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this video is brought to you by
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morningbrook
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hi welcome to another episode of cold
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fusion
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last time in our intel mini series we
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looked at how the company invented the
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cpu microprocessor in 1971
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and by the 2010s were at the top of
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their game they became the go-to
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processor company in every consumer
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desktop product and an unstoppable force
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or so it seemed in today's episode
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we'll see how intel's size became a
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hindrance and how
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behind the scenes they were trying to
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kill competition with bribes and
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monopolistic tactics
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let's take a look
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despite its brilliant start and massive
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size
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in recent years intel has seen
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bureaucracy and brain drain
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vital executives have left and
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accountants and business majors became
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major decision makers
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but i can tell you in silicon valley i
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came here in 1970 until was exactly two
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years old
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uh the very first year working at
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stanford and my ph.d in
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integrated electronics i met neuse and
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moore and they began a recruiting
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process
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i wanted to know what i was going to
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work on that was going to change the
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world
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and now we've got a ceo there talking
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about which parts he's going to chop
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off and sell and we've got you know the
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buzzards flying around
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talking about you know strategic options
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and stuff like that
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not okay something's got to change well
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what needs to change
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well they need a new ceo the ceo needs
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to be technical if you look at advanced
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micro devices for example
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uh they've caught up tremendously on on
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intel
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in intel's area and their ceo is a phd
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and also a good ceo
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so you've got to get somebody
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disrespected by the technical community
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for sure
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according to the employer rating agency
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glassdoor only 84
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of the firm's workers recommend the
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company and 85
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of them recommend the ceo meanwhile at
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amd and nvidia
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99 of employees recommend their ceos
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intel insiders have noted the extensive
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use of cheap foreign contractors
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whose working visas are used to hold
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them to ransom
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these foreign workers are only assigned
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specific tasks
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and can't stray from it a far cry from
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the free experimentation that robert
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noyce encouraged back in episode 1.
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to make things worse intel spends 13
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billion dollars in research
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and development meanwhile nvidia spends
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3 billion
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and amd under the leadership of dr lisa
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spends just 1.8 billion
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and for all of that spending that intel
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does they don't have much to show for
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themselves in fact
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as you'll later see the company has been
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embroiled in scandals and
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anti-competitive behaviour
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events that have been largely missed by
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the public eye
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we'll get to the juicy details of
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intel's dirty tactics in the second half
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of this episode
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but before we get to all of that let's
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take a look at how intel lost the mobile
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market
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as we saw in a cold fusion episode about
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apple's arm-based
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m1 chip intel missed the boat on the
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mobile revolution
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the company had the opportunity to make
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chips for apple's upcoming iphone
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but then ceo paul ottalini just didn't
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see it as a profitable venture
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in the end intel passed on the
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opportunity leaving the door wide open
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for arm-based designs
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but this wasn't the full story contrary
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to popular belief
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intel wasn't caught completely off guard
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by the rise of smartphones and mobile
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devices
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they saw arm-based chips coming and
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decided to get in on the action
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as far back as 2002 they used arm-based
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designs in what they called the intel x
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scale processor series
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but due to poor sales and bad management
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the project was abandoned and sold off
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in 2006
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before any real success but they kept
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trying and by 2014
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intel was losing a billion dollars per
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quarter in failed mobile endeavours
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[Music]
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next the firm would throw four billion
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dollars per
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year at tablet manufacturers and this
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was to encourage them to use intel cpus
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it kind of worked but as soon as intel
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stopped paying
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the tablet manufacturers would switch
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back to armbase chips
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by 2016 intel just gave up on the mobile
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market with over 10 billion dollars
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being lost
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in trying
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out of all the semiconductor giants
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intel is in a unique position
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they're the only ones that own and
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operate chip manufacturing plants
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this vertical integration means that
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intel employees not only have to design
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the chips but
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also have to figure out how to
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manufacture them all the way down to the
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transistors at the nanometer level
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admittedly it's not an easy job the
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thing is
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none of intel's competitors do this not
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amd
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or nvidia instead they use companies
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such as taiwan semiconductor
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manufacturing company
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known as tsmc global foundries or
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samsung to produce their chips
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for the longest time for intel making
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their own ships in-house was seen as an
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advantage
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but recently they just haven't been able
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to keep up
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to understand exactly what intel is
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struggling with we have to talk a little
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bit about how cpu chips are made
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[Music]
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modern cpus are made using
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photolithography where an image of a cpu
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is etched onto a piece of silicon
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the exact method of how this is done is
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usually referred to as the process
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node and is measured by how small a
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manufacturer can make the transistors
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as a rule of thumb the smaller the
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transistors the better
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as transistors get tinier and more
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tightly packed electrons don't have to
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physically travel as far when moving
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between them
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this saves both calculating time and
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energy
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smaller transistors also mean that
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calculations can be done without getting
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too hot
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and that's usually a limiting factor in
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cpu performance
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so for example with 7 nanometer
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transistors compared to 14 nanometers
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you can get 25 more performance under
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the same power
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it almost seems like magic but that's
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how it works there's a bit more to the
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story in terms of how you classify node
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sizes
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but overall that's the basic concept
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[Music]
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so the problems for intel all started on
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september 5th
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2014. that's the day that intel
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introduced their fifth generation core
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chips
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these were supposed to be monumental the
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company's first processors
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using a 14 nanometer manufacturing
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process intel was at the cutting edge
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while amd remained stuck on the 28
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nanometer process
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intel wasn't going to sit still their
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original plans had road maps for 10
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nanometers to launch in 2016
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with even more advanced seven nanometer
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chips launching in 2018
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but from here things slowly went wrong
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to reach the 10 nanometer stage intel
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tried to use exotic technology to
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aggressively increase their chip density
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but it backfired
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and majorly the technical issues in
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solving this
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saw seven years of delays and to this
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day
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intel's current 10th gen core desktop
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processors remain on a heavily optimized
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but still
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14 nanometer process and all of these
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delays
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opened the door for its competitors
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[Music]
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on the other side of the fence for amd
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after some setbacks and with the help of
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tsmc
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amd struck back big time with their new
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horizon chair processors in 2017
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it featured up to 16 cores on a 14
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nanometer process
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it was a monster that slaughtered intel
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in multi-threaded tasks
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and overall value but it still lagged
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behind in gaming and single thread
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performance
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but in 2018 the second generation ryzen
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chip from amd
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improved both performance and price
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in 2019 with intel still stuck on 14
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nanometers
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amd took the technological lead with its
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3rd gen ryzen cpus
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now being built on an advanced 7
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nanometer process
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but there's a few intricacies going on
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behind the scenes intel
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was still hanging in there they had been
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fine-tuning the performance of their 14
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nanometer processors and had greatly
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enhanced
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integrated graphics but many
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technological commentators
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saw all of this as a technical failing
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on intel's behalf
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as it stands intel's unreleased and
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upcoming 11th gen
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seems like it's about four percent
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faster than amd and gaming
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despite still being 14 nanometer however
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in multi-threaded workloads like content
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creation amd
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is offering better value with more cores
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and threads for the money
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and it could just be a matter of time
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before intel was overtaken
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even in gaming and this isn't going over
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silently
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consumers have been noticing intel slips
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intel not only pushed back
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10 nanometer chips to the end of 2021 in
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freaking 2021
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they also moved seven nanometer
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production to a much later date 2022
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or beyond you know that even after
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slashing your prices
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as much as 50 on your rehashed hardware
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you've still got nothing and you'll
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grasp at
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any desperate strategy to avoid any
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direct comparisons
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against your competitor's product with
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this plan
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to launch first by a matter of hours
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why so that the launch day reviews which
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tend to get referenced by buyers over
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the entire product lifecycle
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couldn't contain direct comparisons to
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something you were afraid
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was going to be better you are a weasel
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and you are a chicken
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you seek to misrepresent the strength of
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your products to consumers
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weasel and you seek to duck away from a
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fight
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rather than take the criticism that you
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know you deserve chicken
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uh nothing special another ryzen 1600
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i'm gonna just i'm gonna have to do like
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the intel
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edition just to see if anyone's still
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running intel systems these days oh my
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god they're all rising
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intel's dead now aren't they wow if this
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doesn't just tell you
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how much momentum amd has
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amd's success is all thanks to the chip
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manufacturing company
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tsmc who ramped up their seven nanometer
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process extremely fast
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this is something that intel simply
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couldn't compete with in-house
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and tsmc isn't sitting still they're
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planning to move to five nanometers this
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year
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if this allows amd to get to five
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nanometers in their desktop chips
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before intel hits 10 nanometers intel
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may be in trouble
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remember intel was supposed to have 10
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nanometers back in 2015.
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and to make things worse the upcoming
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4th gen ryzen chips from amd
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are using a 5 nanometer process and is
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said to be 40
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faster in overall performance you've had
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big problems with 10 nanometer
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now with seven who and what at
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intel is responsible for this string of
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problems
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well i mean ultimately um i'm i'm
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responsible
00:11:09
before we continue let's take a look at
00:11:11
some intel news brought to you by
00:11:12
today's sponsor morningbrew
00:11:14
despite all their problems intel brought
00:11:17
in record sales due to the pandemic
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more people working from home meant more
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people buying laptops with intel chips
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in them
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the interesting thing about this was
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that intel was forced to reveal their
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sales numbers early
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after they had been hacked intel's
00:11:31
problems are getting so severe
00:11:32
that investors such as third point are
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calling for intel to split up its design
00:11:36
and manufacturing operations
00:11:38
if you want more stories like this one
00:11:40
and are interested in science technology
00:11:42
and business
00:11:43
morning brew is a great way to catch up
00:11:45
on all the latest news
00:11:46
if you're short on time it pulls
00:11:48
together quality news sources
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all in one place without you having to
00:11:51
put in the effort
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it's delivered straight to your email
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inbox each weekday and saturday
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and it's free it takes just 5 seconds to
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sign up
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so click the link in the description
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below to get started
00:12:06
amd has gained market share for 10
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straight quarters
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breaking 20 desktop market share for the
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first time since 2013.
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amd's ryzen desktop cpus has remained on
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top of amazon's cpu bestseller list
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for years now according to ceo lisa
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in 2020 ryzen cpus were topping the
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retailer best seller list
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and have more than 50 share of premium
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processor sales at many top global
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retailers
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there's no denying that amd is at their
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best
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and in saying this amd has been a thorn
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in the side of intel for the better part
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of four decades
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a thorn that intel has been trying to
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remove
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as you saw in the last episode of this
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series amd began life
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licensing intel's designs as a secondary
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source supplier
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if you remember intel had to do this as
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a chip manufacturer because building
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chips back then
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was seen as unreliable and companies
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wanted the confidence that they could
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receive a chip
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if there was an issue with one supplier
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the bickering between the two companies
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began in the early 1980s
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even though intel had signed a
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partnership with amd they decided to
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break the agreement internally by
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refusing to exchange the designs in
00:13:16
intellectual property with amd
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this would result in a long legal
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dispute that went to the california
00:13:23
supreme court
00:13:24
the court found that intel violated
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amd's rights
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intel was also accused of obstruction of
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justice
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during the trial they repeatedly stalled
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and gave useless information
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by this stage intel had taken the lead
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by hampering amd's progress
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in 1996 amd was forced to make their own
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processes from the ground up
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called the athlon series these new amd
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cpus
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ended up being faster than intel's
00:13:51
pentium 3 and much faster than intel's
00:13:53
pentium 4.
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over the coming years intel became
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nervous and needed to protect their
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product sales
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at all costs
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in the early 2000s intel would offer
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money to japanese companies such as nec
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fujitsu toshiba sony and hitachi
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as well as german retailers this bribe
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money was so that these companies would
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not use
00:14:16
amd parts and sell intel-based laptops
00:14:19
and cpus instead
00:14:22
amd sued intel for antitrust intel's
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response
00:14:25
it was amd's fault that they were
00:14:27
failures in the marketplace
00:14:30
in 2004 the offices of intel's japanese
00:14:32
subsidiary was raided during an
00:14:34
investigation
00:14:35
intel was ruled to have violated
00:14:37
anti-trust laws in 2005.
00:14:40
the next year the intel offices in korea
00:14:42
were raided for the same reason
00:14:44
intel had also violated antitrust laws
00:14:47
there too
00:14:48
next intel german officers would be
00:14:50
raided in 2008
00:14:52
same reason starting to see a pattern
00:14:55
intel's many international bribes to
00:14:57
companies to shut out amd processors
00:14:59
from the market would be uncovered
00:15:01
and they would be fined over a billion
00:15:02
dollars for it
00:15:04
it got worse though in 2009 even
00:15:07
companies like dell
00:15:08
hp nec and lenovo were all involved in
00:15:12
intel's bribes
00:15:13
in the legal filings it was stated that
00:15:15
consumers even asked for cheaper and
00:15:17
better performing amd
00:15:18
chips but dell refused dell wanted to
00:15:22
keep receiving money from intel which
00:15:23
was making up
00:15:24
104 percent of their quarterly income at
00:15:27
one stage
00:15:29
another anti-trust lawsuit was filed by
00:15:31
the district of new york in 2009
00:15:34
it revealed six billion dollars in
00:15:36
quarterly payments
00:15:37
from intel to dell from 2001 to 2006.
00:15:43
in 2010 intel was caught faking
00:15:45
benchmarks by using custom code that
00:15:48
could detect which cpu the benchmark was
00:15:50
running on
00:15:51
benchmarks are seen by consumers as an
00:15:53
easy way to determine which products
00:15:55
have better performance
00:15:57
if this particular benchmark saw that it
00:15:58
was running on an intel cpu
00:16:00
it would run a highly optimized code if
00:16:03
it saw something else
00:16:04
it would run the slowest version of the
00:16:06
code it could find this mislead
00:16:08
consumers and manufacturers alike
00:16:10
and intel were prosecuted by the ftc
00:16:12
over this
00:16:13
and it just kept going in 2018 with the
00:16:17
launch of the amd
00:16:18
ryzen threadripper a monster 32 core cpu
00:16:21
intel had to think of something so their
00:16:23
marketing team went into overdrive
00:16:26
intel would retaliate against amd by
00:16:28
demonstrating the power of their 5
00:16:30
gigahertz 28 core processor
00:16:32
it looked awesome in benchmarks but
00:16:34
there was only one issue
00:16:36
intel would later claim that they
00:16:38
somehow forgot to mention
00:16:39
that this demo chip was overclocked and
00:16:41
required a 1
00:16:43
700 watt industrial freezer to keep it
00:16:46
from overheating
00:16:48
as demonstrated the performance that
00:16:49
intel was showing off didn't exist in
00:16:51
any chip they currently had
00:16:54
in 2019 with the launch of their core i9
00:16:57
9900k
00:16:58
the benchmark showed a massive
00:16:59
performance advantage over amd
00:17:02
the only problem some of these
00:17:04
benchmarks were sponsored by intel
00:17:06
and as it turned out through software
00:17:08
the intel sponsored benchmarks disabled
00:17:10
the number of cores of amd
00:17:11
chips by half intel would go on to
00:17:14
fabricate many benchmarks throughout the
00:17:16
year and you can check out the channel
00:17:18
adored tv if you want a detailed
00:17:20
overview of intel's bad practices
00:17:23
to me it's really amazing that intel has
00:17:25
been operating like this for decades
00:17:27
but most people just aren't aware they
00:17:30
struggled with innovation
00:17:32
so they settled for dirty tactics there
00:17:34
was a time at intel where we
00:17:36
the people used to joke that they kept
00:17:39
advanced micro alive in order to make it
00:17:41
so the justice department didn't force
00:17:43
them to break up
00:17:44
they literally kept it alive well they
00:17:46
don't keep it alive anymore
00:17:48
they have caught and passed intel
00:17:51
when it comes to those key growth areas
00:17:58
in 2018 and 2019 intel struggled with
00:18:01
hardware security vulnerabilities
00:18:03
one of which affected all of intel's
00:18:05
cpus since 1995
00:18:07
and is impossible to completely fix
00:18:09
during the ordeal
00:18:10
the company offered to pay security
00:18:12
researchers 80 000
00:18:14
as a reward if they could downplay the
00:18:16
severity of the vulnerabilities
00:18:19
in one case intel knew about a backdoor
00:18:21
vulnerability that affected all of their
00:18:23
cpus
00:18:23
and didn't fix it for 10 years until a
00:18:26
hacker leaked some information on it
00:18:31
when microsoft a name synonymous with
00:18:33
intel decides to build their own chips
00:18:36
you know something is wrong
00:18:37
after apple shocked the industry with
00:18:39
the m1 chip microsoft announced that
00:18:41
they would be using arm technology to
00:18:43
build their own chips
00:18:44
they already use arm-based snapdragon
00:18:46
chips and some of their surface
00:18:47
line computers but these can't hold a
00:18:49
candle to the m1
00:18:50
so microsoft is getting serious and
00:18:52
building something by themselves
00:18:54
if this chip is competitive and low
00:18:56
power this would be yet another blow to
00:18:58
intel
00:18:59
and on another point mac os is about 10
00:19:01
of the total pc market
00:19:03
so losing this plus ever more market
00:19:05
share to amd
00:19:06
is definitely going to hurt intel
00:19:11
on the topic of intel struggling with
00:19:12
their manufacturing process to try and
00:19:14
get to 10 nanometers
00:19:15
in july of 2020 then ceo bob swann
00:19:18
stated that if more things go wrong for
00:19:20
intel
00:19:21
they may use a third party like samsung
00:19:23
or tsmc
00:19:24
swann would be fired in early 2021 but
00:19:27
intel would still go through with the
00:19:29
plan
00:19:29
stating that for their seven nanometer
00:19:31
process intel would outsource
00:19:32
manufacturing of these chips for
00:19:34
products starting in 2023
00:19:36
and this is actually a bright spot for
00:19:38
intel a key point in this entire story
00:19:41
this decision may actually be the best
00:19:43
thing for the company in many years
00:19:45
swallowing their pride and admitting
00:19:47
that they just couldn't hold their
00:19:48
position in chip manufacturing
00:19:50
is definitely a turning point for intel
00:19:54
the semiconductor industry is inherently
00:19:56
risky companies must bank on the fact
00:19:58
that these technologies have to work
00:20:00
they have to be well planned to beat out
00:20:02
the competition but as
00:20:04
intel found out when things go wrong
00:20:06
they can go very wrong
00:20:08
intel tried to both manufacture and
00:20:10
design their own chips but they couldn't
00:20:11
keep up with global foundries in the us
00:20:13
or the korean or taiwanese companies but
00:20:16
don't get me wrong
00:20:17
financially intel is doing very well
00:20:20
their desktop market is still solid
00:20:21
and they have a huge legacy and they're
00:20:23
making a bunch of money hand over fist
00:20:26
intel aren't going away tomorrow but
00:20:28
consumers are starting to be unsatisfied
00:20:30
and the recent turn of events in the
00:20:32
past three years was a wake-up call
00:20:34
for intel firing ceos from accounting
00:20:36
backgrounds like bob swan
00:20:38
and many previous ceos and finally
00:20:40
putting an engineer in charge
00:20:41
as well as swallowing their pride when
00:20:43
it comes to manufacturing could see a
00:20:45
major turnaround
00:20:46
and it must be said in the grand scheme
00:20:48
of things all of this
00:20:50
is not easy to do in any cpu there's
00:20:53
billions of transistors nanometers in
00:20:55
size
00:20:56
and every single one of them has to be
00:20:57
perfect it's incredible that we can
00:21:00
achieve such amazing feats of
00:21:01
engineering in the first place
00:21:04
the dna of intel has clearly changed
00:21:06
since their inception
00:21:07
but that's expected after 50 years so
00:21:10
what do you think is next for the
00:21:11
company
00:21:12
do you think they'll be back to the
00:21:13
darlings of the semiconductor industry
00:21:15
in a few
00:21:16
years or will they be the next ibm feel
00:21:19
free to discuss below
00:21:21
so i want to thank you for watching the
00:21:22
whole way through this episode i really
00:21:24
appreciate it
00:21:25
if you did enjoy it feel free to
00:21:27
subscribe to cold fusion i also recently
00:21:30
went on the tech society podcast if
00:21:32
you're interested
00:21:33
so i'll leave a link below to that as
00:21:34
well
00:21:36
my name is dagogo and you've been
00:21:38
watching cold fusion and i'll catch you
00:21:40
again soon for the next episode
00:21:42
cheers guys have a good one
00:21:44
[Applause]
00:21:46
it's me thinking
00:22:00
[Music]
00:22:06
right
![Intel - From Inventors of the CPU to Laughing Stock [Part 1]](https://ruhnrawpgxrzdrgaohnf.supabase.co/storage/v1/object/public/images/video/JH2nXMv6yZI/thumbnail.jpg)
