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[Musika]
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Hello future mds in this video we're
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going to study biology so itong bio
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lecture review na to is divided into
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four parts and punong-puno siya ng
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concept so I hope na makatulong to
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talaga sa review niyo I just put the
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links to the other parts sa description
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below if you find this video helpful
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please consider subscribing to this
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channel By the way our lecturer here is
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miss April balesteros she graduated
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Bachelor of Science in Biology in up
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Baguio and currently an incoming third
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year medical student at Cagayan State
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University College of medicine super
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thankful ako sa kanya Kasi pumayag siya
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na i-record ko Iyung lecture niya and
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i-upload sa YouTube I hope that this
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will also help you sa pagre-review niyo
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for nm That's all let's proceed Hello so
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be discussing with you the basic
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concepts in biology and dinagdag ko din
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dito yung mga ni-recall ko during my and
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math exam last
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2017 Biology is defined as the study of
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life the science of living organisms
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including its structure composition
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function and
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development So what are the
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characteristics of life an alive
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organism is capable of growth and
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development they can also reproduce and
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produce their
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offsprings and they also possess
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hereditary
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traits na napapasa nila sa mga offspring
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nila they also have the ability to
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maintain relatively stable internal
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environment or what we call the self
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regulation Ito naman yung tinatawag na
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homeostasis they can also metabolize
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energy from chemical
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reactions and they also has cellular
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structures and
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composition and they can also Uh respond
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to the internal and external
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stimuli so all living organisms are well
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organized so ito ito Iyung hierarchy
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from
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atom to biosphere
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and yung cell it is the it is considered
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the basic structural and functional unit
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of an
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organism meron tayong tinatawag na cell
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theory which states that all living
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things are composed of one or more cells
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and Uh since cells are considered to the
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to be the basic unit of life they are
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the smallest living things and they can
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arise only by division of a previously
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existing
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cell cells also carry genetic
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information in the form of
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DNA there are two cell types prokaryotic
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cell and eukaryotic cell prokaryotic
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they lock through nucleus and they don't
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have membrane bound organ So ibig
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sabihin Exposed yung nucleus nila
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nucleus nila sa environment and they
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appear to be simpler in structure ang
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napapabilang ang napapabilang Dito sa
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cell type na to ay yyung bacteria
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bluegreen algae and archa on the other
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hand We also have the eukaryotic or
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Iyung Uh more complex and much Larger
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Than the prokaryotic cell they have true
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nucleus this includes protests fungi
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animal and plant cells So what are the
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basic Uh different
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nung prokaryotic cell sa eukaryotic cell
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natin So yung Presence ng organ sa
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eukaryotic cells and Iyung prokaryotic
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cell they divide through binary fion
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however eukaryotic cell divide through
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cell division can either be through
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mitosis or meiosis ang similarities
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naman nila they have cell membrane and
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both of them also possess cytosol
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chromosome And
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ribosomes so what are the cell
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components we have here plasma membrane
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plasma membrane the same lang siya sa
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cell membrane it separates the cell from
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the surrounding So it serves as a
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barrier cytoplasm ito Iyun it contains
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the Organ els it is thake fluid feeling
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inside the cell yung protoplasm iba yung
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protoplasm sa cytoplasm ang protoplasm
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kasi It is a collective term for the
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different substances that make up the
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cell it is composed of water
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electrolytes proteins lipids and
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carbohydrates
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ngayon We also have organelles these are
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cellular structures suspended in the
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cytoplasm performing its unique and
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specific
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functions and lastly cell has genetic
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material or they contain Uh the
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biological information or the hereditary
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materials so ah i-discuss naman natin
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isa-isa iyung mga
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organ so we have here on the left side
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an image of an animal cell so very
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prominent upon looking at ah makikita na
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agad natin yung main difference nila
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yyung shape kasi dito sa right natin
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This is an image of a plank cell So yung
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shape ng plant cell It is a rectangular
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and ang nagme-maintain nung shape na ito
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cell wall it maintains the cell shape of
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the plant cell which is not found in the
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animal
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cell So Here we have the nucleus nucleus
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contains the DNA material so ang nucleus
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ito Iyung purple dito sa G siya yung
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control center contains the DNA material
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it is enclosed by a nuclear envelope It
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is a protein lined force that allow
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material to move in and out yung darker
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purple sa gitna it is the nucleolus It
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is a condensed the region where
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ribosomes are formed and yung chromatin
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naman ito iung nas gitna part This is
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composed of DNA and associated prote
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We also have here continuous do sa
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nucleus or nuclear envelope we have here
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the endoplasmic
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reticulum specifically the ra
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endoplasmic reticulum so ang difference
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pag meron siyang ribosome so R for R R
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for R is to R R is to
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ribosome yung ribosome it is considered
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to be the factory kasi site ng protein
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synthesis next we have here the smooth
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endoplasmic
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reticulum which synthesizes cholesterol
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and lipids We also have here the
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mitochondria ito itong orange na to
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Iyung mitochondria it is considered as
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the powerhouse of powerhouse cell
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because it generates ATP mitochondrial
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enzymes catalyzed series of oxidation
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reaction that provide about 95% of cells
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energy supply So yung trivia lang yung
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mitochondria meron din siyang DNA and
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then We also have here Iyung plasma
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membrane i-discuss na lang natin
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separately ion it is the barrier so we
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have here the golgi
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apparatus or siya yung parang post
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office kasi it is responsible for
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modification and packaging nung ah
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proteins
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natin recycling Center naman ang tawag
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sa lysosome ito itong circle na pink
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because it is responsible for digestion
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since it contains hydrolytic enzymes We
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also have here peroxisomes which are
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responsible in metabolizing waste these
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are small membranous sacks containing
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enzyme that detoxify harmful substances
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that enter the cell so ang ah isang main
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product ng peroxisome is the hydrogen
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peroxide it is very
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important because it is involved in most
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of the Redux metabolism reaction and
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processes of the cell so punta naman
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tayo sa plant cell pareho silang may
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vacu pag vacu it is
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mainly for storage pero yung plant cell
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natin it has a very large Central vacu
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it is filled with cell that maintains
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pressure against the cell wall It also
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has chloroplast or the site of
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photosynthesis because animals are
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autotroph ba so they generate their own
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food We also have plastids that store
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pigments ito yung nagbibigay ng
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color sa mga plant cells
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natin We also have here yung endoplasmic
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reticulum the rough and smooth plant
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cell also has nucleus ribosomes golgi
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apparatus mitochondria and
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peroxisome Okay so we have here the
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cytoskeleton balikan na lang natin yyung
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cytoskeleton later this table is just a
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summary of the differences between the
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the animal cell and plant cell So
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basically plant cell has cell wall which
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is that found in the animal cell and and
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cell wall na to it is composed of
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Cellulose and Iyung shape ng animal cell
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is round and irregular and Iyung plant
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cell naman it is rectangular and fixed
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due to the presence of cell wall absent
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din sa animal cell ang chloroplast and
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plastids pero meron silang centrosome
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and lysosome which are not evident or
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absent in the plant cell nakita natin
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kanina Iyung ah cytoskeleton
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cytoskeleton it is the network of
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filaments lumabas to sa exam namin
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before parang natanong Iyung function ng
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cytoskeleton So basically they are
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responsible for the structure transport
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and cell motility ito ah yung
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arrangement nung ah cytoskeleton Lumabas
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din ito
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So it is composed of three parts
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microtubules being the largest
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approximately it has a 25
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nanometers next Iyung intermediate
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filaments Uh around 10 nanometers and
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microfilament around 7
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nanometers so Iyung Uh microtubules so
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apparently they are Larger Than the
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microfilaments and they are rigid hollow
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to made from tubin and they are involved
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in flaga andia construction and spindle
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apparatus next naman is the intermediate
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filament they provide structural support
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paginum in natin yung intermediate
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filament doon natin makikita iung
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microfilament these are helpful in
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maintaining in the movement of the cell
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From
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Within contractile force in microvilli
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and muscle the squeeze membrane together
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in phagocytosis and
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cytokinesis We also have cell expansions
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like the microvilli CIA and flaga
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microvilli they are found in the
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epithelial cells That line the
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intestines and other areas Where
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absorption is important they also help
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to increase cells surface area CIA they
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are only found in the Fallopian tubes
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and respiratory tract of humans flagella
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on the other hand are found in the tail
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of the sperm so Iyung CIA and flagella
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they are for
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locomotion chromosomes it is the part of
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the nucleus which is distinct during
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reproduction centrioles which are only
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found in animal cell are involved during
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cell
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division they have function in
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production of flag and CIA but not
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microtubule iba yun d sa microtubule
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kasi ' ba nabanggit natin na yung
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microtubule they are also involved in
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flaga and CIA construction centrosome
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these are nonmembranous
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structure involved in cell division as
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well and they coordinate the building
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and breaking of microtubules in the Cell
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its general location is defined by the
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location of the centri
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so i-discuss naman natin ngayon yung
00:14:02
plasma membrane or yung barrier natin
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plasma membrane are considered to be
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semi-permeable meron tayong tinatawag na
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fluid mosaic model It is a theory
00:14:15
explaining How the cell membranes are
00:14:18
constructed the molecules of the cell
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membranes are arrange in sheet and the
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mosic of molecules is fluid that is the
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molecules are able to float around
00:14:32
slowly this model illustrates that
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molecules of the plasma membrane form a
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continuous shet ' ba continuous lang
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siya and chemical attractions are the
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Forces that hold membranes together and
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Our plasma membrane has three components
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we have here the lipid by layer so Ah
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ito yung nagse-set sa outside or
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external surface natin and itong ah
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lipid layer naman na to sa internal
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membrane naman We also have cholesterol
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and lastly we have the membrane
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proteins so i-zoom in naman natin ngayon
00:15:18
Iyung phospholipid it has hydrophilic
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Head or water loving and a hydrophobic
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Tail or water fearing
00:15:30
kaya siya sinabing selective kasi hindi
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lahat ng molecules makaka through d sa
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barrier natin kasi dito sa gitna kunwari
00:15:41
ah hydrophobic siya nrep niya yung
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molecule na iyon kary water siya nrep
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niya yon pabalik doon sa external
00:15:51
environment or sa internal environment
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nagkakaroon ng
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repulsion so cholesterol ito yung
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orange these are molecules scattered
00:16:03
among the
00:16:04
phospholipids to allow the membrane to
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function properly at body
00:16:10
temperature Iyung cholesterol it is very
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important kasi siya yung nagme-maintain
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nung fluidity nung plasma membrane natin
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We also have the proteins or the
00:16:21
membrane proteins this helps the cell to
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maintain balance or homeostasis it can
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either be inin protein or extrinsic
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intrinsic ibig sabihin they are inside
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the plasma membrane like the integral
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proteins extrinsic proteins are on the
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peripheral side or the outside of the
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plasma membrane since nabanggit na natin
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or na-discuss na natin yung plasma
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membrane or yung characteristic ng
00:16:51
plasma membrane natin ngayon naman
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Tingan naman natin yung traffic of
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molecules across the membrane ito
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Lumabas din siya ah sa exam namin before
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parang kung ano ang tanong ay kung ano
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yung
00:17:10
magpa-panic yourself dito sa mga nasa
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left side so ang easily na
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magpa-pop and charge molecules like the
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water glycerol ethanol We also have here
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the small hydrophobic molecules like the
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oxygen carbon dioxide nitrogen and
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benzene mga molecules naman that can
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pass with help are the ions
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makaka-affect
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[Musika]
00:17:59
acid glucose
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nucleotides so dito ginagamitan sila ng
00:18:05
kunwari pag amino acid meron siyang mga
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glut for
00:18:10
ganon So you should familiarize Yourself
00:18:13
on the list to the left Okay so Paano
00:18:17
naman yung cell transport so we have
00:18:21
here two types the passive transport and
00:18:24
active transport pag passive ibig
00:18:27
sabihin it doesn't require ATP pag
00:18:31
active it requires ATP so ang mnemonic
00:18:34
ko dito active starts with letter A so
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kailangan niya ng a para mabo yyung word
00:18:41
na active So ganun din for it to be
00:18:45
called as active transport Uh it should
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involve
00:18:49
[Musika]
00:18:50
ATP sa passive transport natin meron
00:18:54
tayong diffusion dialysis osmosis Let us
00:18:58
first define diffusion
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diffusion it is the movement of
00:19:03
molecules from higher concentration
00:19:06
gradient to lower concentration gradient
00:19:09
kasi ' ba ang aim natin dito is
00:19:12
equilibrium so palaging higher to lower
00:19:16
para ma-fel niya yung gap doon sa lower
00:19:20
concentration kaya ganon yung movement
00:19:23
nung molecules natin under diffusion we
00:19:26
have what we call simple diffusion and
00:19:29
facilitated diffusion and By the way ang
00:19:33
sinabi natin na mention natin na hindi
00:19:36
kailangan ng ATP So ano yung ginagamit
00:19:39
sa diffusion para magproceed yyung
00:19:42
movement ang ah source ng energy dito is
00:19:47
yyung normal kinetic motion of matter '
00:19:49
ba gumagalaw yyung mga matter and
00:19:52
nag-form sila ng kinetic energy so yun
00:19:55
yung ah driving force nung ah diffusion
00:19:58
na natin Okay so we have here the simple
00:20:01
diffusion and the facilitated diffusion
00:20:04
pag sinabing simple diffusion it can
00:20:07
occur in two pathways first through the
00:20:12
interstices of the lipid by layer if the
00:20:15
diffusing substance is Lipid soluble So
00:20:18
anong example nito ah yyung mga lipid
00:20:21
soluble like yung Uh we have here the
00:20:25
oxygen carbon dioxide nitrogen
00:20:29
so they can pass easily through the
00:20:33
interstices through simple diffusion
00:20:36
yung pangalawa naman through watery
00:20:39
channels that penetrate all the way
00:20:41
through some of the large transport
00:20:45
proteins Wala kasi sa image dito pero
00:20:49
dito it involves channel proteins ang
00:20:53
example naman dito is yung mga small
00:20:56
uncharged Polar molecules natin like
00:20:59
yung sa water it has channel proteins
00:21:02
called the
00:21:05
aquaporin So this aquaporin selectively
00:21:08
permit rapid passage of water through
00:21:11
the membrane so for facilitated
00:21:15
diffusion on the other hand it requires
00:21:18
interaction of a carrier protein meron
00:21:21
tayong tinatawag na carrier protein dito
00:21:24
the carrier proteins aid passage of the
00:21:28
mo
00:21:29
or ions through the membrane by binding
00:21:32
chemically with them and shuttling them
00:21:35
through the membrane in this form so ito
00:21:38
na yung sinasabi ko kanina iung amino
00:21:40
acid natin ito yyung mga glut for meron
00:21:44
silang carrier
00:21:46
protein for them to pass
00:21:49
through Okay so punta naman tayo sa
00:21:52
active transport By the way doon sa
00:21:55
active transport yung movement ng solute
00:21:59
kasi can either be from low
00:22:02
concentration to high concentration or
00:22:05
high concentration to low concentration
00:22:08
kaya it requires ATP So ngayon sa active
00:22:14
transport natin we have here endocytosis
00:22:18
and
00:22:19
exocytosis endo ibig sabihin paloob it
00:22:23
is the process in which the edges of the
00:22:26
plasma membrane fuse to form a vesicle
00:22:29
pwede siyang phagocytosis or pinocytosis
00:22:33
phagocytosis it is the engulfing of the
00:22:37
organism ang example dito is Iyung white
00:22:41
blood cells natin they engulf the
00:22:44
bacteria so the process is called
00:22:46
phagocytosis yyung pinocytosis naman ang
00:22:51
involve dito ay liquid material so the
00:22:54
liquid material are brought into the
00:22:56
cell containing dissolved m molecules
00:22:59
and lastly yung exocytosis This is the
00:23:02
extrusion of materials from a cell via
00:23:05
vesicles but in a reverse way doon sa
00:23:08
endocytosis
00:23:10
Sorry hindi ko pala na-mention kanina
00:23:12
yung sa dialysis and osmosis dialysis it
00:23:17
is a form of diffusion In which
00:23:19
selective permeable nature of membrane
00:23:22
causes separation of smaller solute
00:23:25
particles from Larger solute particles
00:23:28
osmosis is Uh it is also a diffusion of
00:23:33
water water naman pag osmosis pag
00:23:36
sinabing osmosis water through a
00:23:39
selectively permeable membrane and it
00:23:42
limits the diffusion of at least some of
00:23:45
the solute particles sa osmosis meron
00:23:48
tayong tinatawag na term na osmotic
00:23:52
pressure it is the water pressure that
00:23:54
develops as a result of osmosis
00:23:58
So ngayon Punta tayo sa tonicity
00:24:01
tonicity it is defined as the
00:24:04
concentration of the solute compared to
00:24:07
the another compared to another
00:24:11
solute So Here pag isotonic pag sinabing
00:24:15
isotonic equal lang yung amount nung
00:24:19
solute doon sa loob at labas nung cell
00:24:22
meron siyang dynamic equilibrium so
00:24:25
constant or zero yung movement So okay
00:24:30
yun doun sa cell Tingan naman natin kung
00:24:32
masa-suggest
00:24:58
is from higher concentration to lower
00:25:01
concentration so since Mas marami yung
00:25:04
sodium sa labas ng cell or mas onti yung
00:25:08
water mas madami yung water na
00:25:12
lalabas lalabas ngayon yung water Pero
00:25:15
mas unti yung pumapasok na water sa loob
00:25:19
ng cell so an ang nangyayari doon sa
00:25:21
cell is magkakaroon nging cage yun yung
00:25:26
concept ng pickles ' ba nasa-satisfy
00:25:58
contain nung cell magkakaroon ng
00:26:01
bursting or lysis So this is just a
00:26:05
summary of the tonicity of solutions and
00:26:09
tingnan naman natin ngayon yung
00:26:10
application nito sa animal cell and
00:26:13
plant cell so we have here for the
00:26:15
animal cell we have
00:26:17
rbcs so kapag
00:26:20
na-scan solution ang mangyayari is
00:26:23
magla-lie siya or hemolysis sa plant
00:26:26
cell naman magiging turgid yung cell
00:26:29
natin magwell siya and when these cells
00:26:33
are subjected to hypertonic solution
00:26:36
yung animal cell natin mag-rate or
00:26:39
magss and sa sa plant cell naman is mag
00:26:44
yung tinatawag na plasmolysis Okay so
00:26:48
punta naman tayo sa central
00:26:51
dogma Thank you so much guys review pa
00:26:54
kayo
00:26:57
dito n
00:27:00
[Musika]
