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(dramatic music)
(radio crackling)
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- Our world is built on an idea.
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It's an idea so powerful
that we fight and die for it.
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We draw our maps around it.
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It shapes our politics
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and forms the basis of our very identity,
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who we think we are.
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It's an idea so pervasive
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that you've probably never even stopped
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to notice how weird it is.
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Because here's the thing:
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this idea is completely made up.
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And even though it might feel
like it's been around forever,
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it's actually newer than you think.
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That idea is called the nation.
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(light airy music)
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It says that a country
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is more than just the land
drawn into a set of borders.
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It's actually a giant community
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that is united by heritage and identity.
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It says that the people,
the land, the state,
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they're all one thing.
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That thing is called a nation.
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You're not just a person
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who happens to live in
a place called America.
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You're American.
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Or Brazilian, or Japanese, or Mexican,
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or Egyptian, Nigerian, Dutch, Micronesian.
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But let's stop a moment to learn the story
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of where this idea came from
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and how it took over everything.
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Because once you do,
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so much about our world
suddenly makes sense.
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Right, okay, cool.
- Yeah. Are we rolling?
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- We sure are.
- Great to see you.
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- Great to see you.
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- It feels wrong to
call it made up, I know.
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Like it sort of contradicts
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everything you've ever
been told about the world.
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- That's Max Fisher,
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my old colleague who taught
me a lot about journalism.
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Max was a New York Times columnist,
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he wrote this book,
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and now he hosts a couple of podcasts.
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And he recently planted
this idea in my mind
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of just how fake countries really are.
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So I wanted to bring him on
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to help me understand it
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and then explain it to you.
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It really does feel like
countries are like natural,
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like they're a fundamental law
of humans and human society.
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- Well, take France as an example.
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If I tell you France is made up,
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that feels wrong.
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- I mean, it does feel wrong
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because I look at a bunch of old maps,
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and like even way back in time,
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there is a shape on the map called France,
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or the Kingdom of France,
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whatever, and it's changed,
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but like France was there
for a really long time.
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- But, okay, think about it.
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Is that true?
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France, like most countries,
is built around a story,
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and that story says that there's
always been a French people
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who share a culture and ethnicity
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and an eternal connection to the land.
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The borders and the government
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might have changed over the years,
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but this land has always
been some version of France.
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Wrong. It's not true.
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- Okay, but show me why not?
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- Okay. We think that
borders like France's formed
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because they contained people
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with the same ethnicity
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who spoke the same language, right?
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But when you overlay a map
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of the actual genetic makeup in Europe,
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it looks like this.
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Now, look at France
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and you'll see that any
given part of the country
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has closer genetic links with
foreigners across the border
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than they do with their own countrymen.
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- Yeah, but like you talk to Europeans
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who see their country
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as like the home of their
unique ethnic group.
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And I think there's even studies on this
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that show that like Germany is for Germans
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and Italy is for Italians.
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Like these borders were
drawn around groups of people
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because of their common ethnicity.
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- So people from certain areas
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might share certain traits,
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like red hair, for example,
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but look at a map that shows
the distribution of red hair
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and you see stuff like this
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never lines up with national borders.
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- Okay, so countries aren't
correlated with ethnicity,
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but what about like language?
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- So today, sure, people
within these borders
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predominantly speak one language,
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but this only happened
really, really recently.
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Here's a map of languages in France
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as of the early 1800s.
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Only the people in this one area
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spoke something close
to modern day French.
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Most people in France spoke something else
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and had for hundreds of years.
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- Wow, that's surprising to me,
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that there were a bunch
of different languages
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within today's France.
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So people living in this land
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were culturally and genetically fractured,
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that's what these maps show,
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and they spoke a bunch
of different languages,
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but they still belonged to
one big political entity.
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Like there was a France here.
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Again, I've got this tool
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and like scroll all the
way back to like the 1200s,
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and I see a thing called
the Kingdom of France
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ruled by a king
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who was apparently ruling people
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who lived on all of this land.
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So wouldn't these people
be considered French?
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Like isn't this proof that
countries have existed
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for hundreds, if not thousands, of years?
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- Actually, no, not in the way
that we mean countries today.
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For someone living down here,
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hundreds of kilometers from
the king's palace in Paris,
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there was no concept of being French.
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They probably identify
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with the people in their
village or their town,
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but that is about it.
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And like what do you care
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if another town, hundreds of miles away,
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happens to be ruled by the same king,
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who, by the way, is just some guy
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who levies taxes on you, occasionally?
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- Okay, so French people at this time
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were more like subjects
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who happened to be
ruled by the same person
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living in a faraway capital
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as opposed to today
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where countries are
more like one giant club
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where we all feel unified
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and we're willing to die
for a national story.
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- Right. And borders used
to fluctuate all the time.
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If you lived up here
and your town switched
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from the French king to the English king,
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did your identity suddenly flip
from French to English too?
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No, you're still just
a farmer from a village
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trying to scrape by.
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- Okay, so that's France.
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There was divided
languages and ethnicities,
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arbitrary borders,
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and not really a sense
of like unified France.
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But what about elsewhere?
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Is this happening everywhere?
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- That's everywhere.
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Okay, but what about like China?
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China was a place
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where you had a powerful
imperial government.
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They were proud of their identity.
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They saw themselves as the
world's central civilization.
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Like when I look at Chinese history,
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there seems to be this cultural identity
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that lasted and lasted
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and still seems to last into today.
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- So that version of
ancient Chinese identity
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that you're referring to,
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that was felt strongly
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among the political elite in the capital,
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but basically nowhere else.
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Most people under their
rule did not speak Chinese
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and did not think of
themselves as Chinese.
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The borders were always shifting
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and even sometimes split
between rival empires,
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which meant there was no fixed sense
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of what constituted the Chinese people
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or Chinese land.
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- So actually, very similar
to the French story.
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So let's get back to that.
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If I look at my little time lapse of maps,
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eventually, the shape of
France does turn into France.
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The France that we know today.
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How does that happen?
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- A big step in that direction,
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and this applies for China too,
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is by becoming an empire.
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- Ah, okay. Empires.
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Yes, I know empires.
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That's something that I've actually,
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like, looked quite a bit into,
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and I want to kind of approach
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the imperial history of France
and Europe and the world,
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but through this lens of
like it was very fractured,
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and sort of see where it goes from there.
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(gentle music)
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Wait, before we go on,
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I'm flying to Saudi Arabia tonight,
00:07:44
like literally in a few hours.
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And one of the biggest issues
that I face when I travel
00:07:48
is staying connected on my phone.
00:07:50
It's pretty expensive to just
00:07:52
let my phone connect to the local network
00:07:53
and my, like, carrier back
here in the United States
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charges me a ton of money every day.
00:07:57
So I started using eSIMs,
00:07:59
which is the reason I'm
telling you about this
00:08:00
is 'cause it's the sponsor
of today's video: Airalo.
00:08:03
I just, a moment ago, right,
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before filming this, went on to Airalo,
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and found Saudi Arabia,
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and went through a literal 90-second
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signup and checkout process
00:08:14
where I was able to
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and get this QR code.
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At the moment I land in Saudi Arabia,
00:08:19
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and, boom, I will have
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00:08:25
A lot of it.
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And I got it for a
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00:08:28
If you travel,
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you should definitely download this app
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00:08:32
Having high speed internet on your phone
00:08:34
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at least for me,
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and Airalo is making it so easy
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So next time you're going
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I did this on my computer,
00:08:56
but I'm currently downloading the app.
00:08:58
Okay, I've got the app, I've signed up.
00:09:00
No matter where I'm in the world,
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I will easily be able to jump in
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When you buy your first eSIM,
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This is a cool product, and
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If it's interesting to
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00:09:19
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00:09:26
eSIMs are game changers
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00:09:28
I'm very happy Airalo exists,
00:09:30
and I'm very grateful that
they sponsor today's video.
00:09:32
With that, let's dive
back into this history.
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Okay, so Max has sufficiently convinced me
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that countries aren't real,
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that they're made up in our minds,
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and that France was not a
real country until recently.
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So I've been looking
into what happens next.
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Trying to answer this question
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of when does France start to
look like the France of today?
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The first thing I thought of
here was the French Revolution,
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the late 1700s.
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What looks more like national spirit
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than a bunch of people rising up together
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to overthrow their king.
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- Let them eat cake.
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- But it turns out that
we're not even close.
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People at this time still
basically didn't speak French.
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They didn't share some French identity.
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In fact, the French Revolution
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can kind of be seen as the start
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of the long road of
building a French identity.
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The process of a bunch
of fractured communities
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unifying under one story.
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This revolution embodied a fairly new idea
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that the government actually
derives its legitimacy,
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not from God or some other natural right,
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but from the people themselves.
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That all of these people
were not royal subjects,
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but rather citizens.
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That this country was theirs.
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Which turned all of this land,
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at least in their minds,
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into a new kind of thing.
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The soil that they came
from and owned together.
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But listen, this is all
still really abstract.
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In people's minds, it's
like a very new idea,
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and it would remain so
until this guy came around.
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Napoleon Bonaparte advanced the process
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of turning France into France
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perhaps more than any other French person.
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Remember how France looked like this?
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When Napoleon started to make
it look a lot more like this,
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he rallied the people around
this new idea of patriotism,
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complete with symbols and songs and art
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that emphasized French greatness,
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the idea that we all
belong to one giant tribe.
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This idea was further cemented
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when Napoleon recruited men
from all around this country
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to come join his army,
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to fight for France,
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giving them the sense
that they were all joined
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in a glorious national fight.
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And in the process,
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spreading that nationalistic
idea all throughout Europe.
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Napoleon did something else
that was very important,
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and you can see it in this painting.
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Instead of pledging loyalty to the pope,
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as European kings had always done,
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here he is crowning himself.
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The Catholic church at this
time had been declining in power
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and Napoleon was sidelining
it in favor of himself,
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his imperial cult of personality.
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This was a pretty smooth power play,
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but it also helped shift
people's sense of loyalty
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away from religion and
towards their nation.
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By the end of his reign,
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Napoleon's France was
pretty unrecognizable
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from those scattered,
loosely connected kingdoms
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that had dominated this land
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for many, many years.
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It was looking a lot more like one thing,
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like a country.
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Okay, but there was still a lot more to do
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before France became as unified
as we think of it today.
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The revolution eventually faltered,
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these Napoleonic wars
didn't really work out,
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but then something bigger happened:
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industrialization.
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What Napoleon and others
previously had done
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had helped unify France
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kind of mentally, psychologically.
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But what industrialization does
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is it unites it physically
with iron and concrete.
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Here come all these factories,
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and factories need trains
to bring in raw materials
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and to send out finished products.
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So you see all these new train networks
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that put France's towns
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within just a few hours of each other,
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interlinking communities
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that had always been
separated by distance.
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In turn, this brought more
people into the cities.
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Melting pots of people
from all over the country
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now swirling around together,
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all of their little regional identities
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were mixing into a new French identity,
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something they all shared.
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Factory work, more and more,
required people to read
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so the government built
a national school system.
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They taught the French language
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along with French
national pride and values.
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Soon, all the Bretons and the Occitans
00:13:38
would become Frenchmen.
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The school teachers were
kind of like heroes.
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They were nicknamed the foot soldiers
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on the front lines of this effort
00:13:46
to indoctrinate the next generation
00:13:48
in this new national identity.
00:13:50
Rising literacy meant
mass media, newspapers.
00:13:54
Now people could read about
the events of the day,
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making them feel a part of a community.
00:13:59
They could keep up to date
on the nation's politics,
00:14:02
making the capital feel
within reach to everyone.
00:14:04
Now, remember how Napoleon had built
00:14:06
all of those outposts
throughout the country?
00:14:08
Well, now, thanks to all of these advances
00:14:09
in travel and communication,
00:14:12
the central government could actually rule
00:14:14
over these places,
00:14:15
over every corner of the country,
00:14:17
through a uniform
universal government system
00:14:20
rather than through local
lords and magistrates.
00:14:23
And, like in the schools,
00:14:24
they mandated that all of this was done
00:14:26
in the French language
00:14:27
and conveying the French national story.
00:14:31
Pride in the nation.
00:14:32
So yeah, when Max says that
the nation is a new thing,
00:14:35
he's really right.
00:14:36
It wasn't 'till like 1870 or 1880
00:14:39
that you start to see a
modern French identity
00:14:42
that kind of looks like
the one we know today.
00:14:45
And some historians,
00:14:46
like the guy who wrote this book,
00:14:48
argued that it didn't really
fully happen until the 1910s,
00:14:51
like a hundred years ago.
00:14:53
Some beautiful maps in
this book, by the way.
00:14:56
So, countries are a new thing,
00:14:58
but here's the deal:
00:14:59
our leaders don't want us to know that.
00:15:01
In France, the ruling elite at the time
00:15:04
didn't want to admit that
France was kind of a new thing.
00:15:07
That would sound way
too weak and delicate.
00:15:10
So they kind of constructed
a national mythology
00:15:13
that implied that France has
kind of been around forever.
00:15:17
(Asterix speaking in foreign language)
00:15:18
They wanted people to believe
00:15:20
that the idea of France was eternal;
00:15:23
it was fixed,
00:15:24
and therefore so were these borders,
00:15:27
this shape.
00:15:28
That was a much more compelling story
00:15:31
that created a sense of
loyalty and patriotism
00:15:34
among the French people.
00:15:37
And it totally worked.
00:15:39
This idea spread not just in France,
00:15:42
but throughout this whole continent.
00:15:44
- [Reporter] In Italy,
00:15:45
it began when an ambitious rabble-rouser
00:15:47
set his followers marching on Rome.
00:15:50
- And eventually, our entire world
00:15:52
would be built off of this idea.
00:15:54
(gentle music)
00:15:58
This was happening all over Europe.
00:16:00
So France's nation-building
00:16:02
really seems like it was top down.
00:16:05
Was it like that everywhere?
00:16:06
- It's a lot of both
top down and bottom up.
00:16:09
So Napoleon had spread these ideas
00:16:12
as he'd conquered across Europe.
00:16:14
And as that way of thinking sunk in,
00:16:16
more and more people wanted a nation.
00:16:18
People all over Europe staged
this wave of revolutions
00:16:22
that mostly failed,
00:16:24
but got people animated to fight
00:16:26
for what they saw as
unrealized national homelands.
00:16:29
And some fought wars of
independence or unification
00:16:31
that did eventually create nations.
00:16:34
- Okay, like Italy
eventually did that, right?
00:16:36
It was super fractured, seemingly,
00:16:38
and then it all comes together.
00:16:40
- Yes, though, even when
Italy finally unified in 1861.
00:16:44
- Wait, 1861? That's so recent.
00:16:48
- Oh, it gets even wilder.
00:16:50
Only two and a half percent
of people in the new Italy
00:16:53
even spoke Italian,
00:16:54
and almost none of them
00:16:55
even thought of themselves as Italian.
00:16:57
One of the unification leaders
00:16:58
has this famous quote that I love.
00:17:00
He said, "We have made Italy,
00:17:02
and now we have to make Italians."
00:17:03
- Wow. So how would you do that?
00:17:05
How do you make Italians?
00:17:07
- It was mostly the same as in France.
00:17:09
Schools, national administration,
industrialization,
00:17:12
and a lot, a lot of national myth-making.
00:17:15
- So what I saw was that France
doesn't finish that process
00:17:19
until like a hundred years ago, like 1910.
00:17:22
Was it the same for Italy?
00:17:24
- Italy started even later,
00:17:26
and it was not as industrialized
as France had been,
00:17:28
so it went much slower.
00:17:30
Even by 1950, only 20% spoke Italian,
00:17:35
and people mostly identified
00:17:36
with their regional
language or with their city
00:17:39
and not with Italy.
00:17:40
That only really changed
00:17:42
with the first national TV channels
00:17:44
in the 1960s.
00:17:46
There was even this famous TV show,
00:17:47
"It's Never Too Late,"
00:17:48
that taught people Italian.
00:17:49
(teacher speaking in foreign language)
00:17:51
(student speaking in foreign language)
00:17:53
- All of which is to say
00:17:55
that this process of
internal nation-building,
00:17:58
of becoming a country,
00:17:59
can take like a century,
00:18:01
and it's all really recent.
00:18:02
- What's crazy about this
00:18:03
is once you start to really get your head
00:18:05
around the national myth,
00:18:06
you kind of see it everywhere.
00:18:08
And you start to see how
much it has influenced
00:18:10
our modern history.
00:18:11
Identities that have led to war
00:18:13
and conflict all over the world.
00:18:14
So let's go back to Europe really quick
00:18:16
and look at a few more, like Germany.
00:18:17
Germany unified in like
the 1860s and '70s.
00:18:21
Its process was a lot like Italy's.
00:18:23
And it actually inspired other countries
00:18:25
to rise up with this ethnic nationalism
00:18:28
all across Europe,
00:18:29
carving old empires into new countries.
00:18:32
Serbia, Romania, Norway,
Bulgaria, Albania,
00:18:36
a lot of them followed a similar template,
00:18:38
but the invention of all
of these new countries
00:18:41
was kind of like a powder keg
00:18:43
that eventually exploded
into the 1st World War.
00:18:46
The winners got together
00:18:47
and redrew the entire map
around the national idea:
00:18:51
one nation for one people.
00:18:53
The idea is that this
would kind of create peace,
00:18:55
because if one people were
just in these boundaries,
00:18:57
then there'd be no need
to fight wars, right?
00:19:01
Wrong, because borders were
never gonna be perfectly drawn
00:19:04
around a people.
00:19:05
Like this is Germany's border,
00:19:07
but this is where all
the German speakers are.
00:19:10
You can see they don't line up.
00:19:11
So instead, all of this
redrawing of borders
00:19:14
led to ultra nationalists
rising up across Europe
00:19:18
on promises to conquer the land
00:19:20
that they considered rightfully theirs,
00:19:22
which led to yet another world war.
00:19:25
And this gets to the dark
side of the idea of a nation.
00:19:28
It very naturally breeds the
persecution of minorities.
00:19:34
Because if a nation is supposedly defined
00:19:37
by its shared ethnic identity,
00:19:40
then anyone who is not
in that majority identity
00:19:44
is an outsider.
00:19:45
They're a threat to the
character of the nation.
00:19:48
Now, of course, the national identity,
00:19:50
the national character,
the ethnic identity,
00:19:52
all of this was made up,
00:19:54
but boy did people start to
believe that it was real.
00:19:57
Fascists would go on to murder millions
00:20:00
in the name of nationalism.
00:20:04
An idea that was basically
invented 70 years earlier.
00:20:08
So we've been talking about Europe,
00:20:09
but things like railways and mass media
00:20:12
spread around the world,
00:20:13
and so did the idea of a nation.
00:20:15
Just like in Europe,
00:20:16
communities tied by language or history
00:20:19
started to think of
themselves as nationalities,
00:20:22
ready to fight for nations of their own.
00:20:24
Oftentimes, this happened in places
00:20:26
where people were forced together
00:20:27
by arbitrary imperial borders,
00:20:31
often drawn by Europeans.
00:20:33
But even that was a unifying idea
00:20:35
that led people to rise up,
00:20:37
to kick their colonizers out,
00:20:39
and to fight for their own national idea.
00:20:41
And soon, the entire
world would be defined
00:20:44
by this idea of the nation.
00:20:46
Firm borders, centralized governments,
00:20:49
flags and pride in your country.
00:20:52
But while this looks neat on a map,
00:20:55
it's not perfect,
00:20:56
because the idea of a nation
is inherently imperfect.
00:20:59
We have this idea that every person
00:21:02
is entitled to a nation of their own,
00:21:05
but the way those people identify
00:21:07
ebbs and flows and changes
00:21:09
and often doesn't fit
perfectly into one box.
00:21:12
We start wars over territory
00:21:14
that our national myth says belongs to us.
00:21:17
We fight over who belongs
in our national community
00:21:19
and who doesn't and who gets to decide.
00:21:22
So much of the conflict
00:21:23
and violence in our world today
00:21:25
comes from our belief in the nation.
00:21:28
And my question in all of this is,
00:21:30
is there a better way,
00:21:32
a more peaceful way to organize ourselves?
00:21:35
And yet it feels like
we're stuck in this way.
00:21:37
These identities that seem so firm,
00:21:40
and they seem like they're
getting like firmer
00:21:42
and more intense every year.
00:21:44
Like this is the only way
00:21:46
that we can organize our world:
00:21:48
by countries and nationalities.
00:21:51
- The good news is that
it's not necessarily
00:21:53
as fixed as you might think.
00:21:55
National identities can change.
00:21:57
Like, let's go back to France
00:21:59
where it's becoming more
accepted that you can be French
00:22:03
regardless of your race or religion
00:22:06
or your place of birth,
00:22:07
but, at the same time,
00:22:08
there's also a rising backlash to that,
00:22:10
that clings to the idea of
France as just for the French.
00:22:14
You know, like it or not,
00:22:15
people need some sort of
collective identity to hold onto,
00:22:19
and national identity is just
the one we have right now.
00:22:22
- It seems like one answer is that
00:22:24
we still have these identities
00:22:26
that are fixed around land and borders,
00:22:28
but that they can expand and become bigger
00:22:32
and take on different meaning.
00:22:33
Like the idea of European,
00:22:35
that feels like an
identity that is very real.
00:22:38
It's still collective
and it's still defined,
00:22:41
but it doesn't have the
danger of exclusion,
00:22:44
ethnicity, competition, and war,
00:22:46
at least not within those big borders.
00:22:49
How would you describe
a cosmopolitan identity?
00:22:52
- Think of people who
live in a big global city
00:22:54
like New York or Hong Kong
or London or Singapore,
00:22:57
and this identity that you
are a person of the world,
00:23:00
that you're a globe traveler,
00:23:01
that you're taking in
many different cultures,
00:23:03
that's kind of cosmopolitan
identity, which is ironic.
00:23:06
We don't think of that as an identity,
00:23:07
but it absolutely is,
00:23:09
and it's one that's taken the
place of national identity.
00:23:11
- What else do you think exists out there
00:23:14
that could replace this?
00:23:15
And does the nation ever go away
00:23:18
or does it just get watered down
00:23:20
and become less salient over time?
00:23:23
- There are lots of places
00:23:24
that you can get your sense of identity
00:23:26
and your sense of community from.
00:23:28
I mean, I think there are people
who find that in religion.
00:23:32
You can find that in your profession,
00:23:33
you can find that in,
00:23:35
just your local community,
00:23:37
which is the way that a lot
of people used to do it.
00:23:39
And I think the fact that we
are all becoming more aware
00:23:42
and more conscious of the fact
00:23:43
that we need to get
community from someplace
00:23:45
is making us a little
more thoughtful about it
00:23:48
and, at times, more constructive about it.
00:23:51
Although you still see this push-pull,
00:23:52
which is probably gonna go on forever,
00:23:54
of do we want a hardened national identity
00:23:57
that's about us versus them
00:23:59
and who's in and who's out,
00:24:00
or do we want to create some sort of a way
00:24:03
of thinking about our
role in our community
00:24:06
and our identity that is more inclusive.
00:24:08
- I also wonder often
00:24:10
if humans need a them, an enemy.
00:24:15
Like, I...
00:24:17
Or at least in a nationalistic context,
00:24:20
there seems to have to be a them
00:24:22
in order for there to be an us.
00:24:24
But I do wonder, within our psychology,
00:24:26
if these identities
that don't have an enemy
00:24:29
are less potent or have less staying power
00:24:32
than the kind of embattled sense of like,
00:24:35
I'm an American and
terrorists are out to get me.
00:24:39
You know, like having an enemy
00:24:42
is such a potent way to
coalesce people around fear.
00:24:46
- I think that's totally true.
00:24:48
I think there's so much
evidence that, psychologically,
00:24:50
just our brains are so much
more drawn to identities
00:24:54
that are defined around
fighting and resisting
00:24:57
and fearing some out group, some them.
00:25:00
But I think that just goes to show that
00:25:03
it is something that we
have to be conscious about
00:25:05
and really thoughtful about
00:25:07
in order to rise above.
00:25:09
- So this has been a pretty
fascinating history for me.
00:25:12
And after charting through it,
00:25:14
I'm left with this feeling
that countries and nations
00:25:18
are ideas that we as a world
00:25:21
are still learning to
live with peacefully.
00:25:24
But ultimately, countries are just that.
00:25:26
They're an idea.
00:25:27
They're flexible.
00:25:28
They're malleable.
00:25:29
As malleable as our minds.
00:25:30
We can change how we draw these lines
00:25:33
and who gets left in
and who gets left out.
00:25:36
It's something that I believe
we are slowly figuring out
00:25:39
with a lot of bumps in the road.
00:25:41
And even though it feels
hardwired and fixed,
00:25:44
like this is the way it has to be,
00:25:45
it only feels that way
until someone comes around
00:25:48
with a better, more enlightened way
00:25:51
to organize the 8 billion
people on this planet.
00:25:54
(gentle music)
00:25:56
Wait, before you go,
you can buy this shirt.
00:25:59
If you're into this shirt,
00:26:00
which I think is pretty sick,
00:26:01
you can buy it.
00:26:02
It was designed by our very own Nick,
00:26:04
the studio manager
00:26:05
who wears a shirt like
this into the studio,
00:26:08
and it is perfect for today's video
00:26:10
because it's borders and countries.
00:26:12
You can scrutinize the borders
00:26:14
and pester me about them
later if you'd like.
00:26:16
Borders are made up and arbitrary,
00:26:17
but they're very important
to a lot of people
00:26:19
because they actually
affect people's lives.
00:26:22
Big theme on the channel.
00:26:23
But yeah, check it out.
00:26:24
The link is somewhere.
00:26:25
And thanks for watching today's video,
00:26:27
and I'll see you in the next one.
00:26:29
(gentle music)
00:26:32
Nick, we're done?
00:26:34
(gentle music)
