Essentials: Master Your Sleep & Be More Alert When Awake
الملخص
TLDRAndrew Huberman forklarer viktigheten av lys for reguleringen av vår sirkadiane klokke, som styrer kroppens interne rytmer som påvirker søvn og våkenhet. Han diskuterer hvordan adenosin bygger opp en søvnighetsskred mens vi er våkne og hvordan melatonin og kortisol påvirker søvnvinduene innenfor en 24-timers syklus. Lys, spesielt naturlig dagslys, er avgjørende for å sette denne klokken, med eksponering tidlig på dagen og rundt solnedgang som gunstig, mens lys i løpet av natten kan ha negative effekter på dopaminnivåer og mental helse. Huberman gir også anbefalinger for å bruke yoga nidra for mental ro, samt forsiktighet med kosttilskudd som magnesium for å hjelpe med avslapning og søvn.
الوجبات الجاهزة
- 💡 Lys er avgjørende for sirkadiane rytmer.
- 🧠 Adenosin bygger opp en 'søvnighet' mens vi er våkne.
- 😴 Melatonin og kortisol styrer søvnsykluser.
- ☀️ Eksponering for naturlig dagslys er fordelaktig tidlig på dagen.
- 🚫 Unngå sterkt lys om natten for bedre søvnkvalitet.
- 🧘 Yoga Nidra kan hjelpe med å fremme avslapning.
- 🔄 Tidlig dagslys kan hjelpe til med å sette kroppens klokke riktig.
- ⚠️ Koffein blokkerer adenosin og holder oss våkne.
- 🌙 Solnedgangseksponering gir signaler om å avslutte dagen.
- 💊 Magnesium og theanine kan hjelpe med avslapping.
الجدول الزمني
- 00:00:00 - 00:05:00
Andrew Huberman diskuterer betydningen av søvn og våkenhet for mental og fysisk helse, og presenterer verktøy for å forbedre søvnkvaliteten. Han forklarer to krefter som påvirker søvn: adenosin, et kjemikalium som bygger seg opp mens vi er våkne, og koffein som blokkerer adenosin-reseptorer og dermed søvnighet. Dessuten introduserer han sirkadiske rytmer, som er kroppens interne klokker som styrer når vi føler oss søvnige og våkne.
- 00:05:00 - 00:10:00
Sirkadiske rytmer er avhengige av lys, spesielt sollys, for å regulere kroppens indre klokke. Kortisol og melatonin spiller viktige roller i å våkne opp og føle seg søvnig. Huberman presiserer hvor viktig det er å få morginglys for å sette riktig timing for kortisol og melatonin, og han advarer mot effektene av lys som tas inn gjennom vinduer, da de er mye mindre effektive enn direkte sollys.
- 00:10:00 - 00:15:00
Å eksponere seg for lys, spesielt morgenlys, hjelper med å sette kroppens indre klokke og dermed påvirke hele kroppens rytmer. Huberman nevner også viktigheten av å se solnedgang for å beskytte mot negative effekter av lys senere på dagen, og han advarer mot forhøyede kortisolnivåer sent på dagen som kan føre til angst og depresjon.
- 00:15:00 - 00:20:00
Lys påvirker også kroppens produksjon av dopamin og andre hormoner, og for mye lys om natten kan føre til redusert dopamin og andre negative effekter. Huberman anbefaler å minimere lys fra skjermer og annen kunstig belysning om natten for å forbedre søvnkvalitet og redusere risikoen for stemningslidelser.
- 00:20:00 - 00:25:00
Huberman diskuterer også viktigheten av regelmessige rutiner, og hvordan visse praktiser som yoga nidra og dobling av lys om morgenen kan hjelpe til med å fremme bedre søvnmønstre. Han understreker å bruke kroppen for å kontrollere sinnet, spesielt når det gjelder å oppnå dyp hvile og forbedre mental årvåkenhet.
- 00:25:00 - 00:34:00
Til slutt diskuterer han mulige tilskudd som magnesium, theanine og apigenin som kan støtte søvn ved å påvirke nevrotransmittere som GABA. Han råder folk til først å rette opp lysvaner og ernæring før man griper til tilskudd, og understreker viktigheten av å forstå den biologiske basis for søvn og våkenhet.
الخريطة الذهنية
فيديو أسئلة وأجوبة
Hva styrer kvaliteten på søvn og våkenhet?
Det er styrt av to krefter: den kjemiske kraften adenosin, som bygger seg opp mens vi er våkne, og den sirkadiske rytmen, styrt av lys, særlig dagslys.
Hvordan påvirker lys søvnmønsteret vårt?
Lyset som kommer inn i øynene, særlig dagslys, regulerer sirkadiske rytmer ved å påvirke utslipp av kortisol og melatonin, som styrer når vi blir søvnige eller våkne.
Hvordan fungerer koffein for å påvirke våkenhet?
Koffein virker som en adenosinantagonist, noe som betyr at det blokkerer adenosinreseptorene, og forhindrer dermed at søvnighetssignaler binder seg og får oss til å føle oss søvnige.
Hva betyr sirkadiske rytmer og hvordan påvirker de oss?
Sirkadiske rytmer er kroppens interne klokke som dikterer søvn og våkenhet over en syklus på omtrent 24 timer, i stor grad styrt av lys.
Hvorfor er lys om natten skadelig for søvnkvaliteten?
Lys om natten, spesielt mellom 23:00 og 04:00, kan undertrykke dopaminutskillelse og påvirke melatoninproduksjon, noe som igjen kan forstyrre søvnmønstre.
Hvordan kan vi naturlig justere våre sirkadiske rytmer?
Ved å eksponere oss for naturlig dagslys tidlig på dagen og rundt solnedgang, samt unngå sterkt lys om natten, kan vi hjelpe med å justere våre sirkadiske rytmer.
Hva er Yoga Nidra, og hvordan hjelper det med søvn?
Yoga Nidra er en form for meditasjon kjent som "yoga sleep" som hjelper til med å slappe av sinnet og trene nervesystemet til bedre å treffe avslappende tilstander, som kan lette overgang til søvn.
Er naps fordelaktige for alle?
Naps kan være fordelaktige for mange, men noen kan føle seg groggy etter å ha våknet, spesielt hvis de ikke har sovet nok om natten.
Hvordan kan stressnivåer påvirkes av lyseksponering?
Riktig timet lyseksponering kan hjelpe til med å redusere stressnivåer ved å fremme en sunn kortisolprofil, samtidig som å hindre forsinket kortisoløkning om kvelden.
Er det kosttilskudd som kan hjelpe til med søvn?
Ja, visse kosttilskudd som magnesium og theanine kan hjelpe til med å fremme søvn, men de bør brukes med forsiktighet og i kombinasjon med rett lys og livsstilsendringer.
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- 00:00:00ANDREW HUBERMAN: Welcome to Huberman Lab Essentials, where
- 00:00:02we revisit past episodes for the most potent and actionable
- 00:00:06science based tools for mental health, physical health,
- 00:00:08and performance.
- 00:00:09[MUSIC PLAYING]
- 00:00:11I'm Andrew Huberman, and I'm a professor
- 00:00:13of neurobiology and ophthalmology
- 00:00:15at Stanford School of Medicine.
- 00:00:17Today's podcast episode is all about sleep.
- 00:00:21We're also going to talk about the mirror image of sleep,
- 00:00:24which is wakefulness.
- 00:00:25Now, these two phases of our life, sleep and wakefulness
- 00:00:29govern everything about our mental and physical health.
- 00:00:33And we're not just going to talk about what's useful about sleep.
- 00:00:37We're also going to talk about how to get better at sleeping,
- 00:00:40and that will include how to get better
- 00:00:41at falling asleep, timing your sleep
- 00:00:44and accessing better sleep quality.
- 00:00:47In doing so, we're also going to discuss
- 00:00:48how to get more focused and alert in wakefulness.
- 00:00:52So if you're like most people, which includes me,
- 00:00:56you have some challenges with sleep.
- 00:00:58At least every third or fifth night or so,
- 00:01:00and maybe even more often.
- 00:01:02So we're really going to go tool heavy today
- 00:01:04and talk about tools that can help you fall asleep,
- 00:01:07sleep better and emerge from sleep feeling more rested.
- 00:01:11So what determines how well we sleep
- 00:01:13and the quality of our wakeful state?
- 00:01:16It turns out that's governed by two forces.
- 00:01:19The first force is a chemical force.
- 00:01:21It's called adenosine.
- 00:01:23Adenosine is a molecule in our nervous system and body
- 00:01:27that builds up the longer we are awake.
- 00:01:30So if you've just slept for eight or nine or ten really
- 00:01:34deep restful hours, adenosine is going
- 00:01:36to be very low in your brain and body.
- 00:01:39If, however, you've been awake for 10, 15 or more hours,
- 00:01:43adenosine levels are going to be much higher.
- 00:01:46Adenosine creates a sort of sleep drive or a sleep hunger.
- 00:01:50And a good way to remember this and think about adenosine
- 00:01:54is to think about caffeine.
- 00:01:56Caffeine for most people wakes them up.
- 00:01:59It makes them feel more alert.
- 00:02:01Caffeine acts as an adenosine antagonist.
- 00:02:06What that means is that when you ingest caffeine, whether or not
- 00:02:09it's coffee or soda or tea or in any other form,
- 00:02:12it binds to the adenosine receptor.
- 00:02:15It sort of parks there just like a car would
- 00:02:17park in a given parking slot.
- 00:02:19And therefore adenosine can't park in that slot.
- 00:02:22Now, when caffeine parks in the adenosine receptor slot,
- 00:02:26nothing really happens downstream of that receptor.
- 00:02:30The receptor can't engage the normal cellular functions
- 00:02:32of making that cell and you feel sleepy.
- 00:02:36So the reason caffeine wakes you up
- 00:02:39is because it blocks the sleepiness receptor.
- 00:02:42It blocks the sleepy signal.
- 00:02:44And this is why when that caffeine wears off,
- 00:02:47adenosine will bind to that receptor
- 00:02:49sometimes with even greater what we call affinity.
- 00:02:52And you feel the crash, you feel especially tired.
- 00:02:55Caffeine has a lot of health benefits.
- 00:02:58It also, for some people, can be problematic for health,
- 00:03:01it can raise blood pressure, et cetera.
- 00:03:03Caffeine increases this molecule that's a neuromodulator
- 00:03:07that we call dopamine.
- 00:03:08We discussed this in episode one, which
- 00:03:10tends to make us feel good, motivated and give us energy,
- 00:03:14because as you may have learned in episode one,
- 00:03:17dopamine is related to another neuromodulator called
- 00:03:21epinephrine, which gives us energy.
- 00:03:22In fact, epinephrine is made from dopamine.
- 00:03:25So let's just take a step back and think
- 00:03:27about what we're talking about when
- 00:03:28we're talking about sleepiness.
- 00:03:30If you've ever pulled an all-nighter,
- 00:03:31you'll noticed something interesting.
- 00:03:33As morning rolls around, you'll suddenly
- 00:03:36feel an increase in your energy and alertness
- 00:03:38again, even though adenosine has been building up
- 00:03:41for the entire night.
- 00:03:44Now, why is that?
- 00:03:45The reason that is because there's
- 00:03:47a second force which is governing when you sleep
- 00:03:50and when you're awake.
- 00:03:51And that force is a so-called circadian force.
- 00:03:55Circadian means about a day or about 24 hours.
- 00:04:00And inside all of us is a clock that
- 00:04:02exists in your brain and my brain
- 00:04:05and the brain of every animal that we're
- 00:04:07aware of that determines when we want to be sleepy
- 00:04:11and when we want to be awake.
- 00:04:13That block of sleep and when it falls within each 24 hour cycle
- 00:04:18is governed by a number of different things.
- 00:04:21But the most powerful thing that's
- 00:04:23governing when you want to be asleep
- 00:04:24and when you want to be awake is light.
- 00:04:28And in particular, it's governed by sunlight.
- 00:04:31Now, I can't emphasize enough how important
- 00:04:33and how actionable this relationship is between light
- 00:04:37and when you want to sleep.
- 00:04:40It's quite simple on the face of it,
- 00:04:43and it's quite simple to resolve.
- 00:04:44But people tend to make a big mess of this whole circadian
- 00:04:47literature, frankly.
- 00:04:49So let's just break it down from the standpoint
- 00:04:52of what's going on in your brain and body
- 00:04:54as you go through one 24 hour day.
- 00:04:58Let's start with waking.
- 00:04:59So regardless of how well you slept at night
- 00:05:01or whether or not you were up all night,
- 00:05:03most people tend to wake up sometime
- 00:05:05around when the sun rises.
- 00:05:08When you wake up in the morning, you
- 00:05:10wake up because a particular hormone
- 00:05:12called cortisol is released from your adrenal glands.
- 00:05:16Your adrenal glands sit right above your kidneys
- 00:05:18and there's a little pulse of cortisol.
- 00:05:20There's also a pulse of epinephrine,
- 00:05:22which is adrenaline from your adrenals and also in your brain.
- 00:05:27And you feel awake.
- 00:05:29Now, that pulse of cortisol and adrenaline and epinephrine
- 00:05:32might come from your alarm clock.
- 00:05:34It might come from you naturally waking up.
- 00:05:36But it tends to alert your whole system and your body
- 00:05:40that it's time to increase your heart rate.
- 00:05:41It's time to start tensing your muscles.
- 00:05:43It's time to start moving about.
- 00:05:45It's very important that that cortisol pulse
- 00:05:48come early in the day, or at least early
- 00:05:51in your period of wakefulness.
- 00:05:53When you wake up in the morning and you experience
- 00:05:55that rise in cortisol, there's a timer that starts going
- 00:06:00and these are cellular timers and they're
- 00:06:02dictated by the relation between different organs
- 00:06:04in your body that says to your brain and body
- 00:06:08that in about 12 to 14 hours a different hormone.
- 00:06:12This hormone we're calling melatonin
- 00:06:14will be released from your pineal gland.
- 00:06:16So there's two mechanisms here a wakefulness signal
- 00:06:19and a sleepiness signal.
- 00:06:21And the wakefulness signal triggers
- 00:06:23the onset of the timer for the sleepiness signal.
- 00:06:26OK, so the rhythm of cortisol and melatonin
- 00:06:30is what we call endogenous.
- 00:06:32It's happening in us all the time without any external input.
- 00:06:36In fact, if we were in complete darkness, living in a cave
- 00:06:39with no artificial lights whatsoever,
- 00:06:41these rhythms of cortisol and melatonin would continue.
- 00:06:45So if you were in complete darkness,
- 00:06:48it would happen once per 24 hour cycle,
- 00:06:51but it would be somewhat later and later each day.
- 00:06:55Whereas under normal circumstances, what happens
- 00:07:00is you wake up.
- 00:07:01And what happens when you wake up?
- 00:07:03You open your eyes.
- 00:07:04When you open your eyes.
- 00:07:06Light comes into your eyes.
- 00:07:07Now, the way this system works is
- 00:07:09that you have a particular set of neurons in your eye.
- 00:07:12They're called retinal ganglion cells.
- 00:07:14When light comes into the eye, there's
- 00:07:16a particular group of retinal ganglion cells
- 00:07:18or type of retinal ganglion cells
- 00:07:21that perceives a particular type of light
- 00:07:24and communicates that to this clock that resides right
- 00:07:27above the roof of your mouth called
- 00:07:28the suprachiasmatic nucleus.
- 00:07:30And the suprachiasmatic nucleus has
- 00:07:33connections with essentially every cell
- 00:07:36and organ of your body.
- 00:07:38Now, it's vitally important that we
- 00:07:40get light communicated to this central clock in order
- 00:07:43to time the cortisol and melatonin properly.
- 00:07:47When I say properly, I can say that with confidence
- 00:07:50because we know based on a lot of evidence
- 00:07:52that if you don't get your cortisol and melatonin rhythms
- 00:07:56right, there are tremendously broad
- 00:08:00and bad effects on cardiovascular health,
- 00:08:04metabolic effects, learning, depression, dementia.
- 00:08:08So let's think about what happens
- 00:08:10when we do this correctly and how to do it correctly.
- 00:08:12When we wake up, our eyes open.
- 00:08:15Now, if we're in a dark room, there
- 00:08:17isn't enough light to trigger the correct timing
- 00:08:21of this cortisol melatonin thing.
- 00:08:24These rhythms, you might say, well, why won't any light do it?
- 00:08:28Well, it turns out that these neurons
- 00:08:31in our eye that set the circadian clock
- 00:08:33and then allow our circadian clock to set
- 00:08:35all the clocks of all the cells and organs and tissues
- 00:08:38of our body, responds best to a particular quality of light
- 00:08:43an amount of light.
- 00:08:45And those are the qualities of light and amount of light
- 00:08:49that come from sunlight.
- 00:08:51So these neurons, what they're really looking for,
- 00:08:56although they don't have a mind of their own,
- 00:08:58is the sun at what we call low solar angle.
- 00:09:01The eye and the nervous system don't know anything
- 00:09:03about sunrises or sunsets.
- 00:09:05It only knows the quality of light
- 00:09:07that comes in when the sun is low in the sky.
- 00:09:10This system evolved so that when the sun is low in the sky,
- 00:09:14there's a particular contrast between yellows and blues
- 00:09:17that triggers the activation of these cells.
- 00:09:20However, if you wake up a few hours
- 00:09:22after the sunrise, which I tend to most days personally,
- 00:09:26you still want to get outside and view sunlight.
- 00:09:29You don't need the sunlight beaming you directly
- 00:09:32in the eyes.
- 00:09:33There's a lot of photons, light energy that scattered
- 00:09:36from sunlight at this time.
- 00:09:37But the key is to get that light energy from sunlight ideally
- 00:09:43into your eyes.
- 00:09:44It's critically important that you get outside
- 00:09:46to get this light.
- 00:09:47I had a discussion with a colleague of mine, Dr. Jamie
- 00:09:50Zeitzer, who's in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral
- 00:09:53Sciences at Stanford, a world expert in this.
- 00:09:58And he tells me that it's 50 times less effective
- 00:10:03to view this sunlight through a window, through a car windshield
- 00:10:08or through a side window of a car
- 00:10:10than it is to just get outside with no sunglasses and view
- 00:10:14light early in the day.
- 00:10:15Once the sun is overhead, the quality of light
- 00:10:18shifts so that you miss this opportunity to time
- 00:10:22the cortisol pulse.
- 00:10:23And that turns out to be a bad thing to do.
- 00:10:26You really want to time that cortisol pulse properly.
- 00:10:29Because we'll get into this a little bit more later.
- 00:10:33But a late shifted cortisol pulse in particular a 9:00 PM
- 00:10:37or 8:00 PM increase in cortisol is one of the consequences
- 00:10:42and maybe one of the causes of a lot of anxiety disorders
- 00:10:47and depression.
- 00:10:48So it's kind of a chicken and egg thing.
- 00:10:49We don't know whether or not it's the correlated with it's
- 00:10:52the cause or the effect, but it's
- 00:10:53a signature of depression and anxiety disorder.
- 00:10:56Bringing that cortisol pulse earlier in your wakeful period,
- 00:11:00earlier in your day has positive benefits,
- 00:11:03ranging from blood pressure to mental health etcetera.
- 00:11:06I'm not going to list them all off because they're just
- 00:11:09so many of them.
- 00:11:10But many, many positive things happen
- 00:11:12when you are getting the cortisol early in the day,
- 00:11:15far away from your melatonin pulse.
- 00:11:18So how long should you be outside?
- 00:11:21Well, this is going to vary tremendously,
- 00:11:23because some people live in environments where
- 00:11:24it's very bright.
- 00:11:25So let's say it's Colorado in the middle of winter,
- 00:11:29there's a snow field, there's no cloud cover.
- 00:11:31And you walk outside, there's going
- 00:11:33to be so much photon light energy arriving
- 00:11:36on your retina that probably only takes
- 00:11:3830 to 60 seconds to trigger the central clock
- 00:11:41and set your cortisol and melatonin
- 00:11:43rhythms properly and get everything in lined up nicely.
- 00:11:47Whereas if you're in Scandinavia in the depths of winter and you
- 00:11:51wake up at 5:00 AM and the sun is just barely creeping across
- 00:11:54the horizon and then goes back down again a few hours later,
- 00:11:57you probably are not getting enough sunlight in order to set
- 00:12:01these rhythms.
- 00:12:02So many people find that they need
- 00:12:05to use sunlight simulators in the form of particular lights
- 00:12:09that were designed to simulate sunlight.
- 00:12:11You could say, well, the lights in my house or my phone
- 00:12:14are really, really bright.
- 00:12:15Everyone's telling us to stay off our phones at night
- 00:12:17because they're really bright.
- 00:12:19But guess what?
- 00:12:20It turns out that early in the day,
- 00:12:22your retina is not very sensitive,
- 00:12:25which means you need a lot of photons,
- 00:12:28ideally coming from sunlight to set these clock mechanisms.
- 00:12:31So looking at your phone or artificial lights
- 00:12:33is fine if you wake up before sunrise,
- 00:12:35but it's not going to work to set these clock mechanisms.
- 00:12:40So you want to use sunlight.
- 00:12:42If you can't see sunlight because of your environment,
- 00:12:45then you are going to have to opt for artificial light.
- 00:12:48And in that case, you're going to want an artificial light
- 00:12:51that either simulates sunlight or has a lot of blue light.
- 00:12:54Now, without going off course here, you might be saying, wait,
- 00:12:58I've heard blue light is bad for me.
- 00:12:59Actually, blue light is great for this mechanism
- 00:13:02during the day.
- 00:13:03A lot of people will say I should be wearing blue blockers
- 00:13:06throughout the day.
- 00:13:07No, that's the exact wrong thing.
- 00:13:09That should be reserved for late in the evening.
- 00:13:12Because light suppresses melatonin.
- 00:13:15Sunlight inhibits the pineal.
- 00:13:18It prevents it from releasing melatonin.
- 00:13:21Darkness allows the pineal to release melatonin.
- 00:13:25So the pineal is not the gland or the organ of sunlight.
- 00:13:29It is the gland of darkness.
- 00:13:31In fact, melatonin can be thought
- 00:13:33of as a sleepiness signal that's correlated with darkness.
- 00:13:36So get up each morning, try and get outside.
- 00:13:39I know that can be challenging for people,
- 00:13:41but anywhere from two to ten minutes of sunlight exposure
- 00:13:45is going to work well for most people.
- 00:13:47If you can't do it every day or you
- 00:13:48sleep through this period of the early day low solar angle,
- 00:13:51don't worry about it.
- 00:13:53The systems in the body, these hormone systems
- 00:13:55and neurotransmitter systems that
- 00:13:57make you awake at certain periods of the day
- 00:13:59and sleepy at other times are operating
- 00:14:03by averaging when you view the brightest light.
- 00:14:08Some of you, many of you might be asking,
- 00:14:10what else can help set this rhythm?
- 00:14:12Well, it turns out that light is what
- 00:14:14we call the primary zeitgeber, the time giver.
- 00:14:18But other things can help establish
- 00:14:21this rhythm of cortisol, followed by melatonin
- 00:14:2412 to 16 hours later as well.
- 00:14:26The other things besides light are timing of food intake,
- 00:14:31timing of exercise, as well as various drugs or chemicals
- 00:14:36that one might ingest.
- 00:14:38Not illegal drugs, although those
- 00:14:39will impact circadian mechanisms, as well.
- 00:14:42The other thing is sunset, when the sun is also
- 00:14:46at low solar angle low close to the horizon.
- 00:14:50By viewing sunlight at that time of day,
- 00:14:52in the evening or afternoon, depending on what time of year
- 00:14:55it is and where you are in the world.
- 00:14:57These melanopsin cells, these neurons in your eye
- 00:15:00signal the central circadian clock
- 00:15:02that it's the end of the day.
- 00:15:04There was a really nice study that
- 00:15:06showed that viewing sunlight around the time of sunset
- 00:15:11doesn't have to be just crossing the horizon,
- 00:15:13but circa sunset within an hour or so of sunset
- 00:15:17prevents some of the bad effects of light
- 00:15:22in preventing melatonin release later that same night.
- 00:15:26So let me repeat this viewing light early in the day is key.
- 00:15:28Viewing light later in the day when
- 00:15:31the sun is setting or around that time
- 00:15:33can help protect these mechanisms, your brain and body
- 00:15:37against the negative effects of light later in the day.
- 00:15:41So let me talk about how you would do that.
- 00:15:43You'd go view the sunset or you would go outside
- 00:15:46in the late afternoon or evening.
- 00:15:48Again, if you want to do this through a window at work,
- 00:15:50that's fine, but it'll take 50 times longer.
- 00:15:52So the best thing to do is just to get outside
- 00:15:54for a few minutes, anywhere from two to ten minutes also
- 00:15:57in the afternoon.
- 00:15:58Having those two signals arriving
- 00:16:00to your central clock that your body,
- 00:16:03your internal world knows when it's morning
- 00:16:05and knows when it's evening is tremendously powerful.
- 00:16:08There's always a lot of questions about how long?
- 00:16:11How much How do I know if I've had enough?
- 00:16:12You'll know because your rhythm will
- 00:16:14start to fall into some degree of normalcy.
- 00:16:18You'll start to wake up at more or less the same time each day.
- 00:16:20You'll fall asleep more easily at night.
- 00:16:22Generally, it takes about two or three days for these systems
- 00:16:24to align.
- 00:16:25So if you've not been doing these behaviors,
- 00:16:27it's going to take a few days.
- 00:16:29But they can have tremendous benefits
- 00:16:31and sometimes rather quickly on a number
- 00:16:33of different mental and physical aspects of your health.
- 00:16:36Now let's talk about the bad effects of light.
- 00:16:39Because light is not supposed to arrive in our system
- 00:16:44at any time.
- 00:16:45And nowadays, because of screens and artificial light,
- 00:16:48we have access to light at times of day and night that normally
- 00:16:53we wouldn't.
- 00:16:54Now, earlier I said that you need
- 00:16:56a lot of light in particular sunlight
- 00:16:58to set these clock mechanisms.
- 00:17:00That's true.
- 00:17:01But there's a kind of diabolical feature to the way
- 00:17:03all this works, which is the longer you've been awake,
- 00:17:07the more sensitive your retina and these cells are to light.
- 00:17:11So that if you've been awake for 10, 12, 14 hours,
- 00:17:15it becomes very easy for even a small amount of light coming
- 00:17:19from a screen or from an overhead light
- 00:17:23to trigger the activation of the clock and make
- 00:17:26you feel like you want to stay up later,
- 00:17:27make it harder to fall asleep and disrupt your sleep pattern.
- 00:17:31OK, so the simple way to think about this
- 00:17:33is want as much light as safely possible
- 00:17:36early in the day, morning and throughout the day,
- 00:17:38including blue light.
- 00:17:40And you want as little light coming into your eyes,
- 00:17:43artificial or sunlight after, say 8:00 PM.
- 00:17:46And certainly you do not want to get bright light exposure
- 00:17:49to your eyes between 11 PM and 4 AM.
- 00:17:51And here's why.
- 00:17:52Light that arrives to the eyes between 11:00 PM and 4:00 AM
- 00:17:58approximately, suppresses the release of dopamine.
- 00:18:04This neuromodulator that makes us feel good
- 00:18:06is sort of an endogenous antidepressant
- 00:18:09and can inhibit learning and create all sorts
- 00:18:11of other detrimental effects.
- 00:18:14It does this through a mechanism for those of you
- 00:18:16who want to the neural pathways that involves light to the eyes.
- 00:18:19That's then signaled to a structure called the habenula.
- 00:18:22When that habenula gets activated,
- 00:18:24it's actually called the disappointment nucleus
- 00:18:26because it actually makes us feel less happy and more
- 00:18:31disappointed and can lead to certain forms of depression
- 00:18:34in the wakeful state.
- 00:18:35Now, if you wake up in the middle of the night
- 00:18:37and you need to use the bathroom or you're on an all night flight
- 00:18:40and you need to read or whatever it is, fine.
- 00:18:44Every once in a while it's not going
- 00:18:46to be a problem to get bright light exposure to your eyes
- 00:18:49in the middle of the night.
- 00:18:50But if you think about our lifestyle
- 00:18:52nowadays and being up late looking at phones,
- 00:18:55even if you dim that screen, you're
- 00:18:57triggering this activation because your retinal sensitivity
- 00:19:00and the sensitivity of these neurons
- 00:19:01has gone up late in the day.
- 00:19:03For those of you that are experiencing challenges
- 00:19:05with mood, those of you that have anxiety, learning problems,
- 00:19:08issues, focusing, the questions I usually get
- 00:19:10are how can I focus better?
- 00:19:11One of the best ways you can support your mechanisms
- 00:19:13for good mood, mental health, learning, focus, metabolism,
- 00:19:18et cetera, is to take control of this light exposure behavior
- 00:19:22at night and not get much or any bright light exposure
- 00:19:26in the middle of the night.
- 00:19:27These cells in our eye, these neurons that
- 00:19:30signal the central clock reside mostly
- 00:19:33not exclusively, but mostly in the bottom half of our retina.
- 00:19:36And because we have a lens in front of our retina
- 00:19:39and because of the optics of lenses,
- 00:19:41that means that these cells are actually
- 00:19:43viewing our upper visual field.
- 00:19:45This is probably not coincidental
- 00:19:48that these cells were essentially
- 00:19:51designed to detect sunlight, which is overhead, of course.
- 00:19:55So if you want to avoid improper activation of these neurons,
- 00:20:02it's better to place lights that you
- 00:20:05use in the evening low in your physical environment.
- 00:20:08So on desktops or even the floor, if you want to go
- 00:20:11that way as opposed to overhead lights.
- 00:20:15So overhead fluorescent lights would be the worst.
- 00:20:18That would be the worst case scenario.
- 00:20:20Lights that are overhead that are
- 00:20:22a little bit softer of the yellow or reddish tints
- 00:20:25would be slightly better.
- 00:20:26But dim lights that are set low in the room
- 00:20:28are going to be best because they aren't going
- 00:20:31to activate these neurons and therefore shift your circadian
- 00:20:35clock.
- 00:20:36But let's talk about what light can
- 00:20:39do in terms of shifting us in healthy ways.
- 00:20:42So the way to think about this whole system again,
- 00:20:45is you've got adenosine building up
- 00:20:47depending on how long you've been awake
- 00:20:48and it's making you sleepy.
- 00:20:50And then you've got their circadian mechanisms
- 00:20:51that are timing your wakefulness and timing
- 00:20:54when you want to be asleep, mainly
- 00:20:55through cortisol and melatonin.
- 00:20:57But there are a bunch of other things
- 00:20:58that are downstream of cortisol and melatonin
- 00:21:00like we tend to be hungrier during our wakeful period
- 00:21:05than late at night.
- 00:21:06Some people like to eat it late at night.
- 00:21:07But if you're finding that you can't become a day
- 00:21:10person or a morning person, shifting your light exposure,
- 00:21:14exercise and food intake to the daytime will help.
- 00:21:17Jamie Zeitzer and colleagues did a beautiful study
- 00:21:20showing that if you turn on the lights before waking up,
- 00:21:25so around 45 minutes to an hour before waking up.
- 00:21:28Even if your eyelids are closed provided
- 00:21:30you're not under the covers.
- 00:21:33After doing that for a few days, that
- 00:21:36increases your total sleep time and shifts forward the time
- 00:21:40at which you feel sleepy.
- 00:21:41It makes you want to go to bed earlier each night.
- 00:21:44Now, in a kind of diabolical way,
- 00:21:47they did this with teenagers who are
- 00:21:49notorious for wanting to wake up late and stay up late.
- 00:21:51And what they found was bright light flashes just turning
- 00:21:53on the lights in their environment, overhead lights,
- 00:21:56because they're trying to activate the system.
- 00:21:58And that's why they're using overhead lights even
- 00:22:00through the eyelids before these kids woke up,
- 00:22:03then made those kids naturally want to go to bed earlier
- 00:22:06and they ended up sleeping longer.
- 00:22:08So that's something you could try.
- 00:22:09You could put your lights on a timer to go on early in the day
- 00:22:13before you wake up.
- 00:22:14You could open your blinds so that sunlight is coming through.
- 00:22:18And again, if you curl up under the covers,
- 00:22:20then it's not going to reach these neurons.
- 00:22:23But it's remarkable, the light can actually
- 00:22:24penetrate the eyelids, activate these neurons
- 00:22:27and go to the central clock.
- 00:22:29That study illustrates a really important principle
- 00:22:31of how you're built, which is have
- 00:22:34the capacity for what are called phase advances and phase delays.
- 00:22:38And I don't want to complicate this too much.
- 00:22:41So the simplest way to think about phase advances and phase
- 00:22:45delays is that if you see light late in the day
- 00:22:49and in particular in the middle of the night, your brain
- 00:22:52and body, for reasons that now you
- 00:22:54understand will think that that's morning light, even
- 00:22:58though it's not sunlight, because you have this heightened
- 00:23:00sensitivity and it will phase delay, it will delay your clock.
- 00:23:04It will essentially make you want to get up later
- 00:23:06and go to sleep later.
- 00:23:07So the simple way to think about this
- 00:23:09is if you're having trouble waking up early
- 00:23:12and feeling alert early in the day,
- 00:23:14you're going to want to try and get bright light exposure even
- 00:23:17before waking up because it will advance your clock.
- 00:23:21It's sort of like turning the clock forward.
- 00:23:23Whereas if you are having trouble waking up early,
- 00:23:26you definitely don't want to get too much light exposure
- 00:23:29or any light exposure to your eyes late in the evening
- 00:23:31and in the middle of the night because it's just going to delay
- 00:23:34your clock more and more.
- 00:23:36And what you're trying to do is provide them anchors.
- 00:23:39You're trying to provide them consistent, powerful anchors so
- 00:23:43that your cortisol, your melatonin, and then everything
- 00:23:46that cascades down from that, like your metabolism
- 00:23:49and your ability to learn and your sense of alertness,
- 00:23:52your dopamine, your serotonin, all that stuff
- 00:23:55is timed regularly.
- 00:23:58One of the reasons why there's so much
- 00:24:00challenge out there with focus and anxiety and depression.
- 00:24:06There are a lot of reasons for that.
- 00:24:07But one of the reasons is that people's internal mechanisms
- 00:24:11aren't anchored to anything regular.
- 00:24:13These systems, again, will average,
- 00:24:15but if you can provide them consistent light anchors early
- 00:24:18in the day and in the evening and avoiding light at night,
- 00:24:21you will be amazed at the tremendous number
- 00:24:24of positive effects that can come
- 00:24:25from that at the level of metabolic factors, hormones,
- 00:24:29and just general feelings of well-being.
- 00:24:31And this is why whenever people ask me, what should I take?
- 00:24:34Which is one of the most common questions I get.
- 00:24:36What supplements should I take?
- 00:24:37What drugs should I be taking?
- 00:24:39What things should I be taking?
- 00:24:40The first question I always ask them is how is your sleep?
- 00:24:45And 90% of the time they tell me they
- 00:24:47either have trouble falling asleep or staying asleep
- 00:24:50or they don't feel rested throughout the day.
- 00:24:52A brief note about naps.
- 00:24:54Naps provided that they're less than one ultradian cycle,
- 00:24:58provided they're 20 minutes or 30 minutes
- 00:24:59or even an hour can be very beneficial for a lot of people.
- 00:25:02You don't have to take them, but many people naturally
- 00:25:06feel a dip in energy and focus late in the afternoon.
- 00:25:09In fact, if we were going to look at wakefulness, what
- 00:25:11we would find is that you get that morning light exposure,
- 00:25:13hopefully your cortisol goes up, people start feeling awake
- 00:25:15and then around 2 or 3 or 4 in the afternoon,
- 00:25:18there's a spike in everything from alertness to ability
- 00:25:22to learn.
- 00:25:23Some metabolic factors drop and then it just naturally
- 00:25:25comes back up.
- 00:25:26And then it tapers off as the night goes on.
- 00:25:29So for some of you, naps are great.
- 00:25:32I love taking naps.
- 00:25:33Some people, they wake up from naps, feeling really groggy.
- 00:25:36That's probably because they're not
- 00:25:38sleeping as well as they should at night
- 00:25:40or as long as they should at night.
- 00:25:42And so they're dropping into REM sleep or deeper forms of sleep
- 00:25:46in the daytime.
- 00:25:47And then they wake up and they feel kind of disoriented.
- 00:25:49Other people feel great after a nap.
- 00:25:51So that's another case where just like with caffeine,
- 00:25:53you sort of have to evaluate for yourself.
- 00:25:55OK, so naps are going to be good for some people, not for others.
- 00:25:58I personally like to take a nap around 3 or 4 PM,
- 00:26:01but there's a practice that I've adopted in the last five years
- 00:26:05that I've found to be immensely beneficial.
- 00:26:08That is sort of like napping but isn't napping.
- 00:26:10It's a thing that they call yoga nidra.
- 00:26:14Yoga nidra actually means yoga sleep.
- 00:26:16And it's a sort of meditation that you listen to.
- 00:26:19Meditation and yoga nidra scripts
- 00:26:21have been immensely helpful for me
- 00:26:23in terms of accelerating the transition to sleep.
- 00:26:26So they involve taking a few minutes, 10 to 30 minutes or so,
- 00:26:31just like you would for a nap and just
- 00:26:33listening to a script almost passively,
- 00:26:35and it has do some particular patterns of breathing
- 00:26:38and some other kind of body scan things that can really
- 00:26:42help people learn to relax, not just in that moment,
- 00:26:45but get better at relaxing and turning off
- 00:26:48thinking in order to fall asleep when
- 00:26:49they want to do that at night.
- 00:26:51In other words, they're always good for you
- 00:26:53because it's a training mechanism by which you self
- 00:26:55train your nervous system to go from a state of heightened
- 00:26:59alertness, that you don't want to heighten,
- 00:27:01relaxation that you do want.
- 00:27:03And so it's really teaching you to hit the brake.
- 00:27:06And that brings us to an even more important point, perhaps,
- 00:27:09which is we've all experienced that we can stay up
- 00:27:13if we want to.
- 00:27:14If we want to stay up late on New Year's or we
- 00:27:17want to push an all-nighter.
- 00:27:18Some people can do that more easily than others,
- 00:27:20but we're all capable of doing that.
- 00:27:23But it's very hard to make ourselves fall asleep.
- 00:27:26And so there's a sort of asymmetry to the way
- 00:27:28our autonomic nervous system, which
- 00:27:30governs this alertness, calmness thing,
- 00:27:32the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system,
- 00:27:34there's an asymmetry there where we
- 00:27:36are more easily able to engage wakefulness and drive
- 00:27:40wakefulness.
- 00:27:40We can force ourselves to stay awake
- 00:27:43than we are able to force ourselves to fall asleep.
- 00:27:46And one of the things that I say over and over again
- 00:27:49and I'm going to continue to say over and over again
- 00:27:51is it's very hard to control the mind with the mind.
- 00:27:54When you have trouble falling asleep,
- 00:27:56you need to look to some mechanism that
- 00:27:58involves the body.
- 00:27:59And all the things I described meditation, hypnosis, yoga
- 00:28:02nidra, all involve exhale, emphasized,
- 00:28:06breathing certain ways of lying down and controlling the body.
- 00:28:10We're going to get into breathing in real depth
- 00:28:12at another time.
- 00:28:13But all of those involve using the body to control the mind
- 00:28:16rather than trying to wrestle your mind into a certain pattern
- 00:28:21of relaxation.
- 00:28:22And when we're having trouble controlling the mind,
- 00:28:25I encourage people to look towards the body,
- 00:28:27look toward sunlight, avoid sunlight and bright light
- 00:28:30if that happens to be late at night.
- 00:28:32So there's a theme that's starting to emerge,
- 00:28:34which is in order to control this thing that we call
- 00:28:36the nervous system, we have to look back
- 00:28:38to some of the things we discussed earlier,
- 00:28:40like sensation, perception, etcetera.
- 00:28:42But we have to ask, what can we control?
- 00:28:45Well, I'm talking about controlling light exposure,
- 00:28:47controlling your breathing and body,
- 00:28:49non-sleep deep rest or what I hereafter
- 00:28:52we will refer to as NSDR non-sleep deep rest as a way
- 00:28:58to reset one's ability to be awake
- 00:29:01after you emerge from NSDR.
- 00:29:03So to get some more wakefulness and ability
- 00:29:05to attend some emotional stability reset,
- 00:29:08as well as make it better and easier
- 00:29:11to fall asleep when you want to go to sleep at night.
- 00:29:14Now, non-sleep deep rest does have some research
- 00:29:17to support it.
- 00:29:18There's a beautiful study done out of a university in Denmark.
- 00:29:22I will later provide a link to that study that
- 00:29:25showed that this meditation and yoga nidra type
- 00:29:29meditation allows dopamine and other neuromodulators
- 00:29:33in an area of the brain called the striatum that's
- 00:29:35involved in motor planning and motor execution to reset itself.
- 00:29:39In other words, this NSDR can reset our ability
- 00:29:43to engage in the world in a way that's very deliberate.
- 00:29:46OK, so what about things that we can and maybe
- 00:29:49should or should not take in order
- 00:29:51to control and access better sleep and better wakefulness?
- 00:29:55There are a couple of things that
- 00:29:56are directly in line with the biology
- 00:29:58related to falling and staying asleep and directly
- 00:30:00in line with the biology of wakefulness.
- 00:30:03There's a whole category of things like stimulants, cocaine,
- 00:30:07amphetamine and prescription stimulants
- 00:30:10that are the prescription ones were
- 00:30:12designed for the treatment of narcolepsy.
- 00:30:13So things like modafinil or armodafinil
- 00:30:17that are designed to create wakefulness,
- 00:30:18they are all essentially chemical variants
- 00:30:23of things that increase epinephrine and dopamine.
- 00:30:26Now, of course, I'm of the standpoint
- 00:30:28that things like cocaine and amphetamine
- 00:30:30are just across the board bad.
- 00:30:31They have so many addictive and terrible effects.
- 00:30:34In the proper setting prescribed by the proper professional,
- 00:30:38things like modafinil for narcolepsy might be appropriate.
- 00:30:42I know that a lot of people out there take Adderall,
- 00:30:46even though they haven't been prescribed Adderall in order
- 00:30:49to increase wakefulness.
- 00:30:50That is essentially, well, it's illegal for one,
- 00:30:54but it's also abusing the system in the sense
- 00:30:57that you're pushing back on the adenosine system,
- 00:30:59slightly differently than you do caffeine.
- 00:31:01It will make you feel more alert.
- 00:31:02There tends to be a heavy rebound
- 00:31:04and they do have an addictive potential.
- 00:31:05There are also some other effects
- 00:31:07of those that can be quite bad.
- 00:31:08But there are some supplements and some things
- 00:31:10that are safer, certainly safer, and that in cases where you're
- 00:31:16doing all the right behaviors, you're exercising and eating
- 00:31:19correctly and you're still having trouble
- 00:31:21with sleep, that can be beneficial for falling
- 00:31:24and staying asleep.
- 00:31:25Now, I want to be very clear.
- 00:31:26I am not pushing supplements.
- 00:31:28I'm just pointing you toward some things
- 00:31:30that have been shown in peer reviewed studies
- 00:31:32to have some benefit.
- 00:31:34The first one is magnesium.
- 00:31:37There are many forms of magnesium,
- 00:31:38but certain forms of magnesium can have positive effects
- 00:31:41on sleepiness and the ability to stay asleep,
- 00:31:44mainly by way of increasing neurotransmitters, like GABA.
- 00:31:48There are a lot of forms of magnesium out there,
- 00:31:50but one in particular is magnesium threonate.
- 00:31:53T-H-R-E-O-N-A-T-E, which you have to check to see if this is
- 00:31:59right for you.
- 00:31:59Check with your doctor.
- 00:32:00The other thing is theanine.
- 00:32:02T-H-E-A-- T-H-E-A-N-I-N-E. Theanine.
- 00:32:09100 to 200 milligrams of theanine for me
- 00:32:12also helps me turn off my mind and fall asleep.
- 00:32:15Interestingly, theanine is now being introduced
- 00:32:17to a lot of energy drinks in order
- 00:32:20to take away the jitters that are associated
- 00:32:22with drinking too much caffeine or with some other things that
- 00:32:24are in the energy drinks.
- 00:32:26So just a consideration.
- 00:32:28Again, I'm not here to tell you what
- 00:32:29to do or not do, but just want to arm you with information.
- 00:32:33The thing about theanine and magnesium is taken together,
- 00:32:38they do for some people, they can make them so sleepy
- 00:32:41and sleep so deeply that they actually have trouble waking up
- 00:32:43in the morning.
- 00:32:44So you have to play with these things and titrate them
- 00:32:46if you decide to use them again, if you decide to go this route,
- 00:32:49I would not start by taking supplements.
- 00:32:51I would start by getting your light viewing behavior correct.
- 00:32:54And then think about your nutrition
- 00:32:56and then think about your activity
- 00:32:57and then think about whether or not you want to supplement.
- 00:33:00We already talked about melatonin earlier.
- 00:33:02There's another supplement that can be quite useful,
- 00:33:04which is apigenin.
- 00:33:05A-P-I-G-E-N-I-N, which is the derivative of chamomile.
- 00:33:0950 milligrams of apigenin also can augment or support
- 00:33:14this kind of creation of a sleepiness to help fall asleep
- 00:33:18and stay asleep.
- 00:33:20As an important point, apigenin is a fairly potent estrogen
- 00:33:24inhibitor.
- 00:33:25So women who want to keep their estrogen levels high
- 00:33:28or at whatever levels they happen to be at
- 00:33:31should probably avoid apigenin altogether.
- 00:33:33And men take that into consideration as well.
- 00:33:37Men need estrogen also.
- 00:33:38You don't want to completely eliminate your estrogen.
- 00:33:40That can create all sorts of bad effects
- 00:33:42on libido and cognition, etcetera.
- 00:33:45So apigenin in some people is going
- 00:33:47to be a pretty strong estrogen inhibitor.
- 00:33:49So keep that in mind.
- 00:33:50So thank you so much for your time and attention.
- 00:33:52And above all, thank you for your interest in science.
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