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so i'd like to present a report of the
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naka webinar status on the use of our
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team assists in fish and crustacean
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hatcheries around the world which was
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held on the 2nd of september
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the main aim of this webinar was to
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review the differences in practices
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without team assist hatching and useless
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food in the commercial hatcheries
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the webinar considered both large and
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small hatcheries from different
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countries in asia europe and latin
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america which were producing a variety
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of species including pineal shrimp
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macrobrachium prawn mud crab european
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sea bass and sea bream
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i will not be able to go into much
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detail but please refer to the nike
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youtube channel where you can find the
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recordings of all the presentations
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so we were interested to see if the
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techniques that were recommended in the
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artemia handbooks and manuals published
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in the 1980s and 1990s are still
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practiced to ensure the optimal use of
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this costly resource
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particularly at a time when there are
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many different artemia sources in the
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market from the historically important
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great salt lake in utah but also more
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recently from many other artemia sites
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in central asia and coastal china
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catching our team assist is a simple
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procedure after 24 hours of incubation
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in sea water the nuclei hatch from the
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cysts but when conducted with in
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kilogram quantities in commercial
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hatcheries there are many aspects in
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this hatching process that should be
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optimized to give the best results
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let's have a look at some of the many
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examples that were presented in the
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workshop
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culture systems around the world range
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from small conical tanks of a few
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hundred liters up to the large concrete
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tanks as seen here in chinese hatcheries
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of 5 to 10 cubic meters in volume
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we notice different conditions of
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illumination of the water surface in the
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tanks which is a very important
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parameter parameter to ensure maximum
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and synchronous hatching
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many facilities operate without
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temperature control resulting in
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fluctuations of several degrees celsius
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between the seasons which has an impact
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on the in-star stage at harvest as most
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of the time the same 24-hour incubation
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period is practiced throughout the year
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this means that during the hottest
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season of the year one is mainly
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harvesting in star 2 norblie that are
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contaminated with vibrio bacteria
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this represents a loss of 10 to 20
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percent in nutritional and commercial
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value over in star 1 and introduces
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significant biosecurity risks
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here are two examples of top class
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artemia rooms to the left is a marine
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fish hatchery in the mediterranean and
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to the right a shrimp hatchery in
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vietnam where conditions are strictly
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controlled and where large quantities of
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cysts are hatched out on a daily basis
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today some of the largest shrimp
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hatcheries in the world process up to
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100 kilograms of artemia cysts on a
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daily basis
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prior to hatching an incubation
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different techniques are practiced for
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cystis infection for example with
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hypochlorite or hydrogen peroxide
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some hatcheries are still applying the
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cyst decapulation technique with
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hypochlorite at high ph
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while this does indeed disinfect the
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cysts and facilitates the later
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harvesting of the nuclei it is not an
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environmentally friendly or healthy
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process
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in the top row we can see a few more
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artemia rooms underneath are examples of
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common methods used for harvesting the
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nuclei and separating these from the
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remaining cysts
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some apply double screen separation and
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very often the nets are not submerged
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during this harvesting and washing
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process
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these methods cause physical damage to
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the normal eye resulting in losses in
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nutritional value and the leech contents
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are a suitable substrate for vibrio
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bacteria development
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as remarked earlier this results in
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further losses in quality and increased
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biosecurity risks
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separating the last
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empty cysts and the shells from the free
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swimming nobly eye is not easy
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that's why we hear about innovations in
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latin america as well as in china with
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new separation techniques using brine or
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hydrogen peroxide
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heat killing or freezing the freshly
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hatched nuclei in order to be able to
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feed the shrimp at an earlier larval
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stage is a valid option provided that
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the quick freezing is performed in thin
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layers or short heat killing to prevent
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the rupturing of the thin exoskeleton of
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the nuclei and the leaching of their
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body fluids
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again the same warning as we made
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earlier and another example of how one
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can waste this valuable live food source
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the practice of submerging the artemia
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in boiling water as seen on the left or
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freezing in large bags is not
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recommended
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more recently a very elegant separation
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method has been developed that takes
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advantage of the possibility to use
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magnets to separate unhatched cysts and
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shells that have been coated with iron
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during the cyst processing
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small hatcheries are using these popular
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blue tube separators filled with magnets
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and more recently magnetic bar systems
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have been developed allowing further
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automation and intensification of the
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noble eye harvesting process
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here is a model of an artemia hatching
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room that ensures maximum output of the
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highest quality nuclei preset processing
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100 kilograms of artemia cysts on a
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daily basis in three shifts
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as you can see in the black and red time
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bar by improving its former protocol and
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tank setup this shrimp hatchery in
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vietnam can conduct artemia hatching
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under optimal conditions for light ph
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and temperature
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this has resulted in a 30 percent more
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efficient use of artemia and harvesting
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a more biosecure product ensuring a
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maximum percentage of instar one nuclei
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in between feeding times the normality
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are stored at four degrees celsius to
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slow development
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marine fish hatcheries in europe were
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the first to adopt cold storage of
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artemia noble eye and now use milk
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storage tanks as you can see in the
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picture
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the technique of cold storage of instar
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one nuclei needs to receive much more
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attention as it allows nuclei to be
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maintained in the most nutrition
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nutritious condition following the
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morning harvest for the rest of the day
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it also allows more frequent
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distribution to the fish or shrimp tanks
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including through automatic automatic
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pumping devices
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vietnamese crab hatcheries made a big
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breakthrough when they found out that
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they could replace the rotifer
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brachionas a classic starter food for
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the zoea stages with the umbrella stage
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of the small artemia cysts produced in
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the vin chao salt ponds in the mekong
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delta
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thanks to this innovation several
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hundred crab hatcheries in the mekong
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delta now produce more than a billion
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crablets
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it's interesting to mention here that
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the the first use of umbrella artemia in
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zoa shrimp feeding has also been
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reported from vietnamese hatcheries
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the production and separation of the
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umbrella stages during the artemia
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system process is still a primitive and
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labor intensive method but for sure we
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can expect to see some innovations here
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over the last years companies have begun
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to specialize in the production and
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distribution of live nauplii
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particularly to shrimp hatcheries
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their successes had a lot to do with the
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earlier sighted problems of unreliable
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quality of artemia nuclei produced under
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sub-optimal production conditions in so
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many hatcheries
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in china the biggest consumer of artemia
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sisk close to 50 percent of the shrimp
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hatcheries rely on the purchase of live
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artemia from these nuclei production
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centers
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finally we need to mention the growing
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use of artemia biomass harvested from
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production ponds for use in late
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hatchery and nursery feeding especially
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in shrimp farming
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china is a leader in this practice where
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biomass is offered in live frozen and
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dried forms
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so this brings us to the conclusions of
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the naka atemia webinar organized on the
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2nd of september
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in the first place it's very clear that
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there is a lot of room for improvement
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and that it is high time to reconsider
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good aquaculture product practices for
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artemia production and their use in the
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hatcheries
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hopefully hatchery managers will realize
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that applying more standardized
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protocols will not only result in a
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better and more biosecure food but that
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they will be able to save on their
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artemia assist purchases
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all efforts need to be made to optimally
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use artemia to guarantee that hatcheries
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deliver top quality product for stocking
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in the ponds or cages
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fao has therefore def decided to prepare
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an update of the artemia manual
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we also recommend
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to consider holding regional artemia
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training courses for local hatcheries
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the use of our umbrella artemia as
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successfully applied in the vietnamese
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crab hatcheries is an interesting new
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development that should be considered
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for wider application in aquaculture as
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new source of food
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in the early larval stages be it for
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shrimp or fish
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in view of the large variety of the of
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species and strains of artemia that are
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now available in the market it might be
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time to study their specific
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characteristics so as to identify their
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most suitable application for specific
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species of fish and crustaceans
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such could relate to their nutritional
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composition synchrony and hatching or
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enrichment characteristics
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finally it might also be worthwhile to
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reconsider a wider use in hatcheries or
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the artemia enrichment technique as it
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is now restricted to applications in
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marine fish and crab production
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this method not only allows enhancement
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of the nutritional value of the nuclei
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but can also be used as a vector to
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deliver for example pre or probiotics to
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the larvae
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okay and that's it and thank you for
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your attention
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