00:00:07
hi ninine so we're going to be in
00:00:08
metabolic map part three and now what
00:00:10
we're going to do is we're going to talk
00:00:12
about how amino acids are being
00:00:14
metabolized and how that feeds into this
00:00:16
overall intertwining of these Pathways
00:00:18
so if you haven't already seen it watch
00:00:20
part one which is on the carbohydrates
00:00:21
part two which is on the lipids and now
00:00:23
part three is going to be specifically
00:00:24
focusing on proteins or amino acids in
00:00:26
this
00:00:27
case okay so when we actually eat right
00:00:31
let's say that we take in a cheeseburger
00:00:33
or a steak or something like that
00:00:34
something that actually is going to be
00:00:35
with meat right that can be rich in a
00:00:36
lot of proteins well whenever we take
00:00:39
these actual proteins and whenever we
00:00:40
eat it we actually digest it down to the
00:00:42
molecular unit of it the amino acids and
00:00:44
we absorb it across the digestive tract
00:00:47
whenever they're taken into certain
00:00:48
organs like for example the skeletal
00:00:50
muscles or the cardiac muscles or the
00:00:51
liver and different tissues in the body
00:00:53
they can be converted and stored inside
00:00:56
of our muscles and what's called
00:00:57
proteins so proteins
00:01:01
are basically just these these large
00:01:04
Polymers of amino acids so proteins if
00:01:08
you guys think about proteins proteins
00:01:10
are just Polymers of amino acid like for
00:01:12
example let's say I String out
00:01:16
here here's a whole protein so on a
00:01:18
protein you know that a protein has an
00:01:20
amino end and on one end it has a
00:01:22
carboxy end and each there's these
00:01:25
little dots that I'm drawing here and
00:01:27
these little dots are supposed to
00:01:29
represent a Amo acids and what's really
00:01:32
important is that whenever we need to if
00:01:34
our body needs to it can break down
00:01:37
proteins he doesn't want to this is
00:01:39
usually the last source of energy you
00:01:41
don't really want to have to break down
00:01:42
your proteins your skeletal uh
00:01:44
functional proteins within the body
00:01:46
because it usually means that you have
00:01:48
have been starving for a while you
00:01:49
haven't been taking in food adequately
00:01:51
so you don't want to be breaking down
00:01:52
proteins this also can happen if there's
00:01:54
excessive long-term stress like due to
00:01:56
elevated levels of cortisol too okay but
00:01:58
we're not going to get into that so
00:01:59
specific spefically let's say that I
00:02:01
take these proteins and for whatever
00:02:03
reason whether it be to severe stress
00:02:05
whether it be due to uh very very low
00:02:07
carbohydrate intake or prolong
00:02:09
starvation I break them down into they
00:02:11
they're little individual units so what
00:02:14
is this call when I break down the
00:02:15
proteins into amino acids so when I
00:02:18
break down these proteins into these
00:02:20
individual small units what are these
00:02:23
individual small units called they are
00:02:27
called Amino
00:02:31
acids now amino acids what's special
00:02:34
about amino acids we're not going to go
00:02:35
into Super detail I just want you to
00:02:37
understand really what makes them
00:02:38
different they have what's called an
00:02:40
amine Terminus which is like this NH3
00:02:42
plus side they have a carbon which is
00:02:45
called the alpha carbon with this Alpha
00:02:47
hydrogen coming off of it and then also
00:02:49
has an R Group which makes each amino
00:02:51
acid different from one
00:02:53
another and then at the other end it's
00:02:55
going to have this carboxy Terminus so
00:02:58
this is the general structure of an
00:03:00
amino acid and again the R Group varies
00:03:02
from amino acid to amino
00:03:04
acid but what happens is in certain
00:03:07
situations there's some special amino
00:03:08
acids that can be utilized for energy
00:03:11
the main ones that our body utiliz you
00:03:13
can utilize many of these amino acids
00:03:16
but some of them that we utilize a lot
00:03:17
of is alanine these are some of the more
00:03:20
commonly used ones
00:03:24
aspartate glutamate these are some of
00:03:26
the the main ones but we can utilize
00:03:29
other different types of amino acids
00:03:30
these are just some of the more common
00:03:31
ones that are utilized within the body
00:03:33
very very uh in large amounts what I can
00:03:36
do is I can take these amino acids and I
00:03:39
can react them with a special type of
00:03:41
kreb cycle
00:03:42
intermediate so you know do you know
00:03:44
what these kreb cycle intermediates are
00:03:46
called they call them keto acids and
00:03:49
keto acids again all these keto acids
00:03:51
are they're just kreb cycle
00:03:53
intermediates okay and what is special
00:03:56
about these krep cycle intermediates I'm
00:03:57
not going to draw all their structures
00:03:59
I'm going to just put a couple carbons
00:04:00
here and I'm going to say they have a
00:04:02
specialized oxygen this carbonal group
00:04:04
here okay this is my keto
00:04:08
acid and this is my amino acid what I'm
00:04:12
going to do is I'm going to react these
00:04:14
two together I'm going to react these
00:04:16
two together I'm going to take the am
00:04:18
group from this amino acid and give it
00:04:20
to this keto acid I'm going to take the
00:04:22
oxygen from this keto acid and give it
00:04:24
to the amino acid and then I'm going to
00:04:26
form something different in the end what
00:04:29
would happen if I give an amine group
00:04:31
from this amino acid to that keto acid
00:04:34
well what if he has a carboxy Terminus
00:04:36
at one point
00:04:38
here and I ended up giving him let's say
00:04:40
by some chance I actually give him an AM
00:04:42
group at the end H would that actually
00:04:45
be something like an amino acid yeah so
00:04:47
this guy would become a
00:04:50
new amino
00:04:54
acid and then this amino acid if it
00:04:56
loses that am group and it gains this
00:04:58
oxygen wouldn't it look something like
00:05:00
this keto acid yeah so you get a
00:05:03
new keto
00:05:07
acid okay that's pretty cool if that
00:05:11
happens then what ises that called when
00:05:12
I take a keto acid for example one of
00:05:15
the more common ones in the body that we
00:05:17
utilize a lot in this process is called
00:05:20
Alpha
00:05:22
keto
00:05:25
glate okay let's just say that I use
00:05:27
that one and for this amino acid I use
00:05:28
some generic amino acid it doesn't have
00:05:30
to be anything special it could be one
00:05:31
of the amino acids if that happens let's
00:05:35
go over here and look real quickly at
00:05:37
what this kind of looks like
00:05:39
okay well if I take an amino acid I
00:05:45
react it with a keto acid and then I
00:05:48
make a new keto acid and a new amino
00:05:51
acid what is that called
00:05:53
transamination okay that's called
00:05:55
transamination and we're going to do
00:05:57
that with a purple marker right so
00:05:59
whenever this this keto acid here so
00:06:00
let's draw it from this guy here getting
00:06:02
converted into this new amino acid and
00:06:05
this amino acid reacting right here gets
00:06:07
converted into this new keto acid what
00:06:10
is this actually called it's called
00:06:12
transamination why do you call it
00:06:14
transamination because the amine group
00:06:16
is being transferred onto the keto acid
00:06:18
and the oxygen is being transferred to
00:06:20
the amino acid also it is very very
00:06:23
dependent upon these enzymes called
00:06:28
Trans Am
00:06:30
ases okay these trans aminase enzymes
00:06:33
are very very important enzymes in these
00:06:35
steps because the enzymes are what
00:06:37
helped to be able to catalyze this
00:06:39
reaction
00:06:40
here okay so we're at that point now
00:06:44
let's say I take this new amino acid and
00:06:46
usually this amino acid if you start off
00:06:47
with Alpha ketoglutarate the most common
00:06:50
type that you generate from this
00:06:51
transamination process is usually what
00:06:54
is referred to as glutamate okay it's
00:06:58
usually in the form of
00:07:00
glutamate but our body this glutamate
00:07:03
that we generate because this
00:07:04
transamination process can happen in
00:07:06
many tissues but this next step is
00:07:09
really only happening within the liver
00:07:11
and a little bit in the muscles very
00:07:13
very little but a little bit in the
00:07:14
muscles not very much at all in the
00:07:16
muscles but a very very small
00:07:18
amount this
00:07:20
glutamate can actually have this next
00:07:22
process occur actually let's let me
00:07:25
erase this because we don't want to do
00:07:27
this just yet okay so now if I actually
00:07:30
have this glutamate what I'm going to do
00:07:32
is glutamate has an amine on him right
00:07:35
he has an amine group on him I'm going
00:07:37
to rip that am group off so let me pop
00:07:40
this am group off of this glutamate I'm
00:07:42
going to rip off an amine group okay off
00:07:46
of this guy and I'm gonna I'm going to
00:07:47
add an actual H to it so I'm going to
00:07:49
get this thing right here you see this
00:07:50
NH3 group this NH3 is called
00:07:56
ammonia and Ammon ammonia is extremely
00:08:00
neurotoxic okay so I'm going to produce
00:08:02
this molecule here called
00:08:04
ammonia but another thing that I'm going
00:08:06
to get out of this is I'm also going to
00:08:08
regenerate a very interesting molecule
00:08:10
which is called Alpha keto
00:08:15
glutarate H what is this called whenever
00:08:18
I take glutamate get rid of an amine
00:08:20
group in the form of ammonia and then
00:08:22
form Alpha klutter well let's
00:08:25
look oh isn't this right here glutamate
00:08:28
which is an amino acid the new one that
00:08:30
we made gets converted into a keto acid
00:08:33
and that keto acid is Alpha
00:08:34
ketoglutarate and I get rid of a ammonia
00:08:37
in the form of the amine group right
00:08:38
what's that called oxidative
00:08:41
deamination okay so this process here of
00:08:44
me getting converting this guy into this
00:08:47
guy and also generating this guy as a
00:08:50
side product this is called oxidative
00:08:52
deamination now some people be like oh
00:08:54
you're removing the ammun group isn't
00:08:56
that trans amination no because when I
00:08:58
remove remove the am group I'm not
00:09:00
transferring it on to anybody and also
00:09:02
there's a special enzyme involved in
00:09:04
this process just that we're very clear
00:09:06
this enzyme involved in this process is
00:09:08
actually called
00:09:12
glutamate
00:09:16
dehydrogenase okay and this involves a
00:09:18
very important development of nadph
00:09:21
we're not going to talk too much about
00:09:22
that we already did in great detail um
00:09:24
in other videos with this whole amino
00:09:26
acid metabolism okay now this ammonia
00:09:30
since it's toxic we don't want it to
00:09:31
stay in the body in that form we want to
00:09:33
get rid of it in another form so what we
00:09:35
do is we take this ammonia in the liver
00:09:38
and we convert this
00:09:40
ammonia into a molecule called Ura which
00:09:45
is still toxic but a lot less
00:09:48
toxic okay and then this Ura will go to
00:09:51
the kidneys and it'll be
00:09:53
excreted okay so it'll be excreted from
00:09:56
the
00:09:57
kidneys so we get rid of that ammonia
00:09:59
form what is this called whenever I
00:10:00
convert ammonia into
00:10:03
Ura this is called the
00:10:07
Ura cycle and this is very important
00:10:10
this has to happen so that we can
00:10:12
convert into less toxic form okay now
00:10:16
what can happen with this Alpha
00:10:17
ketoglutarate and what can happen with
00:10:18
these new keto acids well it all depends
00:10:20
for example let's say that you do
00:10:22
alanine if you have alanine as one of
00:10:24
the amino acids one of the keto acids
00:10:26
that you can generate from this process
00:10:29
is is actually called pyruvate so let's
00:10:32
do these in order you get
00:10:35
pyruvate if you have a sparate reacting
00:10:38
in this process you'll convert him into
00:10:40
what's called
00:10:42
oxal
00:10:44
acetate if you have glutamate reacting
00:10:47
in this process this will be converted
00:10:48
into Alpha
00:10:52
keto glut now let's think about this for
00:10:56
a second where are all of these guys
00:10:58
well huate where was he at huh oh he was
00:11:02
right here oxaloacetate I mentioned him
00:11:05
very briefly right where did we say he
00:11:07
was at oh he was right here in the kreb
00:11:09
cycle guess where Alpha ketoglutarate is
00:11:11
also found Alpha ketoglutarate is found
00:11:13
actually within the kreb cycle also so
00:11:16
it's also found within the kreb
00:11:18
cycle now this is really interesting I
00:11:21
can take this new keto acid that I made
00:11:24
and I can funnel him in to this process
00:11:28
here so so for
00:11:30
example if I were to do this let's say I
00:11:32
took this pyruvate right here and I'm
00:11:35
going to put a line here because I'm
00:11:36
going to feed this in through here let's
00:11:37
say that I take this keto acid like I
00:11:39
take
00:11:40
pyruvate and I convert this right here
00:11:42
into pyruvate right so I take this new
00:11:45
keto acid that I formed and there it is
00:11:46
I make pyruvate or I take this
00:11:50
oxaloacetate feed that in there or I
00:11:53
generate Alpha ketoglutarate and I
00:11:55
funnel that into there you know what's
00:11:58
really interesting about this
00:11:59
this watch this so now let's bear with
00:12:04
me for just a little second here we
00:12:06
didn't talk about this pathway just yet
00:12:07
we didn't write it down really either
00:12:09
but I want to talk about it individually
00:12:11
because it's it's a whole bunch of
00:12:12
different processes
00:12:13
interconnected so now if I take these
00:12:16
amino acids and I convert into pyruvate
00:12:19
well you know pyruvate we talked about
00:12:21
this in the glucogenesis video
00:12:23
technically there's a step in between
00:12:26
where actually this is getting converted
00:12:28
into pyu and that molecule is called
00:12:33
phospho enol pyu if you guys remember we
00:12:37
called it
00:12:38
pep short for
00:12:41
Pep when falal perate is going to
00:12:43
pyruvate it's actually it's not
00:12:45
reversible right this is that's an
00:12:47
irreversible step but these pathways are
00:12:49
kind of irreversible what can happen
00:12:52
is I'm going to take this pyruvate I'm
00:12:55
going to convert into cetto COA and then
00:12:57
what will happen is I'll go and make OAA
00:12:59
but look what can happen with that OA
00:13:01
watch this I'm going to take this
00:13:04
OAA and I'm going to eventually convert
00:13:07
him into phosphoenol pyruvate pep what
00:13:11
can happen with this pep this can go up
00:13:13
to glycero 3 phosphate it can eventually
00:13:15
go up to a fructose Six B phosphate it
00:13:17
can go through certain enzymes and if
00:13:19
it's in the liver or in the kidneys or
00:13:20
in the Git it can make glucose what is
00:13:24
this whole process here called with
00:13:25
these blue lines this whole process of
00:13:28
moving it up I'm only going to write it
00:13:30
right here but again this whole process
00:13:31
if you follow the pyruvate to this way
00:13:34
going down into acoa OAA up to phosphino
00:13:37
perate all the way up this is called
00:13:40
gluco neo
00:13:44
genesis oh it's so beautiful you know
00:13:46
what else is really cool remember this
00:13:48
glycerol here I wanted to tell you that
00:13:51
there was another pathway remember I
00:13:52
told you that one way is it's going to
00:13:54
go down but we didn't talk about a lot
00:13:55
yet guess what this
00:13:57
glycerol can be converted to dis this
00:14:00
dihydroxy acetone phosphate right guess
00:14:02
what can happen he can get converted
00:14:03
into fructose one phosphate and then
00:14:05
from fructose one phosphate he can get
00:14:07
converted into glucose what is that
00:14:08
called it's called
00:14:10
gluconeogenesis it's it's amazing so
00:14:13
again this is called
00:14:16
gluco neo
00:14:19
genesis and again what can happen with
00:14:21
these guys if you imagine for example if
00:14:23
this uh if it comes from oxaloacetate
00:14:25
what will happen if it comes from
00:14:27
oxaloacetate it'll go right into oxal
00:14:29
acetate into phosph enal pyruvate and
00:14:31
then up to glucose if it comes
00:14:35
from alpha ketoglutarate then what will
00:14:37
happen well the alpha ketoglutarate will
00:14:39
actually go into the CB cycle it'll
00:14:41
undergo these different steps it'll
00:14:42
eventually get converted into OA oh
00:14:44
phosph pyu and then into glucose but you
00:14:47
know what else can happen think about
00:14:49
just this not only can those amino acids
00:14:52
be utilized to make glucose through
00:14:54
glucogenesis but if we really need them
00:14:57
if we really need them for energy what
00:14:59
can happen during this process I can
00:15:01
generate fadh2s I can generate nadhs I
00:15:04
can take that to the electron transport
00:15:06
chain and make ATP so this process of
00:15:10
this utilizing these amino acids in
00:15:12
these actual glycolytic pathway can
00:15:14
either be for two reasons one one thing
00:15:17
that can come from this whole
00:15:19
pathway is two things one is
00:15:24
gluconeogenesis that's one thing that
00:15:26
can result from this the second thing is
00:15:28
you can make
00:15:31
ATP that's it's cool I think that's
00:15:33
really cool and again this Alpha ke
00:15:35
deuterate right here guess what you can
00:15:37
either regenerate him or he can also be
00:15:40
using this process also so it's amazing
00:15:43
you know there's one more mechanism for
00:15:45
glucano Genesis and then we're going to
00:15:46
finish this up you's a molecule called
00:15:49
lactic acid lactic acid you know to
00:15:51
generate lactic acid from you know we
00:15:54
can get this lactic acid from skeletal
00:15:55
muscles so you know you can produce
00:15:57
lactic acid from muscles right
00:16:00
you know what's really interesting is
00:16:01
that let's say this is our muscles and
00:16:03
our muscles are producing this lactic
00:16:05
acid so it's producing this lactic acid
00:16:08
what can happen is this lactic acid can
00:16:10
get taken up by the muscles I'm Sorry by
00:16:12
the by the liver so this lactic acid can
00:16:14
be taken up by the liver and this lactic
00:16:17
acid can be converted
00:16:21
into
00:16:23
pyate what can pyruvate be converted
00:16:26
into if we need to well it can either go
00:16:27
down and be used for ATP but what else
00:16:29
could happen it could go down here to
00:16:31
aceto it could go through this whole
00:16:33
process here to make OAA it could go
00:16:35
back up to phospho enal pyate then back
00:16:37
up to g3p back up to fructose 16
00:16:40
phosphate and then up to glucose what is
00:16:41
that called gluconeogenesis so I want
00:16:43
you guys to remember three different
00:16:45
substrates that can be used for glucono
00:16:46
Genesis what are those three substrates
00:16:49
for glucogenesis let's write them down
00:16:51
here in the end corner here so three
00:16:54
substrates for glucogenesis
00:16:55
gluconeogenesis you can take amino acids
00:16:58
I'm going to put AA you can take lactic
00:17:02
acid or you can take
00:17:07
glycerol and convert these
00:17:10
structures
00:17:12
into
00:17:14
glucose and if it is converted into
00:17:17
glucose this is as a whole called
00:17:21
gluco neo
00:17:24
genesis technically there is one more
00:17:27
substrate but it it it contributes the
00:17:29
very very very minimal amounts I'll add
00:17:32
it in there in a different color but
00:17:33
it's not that important it's odd
00:17:37
chain fatty acids in other words instead
00:17:39
of it being 16 carbons it would be like
00:17:41
17 carbons and it'll produce a three
00:17:43
carbon fragment that could eventually be
00:17:45
converted into
00:17:48
glucose all
00:17:50
right all right guys so in this video we
00:17:52
covered a lot of information we
00:17:54
basically tried to intertwine and see
00:17:56
how all these pathways are connected
00:17:58
because that's really ones you want to
00:17:59
be able to do memorizing Pathways
00:18:01
individually is that's awesome but to
00:18:03
see how these pathways are actually
00:18:04
intertwined and actually interacting
00:18:06
together is really the basic principle
00:18:09
of metabolism because that's what we
00:18:11
really want to get how are these
00:18:13
Pathways reacting in our body in that
00:18:15
basis all right so all right Engineers I
00:18:18
hope you guys enjoyed this video I hope
00:18:19
it all made sense if it did please hit
00:18:21
the like button subscribe put some
00:18:23
comments down in the comment section all
00:18:24
right engine nerds as always until next
00:18:26
time
