreign policy and public trust in political leaders.

  • How did the 1960s economic ideals evolve over time?

    The decade encouraged seeing work as self-expression and fulfillment, impacting career goals and standards for personal success.

  • What was the role of women during and after the 1960s?

    Women's liberation gained traction, though women continued to face dual burdens of work and home responsibilities, leading to ongoing stress in balancing roles.

  • Did the 1960s contribute to changes in education?

    Yes, the era brought about reforms like ethnic and women's studies courses and increased curricular diversity that persist today.

  • What was the impact of civil rights movements during the 1960s?

    While the civil rights movements made legislative gains, the deep-rooted challenges of racism and inequality remained, with ongoing work necessary to achieve true equality.

  • How is the 60s generation perceived today?

    The 60s generation is viewed as having unique cultural experiences that continue to shape current societal values and dynamics.

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  • 00:00:02
    we now return to making sense of the 60s
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    major funding for making sense of the
  • 00:00:12
    60s was provided by the corporation for
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    public broadcasting
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    and by viewers like you
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    additional funding was provided by sims
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    clothing stores where since 1960 an
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    educated consumer has been our best
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    customer
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    and by toms of maine a pioneer in
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    natural personal care toms of maine and
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    nature a friendship of 20 years
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    is the 60s part of your life today
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    is it still in there
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    god that's hard
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    i think all of us went through it myself
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    a lot of it's still in here
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    you live through that time
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    it's like you live through all times you
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    learn you learn a lot what i learned was
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    is invaluable to me today
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    is your life better for having lived
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    through the 60s
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    yeah
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    i had a really chance to examine myself
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    and find out who i am what i'm about
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    uh that was the reason i left home to
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    start with
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    who i was
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    yeah and it's yeah sure it's
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    yeah it's part of me
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    [Music]
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    [Music]
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    um
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    [Music]
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    [Music]
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    [Laughter]
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    [Music]
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    [Laughter]
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    [Music]
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    the 60s ended more than 21 years ago
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    in the minds of some americans it
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    couldn't have happened soon enough
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    for others the 60s are still hanging on
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    but for everyone who lived through those
  • 00:03:03
    times the end of the 60s is more than
  • 00:03:06
    just a date on the calendar it's a
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    milestone a point of departure
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    [Music]
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    i finally left the communes and moved
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    back to the forbidden city
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    [Music]
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    and from there i still live in a city
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    today
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    but i found the commune i was always
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    dreaming of
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    it's called the kingdom of god
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    and now i've got an everlasting high
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    and i know i came a different way than
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    many do
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    but i've got the 60s to thank in a way
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    and i've got
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    that whole crazy time to thank because
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    in a way
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    it's what jolted me into a place
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    where i could finally behold the lord
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    i felt i might be morally bankrupt if i
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    had ambition
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    or if i
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    god forbid
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    work towards making one of my boyfriends
  • 00:04:06
    want to marry me all of that seemed
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    wrong
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    i felt i was endlessly resilient
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    and life was longer than it would be
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    that i had
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    the rest of my life to make up my minds
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    about a lot of things i'm single i've
  • 00:04:21
    never married
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    so uh
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    and i've you know i'm
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    past i think child bearing years except
  • 00:04:30
    with great
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    megillah to get you know
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    which i'm not willing to do
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    i think when i was doing the things that
  • 00:04:39
    i did in the 60s
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    i felt like i had no other choice
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    i was
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    so relieved when it was over
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    and i could get out of it and i was
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    deliriously happy to be able to come
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    back and join the system and work from
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    within it to make a difference as
  • 00:04:57
    opposed to being outside
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    i think i've changed i mean my life has
  • 00:05:02
    taken directions that i never would have
  • 00:05:04
    imagined were possible
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    especially when i became a conscientious
  • 00:05:08
    objector and a potential war resistor
  • 00:05:11
    then i thought that a career for me in
  • 00:05:13
    the in the sort of in mainstream
  • 00:05:15
    institutions was
  • 00:05:16
    was impossible well then it turned out i
  • 00:05:18
    ended up being the chief speechwriter of
  • 00:05:20
    the president of the united states and
  • 00:05:21
    now i'm editor of a
  • 00:05:23
    fairly well known
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    national magazine
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    i have never made more than
  • 00:05:30
    fifteen thousand dollars a year as a
  • 00:05:32
    teacher
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    most of the time it's been considerably
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    less than that
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    i write i have never made more than
  • 00:05:40
    thirteen thousand dollars a year as a
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    writer
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    and i didn't make that 13 in that 15 in
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    the same year so
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    my my combined income has never exceeded
  • 00:05:50
    more than twenty thousand dollars
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    [Music]
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    i've spent
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    i've walked away from
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    a lot of opportunities that
  • 00:06:01
    might have made my life a whole lot more
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    secure because i felt that
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    they were simply not
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    well one hates to use this word but
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    because i felt as though to taking those
  • 00:06:15
    opportunities would have been to sell
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    out to the values that i acquired
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    i didn't know what to think anymore i
  • 00:06:23
    didn't know what to believe i didn't
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    know what to espouse
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    i didn't know what to wear
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    i was really just kind of lost
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    and i was also by at that point
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    getting divorced
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    and
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    so i did go back and live with my
  • 00:06:40
    parents for a while
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    and
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    i did try on
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    literally tried on some polyester
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    pantsuits and i kind of tried that out
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    to see well do i just kind of go back
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    all the way or and it really wasn't me
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    anymore i really had gone
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    i had just gone too far the other
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    the other way
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    i moved to a small rural town for many
  • 00:07:05
    years and tried to grow a big garden did
  • 00:07:07
    some hunting and fishing
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    and uh i considered myself conservative
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    at the time even reactionary
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    uh and
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    but at the same time most people
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    describing my life would have said it
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    he's one of those 60s dropouts doing the
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    during the rural thing although i myself
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    was sitting around reading southern
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    agrarians
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    who saw the automobile as a symbol of
  • 00:07:31
    the country going to hell and of course
  • 00:07:33
    they were right
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    so uh
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    so i i i guess it's not that big elite
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    uh going from being radical to
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    reactionary
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    you know but that's that's what happened
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    to me
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    [Music]
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    the people you've just heard from are a
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    few of the members of the age group that
  • 00:07:56
    the press and the pollsters call the
  • 00:07:58
    sixties generation
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    since the sixties ended tens of millions
  • 00:08:02
    of these people have been searching for
  • 00:08:04
    balance second guessing their past
  • 00:08:07
    piecing together their dreams
  • 00:08:09
    and finding the strength and wisdom to
  • 00:08:11
    get on with their lives
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    [Music]
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    but what's so unique about that
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    they've grown older just like everyone
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    else
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    yet something about this generation is
  • 00:08:24
    different even as they enter middle age
  • 00:08:27
    they continue to be set apart by a past
  • 00:08:30
    they seem unable to leave behind
  • 00:08:33
    a past that continues to raise
  • 00:08:34
    disturbing questions for all americans
  • 00:08:38
    why hasn't america gotten over the 1960s
  • 00:08:45
    could it be that in the 60s not only a
  • 00:08:47
    generation but a nation came of age
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    that a nation's illusions were shattered
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    that since the 1960s ended a nation has
  • 00:08:57
    been trying to find the strength and
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    wisdom to get on with the way of life
  • 00:09:01
    that is very different from what came
  • 00:09:04
    before
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    this is a program about reappraisal a
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    program that looks around to see how
  • 00:09:14
    what happened in the 60s is affecting
  • 00:09:16
    america today
  • 00:09:18
    it is not a final assessment just a
  • 00:09:20
    point on the chart because it appears
  • 00:09:23
    the nineteen sixties will continue to
  • 00:09:26
    affect our society for a long long time
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    to come
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    [Music]
  • 00:09:33
    of course as every girl i have
  • 00:09:34
    aspirations to sunday be married and
  • 00:09:36
    raise a family and to someday be in love
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    with someone very very much so that even
  • 00:09:42
    after i'm past 30
  • 00:09:46
    even after i'm past 30 there's something
  • 00:09:48
    to live for because you have someone to
  • 00:09:50
    give your life to someone to do things
  • 00:09:52
    for
  • 00:09:53
    back in 1960 most young people had a
  • 00:09:56
    clear vision of what their future
  • 00:09:57
    families would be like
  • 00:09:59
    at that time 70 percent of american
  • 00:10:02
    families had a breadwinning dad a
  • 00:10:04
    housekeeping mom and one or more kids
  • 00:10:08
    but today only 15 percent of american
  • 00:10:10
    families fit that description
  • 00:10:14
    the dream i had from childhood
  • 00:10:18
    was to have a loving family unit
  • 00:10:21
    that lived together forever
  • 00:10:24
    i mean that's i wanted to do i wanted to
  • 00:10:26
    to do all those
  • 00:10:28
    all-american kind of things with my kids
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    the boys work on the truck with the dad
  • 00:10:33
    and the kids are
  • 00:10:34
    you know out there gardening with the
  • 00:10:36
    mom and
  • 00:10:37
    you know to do those things together as
  • 00:10:40
    a family unit
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    and the thing that i have to face that
  • 00:10:44
    hurts the most is the fact that i
  • 00:10:46
    couldn't
  • 00:10:48
    go on with that family unit
  • 00:10:50
    that hurts
  • 00:10:57
    since the late 1960s divorce rates in
  • 00:11:00
    america have doubled to the point where
  • 00:11:02
    today
  • 00:11:03
    one of every two marriages will break up
  • 00:11:06
    of all the revolutions that occurred in
  • 00:11:08
    the 1960s the most lasting
  • 00:11:11
    the one with the greatest impact were
  • 00:11:13
    the changes that it brought about in
  • 00:11:15
    private life
  • 00:11:17
    the protests against the vietnam war
  • 00:11:19
    rose and then fell
  • 00:11:22
    public concern about civil rights
  • 00:11:25
    rose and then sadly ebbed
  • 00:11:28
    but the changes that occurred in
  • 00:11:30
    american private life lasted
  • 00:11:33
    in fact they became even more intense in
  • 00:11:35
    the early 1970s and they persist even
  • 00:11:38
    till today
  • 00:11:40
    so american families are fundamentally
  • 00:11:42
    different than they were a decade and a
  • 00:11:44
    half ago
  • 00:11:45
    divorce is much more common
  • 00:11:48
    many people lament that but there's
  • 00:11:50
    clearly a good side about that that is
  • 00:11:52
    people do not have to remain in loveless
  • 00:11:55
    marriages
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    that people felt compelled to remain in
  • 00:11:58
    in the 1950s
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    attitudes toward marriage and divorce
  • 00:12:04
    are not the only social norms to be
  • 00:12:06
    shattered by the experiences of the
  • 00:12:08
    sixties
  • 00:12:09
    back in 1959 90 percent of american
  • 00:12:13
    adults agreed that the only proper time
  • 00:12:15
    to discover intimate details about a
  • 00:12:17
    partner was after the matrimonial knot
  • 00:12:20
    had been tied
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    today one of every two americans
  • 00:12:23
    acknowledges that living together before
  • 00:12:26
    marriage is a good idea
  • 00:12:29
    i haven't changed politically one little
  • 00:12:30
    bit not but one bit since i was in world
  • 00:12:33
    war ii
  • 00:12:35
    i still feel very strongly about a
  • 00:12:36
    strong defense and you know i'm not
  • 00:12:38
    going to review all that but
  • 00:12:40
    but
  • 00:12:41
    sexually uh
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    now if i had a little girl
  • 00:12:45
    i might have felt differently you know
  • 00:12:48
    and we filled up the house with boys
  • 00:12:49
    trying to get a little girl
  • 00:12:51
    but uh boys uh
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    i think that
  • 00:12:56
    it
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    i am i've changed
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    i wouldn't hesitate to say go ahead if
  • 00:13:02
    you want to live with it go ahead if
  • 00:13:03
    it's all right with her
  • 00:13:05
    and see how it works out
  • 00:13:07
    and if it's right you get married and if
  • 00:13:09
    you don't you'll know
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    so there was no real hand done just a
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    little time wasted
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    physical desire is very normal and it
  • 00:13:18
    happens and sometimes everything just
  • 00:13:20
    comes down to a very basic level and
  • 00:13:22
    there's nothing wrong with it
  • 00:13:23
    i think that sex is just much groupier
  • 00:13:26
    when there's love you know there's a lot
  • 00:13:28
    more happening but there's nothing wrong
  • 00:13:30
    with just sex for sex
  • 00:13:33
    sexual revolution
  • 00:13:35
    one thing this open and permissive
  • 00:13:37
    experiment with sex dramatically changed
  • 00:13:40
    was the great american double standard
  • 00:13:43
    the percentage of men who say they had
  • 00:13:45
    sex before marriage has increased
  • 00:13:47
    slightly over the years
  • 00:13:49
    but since the sixties the percentage of
  • 00:13:51
    women who say they've had sex before
  • 00:13:53
    marriage has nearly doubled
  • 00:13:56
    but clearly that's not all the sexual
  • 00:13:58
    revolution of the sixties changed
  • 00:14:01
    well actually the sexual revolution was
  • 00:14:03
    the most widespread and most
  • 00:14:05
    long-lasting of all the legacies of the
  • 00:14:07
    sixties i mean the polls in 1970 showed
  • 00:14:10
    radical changes and sexual behavior and
  • 00:14:12
    mores not just among hippies and college
  • 00:14:14
    students on the two coast
  • 00:14:16
    but blue collar workers in texarkana and
  • 00:14:18
    des moines it was very widespread it
  • 00:14:21
    permeated entire culture
  • 00:14:23
    you know i've written a book that was
  • 00:14:24
    originally titled the end of sex an
  • 00:14:26
    all-time worst title for a book
  • 00:14:28
    but it was really about uh the end of
  • 00:14:31
    the
  • 00:14:32
    obligatory sexuality and i have
  • 00:14:34
    criticized the sexual revolution so i'm
  • 00:14:36
    on that side too and yet i can say very
  • 00:14:39
    clearly that it was it was one of those
  • 00:14:41
    long overdue revolutions that people had
  • 00:14:44
    certain types of sexual desire that they
  • 00:14:46
    felt they could never speak to another
  • 00:14:48
    human being it could always had to be
  • 00:14:49
    locked within within themselves
  • 00:14:51
    they held these seemingly guilty secrets
  • 00:14:55
    and you know all of life was sort of
  • 00:14:56
    constrained by the fact that they had
  • 00:14:58
    this secret and there was no one to talk
  • 00:15:00
    to no way to express it i am amazed when
  • 00:15:03
    i look around me now at how freely uh we
  • 00:15:06
    can in the media
  • 00:15:08
    in the society generally in
  • 00:15:11
    in polite society around a dinner table
  • 00:15:14
    or at lunch and in my classrooms we can
  • 00:15:16
    talk about matters of sexuality that
  • 00:15:19
    could never be talked about openly uh
  • 00:15:21
    through the 40s 50s and even up into the
  • 00:15:23
    early 60s
  • 00:15:25
    our willingness to
  • 00:15:27
    accept many different
  • 00:15:30
    sexual preferences lifestyles in our
  • 00:15:32
    society is much greater the range of
  • 00:15:35
    social tolerance is much greater than it
  • 00:15:37
    was before
  • 00:15:38
    most of my college life sex was terrible
  • 00:15:42
    um i found myself um
  • 00:15:45
    always in that awful situation that
  • 00:15:47
    women found themselves before the
  • 00:15:48
    women's movement of basically having to
  • 00:15:50
    sort of say no and being sort of called
  • 00:15:53
    on it and everything was sort of tense
  • 00:15:55
    and and and difficult and so you tried
  • 00:15:57
    to have intellectual relations with
  • 00:15:59
    someone with people that weren't sexual
  • 00:16:00
    and and then there were other people had
  • 00:16:02
    a lot more sex and probably a lot more
  • 00:16:03
    fun but for me sex was a terrible trauma
  • 00:16:07
    i think we didn't have the tools
  • 00:16:10
    to really use it well
  • 00:16:12
    and i think the real problem with the
  • 00:16:13
    60s counterculture
  • 00:16:17
    was that most of us who experienced it
  • 00:16:20
    were still adolescents
  • 00:16:21
    and so therefore we didn't have the
  • 00:16:24
    stuff to really
  • 00:16:26
    get off with it
  • 00:16:27
    [Music]
  • 00:16:29
    the counterculture
  • 00:16:31
    many of those millions who were part of
  • 00:16:33
    the youth rebellion of the 1960s feel a
  • 00:16:36
    sense of regret even embarrassment
  • 00:16:39
    when they look back on how they behaved
  • 00:16:42
    when so much of the nation's attention
  • 00:16:44
    was focused on them
  • 00:16:46
    you go back and you watch a videotape or
  • 00:16:49
    from the 60s it looks gross it looks
  • 00:16:52
    dirty everybody looks dirty and sloppy
  • 00:16:54
    and messy and foul-mouthed and you know
  • 00:16:57
    you sort of want to scratch yourself
  • 00:16:58
    when you see it
  • 00:16:59
    you know and was that was it so
  • 00:17:01
    important to us not to take a bath you
  • 00:17:04
    know
  • 00:17:05
    how important was that that was childish
  • 00:17:07
    of course we were children so
  • 00:17:09
    i suppose we had an excuse
  • 00:17:15
    the biggest regret is foolishly
  • 00:17:17
    alienating the working class
  • 00:17:19
    that's the number one regret
  • 00:17:22
    because we had at that time no concept
  • 00:17:25
    of divide and conquer
  • 00:17:27
    no concept that those people might be
  • 00:17:29
    important allies and that it was not
  • 00:17:31
    worth alienating them for really
  • 00:17:33
    childish issues like the right to use
  • 00:17:35
    four-letter words
  • 00:17:37
    you know
  • 00:17:38
    or the right to flaunt your sexuality
  • 00:17:41
    um i mean i will i will censor this
  • 00:17:44
    quote a little bit
  • 00:17:45
    but
  • 00:17:46
    the leader of the farm stephen gaskin
  • 00:17:48
    said
  • 00:17:50
    that the reagan era was paying us back
  • 00:17:52
    for doing it in the streets and next
  • 00:17:54
    time we'll try to make our revolution a
  • 00:17:56
    little bit more
  • 00:17:57
    serious and substantial and deal with
  • 00:17:59
    social issues
  • 00:18:02
    [Applause]
  • 00:18:05
    we'll do something which hasn't occurred
  • 00:18:07
    at this university in a good long time
  • 00:18:10
    we're going to have real classes up
  • 00:18:12
    there but
  • 00:18:14
    they're going to be freedom schools
  • 00:18:15
    conducted up there we're going to have
  • 00:18:16
    classes on 1st and 14th amendments
  • 00:18:18
    one place where the young people of the
  • 00:18:20
    1960s did make serious and substantial
  • 00:18:23
    changes was on the college campus
  • 00:18:27
    it's a curious irony that some of those
  • 00:18:29
    who once actively protested against
  • 00:18:31
    administration policies have themselves
  • 00:18:34
    become professors and university
  • 00:18:36
    administrators
  • 00:18:38
    dr arthur levine we did a study a few
  • 00:18:40
    years ago to look at what happened to
  • 00:18:41
    all the reforms of the 60s
  • 00:18:43
    and they included things like new and
  • 00:18:45
    relevant courses
  • 00:18:48
    those new and relevant courses still
  • 00:18:49
    there
  • 00:18:50
    looked at areas that had come into the
  • 00:18:52
    curriculum
  • 00:18:53
    like ethnic studies like women's studies
  • 00:18:56
    those things are still there we created
  • 00:18:59
    things like interdisciplinary majors
  • 00:19:01
    which brought a variety of fields
  • 00:19:02
    together those are still there in equal
  • 00:19:04
    numbers we created things like
  • 00:19:06
    independent study which led a student
  • 00:19:07
    study with a faculty member alone on an
  • 00:19:09
    issue of interest to the student those
  • 00:19:11
    are still there in the same proportion
  • 00:19:13
    we created new kinds of grading systems
  • 00:19:15
    pass fail grading for some courses
  • 00:19:18
    that's still there in the same
  • 00:19:20
    proportion or higher so all the reforms
  • 00:19:22
    of the 60s have just been layered upon
  • 00:19:26
    but haven't disappeared so in a lot of
  • 00:19:28
    ways the 60s formed at least an
  • 00:19:30
    important part of what the curriculum is
  • 00:19:32
    today
  • 00:19:34
    the
  • 00:19:35
    things that heard about the
  • 00:19:36
    60s are that
  • 00:19:38
    there really was
  • 00:19:41
    an anti-intellectualism
  • 00:19:42
    in which we said all people and all
  • 00:19:44
    ideas are equal they're not that was a
  • 00:19:47
    hurtful kind of response in a lot of
  • 00:19:49
    ways it's reminiscent
  • 00:19:51
    of the red garden china in the 60s and
  • 00:19:53
    70s
  • 00:19:54
    in which
  • 00:19:56
    they threw out the important ideas
  • 00:19:59
    and
  • 00:20:00
    turned their universities into places
  • 00:20:01
    that no longer discovered truth
  • 00:20:04
    no longer disseminated truth
  • 00:20:08
    but just think of setting them down in
  • 00:20:10
    front of bill and saying
  • 00:20:12
    bill look i made these myself
  • 00:20:15
    i know what do you think he'd say
  • 00:20:19
    bill bill porter
  • 00:20:22
    i'll tell you what he'd say
  • 00:20:24
    he'd say i knew my wife was beautiful
  • 00:20:27
    i knew she had brains
  • 00:20:29
    but i never realized she had such talent
  • 00:20:33
    say
  • 00:20:34
    that looks good
  • 00:20:36
    when do we eat it's absolutely better i
  • 00:20:39
    i'm unequivocal about that it is better
  • 00:20:41
    to be a woman today
  • 00:20:43
    to say that it's easy
  • 00:20:45
    i wouldn't say that it's easy to say
  • 00:20:46
    that the feminist revolution is complete
  • 00:20:48
    i wouldn't say that for a minute
  • 00:20:50
    on the other hand i know my my own life
  • 00:20:53
    would be different had i been born at a
  • 00:20:54
    different time my life would resemble my
  • 00:20:56
    mother's and
  • 00:20:58
    i wouldn't want that for myself
  • 00:21:01
    on the other hand i claim to be one of
  • 00:21:02
    those women who want it all and who
  • 00:21:04
    refuses to give up any piece of it
  • 00:21:07
    and just con continues to batter away
  • 00:21:10
    at the
  • 00:21:12
    restrictions that are still out there
  • 00:21:15
    and and i'm determined to hang on one
  • 00:21:18
    way or another
  • 00:21:21
    although 54 of women in america feel
  • 00:21:24
    their lives are better than 20 years ago
  • 00:21:26
    75 percent think it's harder for
  • 00:21:29
    marriages to succeed
  • 00:21:30
    and 80 percent say it's harder to raise
  • 00:21:33
    children
  • 00:21:34
    we have come a long ways and yet we
  • 00:21:36
    really haven't
  • 00:21:38
    we don't have utopia and not there ever
  • 00:21:40
    will be
  • 00:21:41
    i think today that a woman
  • 00:21:43
    is
  • 00:21:45
    very productive
  • 00:21:46
    on the job
  • 00:21:48
    very responsible on the job
  • 00:21:51
    and she gets home and she is still
  • 00:21:54
    wife
  • 00:21:55
    and mother
  • 00:21:57
    i think she's still going home and
  • 00:21:58
    making sure that she has done the
  • 00:22:00
    grocery shopping she's making sure that
  • 00:22:02
    there is food on the table and she's
  • 00:22:04
    making sure that the house is clean
  • 00:22:07
    the reality and uh gloria steinem has
  • 00:22:10
    said it the reality is that what women's
  • 00:22:12
    liberation means by 1990 is that women
  • 00:22:15
    wind up doing more
  • 00:22:16
    because men haven't moved into blurred
  • 00:22:18
    sex roles and this isn't just a woman
  • 00:22:20
    sitting here complaining
  • 00:22:22
    survey after survey among men
  • 00:22:25
    men acknowledging that they haven't
  • 00:22:27
    picked up the slack on home and child
  • 00:22:30
    rearing so we have women baby boom women
  • 00:22:33
    going into the 1990s
  • 00:22:35
    with a new economic prospect of outlook
  • 00:22:38
    that says they have to be working to
  • 00:22:40
    earn some money but that also says
  • 00:22:42
    family is now more important to me
  • 00:22:45
    i want to have children or i have
  • 00:22:47
    children i want to spend more time with
  • 00:22:48
    them there are things that have to get
  • 00:22:50
    done in the household that don't get
  • 00:22:52
    done
  • 00:22:53
    he's not going to do it we now have many
  • 00:22:55
    single women who are parents so there
  • 00:22:58
    isn't even the question of a man picking
  • 00:23:00
    up the slack and women are under a
  • 00:23:02
    significant amount of stress
  • 00:23:05
    women's liberation has obviously worked
  • 00:23:07
    in the sense that more women really have
  • 00:23:10
    good job opportunities that women's
  • 00:23:12
    incomes in many many spheres are better
  • 00:23:15
    it's worked in a lot of ways but it
  • 00:23:17
    hasn't been perfect and the legacy is
  • 00:23:19
    stress and women in the 90s are going to
  • 00:23:22
    be about resolving that stress by making
  • 00:23:25
    some choices about what roles they're
  • 00:23:26
    going to play
  • 00:23:29
    the 1950s concept of work had changed by
  • 00:23:32
    the end of the 1960s not only in terms
  • 00:23:35
    of stress
  • 00:23:36
    but because of a 60 sensibility that
  • 00:23:38
    work should be a means of
  • 00:23:40
    self-expression and fulfillment that a
  • 00:23:42
    person should get more from a job than
  • 00:23:44
    simply a paycheck
  • 00:23:46
    i think this is one of the best things
  • 00:23:48
    the best holdovers personally for me
  • 00:23:50
    is i've followed
  • 00:23:52
    my heart's desires
  • 00:23:54
    i haven't fallen into the trap of you
  • 00:23:57
    have to make money doing this and that
  • 00:23:58
    and money's a god
  • 00:24:00
    it's not the
  • 00:24:03
    being self-satisfied in the sense that
  • 00:24:05
    what you're doing in life is
  • 00:24:07
    important and going to pass something on
  • 00:24:09
    to another generation is much more
  • 00:24:10
    important to me and i believe that i
  • 00:24:12
    learned all that in the 60s especially
  • 00:24:14
    the sense that i want some part of me to
  • 00:24:17
    affect somebody else in life later on
  • 00:24:20
    i've noticed this people who went to
  • 00:24:21
    school during that era like 68 through
  • 00:24:24
    73 share a set of values and a set of
  • 00:24:27
    understandings that people on either
  • 00:24:29
    side younger and older just don't get
  • 00:24:32
    and so when you're in the workplace
  • 00:24:35
    and uh you're talking about uh
  • 00:24:38
    idealism that people of that generation
  • 00:24:42
    have a certain sense of idealism that
  • 00:24:44
    things can and should be better right
  • 00:24:46
    down to the details of how people treat
  • 00:24:48
    each other day to day and that that
  • 00:24:51
    there's a political component to
  • 00:24:53
    day-to-day interaction and experience
  • 00:24:54
    it's just it's a perspective that we
  • 00:24:56
    have and when you go into the workplace
  • 00:24:59
    with other people
  • 00:25:00
    uh who may be just a few years older a
  • 00:25:02
    few years younger and talk that way they
  • 00:25:04
    look at you like you're a martian
  • 00:25:07
    pay our act as five dollars a
  • 00:25:08
    performance you can live on 25 a week
  • 00:25:10
    let's assume you're doing something
  • 00:25:11
    you're interested in and something
  • 00:25:13
    that's valuable
  • 00:25:14
    if you're not doing anything that's
  • 00:25:15
    interesting then you gotta get a lot of
  • 00:25:17
    money mac you gotta make a fortune to
  • 00:25:20
    keep a boring job
  • 00:25:22
    that 60's attitude led many working
  • 00:25:24
    americans to feel that money was not the
  • 00:25:26
    only important career goal
  • 00:25:29
    that each individual should set his or
  • 00:25:31
    her own standards for determining what
  • 00:25:34
    success means
  • 00:25:37
    but although many today strive for a
  • 00:25:39
    more fulfilling work life
  • 00:25:41
    the way the 60s generation measures
  • 00:25:43
    success has stayed essentially the same
  • 00:25:47
    a recent rolling stone magazine survey
  • 00:25:49
    revealed that most members of the 60s
  • 00:25:51
    generation were surprised by how
  • 00:25:53
    career-oriented they had become and
  • 00:25:56
    perplexed by how much the system they
  • 00:25:58
    tried to change
  • 00:25:59
    changed them
  • 00:26:01
    only the promise of a material affluence
  • 00:26:04
    only the promise of of two cars only the
  • 00:26:07
    promise of a split level divided again
  • 00:26:09
    and again and again in suburbia after
  • 00:26:11
    suburbia after suburbia that's the only
  • 00:26:13
    thing that this that this culture can
  • 00:26:15
    offer people now bread alone
  • 00:26:18
    now
  • 00:26:19
    the question is whether or not you're
  • 00:26:21
    going to accept that i shared a blazing
  • 00:26:24
    contempt for everything that america
  • 00:26:26
    seemed to pride itself in that is to say
  • 00:26:28
    straight middle america
  • 00:26:31
    uh
  • 00:26:33
    since then
  • 00:26:34
    i think i've learned to appreciate
  • 00:26:37
    better the
  • 00:26:38
    the terrific labor
  • 00:26:40
    the
  • 00:26:41
    industry
  • 00:26:43
    and good luck
  • 00:26:45
    that are required
  • 00:26:47
    for the
  • 00:26:49
    the purger of that dream
  • 00:26:52
    it looks shakier these days
  • 00:26:55
    and the culture that could achieve some
  • 00:26:59
    confidence in its ability to provide
  • 00:27:02
    the nice house on the nice street the
  • 00:27:04
    nice school the nice college education
  • 00:27:06
    the nice job the confidence of such a
  • 00:27:08
    culture seems
  • 00:27:11
    more of a more of an achievement than it
  • 00:27:13
    did it seemed to come without effort but
  • 00:27:16
    now i understand there was a lot of
  • 00:27:18
    effort and a lot of chanciness to it
  • 00:27:21
    the american middle class
  • 00:27:23
    with respect to its
  • 00:27:25
    orientation toward money success uh
  • 00:27:28
    family life and so on
  • 00:27:30
    has certainly proved to be far more
  • 00:27:31
    tenacious than anybody would have
  • 00:27:33
    predicted uh
  • 00:27:35
    in the middle of the the
  • 00:27:36
    counter-cultural rebellion of the 60s i
  • 00:27:38
    mean if you go back and look at some of
  • 00:27:39
    the underground newspapers at that
  • 00:27:41
    period
  • 00:27:42
    um they are filled with a sense that
  • 00:27:44
    everything can be changed overnight in
  • 00:27:47
    in america and you know the walls are
  • 00:27:49
    going to come tumbling down we're going
  • 00:27:50
    to transform the society
  • 00:27:52
    totally into the you know another this i
  • 00:27:55
    felt this was far-fetched at the time
  • 00:27:57
    but even i would not have
  • 00:27:59
    predicted how how tenacious
  • 00:28:02
    the uh the american corporation is the
  • 00:28:04
    american middle class way of life is
  • 00:28:07
    um you don't overturn something like
  • 00:28:10
    that you can you change it around the
  • 00:28:11
    edges and perhaps you infuse it with
  • 00:28:13
    some more value some new values but you
  • 00:28:15
    don't um simply get rid of it scrap it
  • 00:28:18
    within a single generation
  • 00:28:20
    now i've got a two-story house
  • 00:28:22
    got a family got two cars
  • 00:28:25
    i'm comfortable
  • 00:28:27
    it's hard to draw about poverty it's
  • 00:28:30
    hard to draw about the difficulties of
  • 00:28:33
    making it
  • 00:28:34
    it's hard even to draw about the things
  • 00:28:36
    i really care deeply about
  • 00:28:39
    because they don't really affect my life
  • 00:28:41
    as viscerally as they used to
  • 00:28:44
    and that has an effect it has a real
  • 00:28:47
    effect on you you begin
  • 00:28:48
    asking the old questions
  • 00:28:51
    from the 60s
  • 00:28:52
    you begin saying to yourself again
  • 00:28:54
    what's this all about
  • 00:28:55
    do you really need the house do you
  • 00:28:56
    really need the cars do you really need
  • 00:28:58
    the money
  • 00:28:59
    are you better off living closer to the
  • 00:29:01
    edge
  • 00:29:02
    do you really live life any other way
  • 00:29:04
    but there
  • 00:29:05
    and i don't have the answer to it
  • 00:29:07
    there's no way to go back
  • 00:29:09
    there's no way to there's no way to do
  • 00:29:11
    it again i don't know if i have the
  • 00:29:12
    energy to do it again
  • 00:29:15
    but that
  • 00:29:17
    those
  • 00:29:18
    those 60s questions will nag me for the
  • 00:29:20
    rest of my life
  • 00:29:24
    i am happy to join with you today
  • 00:29:30
    in what will go down in history
  • 00:29:35
    as the greatest demonstration for
  • 00:29:38
    freedom in the history
  • 00:29:40
    of our nation
  • 00:29:41
    [Music]
  • 00:29:42
    this speech offered to america a renewed
  • 00:29:45
    vision of a society with freedom justice
  • 00:29:48
    and opportunity for all my four little
  • 00:29:52
    children
  • 00:29:54
    one day live in a nation where they will
  • 00:29:56
    not be judged by the color of their skin
  • 00:29:59
    but by the content of their character i
  • 00:30:01
    have a dream today
  • 00:30:03
    but nearly 30 years later many who once
  • 00:30:06
    supported the civil rights struggle
  • 00:30:08
    shake their heads and wonder why such a
  • 00:30:10
    desirable and worthy dream remains
  • 00:30:14
    essentially unrealized
  • 00:30:16
    i think people
  • 00:30:18
    have become just a little um
  • 00:30:21
    disabused with the notion that uh
  • 00:30:23
    integration was going to solve the
  • 00:30:25
    problems that voting was going to solve
  • 00:30:27
    the problems that voting rights said is
  • 00:30:30
    that uh
  • 00:30:31
    being able to sit down and drug store
  • 00:30:32
    next to a white person drink a cup of
  • 00:30:34
    coffee
  • 00:30:35
    had any real meaning
  • 00:30:37
    it
  • 00:30:38
    things had changed but these only
  • 00:30:40
    surface changes
  • 00:30:41
    the
  • 00:30:42
    i think the they were far
  • 00:30:45
    they were deep
  • 00:30:46
    things that remained unchanged and uh
  • 00:30:50
    it didn't even have to be particularly
  • 00:30:52
    bright
  • 00:30:54
    to see how many corporations didn't have
  • 00:30:56
    any black representation
  • 00:30:58
    or how few airlines had a black pilot
  • 00:31:01
    flying or or even railroads have any
  • 00:31:04
    black engineers on the rear with even
  • 00:31:06
    today
  • 00:31:07
    um
  • 00:31:09
    so i think maybe people began to see
  • 00:31:10
    that
  • 00:31:11
    and they began to question
  • 00:31:13
    was it worth it was it really worth it
  • 00:31:18
    what we witnessed in the 60s
  • 00:31:22
    was a wholesale abandonment of the black
  • 00:31:25
    community by the black community
  • 00:31:28
    in other words we bought into
  • 00:31:29
    integration as opposed to desegregation
  • 00:31:33
    and so we integrated ourselves out of
  • 00:31:35
    our own colleges out of our own medical
  • 00:31:37
    schools out of our own businesses out of
  • 00:31:39
    our own baseball teams
  • 00:31:41
    there was a wholesale abandonment of our
  • 00:31:43
    own institutions that sustained us
  • 00:31:45
    through slavery through segregation
  • 00:31:47
    through discrimination through bigotry
  • 00:31:49
    the all those institutions within our
  • 00:31:51
    community that sustained us
  • 00:31:53
    uh that that provided the moral glue
  • 00:31:56
    that kept us going
  • 00:31:58
    that this was just torn asunder
  • 00:32:00
    in the name of integration and i think
  • 00:32:04
    the black community today
  • 00:32:06
    continues to pay a heavy price
  • 00:32:08
    for what we gained in the civil rights
  • 00:32:11
    movement
  • 00:32:13
    if you had told me in watts in 65 when i
  • 00:32:16
    was there with
  • 00:32:17
    every government there was the city
  • 00:32:20
    government and the county government and
  • 00:32:22
    the state government and the u.s
  • 00:32:24
    government all saying we're going to fix
  • 00:32:26
    watts
  • 00:32:27
    nobody could have told me that either
  • 00:32:28
    going back there in the 88 campaign with
  • 00:32:30
    jackson and watts would be worse
  • 00:32:33
    that all that stuff that people said
  • 00:32:35
    they were going to put in isn't there
  • 00:32:37
    you mean worse worse worse worse that
  • 00:32:40
    drugs that have their hands so deep in
  • 00:32:43
    that community
  • 00:32:44
    and people said don't they said jesse
  • 00:32:46
    don't come in and just say it's too
  • 00:32:48
    dangerous for you to come in but jesse
  • 00:32:49
    went in and so and he then he had a
  • 00:32:51
    meeting with the kids gangs and watched
  • 00:32:56
    and their kids there were just strung
  • 00:32:57
    out on drugs there were kids there who
  • 00:33:00
    who had
  • 00:33:02
    gold ropes on their necks and beepers
  • 00:33:05
    that
  • 00:33:06
    all of them victims of the drug business
  • 00:33:07
    in one way or another and there was
  • 00:33:10
    saying it to jesse as they would have
  • 00:33:12
    said to no other human being on this
  • 00:33:14
    earth
  • 00:33:16
    things that were in their heart my mind
  • 00:33:18
    i know it's wrong reverend i know it's
  • 00:33:20
    wrong
  • 00:33:21
    but i i just had nothing else to do
  • 00:33:23
    reverend i another guy said i know
  • 00:33:25
    what's wrong either people shouldn't be
  • 00:33:26
    using these things but reverend i got to
  • 00:33:27
    sell them because
  • 00:33:29
    i pay my rent for my mother and i pay my
  • 00:33:31
    rent for my hand well you know now that
  • 00:33:33
    partly that is that is rationalization
  • 00:33:35
    you know that but you also know it's
  • 00:33:37
    true that that they are engaging in the
  • 00:33:39
    only economic opportunity and uh
  • 00:33:42
    others say oh i'm i'm i'm all right
  • 00:33:44
    reverend i'm getting together tomorrow
  • 00:33:46
    and you know i mean these kids are just
  • 00:33:48
    done the hideous thing about it the
  • 00:33:50
    hideous thing for me that was ripping my
  • 00:33:52
    heart was that all these people were
  • 00:33:53
    born after 1965 they were all born after
  • 00:33:57
    i was there after we were going to do
  • 00:33:58
    all that stuff
  • 00:34:01
    that i would never have expected to see
  • 00:34:03
    and that's heartbreaking it's
  • 00:34:04
    heartbreaking
  • 00:34:10
    we neglected the next generation
  • 00:34:12
    and nobody instilled in them values and
  • 00:34:15
    social responsibility that they needed
  • 00:34:17
    to become effective constructive
  • 00:34:19
    participants in today's society
  • 00:34:23
    that is the fault of my generation that
  • 00:34:26
    we didn't leave
  • 00:34:28
    that consciousness and that
  • 00:34:30
    obligation or social responsibility as a
  • 00:34:33
    legacy
  • 00:34:34
    not only to
  • 00:34:36
    the college students of today but to the
  • 00:34:39
    non-college students of the day more so
  • 00:34:42
    you know because they are the ones that
  • 00:34:44
    are the real custodians
  • 00:34:47
    of our society especially the society
  • 00:34:51
    of urban america
  • 00:34:53
    here's where it's important
  • 00:34:54
    to step back and look at what's happened
  • 00:34:58
    this country lived quite comfortably
  • 00:35:00
    except for black people with racism for
  • 00:35:02
    300 years it's going to take more than
  • 00:35:04
    25 or 30 years to root it all out it's
  • 00:35:07
    going to continue to take struggle
  • 00:35:10
    white people have
  • 00:35:11
    changed in some fundamental ways but
  • 00:35:13
    there are still deep pockets of racism
  • 00:35:16
    left
  • 00:35:18
    it would have been extraordinary if
  • 00:35:20
    beginning let's say in 1964 when the
  • 00:35:22
    first
  • 00:35:23
    historic civil rights acts were passed
  • 00:35:25
    if beginning in that period
  • 00:35:28
    with hard work there had been one
  • 00:35:30
    straight continuum and lo and behold a
  • 00:35:33
    quarter century later it was all gone
  • 00:35:36
    you never would know that there had been
  • 00:35:37
    segregation
  • 00:35:40
    no way to do it that fast
  • 00:35:42
    i'm not always sure that the country has
  • 00:35:44
    the kind of energy and commitment to
  • 00:35:45
    keep at it until we in fact eliminate it
  • 00:35:48
    all and the 80s
  • 00:35:50
    uh
  • 00:35:51
    lowered the morale in the black
  • 00:35:53
    community so bad you would have thought
  • 00:35:54
    for some that we had gone back to the
  • 00:35:57
    1930s or the 1920s i never thought that
  • 00:36:00
    because i'm not going that way i'm not
  • 00:36:02
    going back psychologically i'm not going
  • 00:36:04
    back actually
  • 00:36:06
    uh
  • 00:36:07
    what i do recognize is that on the road
  • 00:36:09
    to full freedom there will be periods
  • 00:36:11
    like the 80s there will be leaders like
  • 00:36:13
    reagan
  • 00:36:14
    but i'm not going to let him destroy my
  • 00:36:16
    morale and i'm not going to let one
  • 00:36:18
    decade convince me
  • 00:36:20
    that we are in the same position our
  • 00:36:22
    ancestors were
  • 00:36:24
    in reconstruction
  • 00:36:26
    because we're just not going to let it
  • 00:36:27
    happen
  • 00:36:29
    the great society rests on abundance and
  • 00:36:32
    liberty for all
  • 00:36:35
    it demands an end to poverty
  • 00:36:38
    and racial injustice
  • 00:36:40
    to which we're totally committed in our
  • 00:36:43
    time
  • 00:36:45
    [Applause]
  • 00:36:47
    the democratic party of 1964 the party
  • 00:36:50
    of the great society
  • 00:36:52
    built a liberal coalition that struck a
  • 00:36:54
    responsive court with many americans
  • 00:36:57
    especially young americans
  • 00:36:59
    yet an often acknowledged legacy of the
  • 00:37:01
    1960s is the fragmentation of that
  • 00:37:04
    national democratic coalition and the
  • 00:37:07
    subsequent control of the white house by
  • 00:37:08
    the republicans
  • 00:37:10
    what happened
  • 00:37:12
    people scratch their heads and try to
  • 00:37:13
    wonder why it is that the republican
  • 00:37:15
    party has dominated presidential
  • 00:37:17
    politics since nineteen sixty eight
  • 00:37:19
    simple answer the civil rights movement
  • 00:37:21
    and the turmoil of the 60s and i'm not
  • 00:37:24
    saying oh yes the political pendulum
  • 00:37:26
    swung the other way in the conservative
  • 00:37:28
    direction no it's more fundamental than
  • 00:37:29
    that what the civil rights movement did
  • 00:37:32
    was dismantle a one-party south the one
  • 00:37:36
    party was the democratic party and that
  • 00:37:38
    allowed viable republican party
  • 00:37:40
    organizations to spring up throughout
  • 00:37:42
    the south and that more than anything
  • 00:37:44
    has been the cornerstone of the
  • 00:37:46
    republican party ascension to political
  • 00:37:49
    to political prominence in the 60s 70s
  • 00:37:51
    and 80s and into the 90s mr chairman
  • 00:37:55
    most delegates to this convention do not
  • 00:37:57
    know that thousands of young people are
  • 00:38:00
    being beaten
  • 00:38:01
    in the streets of chicago
  • 00:38:05
    and for that reason
  • 00:38:06
    and that reason alone i request the
  • 00:38:09
    suspension of the rules for the purpose
  • 00:38:11
    of adjournment for two weeks
  • 00:38:15
    to relocate the convention in another
  • 00:38:18
    city
  • 00:38:20
    if you look back to the late 1960s and
  • 00:38:22
    the early 1970s and if you ask yourself
  • 00:38:24
    what was the legacy
  • 00:38:26
    of
  • 00:38:27
    that time and of the of left-wing
  • 00:38:30
    activity at that time the legacy was the
  • 00:38:32
    election of richard nixon in 1968 the
  • 00:38:34
    emergence of ronald reagan in the
  • 00:38:36
    conservative movement and the election
  • 00:38:38
    of reagan in 1980 to the presidency
  • 00:38:40
    by 1968 in 1969 those of us were active
  • 00:38:46
    in the conservative movement knew for a
  • 00:38:48
    fact that the ultimate
  • 00:38:50
    result of what was going on was going to
  • 00:38:51
    be just that whether it was going to be
  • 00:38:53
    nixon or reagan was a question but we
  • 00:38:55
    knew
  • 00:38:56
    that these people who were out there
  • 00:38:58
    rioting in the streets were handing us
  • 00:38:59
    the country
  • 00:39:01
    and for that we have something to be
  • 00:39:02
    grateful for
  • 00:39:03
    a teenager held up a sign
  • 00:39:06
    bring us together
  • 00:39:08
    and
  • 00:39:09
    that will be the
  • 00:39:12
    great objective of this administration
  • 00:39:13
    at the outset
  • 00:39:15
    to bring the american people together
  • 00:39:18
    [Applause]
  • 00:39:21
    since richard nixon's election the
  • 00:39:22
    republican party has dominated the
  • 00:39:24
    presidency
  • 00:39:27
    but the victories they have enjoyed have
  • 00:39:29
    been and continue to be tainted by
  • 00:39:32
    fundamental changes in the way many
  • 00:39:34
    americans feel about their government
  • 00:39:38
    a recent survey suggests that 79 percent
  • 00:39:41
    feel that politicians have lost touch
  • 00:39:43
    with the people
  • 00:39:45
    i think that
  • 00:39:47
    certain patterns of thought were set
  • 00:39:51
    that are still with us
  • 00:39:54
    for one thing
  • 00:39:55
    i think an extreme skepticism
  • 00:39:58
    of any warlike move
  • 00:40:00
    i think that after vietnam
  • 00:40:03
    it became almost impossible
  • 00:40:06
    to get the american people embroiled in
  • 00:40:08
    any war where there was no
  • 00:40:11
    obvious direct threat
  • 00:40:14
    that's one
  • 00:40:15
    number two
  • 00:40:17
    i think
  • 00:40:19
    that the nation has been left
  • 00:40:22
    with a rather deep feeling of skepticism
  • 00:40:26
    about its political leaders
  • 00:40:28
    uh
  • 00:40:29
    part of that i believe was nixon and the
  • 00:40:31
    watergate
  • 00:40:33
    which of course took place afterward
  • 00:40:35
    uh but i think that a great deal of it
  • 00:40:38
    was due to what happened in vietnam
  • 00:40:42
    vietnam
  • 00:40:44
    a memory that continues to color the
  • 00:40:46
    judgment and the outlook of the people
  • 00:40:48
    who lived through it
  • 00:40:54
    what i learned in vietnam where as a
  • 00:40:56
    result of vietnam
  • 00:41:00
    is the way in which
  • 00:41:02
    our government operates
  • 00:41:06
    is very different from the way that we
  • 00:41:07
    are taught it operates very different
  • 00:41:09
    from what i learned in public school in
  • 00:41:11
    purgate pennsylvania
  • 00:41:13
    and this and and
  • 00:41:14
    the astounding thing and the
  • 00:41:16
    disappointing thing is that almost no
  • 00:41:19
    one
  • 00:41:20
    is willing to believe that
  • 00:41:23
    people listen to
  • 00:41:25
    someone like me talk
  • 00:41:27
    and they go away thinking that guy's
  • 00:41:28
    crazy
  • 00:41:32
    i understand things in a way that i
  • 00:41:34
    couldn't have understood before
  • 00:41:36
    but the
  • 00:41:37
    the problem with that is that it leaves
  • 00:41:40
    me
  • 00:41:41
    forever at odds
  • 00:41:44
    with the culture and the society in
  • 00:41:45
    which i live
  • 00:41:47
    because
  • 00:41:53
    the things which got us into vietnam and
  • 00:41:56
    in fact the things which
  • 00:41:58
    have
  • 00:41:59
    which created the crisis of the civil
  • 00:42:01
    rights movement
  • 00:42:04
    have not been resolved
  • 00:42:08
    i believe that america was right i
  • 00:42:10
    believe that we could have won the war i
  • 00:42:13
    believe the politicians were wrong
  • 00:42:15
    i believe that you know they did the
  • 00:42:17
    whole thing wrong
  • 00:42:18
    don't get in if you're not going to
  • 00:42:19
    fight to win
  • 00:42:21
    if you're going to fight to win
  • 00:42:22
    we could have won we could have went
  • 00:42:24
    right on to moscow as far as i was
  • 00:42:26
    concerned
  • 00:42:27
    don't play games with my life my
  • 00:42:30
    brother's life or the kids from my
  • 00:42:32
    neighborhood
  • 00:42:37
    for what end toward what in to how did
  • 00:42:40
    it gain us why were we there in the
  • 00:42:42
    first place
  • 00:42:43
    what was there to be gained to the
  • 00:42:45
    average citizen
  • 00:42:47
    what would have constituted winning
  • 00:42:49
    can you define that for me it's real
  • 00:42:51
    hard to win if you can't define what
  • 00:42:53
    constitutes
  • 00:42:55
    what constitutes winning
  • 00:42:57
    and that was the that was the damn
  • 00:42:59
    problem
  • 00:43:00
    is that once you decided to go in it was
  • 00:43:03
    in for a dime in for a dollar if you
  • 00:43:05
    don't figure out before people start
  • 00:43:07
    getting blown away
  • 00:43:09
    what is going to constitute winning
  • 00:43:11
    either in political terms or in
  • 00:43:12
    geographic terms you damn sure aren't
  • 00:43:15
    going to figure it out
  • 00:43:16
    when people start coming home in body
  • 00:43:18
    bags
  • 00:43:25
    [Music]
  • 00:43:33
    [Music]
  • 00:43:35
    [Applause]
  • 00:43:46
    there's no question but what the country
  • 00:43:50
    didn't go where some of us would have
  • 00:43:51
    wanted it to go in terms of its
  • 00:43:54
    particularly its sense of social justice
  • 00:43:56
    at home but also its sense of
  • 00:43:59
    of a broad but there is also no question
  • 00:44:01
    but what
  • 00:44:02
    today no one would try to ban the
  • 00:44:04
    communist speaker on a college campus
  • 00:44:07
    today no one would say you can't drink a
  • 00:44:10
    cup of coffee at this lunch counter you
  • 00:44:12
    can't drink out of that drinking
  • 00:44:13
    fountain no one today would try for a
  • 00:44:16
    minute to suggest that we should send a
  • 00:44:18
    half a million troops
  • 00:44:20
    to fight a war in burma thailand
  • 00:44:23
    cambodia
  • 00:44:25
    la any place in latin america i mean
  • 00:44:27
    pick the place that i mean it is out of
  • 00:44:30
    the question that the most conservative
  • 00:44:34
    legislator could conceivably in their
  • 00:44:38
    wildest imagination
  • 00:44:40
    suggest
  • 00:44:41
    returning to the early 60s out of the
  • 00:44:43
    question we have moved way beyond that
  • 00:44:46
    and won't move back
  • 00:44:48
    [Music]
  • 00:44:50
    americans from the 60s generation are on
  • 00:44:52
    the move
  • 00:44:54
    and select members of this group are
  • 00:44:56
    ascending to positions of political
  • 00:44:57
    leadership
  • 00:44:59
    but to what extent are americans of any
  • 00:45:01
    age willing to entrust those who took
  • 00:45:03
    part in the experiences of the 60s with
  • 00:45:06
    the ultimate responsibility for the
  • 00:45:08
    nation's future
  • 00:45:11
    it remains to be seen whether a vietnam
  • 00:45:14
    era
  • 00:45:15
    person will become president
  • 00:45:18
    if such a person does become president i
  • 00:45:20
    think it's now more likely that that
  • 00:45:21
    person will be
  • 00:45:23
    a vietnam veteran than a veteran of the
  • 00:45:25
    anti-war movement
  • 00:45:28
    most likely really would be a vietnam
  • 00:45:30
    veteran who is sympathetic to the
  • 00:45:33
    anti-war movement
  • 00:45:36
    but um
  • 00:45:38
    but i think we're at the very at this
  • 00:45:40
    moment we're in a period of of cultural
  • 00:45:43
    reaction
  • 00:45:44
    it's not so severe that people that it
  • 00:45:47
    raises the specter of repression
  • 00:45:49
    but uh for example
  • 00:45:51
    uh
  • 00:45:53
    it does mean that people who are
  • 00:45:54
    applying for government jobs when the
  • 00:45:56
    fbi
  • 00:45:57
    asked them have they ever smoked
  • 00:46:00
    marijuana
  • 00:46:01
    10 years ago they would have said yeah
  • 00:46:03
    sure
  • 00:46:04
    now they'll have to say no no not me
  • 00:46:08
    i never did did that
  • 00:46:11
    so
  • 00:46:12
    so uh we are haunted our generation is a
  • 00:46:15
    bit haunted
  • 00:46:17
    by uh by our youthful
  • 00:46:19
    follies which are now
  • 00:46:21
    for some reason
  • 00:46:22
    they're they're harder for for the
  • 00:46:25
    younger generation to understand let
  • 00:46:26
    alone the older generation i think it's
  • 00:46:29
    it's uh it's a kind of
  • 00:46:31
    a poignant irony
  • 00:46:34
    that um
  • 00:46:36
    that we're regarded in some ways by
  • 00:46:39
    those younger
  • 00:46:41
    in
  • 00:46:42
    a bit the same way that we were regarded
  • 00:46:44
    by our parents and those older it's just
  • 00:46:46
    that now we don't have the glamour of
  • 00:46:48
    youth anymore
  • 00:46:50
    [Music]
  • 00:46:54
    along with growing older comes one of
  • 00:46:56
    the toughest challenges for the 60s
  • 00:46:58
    generation
  • 00:46:59
    what to tell the kids
  • 00:47:01
    what to leave out
  • 00:47:03
    some feel it's best not to talk about
  • 00:47:05
    their wilder excursions away from
  • 00:47:07
    mainstream values and behavior
  • 00:47:10
    but this is a generation that preached
  • 00:47:12
    that parents should teach their children
  • 00:47:14
    well
  • 00:47:15
    to be honest about feelings and values
  • 00:47:19
    trying to make sense of the sixties for
  • 00:47:20
    the next generation is a moment of truth
  • 00:47:28
    i have an eight-year-old son and he
  • 00:47:31
    already has had to confront my political
  • 00:47:33
    activity currently
  • 00:47:35
    used when his first grade teacher asked
  • 00:47:37
    him what his father did he said my
  • 00:47:39
    father fights fascism which prompted a
  • 00:47:41
    teacher parent conference
  • 00:47:43
    um
  • 00:47:44
    so and i never told him to say that
  • 00:47:46
    but he is getting to the point now where
  • 00:47:48
    he is asking some questions about that
  • 00:47:50
    and both my wife and i come out of the
  • 00:47:52
    political movement of the 60s and
  • 00:47:54
    both did a lot of organizing and went
  • 00:47:57
    through all those various
  • 00:48:00
    sexual and drug revolutions and it's
  • 00:48:02
    hard it's hard to know what to answer
  • 00:48:04
    because i don't want to lie to him but i
  • 00:48:06
    don't want him to be hurt and i feel
  • 00:48:08
    echoes of my parents when i say this
  • 00:48:11
    because
  • 00:48:12
    i
  • 00:48:13
    don't want my kid to use crack i don't
  • 00:48:15
    want my kid to use
  • 00:48:18
    hard drugs
  • 00:48:20
    i don't know how to balance
  • 00:48:22
    the things in the 60s that happened to
  • 00:48:24
    me drugs were part of it
  • 00:48:26
    um
  • 00:48:28
    to today
  • 00:48:29
    so that part of the 60s i don't know how
  • 00:48:31
    to deal with the rest of it you bet i
  • 00:48:33
    talk to them all the time about it
  • 00:48:35
    and they ask about it because some of
  • 00:48:37
    them are studying in school now
  • 00:48:39
    and it's interesting to look at the
  • 00:48:40
    books and hear what it says about the
  • 00:48:42
    60s
  • 00:48:43
    i mean it's probably very much like my
  • 00:48:44
    parents who looked at books about world
  • 00:48:46
    war ii that i was looking at when i was
  • 00:48:48
    their age
  • 00:48:49
    and i want to tell them what the truth
  • 00:48:50
    was
  • 00:48:52
    or at least as i see it well it's it's
  • 00:48:54
    just doesn't have the emotion
  • 00:48:57
    it doesn't have the feeling it's sort of
  • 00:48:59
    facts and they aren't facts
  • 00:49:01
    much more than that
  • 00:49:04
    i walk my child to the town
  • 00:49:07
    and i take him across the pavement where
  • 00:49:10
    it goes down like this and i explain
  • 00:49:11
    about that and we pass
  • 00:49:13
    you know we pass a sign and it says
  • 00:49:16
    women working
  • 00:49:18
    yeah but he's seen that sign before it
  • 00:49:20
    has no charge for him you can't imagine
  • 00:49:22
    what it was like the first time once all
  • 00:49:25
    sign women
  • 00:49:26
    working you know
  • 00:49:28
    how to tell
  • 00:49:29
    the young people how life is transformed
  • 00:49:34
    i've managed to raise myself from
  • 00:49:37
    poverty into the middle class
  • 00:49:40
    even though i might not want to
  • 00:49:43
    say i am i am
  • 00:49:46
    the fact that i could do that as a black
  • 00:49:48
    woman in this country
  • 00:49:50
    and
  • 00:49:51
    really says to me that
  • 00:49:54
    we can do anything we want to do if we
  • 00:49:56
    can organize and put our minds to it and
  • 00:49:59
    we can say that to the youth today
  • 00:50:02
    that you can do the same thing we did
  • 00:50:04
    back in the 50s and in the 60s and in
  • 00:50:07
    the 70s
  • 00:50:09
    my daughter julie is 18 registered vote
  • 00:50:13
    a student at sarah lawrence college
  • 00:50:15
    i am worried about her because if she
  • 00:50:17
    has six dollars in her pocket and she
  • 00:50:20
    sees a homeless person i know they're
  • 00:50:21
    gonna get five
  • 00:50:24
    and she has been very concerned about
  • 00:50:27
    studying the history and she's writing a
  • 00:50:29
    a a paper on the freedom democratic
  • 00:50:32
    party she's very committed she was a
  • 00:50:34
    volunteer
  • 00:50:36
    at georgetown hospital here she was
  • 00:50:38
    she's very committed to people
  • 00:50:41
    my son is very committed to the stock
  • 00:50:43
    market
  • 00:50:44
    he says that well while he likes
  • 00:50:47
    he myself and his mother and what we do
  • 00:50:50
    he thinks that we're wasting a lot of
  • 00:50:51
    time on homeless people and when they
  • 00:50:53
    were young they should have gotten
  • 00:50:54
    newspaper routes save their money
  • 00:50:57
    and if they have problems finding a job
  • 00:50:59
    he'll be glad to personally teach them
  • 00:51:01
    how to work
  • 00:51:02
    and uh i mean so it's just uh some of my
  • 00:51:05
    friends tell me well that's my that's my
  • 00:51:07
    punishment
  • 00:51:09
    but despite his politics i of course
  • 00:51:10
    love him
  • 00:51:15
    the question the 60s generation keeps
  • 00:51:17
    struggling to answer not only for their
  • 00:51:19
    children but for themselves is what is
  • 00:51:22
    the meaning of it all
  • 00:51:24
    how will history remember the 1960s
  • 00:51:28
    each of the 180 participants witnesses
  • 00:51:30
    and experts who contributed to this
  • 00:51:32
    series was asked this same question
  • 00:51:35
    and while their specific answers varied
  • 00:51:37
    greatly almost everyone either talked
  • 00:51:40
    about the 1960s impact on america
  • 00:51:43
    or talked about the 1960s impact on
  • 00:51:45
    themselves
  • 00:51:47
    the 60s impact on america was stated
  • 00:51:49
    eloquently by dr manning maribel
  • 00:51:52
    the 60s
  • 00:51:54
    created
  • 00:51:55
    a fundamental challenge in question to
  • 00:51:57
    the very essence of what american
  • 00:51:59
    democracy is all about
  • 00:52:01
    the 60s represented a fundamental
  • 00:52:03
    question
  • 00:52:04
    about the absence of material equality
  • 00:52:07
    for poor people and people of color in
  • 00:52:09
    the society
  • 00:52:10
    the 60s represented a cultural challenge
  • 00:52:14
    to the conformity and the velvetization
  • 00:52:17
    of american culture
  • 00:52:19
    the fact that we could be proud that we
  • 00:52:21
    were so similar
  • 00:52:23
    the 60s said we should be happy that we
  • 00:52:25
    are different
  • 00:52:26
    and within the difference we find
  • 00:52:30
    creativity we find challenge and change
  • 00:52:34
    we find excitement and vibrancy
  • 00:52:37
    that is really the power of american
  • 00:52:39
    society
  • 00:52:41
    the 60s was a fundamental challenge to
  • 00:52:43
    what america had said about itself for
  • 00:52:45
    so many generations
  • 00:52:47
    it was a lie built on top of a lie
  • 00:52:50
    democracy didn't live for millions of
  • 00:52:52
    african americans and equality was not
  • 00:52:55
    real for the poor
  • 00:52:57
    the 60s forced america to look in the
  • 00:53:00
    mirror at itself
  • 00:53:02
    and what it represents
  • 00:53:04
    is the promise of american life in the
  • 00:53:06
    future because the questions the 60s
  • 00:53:08
    raised still haven't gone away
  • 00:53:14
    when will those questions be answered
  • 00:53:17
    with the memories and passions from the
  • 00:53:19
    60s still stirring in so many perhaps
  • 00:53:22
    history won't be able to decide on the
  • 00:53:24
    full impact of the 60s until the last
  • 00:53:27
    member of the sixties generation has
  • 00:53:29
    passed on
  • 00:53:30
    that's the sentiment of the second
  • 00:53:32
    answer to the question about the real
  • 00:53:34
    meaning of the sixties experience
  • 00:53:37
    an appreciation that on a personal level
  • 00:53:40
    at least
  • 00:53:41
    final assessments don't come easy
  • 00:53:44
    carl oglesby
  • 00:53:46
    and meantime we had an experience which
  • 00:53:49
    i suppose is unique
  • 00:53:51
    in american history
  • 00:53:54
    and which nobody who went through it
  • 00:53:55
    will ever forget uh it's an experience
  • 00:53:59
    filled with treasured moments and
  • 00:54:01
    nightmares
  • 00:54:02
    alike
  • 00:54:03
    to this day all inter-interwoven
  • 00:54:06
    and i think that it will always be this
  • 00:54:08
    way the 60s will never level out
  • 00:54:12
    it's a corkscrew it's a tail spin it's
  • 00:54:17
    a joyride on a roller coaster
  • 00:54:20
    it's a never-ending mystery
  • 00:54:24
    who won who lost what were the terms of
  • 00:54:26
    victory and defeat
  • 00:54:29
    we'll always be discussing that i think
  • 00:54:31
    it was an american it was another civil
  • 00:54:34
    war in a sense
  • 00:54:36
    and it has all the
  • 00:54:38
    the the drama the melodrama
  • 00:54:42
    the comedy
  • 00:54:43
    the pathos
  • 00:54:44
    above all the confusion
  • 00:54:46
    the uncertainty as to outcome and
  • 00:54:49
    meaning and significance
  • 00:54:51
    that the civil war of the 1860s had
  • 00:54:55
    maybe it's just that
  • 00:54:56
    in every 60s decade
  • 00:54:59
    18th century 19th century 20th century
  • 00:55:03
    we have to go through some
  • 00:55:05
    crisis like this but it was
  • 00:55:08
    certainly uh
  • 00:55:11
    certainly that we had us a time
  • 00:55:14
    and we're still trying to figure out
  • 00:55:15
    what it was all about
  • 00:55:24
    no we ain't
  • 00:55:26
    got no barrel
  • 00:55:29
    of mine
  • 00:55:33
    [Music]
  • 00:55:41
    but we'll travel alone
  • 00:55:46
    [Music]
  • 00:55:58
    we don't
  • 00:55:59
    know what's
  • 00:56:02
    [Music]
  • 00:56:14
    but we'll
  • 00:56:16
    [Music]
  • 00:56:25
    time
  • 00:56:35
    what if the sky should fall
  • 00:56:39
    not just as long as you and me
  • 00:56:47
    [Music]
  • 00:56:56
    you'll be the
  • 00:57:03
    [Music]
  • 00:57:22
    traveling
  • 00:57:25
    [Music]
  • 00:57:28
    and we're shy
  • 00:57:32
    [Music]
  • 00:57:42
    [Music]
  • 00:57:49
    major funding for making sense of the
  • 00:57:52
    60s was provided by the corporation for
  • 00:57:55
    public broadcasting
  • 00:57:58
    and by viewers like you
  • 00:58:02
    additional funding was provided by sims
  • 00:58:04
    clothing stores where since 1960 an
  • 00:58:07
    educated consumer has been our best
  • 00:58:09
    customer
  • 00:58:11
    and by toms of maine a pioneer in
  • 00:58:14
    natural personal care toms of maine and
  • 00:58:16
    nature a friendship of 20 years
  • 00:58:21
    video cassettes of this program can be
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    purchased for educational use only by
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    calling 1-800-424-7963
  • 00:58:31
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  • 00:58:33
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    this is pbs
  • 00:58:42
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    send ten dollars to sixties transcript
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标签
  • 1960s
  • American history
  • Cultural change
  • Civil rights
  • Vietnam War
  • Family dynamics
  • Sexual revolution
  • Political shifts
  • Counterculture
  • Women's liberation