How the Tonga volcanic eruption rippled through the earth, ocean and atmosphere

00:04:42
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tNoA1n-rLhA

摘要

TLDRIn January 2022, the underwater volcano Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai produced the largest atmospheric explosion seen in modern history. This eruption had massive global impacts, creating tsunamis, causing significant atmospheric shockwaves, and affecting weather patterns. Instruments across the world measured the eruption's pressure waves, which led to phenomena similar to those recorded in the Krakatoa eruption of 1883, with atmospheric pressure waves known as 'lamb waves' encircling the globe multiple times. The eruption introduced vast amounts of water vapor into the stratosphere, equating to 50 million tons—more than five percent increase—which has potential ramifications on global temperatures due to the greenhouse properties of water vapor. This differs from typical volcanic eruptions that inject large amounts of aerosols which reflect sunlight and cool the Earth. The data collected from this event is crucial for refining tsunami warning systems and understanding the interaction between volcanic activities, the ocean, and the atmosphere, as it revealed new types of tsunamis triggered by atmospheric pressure disturbances.

心得

  • 🌋 The Hunga Tonga eruption was the largest atmospheric blast in modern history.
  • 🌊 It caused tsunamis and pressure waves detectable worldwide.
  • 📡 Scientists used modern tools to measure eruption impacts, comparing it to the 1883 Krakatoa event.
  • 🌏 The eruption's pressure waves circled Earth multiple times.
  • ☁️ The volcanic plume included 50 million tons of water vapor, highest ever recorded.
  • 🏞️ Driven tsunamis arrived before typical seismic-induced waves.
  • 📈 The eruption introduced 5% more water vapor into the stratosphere, affecting global climate.
  • 🛰️ Data from this event helps improve global monitoring and warning systems.
  • 💡 The increase in water vapor poses questions about future global warming effects.
  • 🔍 Ongoing research may enhance understanding of future volcanic impacts.

时间轴

  • 00:00:00 - 00:04:42

    In January 2022, the Hungatanga Hunga Ha'apai underwater volcano caused the largest atmospheric explosion in modern history, breaking a bridge formed in a 2015 eruption and impacting islands in Tonga with floods and ash. The volcano's pressure wave was detected globally, with effects including an oil spill in Peru. Ongoing research aims to understand how the eruption affected the Earth, ocean, and atmosphere, using equipment like hydrophones and seismometers. The eruption was akin to a 5.8 magnitude earthquake, and sound waves resonated globally. A specific atmospheric pressure wave, the Lamb wave, circled the Earth six times in four days, mirroring the 1883 Krakatoa eruption and its global tsunamis. The 2022 eruption enabled scientists to study tsunamis with modern sensors, determining that ordinary and pressure-driven tsunamis (driven by atmospheric waves) occurred. The eruption also emitted a record-high plume of water vapor into the atmosphere, increasing stratospheric water vapor by 5%, raising concerns about long-term climate effects due to its greenhouse impact. Ongoing analyses aim to improve future volcanic eruption forecasts and warning systems.

思维导图

视频问答

  • What volcanic event occurred in January 2022?

    In January 2022, the underwater volcano Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai produced the largest atmospheric explosion in modern history.

  • What were the effects of the Hunga Tonga-Hunga eruption?

    The eruption caused tsunamis, widespread pressure waves detected globally, an oil spill in Peru, and significant atmospheric disturbances.

  • How did the eruption in 2022 compare to the 1883 Krakatoa eruption?

    The 2022 eruption produced effects similar to the Krakatoa eruption, including pressure waves and tsunamis circling the Earth multiple times.

  • What are 'driven tsunamis'?

    Driven tsunamis are waves created by pressure waves in the atmosphere strong enough to move water, rather than the earthquake-induced tsunamis.

  • Why was the water vapor in the Tonga eruption significant?

    The eruption injected 50 million tons of water vapor into the stratosphere, significantly increasing atmospheric water vapor and influencing global temperature.

  • What tools do scientists use to study volcanic eruptions?

    Scientists use various instruments including microbarometers, hydrophones, and seismometers to study volcanic eruptions.

  • What is the significance of a 'lamb wave'?

    A 'lamb wave' is a type of atmospheric pressure wave that circled the Earth multiple times after the eruption, similar to those from the Krakatoa eruption.

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  • 00:00:01
    in January of 2022 the underwater
  • 00:00:04
    volcano hungatanga hunga haha Pai
  • 00:00:07
    produced the biggest atmospheric
  • 00:00:10
    explosion seen in modern history
  • 00:00:13
    scientists have had their eyes on this
  • 00:00:14
    volcano ever since an eruption in 2015
  • 00:00:17
    joined two islands together
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    this recent eruption blew that bridge
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    apart
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    inundating Islands in Tonga with floods
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    and a coat of Ash and dust
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    detectors around the world picked up the
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    pressure wave from hungatanga hunga pie
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    people in Alaska could hear the blast
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    and tsunami waves triggered an oil spill
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    in Peru
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    scientists are still untangling all the
  • 00:00:47
    ways the eruption rippled through the
  • 00:00:48
    Earth ocean and atmosphere
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    using a network of instruments from
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    microparometers to hydrophones and
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    seismometers researchers characterized
  • 00:00:59
    the impact of the eruption
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    the main eruption resulted in shaking
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    similar to a magnitude 5.8 earthquake
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    sound waves in various frequencies from
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    audible sound to infrasound reverberated
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    around the world
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    one type of pressure wave that Disturbed
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    the atmosphere called a lamb wave
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    circled the Earth six times in four days
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    this is similar to what was observed
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    from one of the deadliest volcanic
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    eruptions in recorded history the 1883
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    eruption of Krakatoa Indonesia
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    Lake Tonga the 1883 eruption also
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    triggered tsunamis around the world
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    researchers suspected interactions
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    between the atmosphere and ocean could
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    have triggered the land waves but didn't
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    have the data to back it up
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    then came the Tonga eruption a perfect
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    opportunity for scientists to understand
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    these tsunamis using modern day sensors
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    most tsunamis we see are ordinary
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    tsunamis disturbances like earthquakes
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    or landslides move large amounts of
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    water creating waves
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    waves caused by the displacement of
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    water near the volcano moved throughout
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    the Pacific Ocean and tsunami warning
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    systems accurately predicted when they
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    would arrive
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    but another kind of tsunami a driven
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    tsunami eluded Warning Systems arriving
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    two hours before these ordinary waves a
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    pressure wave Rippling through the
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    atmosphere was strong enough to move
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    water creating driven waves that were
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    small but traveled all around the world
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    these different types of waves from the
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    eruption meant the Tonga tsunami lasted
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    longer than earthquake-induced tsunamis
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    in addition to waves moving across the
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    world the eruption shot a giant plume of
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    water vapor and gas into the sky
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    at its peak the plume was 57 kilometers
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    high that's more than triple the height
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    of a commercial flight and the tallest
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    ever measured by a satellite
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    most volcanic plumes deposit lots of Ash
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    dust and sulfur dioxide into the
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    troposphere but only the most energetic
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    ones penetrate higher into the upper
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    atmosphere
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    these aerosols temporarily cool the
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    Earth by reflecting solar radiation from
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    the Sun back to space
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    but Tonga was unique the significant
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    amount of water in the plume meant less
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    sulfur dioxide and a lot more water made
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    its way into the stratosphere
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    one set of researchers used data from
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    weather balloons to measure how much
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    water vapor made it high into the sky
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    they estimate that 50 million tons of
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    water vapor were spewed into the
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    stratosphere equivalent to over 19
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    000 Olympic-sized swimming pools
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    that means water vapor in the
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    stratosphere increased by at least five
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    percent
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    while the dust and sulfur dioxide
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    reflects radiation The increased water
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    vapor acts as a greenhouse gas that
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    traps Heat
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    water vapor also sticks around in the
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    atmosphere longer than aerosols which
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    means scientists are uncertain whether
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    the eruption will ultimately cool or
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    heat the Earth
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    as researchers continue to analyze the
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    Treasure Trove of data from the eruption
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    they hope to create better Warning
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    Systems and models to anticipate the
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    impact of future volcanic eruptions
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标签
  • volcano
  • eruption
  • Hunga Tonga
  • tsunami
  • pressure wave
  • atmospheric explosion
  • water vapor
  • Krakatoa comparison
  • global impact
  • warning systems