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[Music]
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[Laughter]
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[Music]
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hey everyone this is Mr Trio and I'm
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doing a special video here that covers a
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depth study uh which focuses
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specifically on Germany from 1918 to
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1945 this video is the first of four in
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a series and essentially it will go
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through all the major points that are
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covered in the
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syllabus there are four which includes
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was the viar Republic doomed from the
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start why was Hitler able to dominate
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Germany by
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1934 Nazi control of Germany 1933 to
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1945 and then finally life in Nazi
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German
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this video will focus only on the first
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section was the viar Republic doomed
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from the
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start now to help put this in
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perspective let's take a look at the
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graph
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here we have studied about World War I
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and World War II sort of as our two book
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ends this period of Germany history
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Falls in between the two great Wars the
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green section first is the viar Republic
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which is the first government formed in
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Germany after the first world war and
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then finally the third brike which is
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the Nazi rise to power and when Adolf
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Hitler came to
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power something else to keep in
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perspective is that the
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two um sections that we will be learning
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about including the section on the
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League of Nations and why International
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Peace collapsed also falls into the same
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time period so one of the reasons why
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this particular depth study is so
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helpful is that essentially we'll be
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looking specifically at what is
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happening in Germany but at the same
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time it helps to put in perspective the
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challenges that the League of Nations
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had and also why International Peace
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eventually collapses when Germany
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invades Poland in
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1939 but that's a little later on we'll
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talk about that in another unit
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there are four major Focus points that
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we will be talking about today for this
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section how did Germany emerge from
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defeat at the end of the first World War
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what was the impact of the Treaty of
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Versailles on the Republic and to what
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extent did the Republic recover after
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1923 and last but not least what were
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the achievements of the viar period so
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let's take each of these four one by
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one as we look at these four topics one
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of the things that I always like to
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think about is what are the big ideas
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that we are trying to
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express essentially I like to boil it
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down
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to that after the first world war one of
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the big challenges is that Germany needs
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to form a new government one the things
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that you may remember is that during the
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first world war the Kaiser was in charge
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so essentially Germany was a
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monarchy and at the end of the first
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world war essentially they had to create
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a new Democratic country with a
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completely different way of ruling that
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had never really took place in Germany
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before the second big idea is is the
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legacy of the Treaty of Versailles as a
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reminder the Treaty of Versailles is the
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treaty that ends the first world war and
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imposes very harsh treatment on Germany
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specifically reparations which are
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monies that Germany has to pay and also
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land territories which are taken from
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Germany the legacy of the Treaty of
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Versailles is essentially one of the
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main reasons why War will break out 20
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years later in that the treaty did not
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actually solve the peace problem in fact
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some could argue it simply delays it for
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a period of
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time third the big idea that we will
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also be focusing on is the economy how
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at the end of the first world war
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Germany's economy is essentially
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ruined and last but not least we'll have
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a lighter tone talking about some of the
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important cultural movements that came
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out of Germany during this time period
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in between the
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wars so let's take a look at our first
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Focus Point how did Germany emerge from
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the defeat at the end of the first world
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war one of the aspects which is very
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important to understand is that there
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were many
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different
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ideas that
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were how do you say um vying for control
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of Germany there was the
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Democratic Group which is what the viar
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Republic was but there were also
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nationalist groups and also communist
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groups and one of the very first
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challenges for this new Republic is what
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is often referred to as the spart arist
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Uprising this is a group of Communists
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that essentially tried to take over the
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government now until Hitler firmly as
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establishes power in
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1933 there is always a communist
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movement in Germany and a lot of this
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was influenced of course by what was
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happening in Russia now the Soviet Union
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at the time so as we look at the SAR uh
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spartacist
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Uprising let's focus our attention on
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some of the main
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ideas the conclusion of the first world
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war brought political instability to
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Germany the new democratic government
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was under attack by the Spartacus League
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which was a pro- Communist Party the
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spartacist uprising of 1919 appealed to
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German Workers the uprising was put
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found by the fry Corp now we'll talk
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about the fry Corp a little bit later
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but essentially these were
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volunteers that were strongly
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nationalistic and strongly opposed to
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Communism and they were a group of
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military men that essentially were able
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to suppress the Spartacus
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League turning to coalition government
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let's talk about one of the big
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challenges that Germany
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faced in this py graph you can see that
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the social Democrats make up
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approximately 38% of the
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government which
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means that
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42% oh I am terrible with math aren't I
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62% of the government was not social
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Democrats which means that when
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Frederick Ebert the leader of the
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Socialist Democrats came to power he did
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have the largest group that supported
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him but
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essentially it's important to remember
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that there were far many far more other
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groups that actually were in the
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government which made it very difficult
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for him to
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push any type of agenda through because
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there was so much um
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opposition and essentially this is what
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is known as a coalition government
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Coalition governments throughout time
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whether you're looking at the United
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Kingdom or 1920s Germany often suffer
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from the fact that each side has to
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negotiate with the other side and
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essentially the government that is
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formed is not true U pure to one
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particular idea but often can be
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fragmented into many different
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ideas so let's take a look at our topic
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sentence Frederick eert the leader of
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the social Democrats had to form a
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coalition government because his party
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only controlled
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37.9% of the votes this meant that there
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were more parties opposed to Ebert than
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were for him Coalition governments are
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often ineffective because they lack a
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majority to move political
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policies
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forward last let's take a look at the
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structure of the new government and the
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role of the
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president the president of Germany would
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have been in
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control and had a mandate to control the
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military the Army and below the
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president was the chancellor the
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chancellor was sort of the day-to-day
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operations person that was in charge of
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making the laws and passing um issues
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that dealt with money they worked
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directly with the Reich stad who were
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the
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representatives and the Reich Strat
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these are sort of governors of each of
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the different
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areas one of the things that we
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discussed is that the president at the
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time did not have a
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majority of the votes and thus they
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would often have to resort to what was
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known as article
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48 which the president could invoke and
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essentially make decisions that were
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sometimes
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unpopular let's take a look at our topic
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sentence the President worked with the
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Army Reich stad and the Reich Strat to
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run the government but article 48 gave
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the president too much power in that he
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could overrule all other Democratic
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branches of government in times of
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emergencies this is somewhat
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foreshadowing because we will take a
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look at essentially howf Hitler when he
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becomes the chancellor later on is able
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to essentially gain more and more power
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through this
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mechanism let's take a look at Focus
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Point number two
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now what was the impact of the Treaty of
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versailes on the
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Republic
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one of the first challenges that Germany
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faced is that it had all these large
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reparations that it needed to pay but at
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the time didn't have a lot of money in
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order to pay one of the areas of Germany
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which was known as the
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rule was an area that was especially
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rich in
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Coal when France believed that Germany
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was no longer paying reparations or
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maybe Germany wasn't able to to they
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actually invaded this area and instead
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of um waiting in order to get the
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reparations they took the reparations in
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the former Cole there were there was an
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incident in which many Germans were
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killed in the encounter and this really
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helped to number one inflame the
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passions of Germans who were upset that
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their coal was taken but also it has a
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lot to do with the fact that it was uh
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something that embarrassed the Germans
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in that they had lost the first world
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war and now they were being humiliated
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even
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further let's take a look at our topic
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sentence the treaty imposed harsh
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reparations on the Germans when the
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Germans did not pay France sent troops
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to the rural area and took reparations
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by ceasing Cole this greatly angered
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Germans
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now one of the things that we talked
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about in the big idea section is how
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this is related to the economy and how
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Germany was in a very sad State as far
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as the economy was concerned one of the
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largest issues was
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hyperinflation we've talked about this a
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little bit but let's elaborate a little
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bit more in the top rightand corner
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there's a nice chart which talks about
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how money essentially became
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worthless
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so how many German marks marks is
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essentially the
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denomination of German money were needed
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to buy 1 ounce of gold in January of
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1923 it was
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372,000 marks by September it was up to
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269 million marks and then just just 2
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months later it's essentially 87
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trillion
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marks as the photo suggest the paper
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money was so worthless that it would
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accumulate in the streets and people
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would have to clean it up so essentially
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the entire Economy based around money
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system paper money was ruined and this
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leads to a great deal of panic among the
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German people
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and the German people have to resort to
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bartering essentially bartering is when
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you say for example I have a bucket of
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corn and I will give you this bucket of
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corn if you give me 10 loaves of bread
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or something along those lines in which
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people are no longer exchanging paper
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money or coins they're actually
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exchanging goods and service
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for the day-to-day needs that they
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have let's take a look at our topic
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sentence the treaty disabil ised the
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German currency causing
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hyperinflation Germans resorted to
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bartering and exchanging goods for
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services the last section under uh
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impact of the
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treaty was the cop pushed
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March of
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1920 remember this is just a year after
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the Treaty of Versailles has been
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settled let's look at the topic sentence
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the cop push was a demonstration against
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the government in March of 1920 burlin
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was suffered from a general strike and
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the government fled to Dresden the
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purpose was to form a nationalist
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government to replace the viar
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government so to backtrack a little bit
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when Germany was formed after the first
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world war this democratic government had
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major challenges from communist as we've
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discussed and also from nationalist
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nationalist are essentially individuals
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who are proud of their country their
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cultural
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identity so essentially it's like being
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pro-german for German purposes
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and this is one of the major themes that
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we will discuss when we get to the Nazi
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movement a few years after this
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one let's take a look at Focus Point
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number three at this
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time to what extent did the Republic
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recover after
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1923 and this specifically deals with
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what is known as the Daws plan topic
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sentence by 1924 the vi government had
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stabilized in part because Germany had
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been able to receive a loan of 800
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million gold marks from the US this was
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known as the do plan Germany German
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industry began to
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recover so essentially one of the things
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that happens after the government has a
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few stumbles and it's getting started is
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that by 1924 money starts pouring into
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Germany mainly through investment from
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the United States this investment helps
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to establish a more stable economy and
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investment in German Industries so at
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this time people go back to work
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factories start producing things the
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money system becomes more stable so you
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no longer have to barter and Germany
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essentially starts to
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recover one of the most uh influential
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individuals at the time was the the
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chancellor at the time whose name is
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Gustaf
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stresman and this is an individual that
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actually will win the Nobel Prize
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specifically for his work to help to
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bring Germany back from what appeared to
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be a ruinous time first with the
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Communist Uprising later with the push
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uh of the
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Nationalist it seemed that in 1943 4 24
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that Germany was going to be all right
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and on the right track there was still a
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time period um in which there was high
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unemployment but things were getting
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better of course it didn't last for too
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long because the following uh 5 years
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later is the Wall Street Crash the Wall
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Street Crash of course is in New York
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City it's the system in which the stock
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exchange runs
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and
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when the price of goods and services
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falls in the United States it has such
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an impact that it causes a worldwide
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depression one of the direct results for
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Germany is that a lot of American money
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that was flowing to Germany as an
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investment stops so essentially this
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recovery that Germany was experiencing
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by 1929
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it comes to an end because
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essentially the money tap is turned off
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so Germany starts off low after World
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War I it begins to rise starting in
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1924 but by
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1929 Germany once again is suffering
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from hardships as it relates to the
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economy let's take a look at our topic
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sentence the Wall Street crash in 1929
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was a worldwide depression this limited
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the number of loans that came to Germany
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and helped to bring about in bring
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instability back to
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Germany last but not least let's take a
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look at Focus Point number four which is
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probably um my favorite uh section
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specifically well I'll tell you a little
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bit more about that in a
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minute the first major issue to talk
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about is the loano treaties of
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1925 remember starting in 1924 Germany
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begins to recover starts to get back and
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this is a series of treaties that
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essentially brings Germany back into the
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international fold gives them back the
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respect they had lost during the first
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war war in the first years after the war
00:20:55
was over and essentially allow
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Germany to join the League of Nations
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and to resume its place in
00:21:05
Europe let's take a look at the topic
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sentence Laro treaties of 1925 helped to
00:21:14
bring Germany back to the world
00:21:16
Community by providing equal status as a
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member of the League of Nations Germany
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established its border borders with
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France and Belgium as you may remember
00:21:28
Germany sits in between France on the
00:21:31
west and um Belgium and that one of the
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big
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um
00:21:40
struggles um in the years after the
00:21:43
first world war is France wanted that
00:21:46
extra
00:21:47
security uh specifically the areas of
00:21:50
the Rin land not to be
00:21:52
militarized and essentially want wanted
00:21:55
a safety cushion to keep them safe
00:21:59
by 192 uh5 with these treaties it looks
00:22:03
like Germany is going to be a good
00:22:06
neighbor in Europe and that uh Belgium
00:22:11
and France should not have to worry
00:22:13
about being invaded
00:22:20
again and finally during the
00:22:24
1920s there was a very rich time period
00:22:29
of Arts culture taking place not only in
00:22:34
Germany but throughout Europe and at
00:22:38
this time new technologies such as uh
00:22:42
motion pitcher were taken off uh one of
00:22:46
the most significant films that came out
00:22:49
was a German um film producer named Fitz
00:22:53
Lang and he produced a movie called uh
00:22:57
Metropolis we'll take a look brief look
00:23:00
at this one in our next slide and it was
00:23:04
also a time in which uh great art is
00:23:07
starting to
00:23:09
appear one of the things which is uh
00:23:11
somewhat sad is that when the Nazis come
00:23:15
to power a lot of these artworks were
00:23:19
actually considered um dirty or impure
00:23:25
not German and many of these artists
00:23:28
would suffer some of them would be
00:23:31
arrested some of them would be sent to
00:23:33
concentration camps and Hitler was very
00:23:38
concerned about creating a German a
00:23:42
Germany with a culture which he believed
00:23:46
was correct so a lot of these new
00:23:49
artistic Expressions that are coming out
00:23:52
are things that would uh
00:23:55
greatly um offend uh someone like Hitler
00:24:00
who believed in a very pure
00:24:05
Germany here is um a just a brief look
00:24:10
at Fitz Lang's um Metropolis it was a
00:24:14
groundbreaking film for many reasons it
00:24:18
focuses on the
00:24:20
darkness of the modern world that people
00:24:24
were living
00:24:25
in um one of the things that you can see
00:24:27
in this particular clip is the masses of
00:24:30
people that are humiliated by um the
00:24:35
circumstances that they find themselves
00:24:37
in and this particular film really
00:24:40
focuses greatly on the rise of the
00:24:43
machine and even for the time period um
00:24:49
the special effects are really
00:24:51
extraordinary I mean they look a little
00:24:53
sad by today's standards but um all of
00:24:57
the things that you see here um would
00:25:00
have just captivated an audience in the
00:25:04
1920s and many of them would wonder how
00:25:06
did they do these types of special
00:25:10
effects it is a film that you can watch
00:25:13
in its entirety and I recommend maybe
00:25:16
just watching like 20 minutes or so but
00:25:20
um it's well worth it to get a sense of
00:25:24
what it was like to go to the movies in
00:25:26
the 1920s
00:25:30
I just want to also look at this
00:25:32
particular side um the painting on the
00:25:35
left is by a German artist named utod
00:25:38
Dix uh Oto Dix was a very characteristic
00:25:42
type of artist of the time period And if
00:25:47
you know anything about art of the
00:25:49
period beforehand art was beautiful and
00:25:55
sceneries and it was to inspire spire
00:25:59
and here we have a generation of art
00:26:02
that is greatly influenced by the first
00:26:05
world war and the horrors of it and I
00:26:08
can you can see how the war in many ways
00:26:11
changed the way that people looked at
00:26:14
life one of the other important
00:26:17
movements not only in film and painting
00:26:20
but was also in architecture which was
00:26:23
known as the bow house movement uh one
00:26:26
of the things that it was known for was
00:26:28
its straight lines and its geometric
00:26:32
uses uh one of the leaders of this
00:26:36
particular U movement was Walter grus
00:26:39
and Walter grus would actually have to
00:26:42
flee to the United States When The War
00:26:45
breaks out later
00:26:48
on so here we come to the end of this
00:26:52
particular presentation as a reminder it
00:26:55
is just the first of four on the focus
00:26:58
of Germany between the wars so let's
00:27:01
take a look at our final statements each
00:27:05
of these statements help to illustrate
00:27:08
the major Focus points which are a part
00:27:10
of this
00:27:12
unit following war war I Germany
00:27:15
struggled to establish a democratic
00:27:18
government this process was threatened
00:27:20
by harsh economic conditions and
00:27:23
political opponents like the Communist
00:27:26
and the
00:27:27
Nationalist
00:27:29
the Treaty of versailes would cause
00:27:31
economic hardships and a source of Shame
00:27:34
for the German people once again this is
00:27:38
going to be a very important theme that
00:27:40
will go on in uh other units and
00:27:44
specifically one of the main reasons
00:27:46
behind the Nazi rise to
00:27:50
power number three by 1924 Germany was
00:27:54
on the road to recovery and resuming its
00:27:57
place in Europe but by 1929 the
00:28:00
worldwide depression would thrust
00:28:02
Germany back to economic distress and
00:28:05
lead to a rise of
00:28:08
extremist and last the 1920s were a time
00:28:12
of great artistic expression and a time
00:28:15
of more liberal ideas many of these
00:28:17
artists were banned when the Nazis came
00:28:20
to power all right so that is the first
00:28:24
section of the depth studies on Germany
00:28:28
there will be three more videos that
00:28:30
follow uh we will also have a Roundup at
00:28:34
the end where we take a look at this um
00:28:38
particular section and form ABC type
00:28:43
questions that allow you to go into more
00:28:46
indepth
00:28:48
analysis and be able to create essays
00:28:52
which are based on to what extent or
00:28:56
what type of opinions um do you have
00:28:59
about these types of
00:29:01
statements thanks for
00:29:10
[Music]
00:29:23
[Music]
00:29:27
watching
00:29:28
[Music]
00:29:39
[Music]
00:29:46
[Music]
00:29:57
oh
00:29:59
oh
