Henry VIII - OverSimplified
Resumen
TLDRVideoen undersøger det farverige og ofte kontroversielle liv af Kong Henrik VIII af England, en hersker berømt for sine seks ægteskaber og hans brud med den katolske kirke. Henrik stammer fra to kongelige linjer og overtager tronen efter en turbulent periode med borgerkrige i England. Han er kendt for sin charmerende personlighed i sine yngre dage og sin støtte til renæssancekulturen. Men hans manglende evne til at få en mandlig arving og hans frustrationer fører ham mod en mere tyrannisk regeringsperiode. Henrik udfordrer paveens autoritet, opløser klostrene, og kræver supremati over den engelske kirke. Han ændrer Englands religiøse landskab ved at bryde med Rom og fremme den engelske reformation. Trods hans betydelige bidrag til Englands kultur ved reformer og etablering af kirken som anglokatolsk, bliver han oftest husket for sine personlige fejder og de ægteskabelige skandaler, der definerede meget af hans regeringstid. Hans arvs varierende indflydelse er en fortælling om magt, personlig ambition og transformation i både national og religiøs kontekst.
Para llevar
- 👑 Henrik VIII er berømt for sine seks ægteskaber og konflikter med kirken.
- 🤴 Hans ønske om en mandlig arving påvirkede mange af hans beslutninger som konge.
- 🛡️ Henrik drømte om at være en stor krigerkonge men opnåede ikke stor militær succes.
- 🚫 Hans konflikt med den katolske kirke førte til store religiøse ændringer i England.
- 📚 Videoen præsenterer ham både som en charmerende renæssance-konge og en tyrannisk leder.
- ⚔️ Henrik VIII startede krige mod Frankrig, men de var ikke altid succesfulde.
- ✨ Han var oprindeligt en støttespiller for katolicismen før hans brud med kirken.
- 📜 Henriks liv blev i høj grad defineret af hans relationer og ægteskaber.
- 💔 Mange af hans personlige og politiske skandaler centrerede sig omkring hans hustruer.
- 🔨 Opløsningen af klostrene var en stor begivenhed under hans regeringstid.
Cronología
- 00:00:00 - 00:05:00
Videoen begynder med en reklame for Honey, en tjeneste, der kan spare penge ved online shopping. Der er også omtale af nyt merchandise. Vi møder en konge, der er ved at dø og spørger sin rådgiver, Sigmund, om han vil blive husket som en stor krigerkonge. Sigmund antyder, at hans omdømme er påvirket af hans konehenrettelser.
- 00:05:00 - 00:10:00
Videoen skifter til en ung Henry VIII, der får undervisning men viser tidlige tegn på en problematisk tilbøjelighed. Vi får en historisk baggrund for England efter borgerkrigen og introduceres for Henrys familie, især hans bror Arthur, der var tiltænkt tronen, men dør tidligt og efterlader Henry som arving.
- 00:10:00 - 00:15:00
Henrik VII's død bliver fejret, da hans tyranni ophører, og den populære Henry VIII tager tronen. Han gifter sig med Catherine af Aragon. Hans første tid som konge er præget af stor popularitet og luksus. Dog bliver Henry fascineret af krig og ønsker ære ved at køre et felttog mod Frankrig.
- 00:15:00 - 00:20:00
Henry indvier England i krigen mod Frankrig, men hans alliance med Habsburg faller igennem. Han vender tilbage uden en mandlig arving og begynder at ses med Anne Boleyn. Henrettelser stiger, da opposition mod hans religiøse reformer mødes med voldsom magtanvendelse. Anna kan ikke give ham en søn og fængsles og henrettes.
- 00:20:00 - 00:26:46
Gennem flere ægteskaber forsøger Henry at sikre en mandlig arving. Efter Jane Seymours død, gifter han sig med Anne af Cleves, men han finder hende uattraktiv og skiller sig af med både hende og Cromwell. Med Catherine Howard gentager historien sig, indtil han til sidst finder en stabil partner i Catherine Parr. Hans senere liv er præget af sundhedsproblemer, paranoia og et endeligt militært felttog mod Frankrig.
Mapa mental
Preguntas frecuentes
Hvornår regerede Henrik VIII?
Henrik VIII var konge af England fra 1509 til 1547.
Hvorfor brød Henrik VIII med den katolske kirke?
Henrik brød med den katolske kirke for at annullere sit ægteskab med Katarina af Aragon og gifte sig med Anne Boleyn.
Hvor mange koner havde Henrik VIII?
Henrik havde seks koner i alt: Katarina af Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anne af Cleves, Catherine Howard og Catherine Parr.
Hvad er Henrik VIII mest kendt for?
Henrik VIII blev kendt for sine mange ægteskabsproblemer og den religiøse reform i England.
Hvordan ønskede Henrik VIII at blive husket?
Henrik ønskede at blive husket som en stor kriger og konge, men blev ofte husket for sine mange ægteskaber og brud med kirken.
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- 00:00:13(medieval orchestra music) - (gags) Sigmund,
- 00:00:15I don't have much longer.
- 00:00:17Tell me, was I a good King?
- 00:00:18- Ugh, you were okay.
- 00:00:20- Will I be remembered
- 00:00:22as the great warrior king who invaded France,
- 00:00:25revolutionized English healthcare,
- 00:00:27and developed great park lands?
- 00:00:29- Um, probably not.
- 00:00:30- 'Cause of the wife killings?
- 00:00:32- 'Cause of the wife killings.
- 00:00:34- (gags)
- 00:00:35(takes bite)
- 00:00:37Sigmund, how did I get here?
- 00:00:39I still remember the good old days when I was a boy
- 00:00:42with a heart full of fire
- 00:00:44and Mummy would teach me. (dreamy harp music)
- 00:00:47(whimsical clarinet music) - Okay, Henry,
- 00:00:47this is a horse.
- 00:00:49Can you say horse?
- 00:00:50- Ho, ho, divorce!
- 00:00:53- What, no.
- 00:00:54Okay, let's try this one.
- 00:00:56Can you say loaf of bread?
- 00:00:59- Ll, off with her head!
- 00:01:01- No, Henry, that's wrong!
- 00:01:03You know what, last one.
- 00:01:04Okay, can you say soap?
- 00:01:07Soap!
- 00:01:08- Sss, sss.
- 00:01:10- Yes. That's it.
- 00:01:11- I'm the supreme head of the church!
- 00:01:13Screw the Pope!
- 00:01:15- You know what?
- 00:01:16You're my son and I love you,
- 00:01:17but you're freaking weird, man.
- 00:01:19(light orchestra music)
- 00:01:23(upbeat music) - [Narrator] The year is 1491.
- 00:01:25England has just come out of three decades
- 00:01:27of civil war in which a bunch of Henrys, Edwards,
- 00:01:30and one Richard had a little ding dong
- 00:01:31over which Royal house should rule the round.
- 00:01:34Finally, a Henry won, Henry VII, and he had a son.
- 00:01:37(whimsical orchestra music) - What should we name him?
- 00:01:38- My Royal lineage is full of Henrys,
- 00:01:41a fine name, a vigorous name,
- 00:01:43a tenacious name, a muscular name.
- 00:01:45- How about Arthur?
- 00:01:46- [Narrator] And so Arthur, Prince of Wales,
- 00:01:48and next in line to the throne was born.
- 00:01:50Five years later, Prince Henry was born,
- 00:01:52but nobody cares about him.
- 00:01:53He's not the heir, just a spare.
- 00:01:55the King wanted to make an Alliance with Spain.
- 00:01:57So one day, he said to his son, Arthur, "Hey, baby,
- 00:02:00"you see that lady, baby?
- 00:02:02"That's going to be your wife."
- 00:02:03- But father, I'm not even three years old yet.
- 00:02:05- Listen, there's something you have to understand.
- 00:02:07You're my son,
- 00:02:09but more than that, you're a political bargaining tool.
- 00:02:12- But you love me, right?
- 00:02:14- I love you as a political bargaining tool.
- 00:02:16- Yay.
- 00:02:17- Hey, pop.
- 00:02:18- Who the heck are you?
- 00:02:19- I've written you a poem.
- 00:02:20- Listen here, tiny man, can't you see that I'm busy?
- 00:02:22- But I'm your son.
- 00:02:23- I have another son?
- 00:02:25- [Narrator] as Arthur was in another palace being prepped
- 00:02:27to become King, (medieval orchestra music)
- 00:02:28Henry lived with his mother and two sisters at Eltham,
- 00:02:31where he was being trained for a church career,
- 00:02:33and not just that, Henry learnt languages.
- 00:02:35He played sports.
- 00:02:36He learned the recorder.
- 00:02:38What a nerd.
- 00:02:39Am I right?
- 00:02:40Wrong, Henry was the coolest kid around.
- 00:02:42(mellow jazz music)
- 00:02:43- So I told my Latin teacher he could kissius my buttius.
- 00:02:47(audience laughing)
- 00:02:49Anyway, here's Wonderwall.
- 00:02:50(crowd cheering)
- 00:02:51(upbeat xylophone music) - Great scholars
- 00:02:52and theologians from across Europe came to meet
- 00:02:55and teach the young Prince Henry,
- 00:02:56who by all accounts was a very enlightened, bright,
- 00:02:59and charming young boy.
- 00:03:00(crowd cheering) Everybody loved Henry,
- 00:03:02and out of everything Henry was taught more than anything,
- 00:03:05he came to adore and respect theology and Catholicism.
- 00:03:09One of Henry's tutors was English poet Laureate,
- 00:03:12John Skelton, who wrote a textbook for Henry
- 00:03:14that we still have today.
- 00:03:15In it, he wrote a number of important lessons
- 00:03:17for the young Prince, such as, "Do not be mean,"
- 00:03:20"loathe gluttony,"
- 00:03:21and "Do not violate widows,"
- 00:03:23important lessons for any nine-year-old boy.
- 00:03:26(medieval orchestra music) Around this time,
- 00:03:27Henry's older brother, Arthur,
- 00:03:28now 15-years-old, was married to Catherine of Aragon
- 00:03:31sealing the union between England and Spain,
- 00:03:33(crowd cheers)
- 00:03:34and then he died. (crowd groans)
- 00:03:36(sad organ music) - Oh, my alliance with Spain.
- 00:03:38My poor, poor alliance with Spain.
- 00:03:41- And your son, sire?
- 00:03:42- Oh yes, of course, my son,
- 00:03:44but mostly my alliance with Spain.
- 00:03:47- Hey, pop.
- 00:03:47- Who the heck are you?
- 00:03:49Oh yeah!
- 00:03:50(whimsical orchestra music) - And just like that,
- 00:03:51an unprepared Prince Henry was now the new heir
- 00:03:54to the throne.
- 00:03:54And how about that alliance with Spain?
- 00:03:56Well, the solution was simple.
- 00:03:58- Hey, Boy, see that full grown woman over there?
- 00:04:01That's gonna be your wife.
- 00:04:03- What, my brother's widow?
- 00:04:04- Yes.
- 00:04:05- You're a fricking weirdo, man.
- 00:04:07- [Narrator] Now, in the Bible,
- 00:04:08there's a verse that says marrying your brother's widow,
- 00:04:10that's a big no-no.
- 00:04:11So the King needed to convince the Pope
- 00:04:14and get his special permission.
- 00:04:16- Hey, can I please have my son marry his brother's widow?
- 00:04:18- Eh, sure, why not?
- 00:04:20- [Narrator] And so it was.
- 00:04:21Henry's life was turned on its head
- 00:04:23as he was moved to the Royal court
- 00:04:24next in line to the throne,
- 00:04:26but tragedy struck when just a few months later,
- 00:04:29his mother with whom he was very close,
- 00:04:31suddenly died in childbirth.
- 00:04:32The loss of his mother almost certainly had a big effect
- 00:04:35on the young boy.
- 00:04:37(inquisitive orchestra music) In his older years,
- 00:04:38King Henry VII went on a bit of a paranoid trip.
- 00:04:41As was normal for a King at the time,
- 00:04:42Henry VII had had to quell a number of rebellions,
- 00:04:45and as he aged, he became ever more suspicious
- 00:04:48of the nobility around him.
- 00:04:49To keep them in check, he began levying huge ruinous fines
- 00:04:52left, right, and center.
- 00:04:54Dukes, Bishops, Barons, even his own mother,
- 00:04:57no one was safe from his tyranny,
- 00:04:59and the nobility of England began to suffer.
- 00:05:02So when Henry VII finally got sick and died
- 00:05:04just after Christmas, 1508, there was a lot of celebration,
- 00:05:07(cheering) (upbeat orchestral music)
- 00:05:08not only because the tyrannical Henry the seventh was gone,
- 00:05:11but because his replacement was the ever popular, charming,
- 00:05:14and handsome 18-year-old, King Henry VIII.
- 00:05:17Henry married Catherine of Aragon in June, 1509.
- 00:05:20You may be wondering, if it's so weird
- 00:05:22to marry your brother's widow and since he's now King,
- 00:05:24couldn't Henry just decide not to?
- 00:05:26Well, yes he could, but by now, Henry wanted to.
- 00:05:30The thing about Henry that was unlike many kings
- 00:05:32of the time was he married for love,
- 00:05:35and he'd grown quite fond of Catherine, very fond.
- 00:05:38Historians say their marriage was unusually good,
- 00:05:41and so he was coronated King
- 00:05:43and what a King. (crowd cheers)
- 00:05:44Compared to his tyrannical father,
- 00:05:45he was an absolute joy.
- 00:05:46Having the blood of two royal houses,
- 00:05:48he was widely supported.
- 00:05:50He was really, really, ridiculously good-looking
- 00:05:52and those famous calves could achieve world peace.
- 00:05:54(cat calls)
- 00:05:55- Hey Henry, now that you're King,
- 00:05:57you know what that means?
- 00:05:58(group cheering) COSTUME PARTY!
- 00:06:00(whimsical orchestra music) - Henry pranced
- 00:06:01around the palace playing dress up with his friends.
- 00:06:03He wrote plays.
- 00:06:04He sang songs.
- 00:06:05He danced.
- 00:06:06A true Renaissance man, very different
- 00:06:09from the gluttonous wife killer we think of today.
- 00:06:11In his early reign, people from near and far
- 00:06:13would come to ask favors of the generous king.
- 00:06:15- Hey man, could I gain ownership of some land
- 00:06:17near Upton Snodsbury?
- 00:06:19- Sure thing, pal!
- 00:06:20- Hey, could I be an Earl or a Baron or a Viscount
- 00:06:22or something?
- 00:06:23- Anything you want, man.
- 00:06:24- Could I get like, just like a really cool pig
- 00:06:27that has like freaking metal wings
- 00:06:29and eight legs and shoots flippin lasers
- 00:06:31and it can grow more pigs out of it
- 00:06:32for extra pigs?
- 00:06:33- Say no more.
- 00:06:34- Hey guys, I was just checking up on the financial report
- 00:06:39and what the hell?
- 00:06:41We can't afford this!
- 00:06:42- [Narrator] Henry's council that he inherited
- 00:06:43from his father weren't happy with all the money he was
- 00:06:45just throwing around and they worked hard
- 00:06:47to curb the king's spending.
- 00:06:48Since they controlled the royal seals needed
- 00:06:50to get stuff done, at first, they were largely able
- 00:06:53to control the young king, and for Henry,
- 00:06:55the most infuriating things of all
- 00:06:57was they wouldn't let him joust with his friends
- 00:06:59because it was too dangerous,
- 00:07:00nor would they let him do the thing he wanted most,
- 00:07:03to go on a great, glorious, and expensive conquest
- 00:07:06against England's historic enemy, France.
- 00:07:09- Please guys, I'll keep it cheap.
- 00:07:11- How?
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- 00:08:07Now, where were we?
- 00:08:08Oh yeah.
- 00:08:09Sexy calves, excessive spending, and war with France.
- 00:08:13Henry wanted glory. (whimsical orchestra music)
- 00:08:14He wanted to go down in history.
- 00:08:16If you didn't go to war in France
- 00:08:17was he even the King of England?
- 00:08:19- Man, I want to go to war so bad,
- 00:08:21but the council won't let me.
- 00:08:22- Hey, maybe I can help with that.
- 00:08:24- Whoa, it's Cardinal Wolsey,
- 00:08:25one of my best friends, despite being an old ass man.
- 00:08:28- [Narrator] Cardinal Wolsey knew
- 00:08:29that if he helped King Henry,
- 00:08:30there'd likely be something in it for him.
- 00:08:32So what was his great intricate plan
- 00:08:34to curb the council's power?
- 00:08:35- You're the king, dumb-dumb.
- 00:08:37You can do whatever you want.
- 00:08:38- What?
- 00:08:40- [Narrator] Wolsey began writing bills
- 00:08:41that simply didn't require the seals, and thus,
- 00:08:44Henry was back on top.
- 00:08:45For his efforts, Wolsey began to climb the ranks,
- 00:08:48and he became something of a yes-man for King Henry,
- 00:08:50encouraging Henry to frolic and play
- 00:08:52while Wolsey took care of business.
- 00:08:54(Henry humming)
- 00:08:56- Hey kid, you want to go on an adventure?
- 00:08:59- Do I ever?
- 00:09:00- [Narrator] The Pope was at war with France
- 00:09:02and he needed some help.
- 00:09:03He offered the young impressionable King Henry 100 Parmesan
- 00:09:06cheeses, some wine, and a golden rose
- 00:09:08if he came to the Pope's aid, and Henry was all in.
- 00:09:12At this point in his life, he still respected the church
- 00:09:14and loved the Pope, and here was a chance
- 00:09:16for war he had been waiting for.
- 00:09:18He still didn't have an heir,
- 00:09:20a fairly big problem for a Monarch at the time,
- 00:09:21but right now, the only kind of smashing he was interested
- 00:09:24in was smashing French guys in the face,
- 00:09:27(groaning) and so off he went.
- 00:09:28(intense percussion music)
- 00:09:29The English already held the French city of Calais.
- 00:09:31From there, Henry made a glorious victory
- 00:09:33at the Battle of The Spurs. (armies yelling)
- 00:09:34He took the French cities of Therouanne and Tournai.
- 00:09:37Word of his victories spread.
- 00:09:38This was it.
- 00:09:39Here was the glory he had been waiting for.
- 00:09:41Back home, his beautiful wife also led armies
- 00:09:44to victory in Scotland, and better yet, she was pregnant.
- 00:09:47Soon, Henry would have an heir.
- 00:09:49All of Henry's wildest dreams were coming true.
- 00:09:52Oh, he ran out of money.
- 00:09:53As the French prepared to invade Italy,
- 00:09:55all Henry could do was go home.
- 00:09:58- Well, at least now I have an heir to cheer me up.
- 00:10:00(whimsical orchestra music) Bring me my son.
- 00:10:01- Henry, this is Mary.
- 00:10:03- Mary?
- 00:10:04That's a funny name for a boy.
- 00:10:05- Henry, it's a girl.
- 00:10:08(screaming)
- 00:10:10- [Narrator] This was Katherine's fifth pregnancy
- 00:10:12that had not resulted in a male heir.
- 00:10:14Happy Henry wasn't so happy anymore.
- 00:10:17- You still haven't given me a male heir.
- 00:10:19- Well, how do you know it's my problem?
- 00:10:20Maybe it's your problem, Henry.
- 00:10:22- It couldn't be my problem
- 00:10:23because I've been boinking half your maid staff,
- 00:10:25and one of them gave me a boy-uh.
- 00:10:27I mean, sure.
- 00:10:28Yeah, you know what?
- 00:10:29Maybe it's my problem.
- 00:10:31I'll look into that.
- 00:10:32- [Narrator] Cardinal Wolsey, now Henry's Lord Chancellor,
- 00:10:34knew his job depended on keeping Henry happy,
- 00:10:36and so he said, "Well, if you can't be the great warrior,
- 00:10:39"then how about the great peacemaker?"
- 00:10:41- Not as cool, but okay.
- 00:10:43- [Narrator] And so the Field of the Cloth of Gold,
- 00:10:45a glamorous peace summit between England
- 00:10:46and France was held.
- 00:10:47The king of France, Frances I,
- 00:10:49was essentially the French version of King Henry,
- 00:10:51and the whole thing was basically one giant codpiece
- 00:10:54measuring contest.
- 00:10:55The two sides did agree to a peace treaty.
- 00:10:57However, it didn't last long.
- 00:10:59You see, there was a third major player
- 00:11:00in European politics at the time,
- 00:11:02an exquisite specimen of Royal inbreeding,
- 00:11:04an heir to a huge inheritance,
- 00:11:06and a chin that could hit a home run,
- 00:11:08Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V.
- 00:11:10he was Henry's wife's nephew.
- 00:11:12Henry had helped him out in the past
- 00:11:14to put down a Spanish rebellion,
- 00:11:15and now, the two wanted to make an alliance,
- 00:11:17and so a marriage was arranged.
- 00:11:19- Mary I'd like to introduce you to your 22-year-old,
- 00:11:21fully grown, adult cousin, and now, your future husband.
- 00:11:25- Ew, he looks inbred.
- 00:11:26- Mary, we're all inbred!
- 00:11:29(whimsical percussion music) - With their new alliance,
- 00:11:30Charles and Henry agreed to team up
- 00:11:32and relaunch a campaign against France.
- 00:11:34In 1522, the English landed and stormed as far South
- 00:11:36as Agincourt, but Charles didn't commit significant forces.
- 00:11:39- Whoops, sorry, man.
- 00:11:41Not sure what happened.
- 00:11:42I'll join in next year.
- 00:11:43- [Narrator] The next year, England swept Northern France,
- 00:11:45almost taking Paris, but once again, where was Charles?
- 00:11:49- Aw man, I'm so sorry.
- 00:11:50I promise next year I'll be there.
- 00:11:52- [Narrator] The next year came
- 00:11:53and a fed up Henry decided he was going to sit this one out,
- 00:11:55and just as Charles ravaged the French
- 00:11:57at the Battle of Pavia and captured the French King.
- 00:12:00(whimsical orchestra music) - Holy crap, dude.
- 00:12:01- Yeah, I totally kicked France's butt.
- 00:12:03- That's great!
- 00:12:04So can I have the French throne like we agreed?
- 00:12:07- Mmm, no.
- 00:12:09- What?
- 00:12:10- And also I don't want to marry your ugly daughter anymore.
- 00:12:12- (indistinct) Ugly?
- 00:12:13Have you seen your chin?
- 00:12:15- Mummy says it's a strong chin for a strong boy!
- 00:12:18- [Narrator] As Henry's alliance with Charles fell apart,
- 00:12:20Henry knew his days as a warrior were over.
- 00:12:23This was a problem for Henry,
- 00:12:24but it was a bigger problem for his wife.
- 00:12:26Catherine of Aragon had two jobs.
- 00:12:28The first was to give Henry a male heir,
- 00:12:30but the second was to maintain an alliance
- 00:12:32with her relatives in Spain, including her nephew.
- 00:12:35She had failed and Henry's sexy eyes began to wander.
- 00:12:39Home from all his wars,
- 00:12:40Henry ate up his daily 5,000 calories of meat
- 00:12:43as an infatuation began to grow for one of his wife's ladies
- 00:12:45in waiting, Anne Boleyn, beautiful, intelligent, cultured.
- 00:12:49She was exactly Henry's type.
- 00:12:51Now, Henry had had dozens of mistresses,
- 00:12:54including Anne's sister,
- 00:12:55but Anne didn't want to just be Henry's side chick.
- 00:12:58She wanted to be his queen.
- 00:13:00Henry sent dozens of letters, thirsty love poems.
- 00:13:03In one, he proclaimed that he would like
- 00:13:04to kiss her pretty duckies.
- 00:13:06Henry's loins were on fire, but Anne kept him
- 00:13:09at just the right distance to drive him crazy
- 00:13:12and push him to find a way to get rid
- 00:13:13of his current wife.
- 00:13:15(ominous cello music) - Wolsey I want a divorce
- 00:13:17and as the representative of the Pope here in England,
- 00:13:19I expect you to sort it out quickly and quietly.
- 00:13:22I don't want this to turn into a Europe-wide scandal.
- 00:13:25- You got it your majesty.
- 00:13:26Hey, big Papa, my boy, Henry,
- 00:13:29says he wants to divorce his wife.
- 00:13:31Any chance?
- 00:13:34(whimsical orchestra music) - To Henry's shock and horror,
- 00:13:36Wolsey deferred the case back to the Pope in Rome.
- 00:13:38To make matters worse,
- 00:13:40after all the Wars in Europe,
- 00:13:41the Pope was currently under the thumb of Charles V.
- 00:13:43Now, everybody knew what was going on,
- 00:13:46and Henry's divorce trial had become a pawn
- 00:13:48of greater European politics.
- 00:13:50For Wolsey, the decision was a disaster.
- 00:13:52His job was to keep Henry happy,
- 00:13:54and Henry was very, very unhappy.
- 00:13:57Nevertheless, the divorce trial began.
- 00:13:59Henry's case rested upon the Bible verse in Leviticus
- 00:14:01that claimed marrying your brother's widow
- 00:14:03would lead to childlessness,
- 00:14:04and Henry was certainly having a hard time
- 00:14:06getting a male heir.
- 00:14:08He argued that the Pope had got it wrong
- 00:14:09when he allowed Henry to marry his brother's widow
- 00:14:11and that now divorce was the only solution.
- 00:14:14However, the Pope and Charles V acquired some interesting
- 00:14:17letters from an unknown source.
- 00:14:19- He wants to kiss her pretty duckies?
- 00:14:22- Man, this guys loins are on fire!
- 00:14:25- [Narrator] The Pope now knew the case for divorce
- 00:14:27may not actually be found in Henry's Bible,
- 00:14:29but in Henry's pants.
- 00:14:30After escaping Charles V, the Pope did send
- 00:14:32out one Cardinal Campeggio to oversee the trial.
- 00:14:35Campeggio is an old man racked with gout.
- 00:14:38It took him six painful months
- 00:14:40to travel from Rome to England,
- 00:14:41and when he finally got there, this kept happening
- 00:14:43- Hey, I need you to take a look at this evidence.
- 00:14:45- I can't.
- 00:14:46My gout is acting up.
- 00:14:47- Hey, are you ready to take my testimony?
- 00:14:49- I can't.
- 00:14:50My gout is acting up.
- 00:14:51- Hey, can you please make a decision?
- 00:14:53- I can't.
- 00:14:54- Your gout is acting up?
- 00:14:55- My gout is acting up.
- 00:14:56- [Narrator] Anne Boleyn, with her Protestant views
- 00:14:58and support of the reformation,
- 00:14:59suspected the Pope was just delaying.
- 00:15:01For two whole years, the trial dragged on and on,
- 00:15:04and in the end, the Pope simply said,
- 00:15:06"No, no divorce for you."
- 00:15:08Henry, the king that had previously defended the Pope
- 00:15:11militarily from France and intellectually
- 00:15:13from the reformist ideas of Martin Luther,
- 00:15:15who had once respected the Pope above all,
- 00:15:18now found the Pope standing between him and fourth base.
- 00:15:21- Your majesty, what will you do?
- 00:15:22- I'm the King dumb-dumb.
- 00:15:24I can do whatever I want.
- 00:15:25- What?
- 00:15:27- [Narrator] For his failure, Henry removed Wolsey
- 00:15:28from the court, a decision that was likely influenced
- 00:15:31by Anne Boleyn, who disliked the Cardinal.
- 00:15:33Having fallen from grace and with potential charges
- 00:15:35of treason over his head,
- 00:15:37Wolsey died of illness a year later.
- 00:15:39Then Henry set about removing England
- 00:15:41from the influence of the Pope.
- 00:15:43- Hey, if you do that, I'll excommunicate you.
- 00:15:46- Who cares, man?
- 00:15:47- Oh no, apathy, my weakness.
- 00:15:50- [Narrator] Henry gathered theologians and scholars
- 00:15:52together to help him make his case against the Pope.
- 00:15:54Together, they argued to the people of England
- 00:15:56that the Pope's rule over the church
- 00:15:58was basically a takeover of what had
- 00:15:59once been a self-governing national English church,
- 00:16:03and if that sounds familiar,
- 00:16:04some historians do believe this moment
- 00:16:06may have laid the foundations for English euroscepticism.
- 00:16:09That's right, Brexit may have been influenced
- 00:16:11by Henry's explosive loins.
- 00:16:13By and large, the people gave Henry their support
- 00:16:16and those that didn't were gonna be in for a rough time,
- 00:16:18but for now, Henry assumed the role
- 00:16:20of Supreme head of the English church,
- 00:16:22and his next divorce trial was a foregone conclusion.
- 00:16:25Catherine of Aragon was Ara-gone
- 00:16:27and Anne Boleyn was in.
- 00:16:29- All right, I've upended the entire country
- 00:16:31to be with you, so you'd better give me a son, Okay?
- 00:16:34Now, did you get my letter about the duckies?
- 00:16:36- [Narrator] Having finally married the girl of his dreams,
- 00:16:38it was party time for Henry and what a party.
- 00:16:41Life in the Tudor court was nonstop.
- 00:16:43Huge banquets with each person eating, on average,
- 00:16:455,000 calories a day and no vegetables.
- 00:16:49Those are for poor people.
- 00:16:50Rich people ate meat, and so you know what else is
- 00:16:53for rich people, constipation, (man farts)
- 00:16:55but don't let that stop the party.
- 00:16:56the toilets are communal, and Henry, himself,
- 00:16:59was the center of everything.
- 00:17:01He ate the best food.
- 00:17:02He had 1,200 pairs of shoes.
- 00:17:04He didn't even have to wipe his own bum-bum.
- 00:17:06Life was great.
- 00:17:07(upbeat electronic music)
- 00:17:09- Everyone, I give you your majesty, King Henry VIII!
- 00:17:14(recorder squealing) (crowd cheering)
- 00:17:16- [Narrator] But how did they pay for it all?
- 00:17:17Well, influenced by his fairly Protestant new wife,
- 00:17:20since Henry had overturned the organization of the church,
- 00:17:23this is how they paid for it.
- 00:17:24(whimsical orchestra music) - Oh my goodness, how awful.
- 00:17:26Selling fake fragments of the cross,
- 00:17:28vials of Jesus' blood that you got from a duck,
- 00:17:31using religion in this way!
- 00:17:33This is terrible!
- 00:17:34I must confiscate all this money at once.
- 00:17:37Yes, how awful.
- 00:17:39I must take all of this away immediately.
- 00:17:43Monasteries across the nation were dissolved
- 00:17:45and their riches placed in the Royal coffers.
- 00:17:48Obviously many weren't too happy about this,
- 00:17:50but Henry had a plan for that as well.
- 00:17:53Henry's descent into tyranny had begun.
- 00:17:55As any who rejected his new claim as supreme head
- 00:17:57of the English church found their heads
- 00:17:59on the chopping block, and so Henry partied, he danced,
- 00:18:00he sang, he ate, he jousted.
- 00:18:05(metal clangs) (audience gasps)
- 00:18:11- Be Mean!
- 00:18:12Love Gluttony!
- 00:18:14Violate Widows!
- 00:18:18(dramatic horn blows)
- 00:18:19(inquisitive harp music) - In 1536,
- 00:18:20Henry fell from his horse in a jousting accident,
- 00:18:23not for the first time,
- 00:18:24but certainly the heaviest fall he had taken yet.
- 00:18:27Some historians believe that brain damage caused
- 00:18:28by the incident may have violently accelerated Henry's
- 00:18:31descent into tyranny.
- 00:18:33Executions in England ramped up.
- 00:18:35During his reign, it's estimated 57 to 72,000 people
- 00:18:39were put to death, rich or poor, big or small.
- 00:18:42No one was safe,
- 00:18:43and the most prominent victim of all
- 00:18:45was to be Henry's own wife.
- 00:18:47It had been three years since their marriage.
- 00:18:49Anne had been pregnant four times,
- 00:18:51yet she had only been able to produce one healthy child,
- 00:18:54a girl.
- 00:18:54What's more, it's possible she had been going
- 00:18:56around insulting Henry's manhood.
- 00:18:58Henry's eyes, once again, began to wander.
- 00:19:01(intriguing jazz music) His new top man,
- 00:19:02Thomas Cromwell, didn't want to end up like Cardinal Wolsey,
- 00:19:05and so he came up with a plan.
- 00:19:07There was a court musician who had been quite flirtatious
- 00:19:10in public with the queen.
- 00:19:11Well, Thomas Cromwell and his boys got a forced confession
- 00:19:14out of him saying that it didn't stop
- 00:19:16at innocent flirtation and the charges came rolling in.
- 00:19:19- Listen, Anne, we need to talk.
- 00:19:21- Oh no, you're gonna divorce me, aren't you?
- 00:19:23Just like your last wife.
- 00:19:25- Aww no, come here, shh.
- 00:19:27No, I'm not gonna divorce you.
- 00:19:30It's much worse than that.
- 00:19:31(intense orchestra music) - Anne was charged
- 00:19:32with adultery, perversion, even incest,
- 00:19:35and plotting to kill the king, himself.
- 00:19:37The jury found her guilty,
- 00:19:38including her own uncle and ex-fiance,
- 00:19:40both fearing the wrath of the King,
- 00:19:42and on May 19th, 1536, Anne Boleyn was Anne bull out.
- 00:19:48(inquisitive orchestra music) Literally the next day,
- 00:19:49Henry married one of Anne's ladies in waiting, Jane Seymour,
- 00:19:52his third wife.
- 00:19:53After Anne had smack talked his manhood
- 00:19:55and since he still had no male heir,
- 00:19:57Henry went on a campaign to ensure the public knew he
- 00:19:59was virile as it gets.
- 00:20:01He had this famous portrait painted
- 00:20:03of the manliest man I've ever seen,
- 00:20:05and later, he would even have his physician make a
- 00:20:07declaration about his health.
- 00:20:09- King Henry is a fine specimen of a man,
- 00:20:11and, please don't make me say this.
- 00:20:14- Say it.
- 00:20:15- (sighs) And every time I look at him,
- 00:20:18I wish I was a woman.
- 00:20:19(whimsical orchestra music) - The truth is
- 00:20:20after his jousting accident,
- 00:20:21the King had badly injured his leg
- 00:20:23and was no longer very active.
- 00:20:24Yet, he was still eating his daily 5,000 calories.
- 00:20:27So by now, Henry was extremely unhealthy
- 00:20:30for the remainder of his life.
- 00:20:31He would incur a number of illnesses
- 00:20:33and his injured leg ulcers would ooze stinking puss,
- 00:20:36a fine specimen of a man indeed.
- 00:20:39On the church front, Henry's new and now pregnant wife
- 00:20:42was a devout Catholic and she pleaded with the King
- 00:20:44to reinstate the monasteries.
- 00:20:46Henry was sick wives meddling in his business,
- 00:20:48and he bluntly warned her to remember
- 00:20:50what happened to Anne Boleyn.
- 00:20:52(whimsical Jazz music) Since splitting with the Pope,
- 00:20:53Henry had been hard at work determining the theology
- 00:20:55of his new church of England.
- 00:20:57It kept many Catholic traditions,
- 00:20:59while on the other hand, embracing some reformist ideas
- 00:21:01such as requiring the use of a new Bible,
- 00:21:04not in Latin, but in English.
- 00:21:06The cover of Henry's new Bible depicted the people appearing
- 00:21:09to worship a giant King Henry,
- 00:21:11and in the corner, there's some people being put
- 00:21:13to death just for good measure.
- 00:21:14For any who opposed Henry's ideas,
- 00:21:16whether Catholic or Protestant,
- 00:21:18for any who rebelled against him,
- 00:21:19it would be off with their heads.
- 00:21:21In October, 1537, Henry finally got
- 00:21:24what he had been waiting for.
- 00:21:26His wife, Jane, gave birth to a healthy boy.
- 00:21:29However, the triumph soon turned to tragedy
- 00:21:32as Jane Seymour died days later from complications
- 00:21:35during the birth.
- 00:21:36Henry mourned, Jane, the woman who had given him a son,
- 00:21:39for two years.
- 00:21:40(sad cello music) (Henry slurps)
- 00:21:42- Your majesty, it's time to choose your next wife.
- 00:21:45- Thomas, not now!
- 00:21:47Can't you see I'm in mourning?
- 00:21:50That one.
- 00:21:51- [Narrator] The woman Thomas Cromwell had lined up
- 00:21:53for Henry's next marriage was the sister
- 00:21:55of a powerful German Duke,
- 00:21:57but all Henry cared about was that she was pretty as pie,
- 00:21:59and Thomas Cromwell promised that indeed she was.
- 00:22:02However, when she arrived in England,
- 00:22:04Henry was less than pleased.
- 00:22:06- Your majesty let me introduce you to your fourth wife,
- 00:22:09Anne of Cleves.
- 00:22:10- What's that smell?
- 00:22:12- I think it's your leg, sire.
- 00:22:13- No, It's Anne of Cleves.
- 00:22:16She's ugly!
- 00:22:17This is treason!
- 00:22:19- What?
- 00:22:19- Off with his head!
- 00:22:21- [Narrator] Henry found his new wife so repulsive
- 00:22:23that he never consummated the marriage
- 00:22:25and divorced her just six months later,
- 00:22:27and for bringing Henry an ugly stinking woman
- 00:22:29along with additional charges of plotting treason,
- 00:22:31Thomas Cromwell lost his head.
- 00:22:33The very same day of Cromwell's execution,
- 00:22:35Henry married his fifth wife, the famed beauty,
- 00:22:38Catherine Howard.
- 00:22:39She's believed to have only been seventeen at the time.
- 00:22:42Henry was forty-nine and like Anne of Cleves,
- 00:22:45Catherine Howard didn't last long.
- 00:22:46You see for some reason she may not have been entirely
- 00:22:49satisfied with her 49-year-old fine specimen of a man,
- 00:22:52and it's possible she engaged in a number
- 00:22:53of extra marital affairs, including one with her cousin,
- 00:22:56Thomas Culpeper.
- 00:22:57When Henry found out, he was devastated.
- 00:23:00- How could she do this to me?
- 00:23:02- But sire, don't you have hundreds of mistresses?
- 00:23:04- Shut up, Barry!
- 00:23:05That's not the point.
- 00:23:06(Henry cries)
- 00:23:07- Your majesty you're crying.
- 00:23:10- I'm not crying.
- 00:23:11It's just that sometimes when I get sad,
- 00:23:14water comes out of my eyes!
- 00:23:16(whimsical orchestra music) - For her treason,
- 00:23:17Catherine Howard met the same fate as Anne Boleyn in 1542.
- 00:23:21So, we've had divorced, beheaded, died, divorced, beheaded.
- 00:23:24Look out here comes, survived.
- 00:23:26Henry married the daughter of a Royal official,
- 00:23:28Catherine Parr, in 1543,
- 00:23:30and she appears to have been a good companion to Henry.
- 00:23:32She cared for the aging King, who by now was so heavy,
- 00:23:35it took several men to wench him onto his horse.
- 00:23:37She acted as a mediator within the family
- 00:23:39and convinced the King to restore his two daughters
- 00:23:42to the line of succession.
- 00:23:43Their marriage did have one hiccup, however,
- 00:23:45when Katherine dare disagree with the King
- 00:23:47over the subject of theology,
- 00:23:48- It's a miracle because when the priest says the words
- 00:23:52of institution, the bread turns into the body of Christ.
- 00:23:54- Well, if you put the bread in a box for three months,
- 00:23:56is it a miracle that it turns moldy?
- 00:23:59- (gasps) Treason!
- 00:23:59- (sighs) You can't just call everything treason, Henry.
- 00:24:02- [Narrator] The King called for her arrest
- 00:24:03as serious charges were placed over her head.
- 00:24:06However, in the end, she told Henry
- 00:24:08that she had not been disagreeing with him
- 00:24:10but simply learning from him,
- 00:24:11and so when the guards came to arrest her,
- 00:24:13the King told them to make like an Anne and Cleve.
- 00:24:16Catherine Parr stayed with Henry right until the end.
- 00:24:18As he aged into his later years
- 00:24:20in increasing pain and ill health,
- 00:24:22he grew ever more suspicious and moody.
- 00:24:24The once generous, promising young King,
- 00:24:26was now feared by all around him.
- 00:24:28(sad violin music) - (groans) Sigmund,
- 00:24:30I don't have much longer.
- 00:24:32Hold me.
- 00:24:33- Of course, sire, do you have any final wishes?
- 00:24:40- How about one last conquest in France?
- 00:24:42(intense orchestra music) - And so in 1544,
- 00:24:43Henry made for Calais.
- 00:24:44The pesky French had been supporting the Scottish
- 00:24:46in their ongoing wars with England,
- 00:24:48and they also owed Henry some money.
- 00:24:49So the extremely unhealthy King personally led a siege
- 00:24:52against the French city of Boulogne.
- 00:24:54The English dug tunnels under the castle,
- 00:24:56and on the 13th of September, the French surrendered,
- 00:24:58a glorious victory for Henry. (army cheers)
- 00:25:00In actuality, the whole misadventure
- 00:25:02nearly bankrupt England
- 00:25:03and they ended up giving Boulogne back
- 00:25:04to the French a few years later,
- 00:25:06but Shh, don't tell Henry.
- 00:25:07He's having his moment.
- 00:25:09Finally, in 1547, a 55-year-old Henry lapsing in
- 00:25:13and out of consciousness passed away.
- 00:25:16His son, Edward, succeeded him,
- 00:25:17but died just five years later.
- 00:25:19His daughter, Mary, briefly took the reigns
- 00:25:21and steered the country back towards the Pope,
- 00:25:23but then, his second daughter embraced reformist ideas
- 00:25:26and gradually transformed England into a Protestant country.
- 00:25:29Henry's desperation to marry Anne Boleyn
- 00:25:31and his resulting feud with the Pope
- 00:25:33had changed the course of English history
- 00:25:35and religion forever.
- 00:25:36Unfortunately, none of Henry's children had heirs,
- 00:25:39and when Elizabeth I died, Henry's lineage ended
- 00:25:41with the house of Stewart replacing the house of Tudor.
- 00:25:44So then you might think all that effort,
- 00:25:47a life filled with so much frustration,
- 00:25:49yet he never conquered France,
- 00:25:50he barely had a male heir,
- 00:25:52and his lineage died out.
- 00:25:53The egotistical man, Henry, grew sick
- 00:25:56and cruel and then died.
- 00:25:57So why are we all so fascinated with King Henry VIII?
- 00:26:00Why not Henry the second or fourth?
- 00:26:03Well, without mentioning the many important things his reign
- 00:26:05did achieve, one of his biggest goals was
- 00:26:08to go down in history,
- 00:26:09and you can put a big green check beside that one
- 00:26:11because everything he did
- 00:26:13and how he asserted his control and authority
- 00:26:15over everyone around him has come to be viewed
- 00:26:18as the epitome of the word King,
- 00:26:21- and also because of the wife killings?
- 00:26:23- Yeah, definitely the wife killings.
- 00:26:24(upbeat music)
- Henrik VIII
- England
- Anne Boleyn
- Reformationen
- Ægteskaber
- Konge
- Katarina af Aragon