00:00:00
hello everyone welcome to the
00:00:01
geoecologist i am dr krishnand and you
00:00:04
have been watching my videos on various
00:00:06
topics of geography models and theories
00:00:08
in human geography of late in this
00:00:10
series we are going to learn about one
00:00:13
of the very interesting topics which
00:00:14
came after world war ii in the arena of
00:00:18
geography and that was related to growth
00:00:20
pole model or we say growth pole theory
00:00:23
so what is this growth pole remember
00:00:25
growth pole is a concept which is
00:00:28
combination of economics and geography
00:00:30
together so here we are going to talk
00:00:32
about the growth factor the economics
00:00:34
factor as well as the polarity and also
00:00:37
remember this concept has a basic
00:00:39
principle where polarization of space is
00:00:41
important so all these aspects its
00:00:44
attributes its application its criticism
00:00:46
we are going to learn now remember this
00:00:48
theory in 1955 was given by franchi peru
00:00:52
and he was an economist in france so
00:00:56
let's understand the contribution of
00:00:57
friendship peru and before we go ahead
00:01:00
don't forget to subscribe to our channel
00:01:02
and do share the videos with others as
00:01:04
well
00:01:14
so now let's learn about growth pole
00:01:16
theory given by franchi peru in the year
00:01:19
1955. now remember peru was basically a
00:01:23
french economist and he was right
00:01:25
outspoken about corporatism he wanted
00:01:29
the development through corporates right
00:01:31
so the concept of growth poll was given
00:01:34
in 1955 that is when the post world war
00:01:37
development was happening around the
00:01:38
world right the new form of economic
00:01:41
reforms the urban restructuring
00:01:43
development of suburbia and so many
00:01:45
other factors were dominated across the
00:01:47
world urban areas across the world
00:01:50
regions so in this time when growth pole
00:01:52
theory was propounded when it came it
00:01:55
was very important for many countries
00:01:58
especially developing countries like
00:01:59
india to adopt this theory and let's
00:02:02
learn about the mechanism and important
00:02:05
premise that is the core building block
00:02:07
of this theory so remember this talked
00:02:09
about uneven and non-uniform growth in a
00:02:11
region now the basic premise of building
00:02:13
of this theory was that growth is not
00:02:16
uniform everywhere if we look into
00:02:18
indian example itself you find that from
00:02:21
north to south and east to west india
00:02:23
does not have similar kind of economic
00:02:25
growth only few centres few bigger
00:02:27
cities historically which have been
00:02:29
bigger and for several other reasons
00:02:31
which have been of importance they are
00:02:33
only growing at a faster rate rest of
00:02:36
them are just following them right so we
00:02:38
have important growth poles that is what
00:02:41
is important here because of
00:02:43
non-uniformity in the space in the
00:02:44
economic space right so the field of
00:02:47
regional economics or what we say
00:02:48
regional development was basically the
00:02:51
french peru's work and his contribution
00:02:54
was basically the polls the krishna
00:02:56
which is growth polls right so the
00:02:59
empirical inductive model based on data
00:03:02
surveys empiricism direct observation is
00:03:04
what this theory is right so it implied
00:03:07
that government policies aimed at
00:03:09
regeneration of a specific local region
00:03:12
where critically dependent the word is
00:03:14
critically dependent it means of greater
00:03:17
importance upon input output linkages
00:03:20
now remember this is something which is
00:03:22
important for any industrial setup for
00:03:24
any developmental setup that what is the
00:03:26
input coming in and what is the output
00:03:28
that is going out of the industry if we
00:03:30
are establishing an economic firm or we
00:03:33
are developing an industry where are we
00:03:35
getting our raw material from where is
00:03:37
the labor coming from and several other
00:03:39
factors that we also talked in
00:03:40
agricultural theory in the industrial
00:03:43
theory in central place theory so this
00:03:45
theory in 1955 had elements of all the
00:03:48
previous locational analysis in economic
00:03:50
geography and human geography as well so
00:03:53
remember this pole the crusade or what
00:03:55
we say is growth poles is basically what
00:03:58
it's an industry or a group of related
00:04:00
industries remember it can also be group
00:04:03
which is agglomeration of industries as
00:04:05
well right so that have growth rates
00:04:08
above a national average it's important
00:04:10
to observe here that national average is
00:04:13
the baseline if that industry or group
00:04:16
of industry is growing at a faster rate
00:04:19
than what is national average then it is
00:04:21
basically behaving like a growth pole
00:04:24
right and the capacity to regenerate
00:04:26
growth through the impact of strong
00:04:28
input output linkages it's not just
00:04:30
about growing themselves rather it is
00:04:33
growing the entire region gradually
00:04:35
because of the linkages that we say that
00:04:37
is also called inter-industry
00:04:40
linkages right so in general what we
00:04:42
observe growth poles are basically the
00:04:44
first rank cities or we can also say
00:04:46
they are the primate cities in
00:04:48
developing countries as well where
00:04:50
agglomeration of many activities can be
00:04:52
seen in this concept right so now let's
00:04:54
understand the entire structure of this
00:04:57
growth pole theory and how it can be
00:04:59
applied in various situations right so
00:05:02
first of all before actually going to
00:05:04
growth pole theory let's remember
00:05:06
another gentleman here called schumpeter
00:05:09
who was basically the inspiration for
00:05:12
peru so schumpeter's analysis in his
00:05:15
work is based on history of economic
00:05:17
analysis you see this in 1942 now
00:05:19
historical analysis of economic space is
00:05:22
what schumpeter worked out and he talked
00:05:25
about that development occurs as a
00:05:27
result of
00:05:28
discontinuous spurts it was not
00:05:30
continuous it was not uniform growth was
00:05:33
not uniform it was a dynamic world right
00:05:36
the cause of discontinuous spurt is
00:05:38
basically innovative entrepreneur whose
00:05:41
activities take place in a large scale
00:05:43
form so it was more about entrepreneur
00:05:46
in a particular region who is as
00:05:48
powerful enough to create innovations to
00:05:52
create this development right to have
00:05:54
this impetus to create greater
00:05:56
development so growth pole basically is
00:05:59
what it's a dynamic and highly
00:06:00
integrated set of industries which can
00:06:03
create or produce a propulsion remember
00:06:06
jet propulsion the push that is given to
00:06:08
the jet that is where propulsive work
00:06:10
has been used here propulsive leading
00:06:13
industry so what is the concept in a
00:06:16
region for development you need a
00:06:18
propulsive industry which was coming
00:06:20
from the idea of this gentleman
00:06:22
schumpeter which was used by peru to
00:06:25
understand and conceptualize this growth
00:06:28
pole so what is here this kind of
00:06:30
relationship what you see here propeller
00:06:32
and propelled relationship dominant and
00:06:35
dominated relationship this kind of
00:06:37
relationship exists in the initial days
00:06:39
and then gradually the entire economy is
00:06:42
boosted up and the regional development
00:06:44
comes up so basically first of all there
00:06:46
has to be a propulsive industry which
00:06:49
has enough power enough innovative power
00:06:51
to create this kind of propulsion in the
00:06:54
area for greater development to bring
00:06:56
that continuous growth right so it
00:06:59
dominates virtually right so smaller
00:07:02
linkages that it creates with the
00:07:04
different small small small industries
00:07:06
is what is the first parameter here to
00:07:09
describe the growth hole that it must be
00:07:10
a propulsive form a dominant firm which
00:07:13
will be the most dominant firm in the
00:07:15
region or most dominant industry in the
00:07:17
region right so for example if you say
00:07:19
indian context the tata iron and steel
00:07:21
company right so it is one of the
00:07:23
biggest in jharkhand area right now and
00:07:25
remember it is also associated to small
00:07:28
industries right so what is happening
00:07:30
input and output linkages raw material
00:07:33
is coming from mining areas labor supply
00:07:35
is coming skill labor supplies coming
00:07:37
management is there so kind of an
00:07:39
agglomeration has happened so that a
00:07:42
greater development can take place right
00:07:44
so the whole region around the tata iron
00:07:46
and steel company will be known as the
00:07:48
growth pole which will propel the growth
00:07:50
in the entire region that's the whole
00:07:52
idea behind it is it doing so or not
00:07:55
that is a question of analysis further
00:07:57
but this is one example that you can
00:07:59
quote in terms of india and remember in
00:08:01
1950s and 60s we were also establishing
00:08:04
greater iron and steel industries and
00:08:06
companies and also steel cities in india
00:08:09
developed in 1950s and 60s so basically
00:08:12
what you observe this theory has been
00:08:14
applied in the early plans early first
00:08:17
few five year plans in india so the
00:08:20
central idea of this growth pole theory
00:08:22
is economic development or growth which
00:08:24
is non-uniform
00:08:26
happens always around the center which
00:08:28
is a cluster also a pole so this pole is
00:08:31
nothing it's just like a pivot around
00:08:34
which the entire growth happens right so
00:08:36
that is where growth polarity is talked
00:08:38
about so poll is often characterized by
00:08:40
what core industry also called key
00:08:43
industry now what are these core
00:08:44
industry core industries are those heavy
00:08:47
industries or those propulsive industry
00:08:49
which are having greater capacity
00:08:51
greater finance and all those trends
00:08:54
which are required to innovate to have
00:08:56
greater impact of the development so
00:08:59
what you observe here that there are
00:09:01
core industries and there are linked
00:09:03
industries right so core industries can
00:09:05
be for example automotive aeronautical
00:09:07
engineering agribusinesses electronics
00:09:10
and steel petrochemical these are heavy
00:09:12
big industries which are having enough
00:09:14
potential to also push the adjoining
00:09:17
linkages industries right to grow
00:09:19
further in its attachment so if you
00:09:21
observe this diagram what you observe in
00:09:23
the initial phase you have only one core
00:09:26
industry and in association we have
00:09:28
linkages of others right so this is kind
00:09:31
of a cluster which is there called
00:09:32
growth pole and eventually what happens
00:09:35
there is an emergence of secondary
00:09:37
growth pole from the first growth pole
00:09:39
and gradually there is an entire region
00:09:41
that will develop this was envisaged
00:09:44
this was envisioned by peru right so the
00:09:47
expansion of the core industry implies
00:09:49
what expansion of output employment
00:09:52
related investments and also new
00:09:55
technologies and newer industrial
00:09:57
sectors this is what we say is diffusion
00:10:00
of innovation to the greater area from a
00:10:03
center from a pole right that was the
00:10:06
core building block concept of this
00:10:07
theory so concepts in this particular
00:10:10
model if you observe is basically what
00:10:13
concept of economic space right and it
00:10:15
was taken for the french economy that
00:10:18
was there at that particular time so
00:10:20
that was empirically observed and
00:10:22
analyzed where economic space was
00:10:24
defined and concept of leading industry
00:10:27
one industry that leads over the others
00:10:29
around the area and has input output
00:10:31
linkages so that was important for
00:10:33
example cotton textile industry can be
00:10:34
taken as one example which leads to
00:10:37
further development of other small raw
00:10:39
material producing industries as well
00:10:41
then concept of this propulsive firm
00:10:43
became very important that particular
00:10:45
firm which has enough energy to propel
00:10:48
others as well not just itself right it
00:10:51
has greater risk taking capabilities so
00:10:53
if you want to understand the
00:10:54
characteristics of propulsive form what
00:10:56
are the characteristics highly advanced
00:10:58
level of technology should be there
00:10:59
managerial expertise should be there
00:11:02
then high income elasticity of demand
00:11:04
for its product should be there right
00:11:06
then marked local multiplier effect now
00:11:08
this is very interesting local
00:11:10
multiplier effect a propulsion means it
00:11:13
multiplies in the locality you have one
00:11:16
big industry coming in some area you
00:11:18
will find gradually small small small
00:11:20
industries coming in its vicinity to
00:11:22
support it and also gain from it that is
00:11:24
where it keeps multiplying so it has a
00:11:26
local multiplier effect that is what is
00:11:29
important here and strong inter industry
00:11:31
linkages with other sectors so that's
00:11:33
where agglomeration factor comes into
00:11:35
the picture so one propulsive firm will
00:11:38
lead to greater industrialization
00:11:40
greater development greater growth in a
00:11:43
given region that is the whole idea now
00:11:45
coming to the fourth concept that is
00:11:47
concept of polarization now remember the
00:11:50
pole word itself is what is polarized
00:11:53
concept right it is centric concept that
00:11:56
one center with the greater amount of
00:11:58
developed area the concentration the
00:12:00
centralization concept and central place
00:12:02
theory if you remember that this has the
00:12:04
greater production center greater
00:12:06
production value all the skill labors
00:12:08
come there all the raw materials come to
00:12:10
that center for the processing so that
00:12:12
is where it pulls capital resources
00:12:15
labors entrepreneurship from the
00:12:16
surrounding area this is where
00:12:19
polarization starts to happen so in a
00:12:21
given space what you understand only one
00:12:24
area becomes center and it has
00:12:27
coming from other all areas is the
00:12:30
resources the capital the labor so it is
00:12:32
basically creating a pole
00:12:34
just like we have north pole and south
00:12:36
pole on the basis of magnetism remember
00:12:39
this is also a pole only on the basis of
00:12:41
the economic nature right that's
00:12:44
important here so this is essential to
00:12:46
become a large growth pole in a region
00:12:48
and bring development that was important
00:12:50
and polarization process also have
00:12:53
certain types so basic types of
00:12:55
polarization are mentioned here if you
00:12:56
can observe technological and technical
00:12:59
polarization so if a particular area has
00:13:02
greater technology greater advancement
00:13:04
that is becoming a growth pole it can be
00:13:06
on the basis of income as well so the
00:13:08
growth pool contributes to the
00:13:10
concentration and high growth in given
00:13:12
areas for example big cities in india
00:13:15
you can take as growth poll for the
00:13:17
financial part or you can say for the
00:13:19
income right so people always move
00:13:21
towards city to fetch more income which
00:13:24
they cannot otherwise get in the rural
00:13:25
areas right then there is also a
00:13:27
psychological polarization remember this
00:13:30
psychology is about optimistic
00:13:32
anticipation of greater development at a
00:13:35
given area for example new delhi or for
00:13:38
example mumbai every day from all walks
00:13:41
of life people travel to the city
00:13:43
thousands of people in what in
00:13:45
aspiration that they will also earn more
00:13:47
money they will have a better lifestyle
00:13:49
if they go to cities because they can
00:13:51
fetch more they can earn more this is
00:13:54
also psyche a psychology which is in
00:13:56
terms of polarization if you can
00:13:57
understand right so that happens and the
00:14:00
fourth one is obviously geography based
00:14:02
that is geographical polarization on the
00:14:04
basis of concentration of economic
00:14:06
activity in a given region right for
00:14:08
example if you take in delhi ncr it is
00:14:12
basically polarized on the basis of one
00:14:14
aspect that we can say is medical
00:14:16
institute because all india institute of
00:14:18
medical sciences was first established
00:14:19
here or on the basis of what you can say
00:14:22
because it's power capital because you
00:14:24
have all the national heading offices
00:14:26
here in new delhi or we can say
00:14:28
university of delhi as a polarized
00:14:30
center for education so what you observe
00:14:33
all kinds of polarization available in
00:14:35
delhi so delhi becomes a polarized space
00:14:38
or for example a growth poll in india we
00:14:40
can observe like that isn't it so
00:14:42
geography also plays or location also
00:14:44
plays a important role if you observe
00:14:47
chhotan agpur plateau as a mineral belt
00:14:49
of india what is there you have the
00:14:51
polarization on the basis of geography
00:14:53
there right so all the iron and steel
00:14:55
industries are located there so these
00:14:57
are different kinds of polarization in
00:14:59
space that we observe here so the next
00:15:01
concept is the concept of linkages now
00:15:03
what do you mean by linkages how an
00:15:05
industry is linked with the other
00:15:08
smaller industries for its raw materials
00:15:11
for its produce and how it processes it
00:15:14
and gives it to the further so one is
00:15:16
backward one is forward so what you
00:15:19
observe here motor vehicles industry for
00:15:21
example has forward linkages with what
00:15:24
with marketing services advertising
00:15:26
insurance
00:15:28
while backward linkages are with iron
00:15:30
and steel industry rubber industry isn't
00:15:33
it so what you observe you have an
00:15:35
industry here and you have labor you
00:15:37
have utilities you have parts and
00:15:38
transportation right which is part of
00:15:41
the backward linkages while in your
00:15:43
forward linkages
00:15:44
you move your produce from the industry
00:15:46
to these exports to the household
00:15:48
consumption to the value added
00:15:50
manufacturing to advertisement sectors
00:15:52
and others right so this is how these
00:15:55
linkages operate with leading propulsive
00:15:57
industry that's important concept then
00:15:59
what we have is the sixth concept in
00:16:01
this particular theory that is concept
00:16:03
of agglomeration agglomeration is a
00:16:05
combination or accumulation of number of
00:16:08
basic and heavy industries coming
00:16:09
together and making it a huge propulsive
00:16:12
economic space or a dominant space that
00:16:15
we say in terms of growth pole so it
00:16:18
involves what growth of infrastructure
00:16:20
research and development together with
00:16:22
the entire production that is happening
00:16:24
there right so agglomeration of various
00:16:26
factors now remember growth because it's
00:16:29
not uniform it also is divided into
00:16:31
several stages now what are the stages
00:16:33
first is the stationary growth what is
00:16:35
here in the stationary growth only one
00:16:37
centre is having the growth rest others
00:16:40
are just passive right so stationary
00:16:42
growth are just utilization of the
00:16:44
resources the mobile capital labor and
00:16:47
just having enough propensity of
00:16:49
development at that particular location
00:16:51
but not anywhere else that is the
00:16:52
initial stage stationary growth is
00:16:54
happening then centralization on that
00:16:56
basis happens so centralization means
00:16:59
that factors of production are
00:17:00
centralized in a given space only that
00:17:03
space is having central economy of that
00:17:06
entire region right so all the
00:17:08
value-added economic services are only
00:17:10
put in that place so it becomes a
00:17:12
central place right and then
00:17:13
polarization is when it becomes more big
00:17:16
it becomes a growth pole so what you see
00:17:19
middle's concept what was their
00:17:21
cumulative causation model remember
00:17:23
gunnar middle was an economist so he
00:17:25
talked about cumulative causation
00:17:27
cumulative is combination of several
00:17:29
causes leading to a polarity in a region
00:17:32
so that happens at the third stage where
00:17:34
you have a leading industry or a
00:17:36
propulsive firm that develops a point of
00:17:38
centralization in such a way that it
00:17:40
starts to become a pivot a pole of
00:17:43
development right and this polarization
00:17:45
has been in detail talked in the theory
00:17:47
of guna medal in terms of spread effect
00:17:50
as well as backwash effect so what is
00:17:52
backwash effect and what is spread
00:17:54
effect is again the same thing that is
00:17:56
based on input model and output model so
00:17:59
if you look here in the agglomeration
00:18:01
phase in the next phase what happens
00:18:02
after polarity the inter linkages start
00:18:05
to accentuate to establish in a greater
00:18:08
way so growth pole is developed over
00:18:10
economic space where polarization and
00:18:11
agglomerations have taken place and the
00:18:14
area surrounding the growth pole is
00:18:16
almost like a desert it does not have
00:18:18
much of development because it is like
00:18:20
island of development in agglomeration
00:18:22
phase every small economy is being
00:18:24
agglomerated to that big one right but
00:18:27
in the last stage of growth pole is what
00:18:30
is important here for developing
00:18:31
economies that then starts the other
00:18:34
process called trickle down effect it
00:18:36
means now it starts to grow so when
00:18:38
growth pole is
00:18:40
done with its own development it starts
00:18:43
to go out like a centrifuge it starts to
00:18:46
go out of this particular location and
00:18:49
starts the development trickling down
00:18:51
moving away that is called spread effect
00:18:53
in terms of mirada's theory and also
00:18:55
known as this trickle-down effect in the
00:18:58
word coined by professor hershman right
00:19:00
they are all economist so
00:19:01
decentralization starts of industry when
00:19:04
the cluster is saturated industries move
00:19:06
out development move out they trickle
00:19:08
down gradually to the outer spaces right
00:19:11
so dispersal of capitals happen
00:19:14
diffusion of innovation happen and
00:19:16
diversification of industry happen this
00:19:18
is the characteristics of the fifth
00:19:20
stage of growth pole right so in these
00:19:22
steps a growth pole develops and
00:19:24
gradually what happens is regional
00:19:26
development that's where this concept is
00:19:28
important in regional development theory
00:19:30
and also regional economics so keeping
00:19:32
in mind this growth pole theory what can
00:19:34
be understood that india and second five
00:19:36
year plan that we famously know by nehru
00:19:39
mohan lobbis model established its
00:19:41
various iron and steel cities that we
00:19:42
talked about right durga purvilla
00:19:45
raurkila all these steel plants develops
00:19:47
in 50s and 60s right and what is there
00:19:50
the technology comes from germany russia
00:19:53
right and what we have is we start
00:19:55
producing manufacturing steel and this
00:19:58
steel was the building block of india
00:20:00
all our metro cities were built on the
00:20:02
steel produced in these cities isn't it
00:20:05
so that led to this diffusion of
00:20:07
innovation from those particular center
00:20:09
but also it is criticized on the same
00:20:12
point because they started to become
00:20:14
island of development because of
00:20:16
polarization if you go to these cities
00:20:18
like durga raurkela villa jamshedpur if
00:20:21
you go to these cities you will find
00:20:23
that only the township area is well
00:20:25
developed when you go out of these
00:20:27
townships you will not find that kind of
00:20:29
infrastructure not a continuum of
00:20:32
urbanization what you see here right so
00:20:34
the trickle down is still to happen that
00:20:37
is where we say that growth pole theory
00:20:39
failed in its completeness only it can
00:20:42
be applied in one part till the
00:20:44
polarization and innovation right so
00:20:46
these places became islands of
00:20:48
development antagonic to what the entire
00:20:50
process of growth pole is in indian
00:20:52
context right so what you observe the
00:20:55
criticism the critical evaluation of
00:20:57
this theory also gives insight to these
00:20:58
factors so growth pole concept was
00:21:01
intended for rapid economic growth which
00:21:03
was important and in short span of time
00:21:05
that was very important here but in
00:21:08
place of its origin it failed as
00:21:10
reflected in the paris and french desert
00:21:12
area if you observe right it means paris
00:21:14
developed like a big city and other
00:21:17
cities the second third fourth ranking
00:21:19
cities in the area could not get as much
00:21:22
importance paris got right so perez
00:21:24
really becomes so huge growth pole in
00:21:27
france that other cities even many
00:21:29
people don't know the names of second
00:21:31
third fourth cities in france isn't it
00:21:33
france is only known by paris so that
00:21:35
started happening right no trickle down
00:21:37
happened so trickle down stage and
00:21:39
decentralization have not operated the
00:21:41
way it was proposed in the model as we
00:21:43
were talking right so islands of
00:21:45
developments were created growth pole
00:21:47
was projected as an alternative model to
00:21:49
central place theory but
00:21:51
idealistically it failed because it
00:21:54
could not serve the purpose of this
00:21:56
overall development of a country right
00:21:58
so economic space this idea has been
00:22:01
criticized by many scholars and in the
00:22:03
next lecture we also talk about one of
00:22:05
the scholars which talked about growth
00:22:07
center theory right not growth pole
00:22:09
theory so growth center approach was
00:22:11
kind of modification by another french
00:22:14
economist goodwill so goodwill's theory
00:22:17
replaced it with geographical space
00:22:19
rather than just economic space and
00:22:21
talked about it to actually make it
00:22:23
suited to larger portions of the earth
00:22:25
different countries different areas
00:22:27
especially developing economies right so
00:22:30
in details we learn about goodwill
00:22:32
theory in separate lecture so i hope you
00:22:34
understood in details about this growth
00:22:36
pole theory it's understanding its
00:22:38
concept within it the polarization of
00:22:40
space its various characteristics and
00:22:42
also its application across india as
00:22:44
well so now when we have learnt about
00:22:46
the details of growth pole theory its
00:22:48
various aspects in the sessions to come
00:22:51
we'll be talking more on growth center
00:22:53
growth foci so stay tuned stay safe keep
00:22:56
learning keep watching my best wishes to
00:22:59
all of you
