00:00:00
[Music]
00:00:18
good day everyone welcome back to median
00:00:20
information literacy for the fourth
00:00:23
lesson we will be talking about media
00:00:25
and information sources for today we
00:00:27
will discuss the following the first one
00:00:30
are the different types of information
00:00:32
sources we'll also talk about how to
00:00:34
find resources of information and last
00:00:37
but not the least we'll talk about how
00:00:40
we could evaluate information in media
00:00:43
let us first go back to the definition
00:00:45
of information if you could still recall
00:00:48
information is simply described as
00:00:50
process data and or knowledge derived
00:00:53
from study experience instruction
00:00:56
signals or symbols this could be ideas
00:00:59
thoughts feelings emotions or even
00:01:02
learnings that we want to communicate or
00:01:05
we have been communicated with in terms
00:01:08
of sourcing information there are three
00:01:10
main categories
00:01:12
from which we could derive it we have
00:01:15
what we call primary sources
00:01:17
secondary sources and tertiary sources
00:01:21
primary sources are simply described as
00:01:24
an original
00:01:26
uninterpreted or first-hand material
00:01:29
created by person or persons involved in
00:01:33
a particular activity or an event so
00:01:36
basically they are first-hand witnesses
00:01:39
to the particular event that could be a
00:01:41
source of import nation as for secondary
00:01:45
sources these are simply information
00:01:49
obtained through the analysis
00:01:52
interpretation and evaluation of primary
00:01:55
source materials therefore if you have
00:01:58
already in your hand primary references
00:02:02
and you analyze
00:02:04
interpret or evaluate those primary
00:02:08
resources your own interpretation
00:02:11
analysis and evaluation is already
00:02:14
considered a secondary source of
00:02:17
information tertiary sources on the
00:02:20
other hand involve information that
00:02:22
collects organizes and summarizes
00:02:25
primary and secondary source material so
00:02:28
it's basically the combination of the
00:02:31
use of primary and secondary sources one
00:02:34
example of a primary source is an
00:02:37
artifact an artifact is simply a
00:02:40
material object that has been used by
00:02:42
people from a long time ago so these are
00:02:45
material objects that are representative
00:02:47
of their way of life or their culture
00:02:51
artifacts may include personal
00:02:53
accessories jewelries tools and other
00:02:57
objects that they have used in their
00:03:00
everyday lives diaries and
00:03:02
autobiographies could also be considered
00:03:05
as another example of primary sources
00:03:08
diaries or personal recollections of a
00:03:11
person whereas autobiographies are
00:03:13
simply
00:03:15
stories of life written by that
00:03:18
particular person printed and
00:03:21
handwritten letters could also be
00:03:23
considered as primary sources of
00:03:26
information especially if they are
00:03:28
signed another example is manuscripts
00:03:32
which is simply the printed or
00:03:34
handwritten text format of a speech or a
00:03:37
dialogue for example music sheets or
00:03:40
compositions of songs could also be
00:03:43
considered as primary sources of
00:03:45
information official and original
00:03:48
documents that could be personal in
00:03:50
nature could also serve as primary
00:03:52
sources of information in fact your
00:03:55
birth certificate is considered to be a
00:03:57
primary source of your personal infor
00:04:00
may shot that is the reason why you
00:04:02
probably would have noticed that every
00:04:04
time that you apply for something
00:04:06
especially if it's something that is
00:04:08
related to government transactions they
00:04:10
would probably be looking for your birth
00:04:13
certificate or asking for a copy of your
00:04:15
birth certificate other examples of
00:04:18
primary sources also include emails
00:04:21
journals periodicals and conference
00:04:24
proceedings artworks and architecture
00:04:27
could also be considered as examples of
00:04:30
primary sources you probably might be
00:04:32
wondering why because these objects are
00:04:35
reflective of culture are reflected of
00:04:39
the time when it was first produced
00:04:41
patents are also considered to be an
00:04:43
example of primary sources similarly
00:04:47
audio and video recordings could also be
00:04:49
considered as primary sources of
00:04:52
information how about secondary sources
00:04:55
of information newspaper articles are
00:04:58
already considered secondary sources of
00:05:00
information because these have been
00:05:03
written by people who have gathered
00:05:06
information
00:05:08
from other sources or other people that
00:05:11
have witnessed the specific event that
00:05:14
they are talking about so it's not
00:05:17
necessarily them that have seen it
00:05:19
firsthand that's why we could consider
00:05:22
newspaper articles as secondary sources
00:05:25
of information they have already
00:05:28
included their analysis their
00:05:30
interpretation of that particular event
00:05:32
when writing or producing newspaper
00:05:35
articles another good secondary source
00:05:38
of information is literature reviews if
00:05:43
you would still remember literature
00:05:45
reviews are simply an analysis a
00:05:48
synthesis of different related
00:05:51
literature textbooks and biographies are
00:05:55
considered to be secondary sources so
00:05:57
please do take note of the difference
00:05:59
between autobiographies and biographies
00:06:02
biographies are stories of lives of one
00:06:05
particular person that has been written
00:06:08
by another person and like autobiography
00:06:12
wherein that particular person is
00:06:15
already talking about his or her own
00:06:18
life moving on encyclopedia in
00:06:21
dictionaries however are already
00:06:24
considered tertiary sources why remember
00:06:27
that encyclopedias already present a
00:06:30
collection of different pieces of
00:06:32
information that could have stemmed or
00:06:36
came from primary and secondary sources
00:06:39
similarly with dictionary as well so
00:06:42
these two reference materials unlike
00:06:45
textbooks could be considered as
00:06:47
tertiary sources guidebooks and manuals
00:06:50
are also considered tertiary sources
00:06:52
similarly directory such as the yellow
00:06:55
pages and
00:06:56
school year books could be considered as
00:06:59
tertiary sources you probably might be
00:07:01
wondering where can we even find media
00:07:04
and information sources first and
00:07:07
foremost indigenous knowledge could be a
00:07:09
great source of media and infor may show
00:07:13
according to wilson at all in 2015
00:07:17
indigenous media is a form of media that
00:07:21
is conceptualized produced and
00:07:23
circulated by indigenous people
00:07:26
as vehicles for communication
00:07:29
specifically for cultural preservation
00:07:32
cultural and artistic expression
00:07:35
political self-determination and
00:07:37
cultural sovereignty some examples of
00:07:40
indigenous media include folk tales folk
00:07:43
songs and folk dances so take for
00:07:45
example here in the philippines our
00:07:47
myths and legends could be considered as
00:07:50
folktales harana kundiman uyayi could
00:07:54
already be considered as folk songs and
00:07:57
are very good examples of indigenous
00:07:59
media because they are representative of
00:08:01
our own culture and other people outside
00:08:05
the philippines could learn about our
00:08:07
culture through these things folk dances
00:08:10
on the other hand could include
00:08:11
technically
00:08:13
etc you also have to remember that there
00:08:16
is also one very good place wherein you
00:08:19
could find a vast amount of information
00:08:22
and that is the library so for the
00:08:25
longest time libraries have already
00:08:28
served as a very good repository for
00:08:31
media and information which makes it a
00:08:34
very good source of media and
00:08:36
information as well
00:08:37
ifla in 2003 described libraries as
00:08:43
places
00:08:44
and means of access to information
00:08:48
ideas and works of imagination so this
00:08:51
is basically a place where you can find
00:08:54
lots and lots of ideas thoughts feelings
00:08:57
that have been expressed in written or
00:08:59
printed form the library does not simply
00:09:02
serve as a place wherein you could read
00:09:05
books or where you could stay if you
00:09:07
want some peace and quiet there are also
00:09:10
different kinds of library services
00:09:12
offered for example user services
00:09:15
include functions and linking people to
00:09:18
the information they are looking for so
00:09:21
if you need to look for a specific piece
00:09:24
of information the library could help
00:09:26
you out with that libraries also offer
00:09:29
technical services wherein they could
00:09:31
function in gathering cataloging and
00:09:34
preparing library materials recently
00:09:37
libraries also offer computer services
00:09:40
wherein they could maintain databases
00:09:42
software programming web design and
00:09:44
computer maintenance in the library
00:09:46
itself last but not the least libraries
00:09:49
also include administrative services
00:09:52
which includes managing the library and
00:09:54
services conveying contracts supervising
00:09:58
library employees and preparing budgets
00:10:01
necessary for the operations of the
00:10:04
library libraries could also be
00:10:06
classified into different times we have
00:10:08
the school libraries which would often
00:10:10
refer to small libraries that could be
00:10:13
found in the primary and secondary level
00:10:15
schools academic libraries on the other
00:10:18
hand are often found in universities or
00:10:21
colleges academic libraries more often
00:10:24
than not offer more advanced resources
00:10:27
compared to school libraries libraries
00:10:30
that are found in a local or in a city
00:10:34
could be considered as public libraries
00:10:37
now these libraries are accessible to
00:10:39
people living near or within that area
00:10:43
they're also what we refer to as special
00:10:46
libraries special libraries or libraries
00:10:48
that could be found in the most unusual
00:10:51
places so take for example in this
00:10:53
picture that i have presented this is a
00:10:56
library inside a mall another very good
00:11:00
source of media in information is of
00:11:03
course the internet shelly and campbell
00:11:06
in 2012 defined the internet as the
00:11:10
global network of computers
00:11:12
that allows computer users around the
00:11:15
world to share information for a variety
00:11:18
of purposes a click of a button or a
00:11:21
touch of a finger you could now access
00:11:24
so many pieces of information in a very
00:11:27
small amount of time so all you all you
00:11:30
need is a keyword or a key phrase and
00:11:33
the internet will show you where to get
00:11:34
more pieces of information about it
00:11:37
right now it is not very difficult for
00:11:40
us to access and acquire information in
00:11:44
media therefore it has become imperative
00:11:48
that we are aware of how to evaluate and
00:11:52
assess the information and media that we
00:11:56
are seeing or looking at what does it
00:11:59
mean it only means that we have to be
00:12:02
aware of how to properly distinguish
00:12:06
information in media remember that in
00:12:09
accessing information and media we
00:12:12
always need to stand by facts and the
00:12:15
truth these two words are often used
00:12:18
together but they are actually two
00:12:20
different things facts are pieces of
00:12:23
information that are based on empirical
00:12:27
research and quantifiable measures so
00:12:30
it's something that has been produced
00:12:32
because of research therefore it's
00:12:35
something that is indisputable it's
00:12:37
something that you cannot refute it
00:12:40
definitely occurred in the past it
00:12:43
really happened because there are
00:12:45
witnesses to it or it has been backed up
00:12:47
by science or governed by research facts
00:12:50
are also proven through calculation and
00:12:53
experience however facts are malleable
00:12:57
by context what does it mean it could be
00:13:00
interpreted in different ways depending
00:13:03
on the context wherein it is presented
00:13:06
truths on the other hand may include
00:13:09
fact but it can also include personal
00:13:12
beliefs or philosophical ideas other
00:13:15
people have simply described truth as a
00:13:18
fact that you believe applies to
00:13:20
situations truths are also kind of a
00:13:23
norm something that has been accepted
00:13:27
widely by many people to simply put it
00:13:30
fact and personal reason equal a basic
00:13:34
truth now why are we even discussing
00:13:36
these two things because it is very
00:13:39
important that when we access
00:13:41
information in media it is both factual
00:13:44
and truthful in fact according to hannah
00:13:47
aaron factual truth is always related to
00:13:49
other people it concerns events and
00:13:52
circumstances in which many are involved
00:13:55
it is established by witnesses and
00:13:58
depends upon testimony it's something
00:14:00
that could be proven and could be
00:14:03
supported by witnesses it exists only to
00:14:07
the extent that it is spoken about so if
00:14:11
people are not talking about it then
00:14:14
there might not be some factual truth to
00:14:17
it even if that particular thing occurs
00:14:21
in the domain of privacy it is political
00:14:25
by nature this is the reason why we have
00:14:28
to be very much concerned with how we
00:14:31
handle and process information and media
00:14:35
we always need to stand by what is
00:14:37
factual and what is truthful a good
00:14:40
combination of the two could result to a
00:14:44
very good evaluation of information in
00:14:47
media in the assessment of information
00:14:50
there are several questions that you
00:14:52
could ask yourself to help you evaluate
00:14:55
first question that you could ask is who
00:14:58
or what is the source of the information
00:15:02
where is it coming from are these
00:15:05
sources actually credible in
00:15:07
establishing the credibility of the
00:15:10
source of information you have to ensure
00:15:12
its validity
00:15:14
its accuracy and its reliability how
00:15:18
valid is the information presented or
00:15:20
how valid is the source of the
00:15:21
information how accurate is it and how
00:15:25
reliable they could be the second
00:15:27
question that you can ask is what is the
00:15:29
medium used to convey or to relay that
00:15:32
piece of information is it from the
00:15:34
television is it from the newspaper or
00:15:36
is it acquired or related with the use
00:15:39
of the internet or the computer third
00:15:41
question that you could ask is knowing
00:15:44
its purpose what is the purpose of the
00:15:47
information what does it intend to do is
00:15:50
it to inform people is this information
00:15:54
conveyed to persuade other people to
00:15:56
educate to gain profit to influence or
00:15:59
is this piece of information simply
00:16:02
propaganda another question that you
00:16:04
could ask is how is this specific
00:16:07
information made how is this information
00:16:10
presented to you is it in a form of a
00:16:13
text is it in a form of a multimedia is
00:16:16
it presented in an online platform last
00:16:18
but not the least as an audience as a
00:16:21
consumer of information and media you
00:16:24
also have to ask yourself is it valuable
00:16:28
to you how does it add to your life your
00:16:30
learning to your thoughts to your
00:16:32
beliefs simply put how does it benefit
00:16:35
you as an audience in short when you are
00:16:38
presented with information in media you
00:16:40
could simply just ask yourself is it
00:16:43
crap c-r-a-a-p
00:16:45
now what do these letters stand for
00:16:48
c-r-a-a-p stands for c currency the
00:16:51
timeliness of the information is this
00:16:54
piece of information even up-to-date
00:16:57
relevance means how does this
00:16:59
information fits into your needs again
00:17:03
how would it help you how does it
00:17:05
contribute to you and to what you
00:17:07
already know the first letter a stands
00:17:09
for authority or the source of the
00:17:12
information again establish credibility
00:17:15
of the source the next letter a stands
00:17:17
for accuracy basically it's the
00:17:19
reliability and correctness and the
00:17:22
concreteness of the information could it
00:17:25
be supported by evidence last but not
00:17:28
the least again evaluate its purpose
00:17:31
what is the reason why this information
00:17:34
exists in the first place what is the
00:17:37
intention of this piece of information
00:17:40
or media that's it for our discussion
00:17:42
here are my sources and references
