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all right welcome to today's lesson in
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spanish translation uh today we're going
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to talk about definitions and models
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answer the questions what is translation
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on what are some of the steps in the
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process of translation
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so first of all some basic terms which
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we may have already covered in class
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right when we talk about translation we
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talk about going from the source text or
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st to the target text or tt in the
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source language sl to the target
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language tl so those are basic terms and
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in spanish source text is dexto original
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or texto de partida or texto fuente
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literally
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or source language could be lengua or
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idioma original
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on the other hand right
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target text is going to be text meta or
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text objectivo textino
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so those are some basic terms that
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you'll want to be sure that you know in
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english in espanol
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moving on let's look at some definitions
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these come from the discipline of
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translation studies some of these people
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are dedicated translation scholars some
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of them might be linguists but let's
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look at these definitions what is
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translation a person named catford in
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his book a linguistic theory of
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translation back in the 1960s defined
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translation as quote an operation
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performed on languages a process of
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substituting a text in one language for
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a text in another
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translation may be defined as the
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replacement of textual material in one
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language the source language by
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equivalent material in another language
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the target language so what he's talking
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about replacing is textual material in
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one language for textual material in
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another language that's kind of a what
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is textual material
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let's look at peter newmark one of my
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favorite translation theorists his
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definition is translation is a craft so
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it's interesting that he calls it a
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craft consisting in the attempt to
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replace a written message and or
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statement in one language so whereas cat
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further talked about textual material
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newmark is more specific
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a written message and or statement in
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one language by the same message and or
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statement in another language so some
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important things to unpack in newmark's
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definition first he calls it a craft so
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it's an ability it's an art it's a skill
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that we develop
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we're replacing a written message or
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statement going from one language to
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another
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and i like how he says it's the attempt
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so it's something that's difficult to do
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and also the same message so he hits on
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that idea of equivalence or
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correspondence
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all right moving on to one of my
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favorite
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theorists in translation studies mildred
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larson i like this definition she talks
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about the form and the content right so
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she says quote translation is basically
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a change in form
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it consists of transferring the meaning
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of the source language into the receptor
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language or target language this is done
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by going from the form of the first
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language so the source language to the
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forms of a second language by way of
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semantic structure so she says and this
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is important it's meaning which is being
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transferred so the meaning is held
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constant
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only the form changes
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so she says translation then consists of
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studying the lexicon grammatical
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structure communication situation and
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cultural context so all those things we
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need to analyze right when we look at a
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source text
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analyzing in order to determine its
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meaning and then restructuring the same
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meaning using the lexicon grammatical
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structure cultural norms etc that are
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appropriate and the receptor language
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and its cultural context so she's making
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a distinction between
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form and meaning or form and content and
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saying what must remain the same is the
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meaning or the content but what must
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change is the form
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we'll come back to her definition when
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we look at her model in just a minute
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a similar definition is by susan bassnet
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mcguire she says what is generally
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understood as translation involves the
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rendering of a source language text into
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the target language so as to ensure the
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surface meaning of the two will be
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approximately similar and the structures
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of the source language will be preserved
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as closely as possible if you go back to
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the previous slide larson was talking
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about changing the form but holding the
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meaning constant bassnet maguire is
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talking more about a given take right we
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want the meaning to be as close as
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possible but we also want the structures
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or the forms the language forms to be as
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close as possible but not so closely she
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says
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finishing up here with her quote that
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the target language structures will be
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seriously distorted she's basically
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saying that we want the language of the
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source text to look as similar as
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possible to the language forms in the
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i'm sorry we want the language and the
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target text to look as similar as
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possible but not so similar that they
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distort the target language structures
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right that they seem unnatural to a
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target language reader
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let's look at some models going back to
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mildred larson who talked about meaning
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is what's transferred but form is what
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changes when it's restructured
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so
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some of these models are similar and i
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think hers mildred larson's model is the
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one that makes sense to me and the
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others may be variations on this idea
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she has the source language right this
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orange box that's the text that the
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client gives the translator to be
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translated the translator's task is to
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discover the meaning that's actually
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harder than it might appear
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and then what's held constant is that
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meaning the translator's job is to
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reformulate restructure re-express the
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meaning
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in the receptor language in forms that
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are appropriate for the target language
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so again with larsen meaning is held
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constant we sort of deconstruct the the
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source text figure out what it means and
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then we reconstruct that same meaning
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using the appropriate target language
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forms
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another model by eugene nida here
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similar right he's showing how
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that determination of meaning involves
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analysis
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and then transfer and restructuring into
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the target language so a similar sort of
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sequence and process
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newmark
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if you look also the same steps you
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start with the source language text you
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go to interpreting or comprehending
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understanding what that text is saying
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and then through a process of
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reformulation into the target language
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text that dashed or dotted line he has
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across the bottom that says interlinear
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translation
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interlinear translation is word for word
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translation
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which he's trying to illustrate that
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that's not real translation because word
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for word translation skips the steps of
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true comprehension and true
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reformulation
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all right so kind of putting all those
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things together i've come up with my own
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definition right based on several that
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i've read and so this is the one i want
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you to remember my definition and model
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of translation is what this course is
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kind of based upon
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so i would say that translation is a
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multi-step process in which various
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elements pertinent to the overall
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meaning of a text in one language its
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content its purpose the language
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register how formal is it tone effect on
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the reader among others cultural issues
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are replicated as closely as possible in
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another language so that's what
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translation is
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and it's important to understand if you
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see the blue box and i'll always
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reiterate this point the translation is
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a process
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that
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involves continuous decision making
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and so in terms of a model or the steps
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in this process i've identified five the
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first step is to not immediately start
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translating the text but to read it and
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interpret it right we need to determine
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the meaning of the source text and only
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the translator can do that so what does
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the source text mean first step is to
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read it and interpret it determine its
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meaning
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second step is
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to
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perform an analysis to analyze the
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source text right assess the
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contributions of several contextual and
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textual factors to its overall meaning
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so we're trying to answer the question
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in the analysis phase or step how does
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that source text convey its meaning
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third is strategizing this is when we
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decide okay what are we trying to do
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with this translation what types of
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equivalency are we going to prioritize
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in which translation approach a more
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literal approach a more free approach or
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freer approach or some other type of
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translation approach so we're thinking
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about how we're going to achieve that
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effective translation that's
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strategizing
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finally step four is when you actually
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dig in and start transferring the
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meaning restructuring the text
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reformulating it i call this step
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reformulation so that's when you're
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actually translating the source text
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creating the target text through the
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application of various translation
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procedures
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but then you're not done you still have
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step five which is review that's when
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you're proof proofreading the text
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editing the text making sure it's
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accurate and free of any errors or
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mistakes okay so that's my five step
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model interpretation analysis
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strategizing reformulation and review
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let's look at one more slide i think
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this is just kind of interesting to
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think about as we begin this course
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what makes a good translator for example
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an agency translator a freelance
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translator or just an amateur hobbyist
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translator that's who's good and
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effective these are this is the skill
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set that um
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looking at several different websites
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and speaking to professionals that i
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know and through my own experience that
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i've identified first of all
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if you think about that first step in my
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model translator has to have strong
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interpretive skills in the source
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language usually the source language the
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sl is the translator's second language
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so
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as a non-native speaker of spanish
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usually spanish is going to be the
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source language i'm usually going to
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translate from spanish to english in a
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professional setting so i need to
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develop super good interpretive skills
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in spanish second and this is very very
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important translators have to be
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excellent writers if you're not a very
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good writer in english you're probably
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not going to be a very effective
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translator okay so you need to develop
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really good writing skills particularly
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in the target language which is usually
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the translator's native language so
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again in my case look at me do i look
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like a native spanish speaker
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i'm going to be my language pair is
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going to be spanish to english that's
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going to be my directionality
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you need to develop a deep understanding
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of the cultures of both source and
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target languages
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cultural understanding cultural
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sensitivity is very important to be an
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effective translator
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you need strong computer skills not just
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word processing typing in microsoft word
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but also spreadsheets powerpoint you get
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all types of source texts in different
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formats you need to be familiar with the
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resources and tools computers assisted
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translation tools that translators use
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so just overall excellent computer
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skills
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you need very strong research skills you
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need to be a good critical thinker you
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need to be able to find accurate
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reliable information quickly so if
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there's something you don't understand
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in the source text you need to figure it
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out quickly
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thank god for google and and resources
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like that
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you also especially if you're working as
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a freelancer you need very good
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interpersonal communication skills
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you're going to answer a lot of emails
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you're going to send a lot of emails
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you're going to take a lot of phone
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calls and so you need to be an effective
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interpersonal communicator
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and if you're working as a freelancer or
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on your own you've started your own
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company excellent time and workload
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management skills
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because translators basically make their
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money based on volume so it's all about
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being efficient being able to translate
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as much as much as possible as much as
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you can as quickly as possible
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and finally some some traits not
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necessarily skills but personal or
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personality traits that make people
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effective translators
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detail-oriented
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being self-motivated because often
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you're working on your own
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you're not working with a team
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being organized intellectually curious
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if you're not a person that likes to
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learn gets excited about different ideas
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new fields you probably won't stay in
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the translation game very long need to
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be culturally sensitive as i just
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mentioned decisive because we talked
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about translation being a process of
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decision making and confident but not
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overconfident because i think something
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that translators need to develop is that
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awareness of
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knowing what they don't know so that
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they can look look those things up so
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again this was today's video covered
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definitions of translation models of
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translation my own definition and model
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as your instructor and then finally we
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looked at the translator skill set
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hope this has been informative and i'll
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see you in class
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