GCSE Biology - Cell Types and Cell Structure #2

00:06:49
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qHkUOlC8Nbo

الملخص

TLDRVideoen leverer en grundig intro til cellernes struktur og funktion, med fokus på forskelle og ligheder mellem dyre- og planteceller som eukaryote celler, og bakterieceller som prokaryote celler. Celler betragtes som de grundlæggende byggesten i alt liv, der kan replikere selvstændigt. Forskellige subcellulære strukturer eller organeller inden i cellerne, som cellemembran, kerne, cytoplasma, mitokondrier, ribosomer og i planteceller yderligere kloroplaster, cellevæg og vakuole, bliver forklarede. Bakterieceller har deres DNA frit flydende i cytoplasmaet og har unikke strukturer som plasmider og flagella til bevægelse. Videoen tilbyder også mere materiale og spørgsmål til videre studier.

الوجبات الجاهزة

  • 🔬 Celler er livets grundlæggende byggesten.
  • 🌿 Planteceller har unikke strukturer som cellevæg og kloroplaster.
  • 🧬 Dyreceller og planteceller deler mange organeller som kerne og mitokondrier.
  • 🦠 Bakterieceller er prokaryote og simple i strukturen.
  • 🧪 Cytoplasma er stedet for mange kemiske reaktioner i cellen.
  • 🔋 Mitokondrier producerer energi gennem aerob respiration.
  • 🌱 Kloroplaster i planteceller er essentielle for fotosyntese.
  • 🧫 Bakterier kan have plasmider der giver særlige evner.
  • 📏 Celler kan replikere selvstændigt og vokse ind i multicyndellære organismer.
  • 🧿 Cellemembraner kontrollerer ind- og udsivning af stoffer.

الجدول الزمني

  • 00:00:00 - 00:06:49

    I dagens video undersøger vi celler, herunder deres struktur og forskellene mellem dyre- og planteceller, samt bakterieceller. Celler er de mindste enheder, der kan reproducere sig selvstændigt, og vi finder dem i både encellede organismer som bakterier og flercellede organismer som dyr og planter. Videoen gennemgår cellens opbygning, herunder cellemembranen, kernen, cytoplasma, mitokondrier og ribosomer, som er fælles for både dyre- og planteceller. Planteceller har desuden en cellevæg, en permanent vakuole og kloroplaster, der er essentielle for fotosyntesen. Til sidst omtales bakterieceller, der er prokaryote med en enkelt cirkulær DNA-streng, ribosomer og cytoplasma, men uden mitokondrier eller kloroplaster. Nogle bakterier har også plasmider og flageller til bevægelse.

الخريطة الذهنية

Mind Map

الأسئلة الشائعة

  • Hvad er celler?

    Celler er de mindste enheder af liv, der kan replikere uafhængigt.

  • Hvad er forskellen på dyre- og planteceller?

    Både dyre- og planteceller har cellemembran, kerne, cytoplasma, mitokondrier og ribosomer, men planteceller har yderligere cellevæg, vakuole og kloroplaster.

  • Hvordan adskiller bakterieceller sig fra dyre- og planteceller?

    Prokaryote celler, som bakterier, har ikke en kerne, mitokondrier eller kloroplaster. De har en cellemembran, cellevæg, ribosomer og cytoplasma, og deres DNA flyder frit.

  • Hvor findes kloroplaster og hvad er deres funktion?

    Kloroplaster findes i planteceller og er stedet, hvor fotosyntesen sker.

  • Hvad er mitokondriernes funktion i cellen?

    Mitokondrier nedbryder sukker for at frigive energi til cellen gennem aerob respiration.

  • Hvad er flagella?

    Flagella er tråd-lignende strukturer, der hjælper bakterier med at bevæge sig ved rotation.

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التمرير التلقائي:
  • 00:00:00
    [Music]
  • 00:00:05
    in today's video we're looking at cells
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    so we're going to cover what cells are
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    and which subcellular structures they
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    contain
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    specifically though we're going to look
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    at the similarities and differences
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    between animal and plant cells first
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    which are both examples of eukaryotic
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    cells
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    and then also our bacterial cells which
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    are prokaryotic cells
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    so hopefully by the end of the video
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    you'll be able to label all the
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    different parts of a cell
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    and describe what each of them do
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    let's start with what cells are
  • 00:00:42
    you can think of cells as the basic
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    building blocks of life
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    and what we mean by this is that they're
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    the smallest unit of life that i can
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    replicate independently
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    so if we took an animal or a planter
  • 00:00:56
    they could divide into two cells then
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    into four cells and so on
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    in some cases though alike for bacteria
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    each individual cell is a whole organism
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    so when they divide like this they're
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    also reproducing
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    because every division produces a whole
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    new organism
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    animals and plants though are
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    multicellular which means that they
  • 00:01:18
    contain loads of cells
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    and so when their cells divide like this
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    they're normally just growing or
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    replacing dead cells
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    they're not normally making whole new
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    organisms
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    to see what i mean imagine we took a
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    human and looked at him closely under a
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    microscope
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    we'd see that he's made up of cells
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    so the skin contains skin cells the
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    blood contains blood cells and so on
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    in total we contain hundreds of
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    different types of cells
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    and is thought that an adult contains
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    over 40 trillion cells altogether
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    next we need to look at the actual
  • 00:01:59
    structure of cells
  • 00:02:01
    so we'll start by comparing an animal
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    cell and a plant side by side to
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    highlight their similarities and
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    differences
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    and then we'll look at bacterial cells
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    after
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    now to understand cell structure we need
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    to look at the different parts that make
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    up the cell
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    and these are known as subcellular
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    structures
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    or sometimes organelles
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    firstly both cells are surrounded by
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    these cell membranes that control which
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    substances can pass in and out of the
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    cell
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    for example they'll let some chemicals
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    through the membrane but not others
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    both types also have a nucleus which
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    contains the genetic material or dna of
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    the cell
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    and so it effectively controls the
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    activities of the cell as well
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    they're also both filled with a gel-like
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    substance called cytoplasm
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    this is what all the other sub-solar
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    structures sit in
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    and it's also where the chemical
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    reactions take place
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    you can basically think of it like water
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    filling a water balloon
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    but the consistency is closer to jelly
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    next they also have lots of mitochondria
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    whose job is to provide the cells with
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    the energy that they need to function
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    we'll cover how this works in another
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    video but basically they break down
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    sugars like glucose in a process called
  • 00:03:21
    aerobic respiration which releases
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    energy that the cell can use
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    and finally both cell types also contain
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    loads of ribosomes which are the site of
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    protein synthesis
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    which just means that it's where
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    proteins are made
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    now all of these sub-solar structures
  • 00:03:41
    that we've just mentioned are common to
  • 00:03:43
    both animal and plant cells but
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    importantly plant cells also have a few
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    extra structures
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    for one they have a rigid cell wall
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    around the entire cell
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    that's made up of material called
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    cellulose
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    and because cellulose is really strong
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    the cell wallet can provide support and
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    structure to the cell
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    which is really important because if too
  • 00:04:05
    much water enters the cell then it would
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    otherwise burst
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    next a lot of the cell is often taken up
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    with this thing called a permanent
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    vacuole
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    you can think of this as a big sac that
  • 00:04:18
    contains cell sap
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    which is basically a mixture of sugars
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    salts and water that this cell can use
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    when it needs to
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    and finally they also have chloroplasts
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    which is where photosynthesis happens
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    we cover in detail in another video but
  • 00:04:36
    basically photosynthesis is the process
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    by which plants use energy from the sun
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    to make sugars like glucose
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    and to help with this chloroplasts
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    contain a green substance called
  • 00:04:48
    chlorophyll which absorbs the light
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    energy that's needed for photosynthesis
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    and it's this chlorophyll substance that
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    makes plants leaves green
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    the last thing we need to look at are
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    bacterial cells
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    as we said earlier bacteria are
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    prokaryotes and consist of a single
  • 00:05:08
    prokaryotic cell this means we can refer
  • 00:05:11
    to them as unicellular which just means
  • 00:05:14
    a one cell organism
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    just like the eukaryotic cells that
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    we've seen so far bacteria also have a
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    cell membrane a cell wall
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    ribosomes and cytoplasm
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    importantly though they don't ever have
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    mitochondria or chloroplasts
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    and they don't keep their genetic
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    material in a nucleus
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    instead they have a single circular
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    strand of dna that's free to float
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    around the cytoplasm and that contains
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    all the genes that they need to survive
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    and reproduce
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    you might also see this labeled the
  • 00:05:50
    circular chromosome or nucleoid
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    but they all mean basically the same
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    thing it's just a big loop of dna
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    some bacteria also have additional small
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    rings of dna called plasmids
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    these carry extra genes like antibiotic
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    resistance which the bacteria don't need
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    on a daily basis but may sometimes come
  • 00:06:10
    in handy
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    some bacteria also have flagella
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    these are these thread-like structures
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    that have protrude out from the bacteria
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    and are able to rotate to propel the
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    bacteria along
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    so they basically allow the bacteria to
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    move around
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    anyway that's everything for this video
  • 00:06:32
    so i hope that was helpful for you if
  • 00:06:34
    you want to practice questions on this
  • 00:06:36
    or anything else in science or maths
  • 00:06:38
    then head over to our revision site
  • 00:06:40
    which you can access by pressing the
  • 00:06:42
    link in the top right corner of the
  • 00:06:43
    screen
  • 00:06:44
    otherwise have a fantastic day
الوسوم
  • celler
  • dyreceller
  • planteceller
  • bakterieceller
  • eukaryote
  • prokaryote
  • subcellulære strukturer
  • organeller
  • fotosyntese
  • aerob respiration