How Do You Know if You’re HEALTHY? Cholesterol & Uric Acid LAB TEST Results | Dr. Robert Lustig

01:17:39
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6P8HVIbdDc0

Resumen

TLDRLa vidéo traite de l'épidémie croissante de stéatose hépatique non alcoolique (NAFLD) aux États-Unis, affectant environ 45 % des adultes et 25 % des enfants. Avant 1980, cette maladie était quasiment inconnue. Le problème est attribué à un dysfonctionnement métabolique causé par la résistance à l'insuline et la dysfonction mitochondriale. Il est souligné que l'insuline à jeun, l'acide urique et l'ALT sont des indicateurs cruciaux de la santé métabolique. Le glucose à jeun, bien que couramment mesuré, est critiqué pour son manque d'efficacité dans la détection précoce des problèmes métaboliques. De nombreux facteurs sociaux et industriels, y compris des divergences dans les méthodes de test, entravent une meilleure compréhension et gestion du métabolisme des individus. La discussion recommande également un suivi régulier et une mesure précise des marqueurs pertinents pour prévenir des problèmes métaboliques avant qu'ils ne se transforment en conditions plus graves.

Para llevar

  • 🍔 45% des Américains, y compris 25% des enfants, ont une stéatose hépatique.
  • 🔬 La résistance à l'insuline et les mitochondries défectueuses sont clés dans le dysfonctionnement métabolique.
  • ⚠️ Le glucose à jeun est un indicateur tardif et peu efficace de santé métabolique.
  • 🧪 L'insuline à jeun est un meilleur indicateur pour évaluer la santé mitochondriale et métabolique.
  • 💡 Les niveaux d'acide urique doivent rester bas pour éviter l'hypertension et les maladies métaboliques.
  • 📉 Un suivi annuel de l'insuline à jeun est recommandé.
  • 👨‍⚕️ L'interprétation des biomarqueurs est complexe et doit être adaptée à chaque individu.
  • 🍖 Réduire la consommation de viande et de sucre pour équilibrer l'acide urique.
  • ⏳ Une variation rapide de l'insuline peut indiquer des améliorations ou détériorations rapides de la santé.
  • ⚕️ Le glucose à jeun ne suffit pas pour diagnostiquer correctement les problèmes métaboliques.

Cronología

  • 00:00:00 - 00:05:00

    45 % des Américains ont un foie gras, 25 % des enfants également. Il ne s'agit pas seulement des adultes ou enfants obèses, mais de la population générale. Avant 1980, cette maladie était inconnue. Cela indique un dysfonctionnement métabolique, notamment une mauvaise utilisation des graisses due à des mitochondries défectueuses et une résistance à l'insuline.

  • 00:05:00 - 00:10:00

    L'application Levels vise à améliorer la santé des gens, mais comment savoir si l'on s'améliore vraiment ? Il est difficile de mesurer les progrès car la maladie métabolique ne s'installe pas en un jour, et il faut du temps pour renverser la tendance. Il n'existe pas de test unique pour déterminer notre amélioration de santé car tout le monde est différent.

  • 00:10:00 - 00:15:00

    Les marqueurs courants comme le glucose à jeun et le cholestérol, souvent mesurés lors des examens médicaux, ne suffisent pas. Le glucose à jeun est le pire indicateur car il ne montre que si l'on est diabétique. Et attendre de devenir diabétique, c'est agir trop tard, car la maladie métabolique est déjà installée.

  • 00:15:00 - 00:20:00

    Le glucose à jeun change en dernier. Le test de tolérance au glucose est censé mesurer la réponse à l'insuline, mais il ne le fait pas efficacement. L'insuline en elle-même peut causer d'autres problèmes, comme favoriser la croissance excessive de tissus et accroître le risque de certains cancers. Ce n'est pas le glucose qui est le véritable problème, mais l'insuline.

  • 00:20:00 - 00:25:00

    Lors d'un test de tolérance au glucose, deux personnes peuvent avoir des résultats similaires, mais l'une peut produire deux fois plus d'insuline que l'autre, ce qui est un indicateur d'une résistance plus avancée à l'insuline, non révélé par le test lui-même. Ce qui compte vraiment, c'est la capacité de l'organisme à revenir à des niveaux normaux après un pic de glucose.

  • 00:25:00 - 00:30:00

    Face à un apport en glucose, si je suis sain, l'insuline va aider à réduire le pic. Mais si mon insuline est élevée pour maintenir ce contrôle, même si le glucose reste constant, je suis en danger car c'est l'insuline qui crée les effets néfastes. Un test standard ne mesure pas cela, bien que les petits signes de ralentissement de la baisse du glucose après un pic sont révélateurs.

  • 00:30:00 - 00:35:00

    Si le glucose met du temps à se normaliser, cela signifie que votre insulinorésistance est haute, un signe de dysfonctionnement mitochondrial. Votre insuline élevée indique que vos cellules ne brûlent pas bien le glucose, signalant que vos mitochondries ne fonctionnent pas bien, souvent à cause de facteurs environnementaux ou alimentaires.

  • 00:35:00 - 00:40:00

    La sensibilité à l'insuline joue un rôle majeur dans la santé métabolique. S'améliorer par le style de vie peut diminuer significativement l'insuline et améliorer la santé. Cependant, sans intervention continue, les troubles métaboliques peuvent revenir rapidement. Un suivi régulier de l'insuline est utile pour vérifier la réponse aux changements de style de vie.

  • 00:40:00 - 00:45:00

    L'insuline est le meilleur marqueur actuel de la santé métabolique car elle peut indiquer un dysfonctionnement mitochondrial avant que le glucose ou l'hémoglobine A1c ne changent. Malgré sa valeur, l'assurance ne couvre pas le test d'insuline à jeun en partie à cause de standards de mesure non uniformes et du manque d'intérêt de certains organismes médicaux pour la prévention.

  • 00:45:00 - 00:50:00

    Les individus ayant une faible insuline à jeun peuvent mieux gérer les pics glycémiques sans effets négatifs à long terme, car une élimination rapide du glucose après un repas est clé. Comprendre ces dynamiques est crucial pour interpréter les résultats de santé, surtout combinés à des graphiques de la glycémie mesurés avec des CGM pour voir les tendances.

  • 00:50:00 - 00:55:00

    La mesure de l'insuline est sous-utilisée malgré son potentiel à révéler des problèmes métaboliques précoces, parfois même avant des signes cliniques comme l'obésité se manifestent. La résistance à l'insuline peut être présente chez des personnes minces, ce qui rend sa surveillance précieuse pour éviter des complications futures.

  • 00:55:00 - 01:00:00

    D'autres marqueurs sont essentiels pour une évaluation complète de la santé métabolique, y compris l'acide urique et une analyse détaillée des profils lipidiques comme l'apoB. Les triglycérides sont aussi un indicateur clé de risque cardiovasculaire souvent négligé et ont une corrélation plus forte avec les maladies cardiaques que le LDL.

  • 01:00:00 - 01:05:00

    Des tests supplémentaires comme l'homocystéine, qui est liée aux maladies cardiaques et d'Alzheimer, et l'évaluation de l'âge épigénétique liée au vieillissement pourraient compléter le panorama de santé. De tels tests pourraient un jour devenir plus courants pour offrir un aperçu profond de la santé personnelle, malgré leur coût actuel.

  • 01:05:00 - 01:10:00

    Les régimes alimentaires modernes influencent significativement la santé épigénétique et le microbiote intestinal, contribuant aux inflammations. Mesurer l'inflammation systémique, bien que difficile, est possible avec des marqueurs comme le hscrp qui peuvent indiquer des problèmes invisibles mais présents de santé générale.

  • 01:10:00 - 01:17:39

    En conclusion, optimiser la santé métabolique repose sur la compréhension des interactions complexes entre l'insuline, le glucose, et d'autres biomarqueurs dynamiques. Bien que de nombreuses technologies émergent pour évaluer ces facteurs, leur coût et leur interprétation nécessitent encore des développements.

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Mapa mental

Vídeo de preguntas y respuestas

  • Quels sont les principaux indicateurs de la santé métabolique mentionnés ?

    Les principaux indicateurs mentionnés sont l'insuline à jeun, l'acide urique et l'ALT.

  • Quel pourcentage d'Américains souffre de stéatose hépatique ?

    45% de la population américaine, y compris 25% des enfants.

  • Quand la stéatose hépatique a-t-elle commencé à devenir un problème significatif ?

    Elle est devenue significative après 1980.

  • Pourquoi le glucose à jeun est-il un mauvais indicateur de santé métabolique ?

    Parce que c'est le dernier indice à changer en cas de dysfonctionnement métabolique et il manque beaucoup d'autres indicateurs importants.

  • Quel rôle joue l'acide urique dans le métabolisme ?

    L'acide urique est lié à l'hypertension et à la dysfonction mitochondriale, accroissant les risques de maladie métabolique.

  • Pourquoi l'insuline à jeun est-elle importante ?

    Elle indique la fonctionnalité mitochondriale et la santé métabolique plus précisemment que le glucose à jeun.

  • Quelles sont les causes principales de l'élévation de l'acide urique ?

    La consommation excessive de viande et de sucre.

  • Comment la résistance à l'insuline est-elle liée à la fonction mitochondriale ?

    Une résistance à l'insuline indique souvent une dysfonction mitochondriale, car les cellules n'utilisent pas efficacement le glucose.

  • Quelle est l'opinion sur le test de tolérance au glucose par voie orale ?

    Il n'évalue pas directement la réponse à l'insuline et n'est pas le meilleur indicateur de la santé métabolique.

  • Quelle est la recommandation pour mesurer l'insuline à jeun ?

    Il est recommandé de contrôler l'insuline à jeun une fois par an et quatre semaines après un changement de mode de vie.

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Desplazamiento automático:
  • 00:00:00
    45% of Americans have fatty liver 25% of
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    children notice I didn't say obese
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    adults or obese children all adults all
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    children this is something that didn't
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    even exist before 1980 and here we are
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    now 45 years later and 45% of the
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    population has a disease that we never
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    heard of
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    before so we know something's going on
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    this is a clear indicator of metabolic
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    dysfunction a clear indicator of in
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    ability to utilize fat because of
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    defective mitochondria because of
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    insulin resistance so these things all
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    go together so your fasting insulin and
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    your uric acid and your Al T should all
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    line up together because they're all
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    part and parcel of the same
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    pathophysiologic
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    [Music]
  • 00:00:58
    pathway the Genesis of today I'll sort
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    of set this up a little bit before we
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    get into it the Genesis of this
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    conversation is you know levels at its
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    core is is an app designed to help
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    people get healthier like that's the
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    mission cut out everything else we just
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    want folks to get healthier my mission
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    too but that begs a really key question
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    how do you know when you're getting
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    healthier how do you know the things
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    you're doing are working and it's really
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    hard to know you didn't get sick in a
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    day you're not going to get better in a
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    day and the markers that we look at to
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    determine metabolic Health didn't go
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    south in a day so they're not going to
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    get changed in a day either so this is
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    why this is a mess in terms of you know
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    people Hawking one idea versus another
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    people Hawking One supplement versus
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    another people Hawking one lab test
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    versus and another um this is a very
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    murky area and if there was one test
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    that could tell you whether or not you
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    were getting healthier or not everybody
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    be doing it and they're not because it's
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    not that simple different people have
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    different problems different people need
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    different
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    solutions and different people respond
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    differently to the different paradigms
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    so this is um shall we say a u a mange
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    of different ideas and you know I'm
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    happy to discuss each of them with you
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    for the you know purpose of the audience
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    understanding the value of these
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    different things but if you think you
  • 00:02:37
    can just go to your doctor and get a
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    test you know think again I think that's
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    really helpful context and I think I
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    think we'll split this into sort of two
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    parts one we'll talk about broad set of
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    markers and then we're going to we're
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    going to narrow in a little bit I think
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    on glucose and Insulin because that is
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    where a lot of of levels bread and
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    butter is and where a lot of our members
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    are are measuring or paying attention to
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    or maybe visualizing their health or at
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    least their metabolic health I think
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    that setup is is helpful for getting
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    into it that realizing we're not going
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    to determine in this conversation here
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    are the five key markers well I would
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    love that headline as an old magazine
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    editor uh we're not going to come out of
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    this this conversation with that what I
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    think might be helpful is to maybe
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    narrow in on some markers that to my
  • 00:03:22
    mind need to have two criteria one is
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    that they tell us something about our
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    underlying physiology which is to say
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    there there's some Clarity in the signal
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    um that that relates to something
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    happening in our body a process that we
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    want to to maybe be working functionally
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    and the second is that they're movable
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    they're things we can actually do
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    something about well and that they're
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    tight tradable sure that is that they
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    actually you know they're on a scale and
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    that they tell you something about
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    severity it's not just an onoff type of
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    deal you know that there's a a dynamic
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    range of whatever the marker is to tell
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    you oh you know you're at this level
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    you're at that level you're at the worst
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    level you know that's very important as
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    well and it has to then change with the
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    either the worsening or with the
  • 00:04:09
    Improvement right that you know those
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    are hard to come by yeah so I think most
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    people's interaction with markers with
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    biomarkers is if they go to an annual
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    physical which so many folks don't but
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    if you go to an annual physical you get
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    your labs and essentially in there
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    you're getting glucose and cholesterol
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    right that's that's primarily what's
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    being measured yeah and that's about the
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    worst thing you can get yeah so let's
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    start there tell me what's wrong with
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    with that as a sort of core set of
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    things maybe what's right with it but
  • 00:04:38
    also what's wrong with it in terms of a
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    core set that we're at least checking in
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    on annually let's start with glucose
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    fasting glucose fasting glucose is the
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    single worst thing to measure but it's
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    the thing that everyone measures and the
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    reason everyone measures is because
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    it'll tell you if you have diabetes or
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    not and in that way well that's an onoff
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    okay if you're fasting blood glucose is
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    above 125 you have diabetes if you're
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    fasting blood glucose is below 125 you
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    don't have diabetes and that's basically
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    what the physician you know is drawing
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    it for and that's what they're referring
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    to and that's what the guidelines
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    say and there is so much more
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    information to be gained and that is
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    just the tip of the iceberg and most
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    importantly
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    if you're waiting for you to develop
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    diabetes you are so far behind the a
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    ball okay you have missed the train okay
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    Train's pulled out of the station okay
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    you are already
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    sick so the goal is to catch that way
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    before so you go to your physician and
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    the physician does your fasting blood
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    glucose and it comes out back
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    102 and he says well that's fine you're
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    far away from 125 no that's not fine at
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    all at all in fact let's say you had you
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    went and got your fasting blood glucose
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    and it was 91 and you say oh you're
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    doing great no you're not that's already
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    a problem okay it's on the way to
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    glucose intolerance it's on the way to
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    diabetes it's not there yet but that's
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    an early indication so how you read it
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    and uh understanding what it means is
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    extraordinarily valuable in and of
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    itself and it's the last thing to change
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    now if you take a look at glucose
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    tolerance test fasting glucose glucose
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    tolerance test over the last 50
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    years the Excursion of the glucose is
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    pretty much the same for the last 50
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    years but the amount of insulin needed
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    to keep you at a normal Excursion has
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    gone up two to fourfold and that's a
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    sign of chronic metabolic disease that
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    is not measured in the fasting blood
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    glucose that isn't even measured in the
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    glucose tolerance test you're already
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    sick and you don't even know it so a
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    fasting glucose is by far and way the
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    worst metabolic parameter test than you
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    can imagine if you're waiting for that
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    to change okay you're waiting for a good
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    do if you've heard me talk on other
  • 00:07:27
    podcasts before you know that I believe
  • 00:07:29
    that tracking your glucose and
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    optimizing your metabolic health is
  • 00:07:33
    really the ultimate life hack we know
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    that cravings and mood instability and
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    energy levels and weight are all tied to
  • 00:07:41
    our blood sugar levels and of course all
  • 00:07:44
    the downstream chronic diseases that are
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    related to blood sugar are things that
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    we can really greatly improve our
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    chances of avoiding if we keep our blood
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    sugar in a healthy and stable level
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    throughout our lifetime so I've been
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    using ggm now on and off for the past 4
  • 00:08:01
    years since we started levels and I have
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    learned so much about my diet and my
  • 00:08:05
    health I've learned the simple swaps
  • 00:08:07
    that keep my blood sugar stable like
  • 00:08:09
    flax crackers instead of wheat-based
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    crackers I've learned which fruits work
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    best for my blood sugar like I do really
  • 00:08:16
    well with pears and apples and oranges
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    and berries but grapes seem to spike my
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    blood sugar off the chart I'm also an
  • 00:08:23
    notorious night owl and I've really
  • 00:08:25
    learned with using levels how if I get
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    to bed at a reasonable hour and get good
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    quality sleep my blood sugar levels are
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    so much better and that has been so
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    motivating for me on my health Journey
  • 00:08:36
    it's also been helpful for me um in
  • 00:08:39
    terms of keeping my weight at a stable
  • 00:08:41
    level uh much more effortlessly than it
  • 00:08:43
    has been in the past so you can sign up
  • 00:08:46
    for levels at levels. link Health get
  • 00:08:50
    access to a continuous glucose monitor
  • 00:08:52
    and the level software that helps you
  • 00:08:54
    really uh dial into a lot of these
  • 00:08:56
    strategies for your life and your body
  • 00:09:00
    couple things that I want to follow up
  • 00:09:01
    on but but one tell me why the ogtt the
  • 00:09:03
    the oral glucose tolerance test doesn't
  • 00:09:05
    do a good job of capturing that insulin
  • 00:09:07
    response isn't that what it's sort of
  • 00:09:09
    meant to do is to say here's how your
  • 00:09:10
    body responds to a glucose load and and
  • 00:09:12
    that's true how your body responds to a
  • 00:09:14
    glucose load by having to put out more
  • 00:09:18
    insulin to handle it insulin in and of
  • 00:09:21
    itself is part of the problem everyone
  • 00:09:25
    thinks insulin is good because it lowers
  • 00:09:27
    blood glucose well insulin has its own
  • 00:09:31
    negative side effects it is uh a growth
  • 00:09:35
    factor so it causes vascular smooth
  • 00:09:38
    muscle growth like coronary artery
  • 00:09:40
    smooth muscle growth it causes glandular
  • 00:09:43
    growth like for instance breast growth
  • 00:09:47
    and prostate growth so it is a risk
  • 00:09:50
    factor for both breast cancer and
  • 00:09:51
    prostate cancer so things that we
  • 00:09:54
    associate with aging are made worse by
  • 00:09:58
    insulin going up so if you need more
  • 00:10:01
    insulin to do the same job and keep your
  • 00:10:05
    blood glucose
  • 00:10:07
    constant you're not in danger because
  • 00:10:10
    your glucose is rising you're in danger
  • 00:10:13
    because your insulin's rising and that's
  • 00:10:15
    not measured in the glucose tolerance
  • 00:10:16
    test we infer it but you don't know it
  • 00:10:21
    right so two people could essentially
  • 00:10:22
    have the same ogt score but one is
  • 00:10:26
    pumping out twice the amount of insulin
  • 00:10:28
    one is much fur further along in an
  • 00:10:30
    insulin resistant State than the other
  • 00:10:32
    one and that's not going to be revealed
  • 00:10:33
    in that test exactly right so the
  • 00:10:36
    glucose tolerance test is good and
  • 00:10:41
    certainly what we do at levels can glean
  • 00:10:44
    a lot of information from that glucose
  • 00:10:46
    Excursion that will tell you but it's
  • 00:10:49
    not necessarily the amplitude it's not
  • 00:10:51
    necessarily the fasting level and it's
  • 00:10:53
    not even necessarily the peak it's
  • 00:10:55
    actually more how it gets disposed of
  • 00:10:58
    decline downward that's why the curve is
  • 00:11:01
    valuable that's why we do this that's
  • 00:11:04
    why levels exist is because the uh uh
  • 00:11:08
    change from the uh Peak down to Baseline
  • 00:11:12
    has lots of information in it but in
  • 00:11:16
    fact what you really want to know is how
  • 00:11:18
    much insulin did it take to do that and
  • 00:11:20
    how quickly did the insulin clear to
  • 00:11:23
    bring you back to Baseline and you're
  • 00:11:25
    not getting any of that from a standard
  • 00:11:28
    uh fasting glucose or GT is there
  • 00:11:30
    anything this is jumping ahead a little
  • 00:11:31
    bit to where I want to go with some of
  • 00:11:33
    the the Dynamics of a glucose curve um
  • 00:11:37
    but I think it's relevant here what can
  • 00:11:39
    I infer about my insulin sensitivity
  • 00:11:42
    from simply looking at the shape of a
  • 00:11:44
    glucose Spike or a glucose curve right
  • 00:11:46
    so the higher the glucose goes the less
  • 00:11:49
    insulin Reserve you have and the slower
  • 00:11:52
    the glucose return to
  • 00:11:55
    normal the less well insulin's working
  • 00:11:58
    so the more insulin resistance so there
  • 00:12:01
    are two phenomena that you can capture
  • 00:12:04
    but neither of them are direct measures
  • 00:12:06
    so the the height of the glucose
  • 00:12:09
    response basically tells you hey what's
  • 00:12:11
    going on with my beta cell I I should be
  • 00:12:13
    able to keep up with this there must be
  • 00:12:16
    defective Reserve or delayed response
  • 00:12:19
    either way that's a problem of the beta
  • 00:12:21
    cell then how quickly things go back to
  • 00:12:25
    normal if they go back to normal quickly
  • 00:12:28
    that means that insul
  • 00:12:30
    chugging out and it's working and it's
  • 00:12:32
    clearing and everything's fine that
  • 00:12:34
    means you have good beta cell function
  • 00:12:37
    with good insulin
  • 00:12:39
    sensitivity but if you've got a plateau
  • 00:12:42
    and it takes a while for it to come down
  • 00:12:45
    then that's a marker for insulin
  • 00:12:47
    resistance and you couldn't see that
  • 00:12:49
    from a fasting specimen and you may not
  • 00:12:53
    even see it from a 2hour specimen which
  • 00:12:55
    is all that your physician is concerned
  • 00:12:58
    about I'm use the phrase there keep up
  • 00:13:00
    because one of the things I found that I
  • 00:13:03
    I didn't really understand in trying to
  • 00:13:05
    explain even these basic Dynamics is a
  • 00:13:07
    question of timing so a glucose Spike if
  • 00:13:10
    I watch my glucose go up very sharply
  • 00:13:11
    and come back
  • 00:13:13
    down that's at its most core reflection
  • 00:13:16
    of something that I have done right I've
  • 00:13:17
    eaten a High car load there's a bunch of
  • 00:13:20
    glucose now in my blood the cgm's going
  • 00:13:23
    to measure that as a as a peak and then
  • 00:13:25
    it's going to come back down so how much
  • 00:13:28
    of that Spike is the result of what I've
  • 00:13:31
    eaten is directly related to the just
  • 00:13:33
    the amount of carbs I have poured into
  • 00:13:34
    my body and how much is related to my
  • 00:13:36
    insulin response which is another way of
  • 00:13:38
    saying how fast can I expect my insulin
  • 00:13:41
    to actually work and bring it down is
  • 00:13:43
    there a world in which I am so insulin
  • 00:13:45
    sensitive that even if I eat a ho ho I'm
  • 00:13:47
    not going to see a big spike or you will
  • 00:13:49
    you will always see a spike okay you
  • 00:13:51
    will always see a spike um the reason is
  • 00:13:54
    when you uh consume the glucose it will
  • 00:13:58
    go first to the liver you know it will
  • 00:14:00
    be absorbed from the intestine it will
  • 00:14:01
    go via the portal vein to the liver the
  • 00:14:04
    liver will take uh
  • 00:14:07
    20% of that glucose and throw it
  • 00:14:11
    straight into the liver for conversion
  • 00:14:13
    to
  • 00:14:14
    glycogen that means 80% will make it
  • 00:14:17
    past the liver and generate a glucose
  • 00:14:20
    response you will get a glycemic
  • 00:14:23
    Excursion now the beta cell will then
  • 00:14:27
    see that because it's got to go
  • 00:14:29
    circulate in the blood the beta cell
  • 00:14:30
    will see the rise in the glucose and
  • 00:14:32
    will start pumping out insulin saying
  • 00:14:34
    hey I've got to clear this you know this
  • 00:14:36
    is this is not the Baseline let's get
  • 00:14:39
    the glucose back down so you will see a
  • 00:14:42
    glucose Spike no matter what the only
  • 00:14:45
    way to not have a glucose spike is to
  • 00:14:47
    not consume glucose so if you're
  • 00:14:49
    consuming straight fat you know you
  • 00:14:52
    won't see much of a glucose Spike if at
  • 00:14:54
    all uh if you are fasting you won't see
  • 00:14:57
    a glucose Spike but otherwise if you're
  • 00:14:59
    consuming food you're going to see a
  • 00:15:01
    glucose Spike the question is how high
  • 00:15:04
    and how long those are the two questions
  • 00:15:07
    how high tells you what was in that but
  • 00:15:10
    it also tells you whether or not your
  • 00:15:12
    beta cells keeping up and how long
  • 00:15:16
    basically tells you if you're insulin
  • 00:15:18
    resistant so the how high gives you uh
  • 00:15:22
    information about the beta cell how long
  • 00:15:25
    tells you more about the body and in
  • 00:15:28
    terms of that just to keep on this path
  • 00:15:29
    of sort of understanding the the glucose
  • 00:15:32
    curve uh how much can I expect that to
  • 00:15:36
    change as I get more insulin sensitive
  • 00:15:38
    and if I start eating lower carb getting
  • 00:15:42
    my insulin in in a proper place should I
  • 00:15:45
    expect that if I'm eating the same diet
  • 00:15:48
    I'm going to see lower Peaks and I'm
  • 00:15:50
    going to see faster returns right we did
  • 00:15:53
    that study in children and we saw that
  • 00:15:56
    if we Chang the diet we could see
  • 00:15:59
    changes in the glucose area under the
  • 00:16:01
    curve the peak glucose response and the
  • 00:16:04
    insulin sensitivity in 10
  • 00:16:07
    days in children and my colleagues at uh
  • 00:16:11
    San Francisco General did it in adults
  • 00:16:13
    and they saw those same changes in two
  • 00:16:17
    weeks so doesn't take long but you know
  • 00:16:21
    will you see it after one meal unlikely
  • 00:16:24
    will you see it after one day probably
  • 00:16:27
    not you know but 10 days you know most
  • 00:16:30
    people can tough it out for 10 days to
  • 00:16:33
    be able to see something that will uh
  • 00:16:35
    help uh uh shall we say solidify their
  • 00:16:39
    belief in you know making metabolic
  • 00:16:42
    Health changes for the better and then
  • 00:16:44
    if if it can change that quickly to get
  • 00:16:46
    healthier how durable is that change
  • 00:16:48
    then can I can I revert it back to being
  • 00:16:50
    less insulin sensitive by giving up on
  • 00:16:52
    my low carb diet absolutely within two
  • 00:16:54
    weeks so you you but bottom line uh it's
  • 00:17:00
    relatively responsive to changes in diet
  • 00:17:03
    and also by the way changes in exercise
  • 00:17:06
    so if you exercise you will start seeing
  • 00:17:08
    improvements in insulin sensitivity too
  • 00:17:10
    if you stop exercising within two weeks
  • 00:17:13
    you'll be back to Baseline so I would
  • 00:17:16
    say there's a Bas a two week uh uh
  • 00:17:20
    transition from metabolically
  • 00:17:23
    unhealthy to metabolically healthy at
  • 00:17:25
    least as far as glucose Dynamics go and
  • 00:17:28
    we'll come back to insulin for a minute
  • 00:17:29
    because I think we're going to want to
  • 00:17:30
    talk a lot about that as a marker but
  • 00:17:33
    again just on the glucose curve side how
  • 00:17:36
    do you think about glucose spikes like a
  • 00:17:39
    lot of what we've talked about you know
  • 00:17:41
    over the years and I do all the content
  • 00:17:43
    at at levels is uh you know the the
  • 00:17:45
    simplified version is glucose bike bad
  • 00:17:47
    glucose bike unhealthy don't do that
  • 00:17:49
    that's true because it can have
  • 00:17:50
    short-term effects you might feel really
  • 00:17:52
    bad you'll probably have a post you know
  • 00:17:53
    a reactive crash uh also long-term it
  • 00:17:56
    can do damage can cause you to be
  • 00:17:58
    insulin resistant
  • 00:17:59
    can also have some effects on its own
  • 00:18:01
    like gation or or inflammation that just
  • 00:18:03
    extra glucose can be having but in that
  • 00:18:06
    Nuance of what counts as a spike how
  • 00:18:08
    many can I have uh how tall can they be
  • 00:18:12
    these are the questions we get I was
  • 00:18:13
    just looking at some member questions
  • 00:18:14
    this week these are the questions we get
  • 00:18:15
    all the time from people and My worry is
  • 00:18:18
    that in putting out this message I have
  • 00:18:20
    freaked a lot of people out
  • 00:18:23
    about about everything they're eating
  • 00:18:25
    and what I hear from so many of them is
  • 00:18:27
    an anxiety that if I'm not going keto
  • 00:18:29
    I'm screwed and well so I'm curious how
  • 00:18:32
    you think about the the sort of um the
  • 00:18:36
    detriment of a glucose Spike all right
  • 00:18:38
    so I'm going to start with a
  • 00:18:41
    controversial uhh saying we're all GNA
  • 00:18:45
    die okay you're gonna die sometime
  • 00:18:48
    everyone dies and no matter how
  • 00:18:51
    metabolically healthy you are you're
  • 00:18:53
    still going to die now the question is
  • 00:18:56
    when obviously we all want to put it off
  • 00:18:59
    for as long as possible and as George W
  • 00:19:02
    bush famously said we all want to die as
  • 00:19:06
    uh young as late as possible Right for
  • 00:19:10
    for sure and that's why levels does what
  • 00:19:12
    it does and I'm again I'm totally for it
  • 00:19:15
    I'm totally in support of it you're
  • 00:19:18
    going to have glucose spikes you can't
  • 00:19:21
    not have glucose spikes you can't freak
  • 00:19:24
    out about it either if you do now you've
  • 00:19:26
    got something called orthorexia you know
  • 00:19:28
    and you start worrying about actually
  • 00:19:30
    what you're eating all the time now we
  • 00:19:33
    do not want to be contributing to
  • 00:19:35
    orthorexia and you know some people will
  • 00:19:39
    take this information and use it shall
  • 00:19:41
    we say not for good and you know we we
  • 00:19:45
    need to protect against that as much as
  • 00:19:47
    possible so you know I'm here to tell
  • 00:19:49
    you you're going to have spikes the
  • 00:19:51
    question how many spikes well preferably
  • 00:19:54
    three spikes a day called breakfast
  • 00:19:56
    lunch and dinner or May maybe two spikes
  • 00:19:59
    a day you know lunch and dinner do you
  • 00:20:02
    need breakfast I mean that's the concept
  • 00:20:04
    of intermittent fasting and maybe that's
  • 00:20:06
    one of the reasons why intermittent
  • 00:20:08
    fasting works is because you only have
  • 00:20:10
    two spikes we don't know that yet I'm
  • 00:20:12
    you know I'm just throwing it out there
  • 00:20:14
    as a possible we do know that
  • 00:20:16
    intermittent fasting helps if you're
  • 00:20:18
    insulin resistant now the reason I think
  • 00:20:21
    intermittent fasting works is because it
  • 00:20:23
    gives your liver a chance to metabolize
  • 00:20:25
    the fat that built up over the previous
  • 00:20:28
    16 hours hours well that will help your
  • 00:20:31
    Spike because you'll be able to process
  • 00:20:33
    the glucose because you're less insulin
  • 00:20:36
    resistant so these things are all sorry
  • 00:20:39
    these things are all related to each
  • 00:20:42
    other it's not like these things work
  • 00:20:44
    separately they're not in silos so what
  • 00:20:47
    the glucose spike is doing what the
  • 00:20:49
    insulin spike is doing what the fat is
  • 00:20:50
    doing in both the liver and the muscle
  • 00:20:53
    all of these things relate to each other
  • 00:20:57
    now
  • 00:20:58
    if you're going to have a spike you want
  • 00:21:00
    to have a spike that doesn't go to say
  • 00:21:06
    1880 or above because that's when the
  • 00:21:08
    kidney starts spilling glucose so that
  • 00:21:11
    causes um uh damage to the kidney unpack
  • 00:21:14
    spilling glucose out of the kidneys for
  • 00:21:15
    a minute for so your kidney resorbs
  • 00:21:19
    glucose so the glucose filters through
  • 00:21:22
    it as blood filters through it and your
  • 00:21:25
    kidney has a method for pulling the
  • 00:21:28
    glucose back into the bloodstream
  • 00:21:31
    instead of it going out in the urine and
  • 00:21:33
    that system works until what's known as
  • 00:21:37
    the TM which is basically the maximum
  • 00:21:41
    amount that you can resorb and that
  • 00:21:44
    occurs at a blood glucose of
  • 00:21:46
    180 milligrams per DL so at 180 you
  • 00:21:50
    start spilling glucose into your urine
  • 00:21:52
    and when you spill glucose you take
  • 00:21:54
    water with it and that dehydrates you
  • 00:21:56
    and that's one of the cardinal signs of
  • 00:21:58
    diabetes is polyurea and polydipsia too
  • 00:22:01
    much peeing too much drinking and
  • 00:22:03
    dehydration so you obviously don't want
  • 00:22:05
    that and in addition the higher the
  • 00:22:08
    blood glucose goes you know it's been uh
  • 00:22:12
    glucose has been equated with like
  • 00:22:14
    grains of sand you can imagine if you
  • 00:22:16
    had grains of sand running through your
  • 00:22:19
    uh you know arteries you know it might
  • 00:22:21
    do some damage like the the finish on
  • 00:22:24
    your you know car when you're out on
  • 00:22:26
    Pacific Coast Highway you know just from
  • 00:22:29
    the sand you know and the saltwater
  • 00:22:31
    hitting your car well if you're running
  • 00:22:34
    around with high blood glucose a lot of
  • 00:22:36
    the time you're going to have some
  • 00:22:37
    endothelial dysfunction and that may be
  • 00:22:40
    actually one of the contributions to
  • 00:22:42
    high blood pressure so um high blood
  • 00:22:45
    pressure can occur due to Sugar dietary
  • 00:22:48
    sugar because of the increase in uric
  • 00:22:51
    acid which reduces uh nitric oxide which
  • 00:22:54
    raises blood pressure or it could be
  • 00:22:56
    because of the endothelial cell dis
  • 00:22:58
    function you can see that in the release
  • 00:23:00
    of a a hormone called enden one that you
  • 00:23:04
    can measure again it's a research test
  • 00:23:06
    for the most part we don't you know do
  • 00:23:08
    that routinely but either one of those
  • 00:23:10
    is a sign of uh arterial damage and
  • 00:23:15
    ultimately uh you know that would
  • 00:23:17
    shorten your lifespan uh it's been shown
  • 00:23:20
    that if you can get your blood pressure
  • 00:23:22
    down by 2 millimeters of mercury you
  • 00:23:26
    have a 10% reduction in risk for stroke
  • 00:23:30
    so even a little change in blood
  • 00:23:33
    pressure has big changes in terms of uh
  • 00:23:37
    vascular health so all of these things
  • 00:23:41
    are related to each other obviously you
  • 00:23:43
    don't want your blood glucose to go
  • 00:23:44
    super high but more importantly you
  • 00:23:47
    don't want it to hang around you want it
  • 00:23:49
    to clear and that is a sign that your
  • 00:23:52
    insulin's working that's a sign of
  • 00:23:54
    insulin sensitivity that's a sign that
  • 00:23:56
    your muscles are working your liver
  • 00:23:58
    working working your whole body is
  • 00:23:59
    working I would say that insulin
  • 00:24:02
    sensitivity is
  • 00:24:04
    the pathogenic factor most associated
  • 00:24:09
    with all of the chronic diseases that we
  • 00:24:12
    have today if there's one thing to fix
  • 00:24:15
    it's your insulin resistance and so then
  • 00:24:18
    the question is okay how do you measure
  • 00:24:21
    that and we'll get to that in just a
  • 00:24:23
    minute yeah I just want to go one step
  • 00:24:25
    further on this story we're talking
  • 00:24:27
    about and I think this is a use framing
  • 00:24:29
    of sort of what's happening to the
  • 00:24:30
    glucose in the body and how it relates
  • 00:24:33
    to the sort of height of the spike so we
  • 00:24:35
    talk about let's say your very let's say
  • 00:24:37
    two people are spiking to
  • 00:24:39
    160 one is uh insulin sensitive and the
  • 00:24:43
    other is less so and so it's taking
  • 00:24:45
    longer to clear it but when we talk
  • 00:24:47
    about clearing where does it go even if
  • 00:24:50
    I'm healthy is there a difference in
  • 00:24:52
    where that glucose goes between the
  • 00:24:53
    insulin sensitive person and the
  • 00:24:55
    non-insulin sensitive person once
  • 00:24:56
    they're back to Baseline has a different
  • 00:24:58
    thing occurred in each one of them
  • 00:25:00
    absolutely so where does it get cleared
  • 00:25:03
    to where does glucose get cleared to
  • 00:25:05
    well every cell in the body uses glucose
  • 00:25:07
    for energy but not every cell in the
  • 00:25:10
    body is responsive to
  • 00:25:11
    insulin okay now every cell has glucose
  • 00:25:14
    Transporters but those glucose
  • 00:25:16
    Transporters are not necessarily insulin
  • 00:25:19
    dependent
  • 00:25:20
    Transporters which glucose Transporters
  • 00:25:23
    are the insulin dependent ones glute
  • 00:25:26
    four so there's glute one glute two all
  • 00:25:29
    the way up to glute
  • 00:25:31
    11 okay 11 different glucose
  • 00:25:34
    Transporters depending on which tissue
  • 00:25:36
    you're talking about fructose by the way
  • 00:25:40
    is handled by glute five and also glute
  • 00:25:42
    seven so the different glucose
  • 00:25:45
    Transporters do different things in
  • 00:25:47
    different tissues like for instance the
  • 00:25:49
    brain uses glute one no other tissue
  • 00:25:52
    uses glute one but glute four is the
  • 00:25:55
    only one that's insulin sensitive so
  • 00:25:58
    where's glute four because if your
  • 00:26:01
    insulin level's high that means that the
  • 00:26:03
    glute four specific tissues are going to
  • 00:26:06
    be influenced the greatest and the
  • 00:26:09
    answer there is your muscle and your fat
  • 00:26:13
    and so you're going to drive energy into
  • 00:26:15
    muscle and fat if you drive energy into
  • 00:26:17
    muscle that your muscle is not using
  • 00:26:20
    you're going to get fat deposition in
  • 00:26:22
    your muscle called intramyocellular
  • 00:26:24
    lipid that's a cardinal feature of
  • 00:26:27
    insulin resistance if you drive the
  • 00:26:30
    glucose into fat cells well the fat cell
  • 00:26:33
    is going to turn that into actual
  • 00:26:35
    adapost tissue it's going to turn it
  • 00:26:37
    into triglyceride in the atopos tissue
  • 00:26:40
    it's got all the enzymes to take glucose
  • 00:26:42
    turn it into fat and so you're going to
  • 00:26:44
    lay down more fat and now you've got
  • 00:26:46
    obesity and of course if it's visceral
  • 00:26:49
    fat you will have insulin resistance yet
  • 00:26:52
    uh worse you know it'll basically be a
  • 00:26:55
    vicious cycle so the higher the insulin
  • 00:26:58
    the more your fat and muscle are going
  • 00:27:00
    to gain fat because of the glute 4
  • 00:27:04
    transporter it's not going to make much
  • 00:27:06
    difference in terms of the glute one the
  • 00:27:09
    glute two the glute three the glute five
  • 00:27:11
    the glute and all the way up to 11 it's
  • 00:27:14
    really going to be that glute four but
  • 00:27:17
    that's what causes the
  • 00:27:19
    illness so getting the insulin down is
  • 00:27:24
    job one and the only way to do that is
  • 00:27:27
    to become insulin sensitive and the only
  • 00:27:30
    way to do that is lifestyle so if it's
  • 00:27:34
    just make sure I understand this so if I
  • 00:27:37
    take in the same amount of glucose um
  • 00:27:39
    but I am insulin
  • 00:27:41
    sensitive what is happening such that
  • 00:27:44
    I'm not getting those fat deposits
  • 00:27:45
    either in my muscular tissue or in the
  • 00:27:47
    adapost tissue that that are all the
  • 00:27:50
    risk if I am insulin sensitive the
  • 00:27:53
    glucose has to go somewhere right if
  • 00:27:54
    I've taken in that amount of glucose
  • 00:27:56
    load if you're insulin sensitive it will
  • 00:27:58
    go into all of your other tissues
  • 00:28:00
    equally and will be burned you know by
  • 00:28:04
    the mitochondria to carbon dioxide and
  • 00:28:06
    ATP and will fuel all of those uh
  • 00:28:10
    metabolic processes and you will
  • 00:28:12
    therefore be metabolically
  • 00:28:15
    healthy as soon as your insulin goes up
  • 00:28:19
    what that's a sign of is the fact that
  • 00:28:21
    you're not burning that glucose to
  • 00:28:23
    carbon dioxide and ATP well okay if
  • 00:28:27
    you're not burning it you've getting a
  • 00:28:28
    backup and you need insulin then to
  • 00:28:30
    clear it what is that saying about your
  • 00:28:33
    cells what that's saying is that the
  • 00:28:36
    mitochondria the little subcellular
  • 00:28:39
    organel in inside each cell the little
  • 00:28:41
    energy burning factories inside each
  • 00:28:43
    cell what it's saying those aren't
  • 00:28:45
    working very well for whatever reason
  • 00:28:48
    those
  • 00:28:48
    mitochondria are fallen behind because
  • 00:28:52
    if they weren't fallen behind your
  • 00:28:55
    insulin wouldn't be high and you'd be
  • 00:28:57
    clearing the glucose well so insulin
  • 00:29:02
    resistance and mitochondrial dysfunction
  • 00:29:05
    are part and parcel of the same
  • 00:29:08
    phenomenon so what that's telling us is
  • 00:29:11
    if you're insulin resistant you've got
  • 00:29:13
    something wrong with your mitochondria
  • 00:29:15
    and you need to step up your
  • 00:29:17
    mitochondria well what's wrong with your
  • 00:29:20
    mitochondria and that's where the whole
  • 00:29:22
    question of our environment starts
  • 00:29:25
    coming in okay so let's go back to this
  • 00:29:27
    question of of timing for a moment
  • 00:29:29
    because I think this is really helpful
  • 00:29:30
    in understanding this this glucose
  • 00:29:32
    journey and then what what I'm seeing
  • 00:29:34
    about this glucose Journey on a glucose
  • 00:29:36
    graph is is telling me so if I am
  • 00:29:39
    healthy I take in a load of glucose I
  • 00:29:42
    see it rise but I'm seeing it clear
  • 00:29:44
    quickly which is a sign that my cells
  • 00:29:47
    are taking it up as efficiently as they
  • 00:29:49
    possibly can it's not then going to be
  • 00:29:51
    deposited in my muscle and fat tissue as
  • 00:29:55
    as fat right so if I see a a long if it
  • 00:29:59
    takes a long time for it to clear that's
  • 00:30:02
    essentially a sign that in other would
  • 00:30:05
    let me see how to phrase this if it's
  • 00:30:07
    being cleared quickly it means it's
  • 00:30:08
    going into the cells if it's not being
  • 00:30:10
    cleared quickly that means it's not
  • 00:30:11
    going into the cells where I want to to
  • 00:30:13
    go and it's going to go into this other
  • 00:30:14
    tissue is that right exactly right
  • 00:30:17
    exactly right the longer it stays in
  • 00:30:20
    your bloodstream the worse off you
  • 00:30:23
    are and you can't learn that from a
  • 00:30:25
    fasting glucose you actually can't even
  • 00:30:27
    learn that from a fasting insulin
  • 00:30:29
    although fasting insulin is a much
  • 00:30:31
    better Arbiter of that because the
  • 00:30:34
    fasting insulin basically tells you how
  • 00:30:35
    well your mitochondria working if your
  • 00:30:37
    mitochondria working your fasting
  • 00:30:38
    insulin's low if your mitochondria not
  • 00:30:40
    working your fasting insulin's high it's
  • 00:30:42
    our best proxy for mitochondrial
  • 00:30:44
    function and so I think that the fasting
  • 00:30:48
    insulin is the single best marker for
  • 00:30:52
    metabolic Health that we could
  • 00:30:56
    order and I
  • 00:30:58
    routinely suggest it and order it on my
  • 00:31:02
    patients and I am trying to get the
  • 00:31:05
    medical profession to you know glom on
  • 00:31:08
    to this idea but I will tell you there
  • 00:31:10
    are super number of
  • 00:31:13
    obstacles one is the insurance industry
  • 00:31:16
    because they don't want to pay for it
  • 00:31:18
    even though it's not expensive runs
  • 00:31:20
    between 12 and $120 medium
  • 00:31:23
    $48 so it's not that expensive so and
  • 00:31:27
    they can learn the patients and the do
  • 00:31:29
    their doctors can learn so much from it
  • 00:31:32
    if they knew how to interpret
  • 00:31:34
    it and of course the food industry food
  • 00:31:37
    industry is not happy about that at all
  • 00:31:41
    because it's one of the ways they get
  • 00:31:44
    away with putting junk in our food
  • 00:31:46
    because if you're fasting insul we're
  • 00:31:47
    going up and the only way to fix it is
  • 00:31:49
    your food they don't want you to know
  • 00:31:52
    and then third the American Diabetes
  • 00:31:55
    Association now you would think that the
  • 00:31:58
    American Diabetes Association would be
  • 00:32:00
    very happy for people to not be insulin
  • 00:32:04
    resistant you would think that that
  • 00:32:06
    would prevent them from getting diabetes
  • 00:32:09
    Well the American Diabetes Association
  • 00:32:10
    is really not into prevention they're
  • 00:32:11
    into treatment they're into pharmacology
  • 00:32:14
    they're into
  • 00:32:16
    Pharmaceuticals because their entire
  • 00:32:17
    budget is basically underwritten by big
  • 00:32:21
    Pharma fact matter is the American
  • 00:32:23
    Diabetes Association says do not draw a
  • 00:32:25
    fasting insulin and that's one of the
  • 00:32:27
    reasons why the way that the insurance
  • 00:32:29
    industry doesn't cover it because the
  • 00:32:30
    Ada says that all right so why do they
  • 00:32:33
    say that two reasons and they're both
  • 00:32:35
    specious they're both wrong first reason
  • 00:32:39
    they
  • 00:32:42
    say the different assays for fasting
  • 00:32:44
    insulin are not standardized across
  • 00:32:48
    platforms so if you get it done at your
  • 00:32:50
    local lab if you get it done at the
  • 00:32:52
    hospital if you get it done you know
  • 00:32:53
    through a send out you know you're going
  • 00:32:55
    to get all different results
  • 00:32:58
    from different assays not standardized
  • 00:33:01
    and there's some truth to that I don't
  • 00:33:03
    even argue that that is true one of the
  • 00:33:06
    reasons that this occurs because it
  • 00:33:07
    ought to be something that you should be
  • 00:33:09
    able to measure easily one of the
  • 00:33:11
    reasons this occurs is because some of
  • 00:33:13
    the cheap assays use uh antibodies use
  • 00:33:17
    basically what's either an radioimmuno
  • 00:33:19
    assay or an Alysa enzyme linked
  • 00:33:21
    immunosorbent assay and so it's looking
  • 00:33:24
    at epitopes it's looking at specific
  • 00:33:27
    areas of molecule to determine whether
  • 00:33:30
    or not the molecule is there or not and
  • 00:33:33
    that determines you know the
  • 00:33:35
    level and that's worked for us for a
  • 00:33:37
    long time but you can have cross
  • 00:33:40
    reactants you can have other peptides or
  • 00:33:43
    proteins that you're measuring in the
  • 00:33:44
    same sample that crossreact with the
  • 00:33:47
    antibody and will give you a
  • 00:33:48
    fictitiously elevated level the most
  • 00:33:51
    common of this is pro-insulin now what's
  • 00:33:55
    pro-insulin you've heard of insulin
  • 00:33:56
    what's pro-insulin
  • 00:33:58
    proinsulin is the peptide that has to be
  • 00:34:02
    cleaved to make insulin so it is a pro
  • 00:34:06
    hormone it is not a hormone you should
  • 00:34:10
    not be releasing pro- insulin you should
  • 00:34:13
    be releasing the mature insulin after
  • 00:34:17
    the C peptide is cleaved out of it now
  • 00:34:20
    there's an enzyme in your beta cells
  • 00:34:22
    that Cleaves that c peptide out of it
  • 00:34:24
    it's called pro hormone convertase one
  • 00:34:27
    well when your beta cells are stressed
  • 00:34:30
    when they're working overtime because
  • 00:34:32
    you're insulin resistant and you then
  • 00:34:35
    have a big glucose
  • 00:34:37
    load you need to bring that glucose down
  • 00:34:41
    and that's insulin's job and that beta
  • 00:34:44
    cell is going to work as hard as it can
  • 00:34:46
    to put out as much as it can and it
  • 00:34:48
    doesn't have time to cleave the piece of
  • 00:34:52
    C peptide out and so it's going to
  • 00:34:54
    release the proinsulin too
  • 00:34:58
    now Pro insulin has only 5% of the
  • 00:35:00
    activity of insulin but basically what
  • 00:35:02
    it's a sign of is beta cell
  • 00:35:07
    exhaustion but it gets measured in the
  • 00:35:09
    insulin assay because proinsulin and
  • 00:35:11
    Insulin look a lot alike so you're
  • 00:35:14
    measuring something that's not insulin
  • 00:35:17
    in the insulin assay and so can throw
  • 00:35:19
    off the assay well the American Diabetes
  • 00:35:22
    Association is saying well then don't
  • 00:35:24
    draw it because it's not necessarily
  • 00:35:27
    measuring what you want to measure and
  • 00:35:29
    that sort of you know at a uh uh shall
  • 00:35:33
    we say at a common sense level sort of
  • 00:35:36
    makes sense but who cares who cares if
  • 00:35:41
    it's high it's a problem irrespective of
  • 00:35:44
    whether you're measuring insulin or
  • 00:35:45
    proinsulin or anything else for that
  • 00:35:46
    matter if it's high it's a problem and
  • 00:35:49
    as long as you're using the same assay
  • 00:35:52
    on the same patient you know over time
  • 00:35:56
    you can still use those to understand
  • 00:35:59
    Dynamic changes so I think that's a
  • 00:36:02
    specious reason that the Ada says don't
  • 00:36:05
    do draw it what's the degree by which
  • 00:36:07
    that Pro insulin can throw off that
  • 00:36:09
    reading are we talking small or quite a
  • 00:36:11
    bit so there we know that there is a
  • 00:36:13
    phenomenon called hyperproinsulinemia
  • 00:36:15
    was uh first uh uh espoused by Dr John S
  • 00:36:19
    yudkin not the John yudkin of sugar Fame
  • 00:36:22
    but his cousin okay John es yudkin
  • 00:36:27
    famous British endocrinologist wonderful
  • 00:36:29
    guy um and he was the one who
  • 00:36:31
    demonstrated this phenomenon called
  • 00:36:33
    hyperproinsulinemia and it is without
  • 00:36:35
    question if you're putting out Pro
  • 00:36:37
    insulin it means you are sick that's a
  • 00:36:39
    bad thing to be doing um so no this it's
  • 00:36:43
    a very real thing uh so that's the first
  • 00:36:47
    reason then the second reason that the
  • 00:36:49
    uh American Diabetes Association says
  • 00:36:51
    don't draw it they say fasting insulin
  • 00:36:55
    levels do not correlate with
  • 00:36:58
    obesity that's exactly right they do
  • 00:37:01
    not they correlate with metabolic health
  • 00:37:04
    because they correlate with
  • 00:37:05
    mitochondrial dysfunction and you can be
  • 00:37:07
    obese and have normal mitochondria and
  • 00:37:09
    you can thin you can be thin and have
  • 00:37:12
    crappy
  • 00:37:13
    mitochondria and the fasting insulin
  • 00:37:15
    will tell you that of course it's not
  • 00:37:17
    correlated with obesity that's exactly
  • 00:37:19
    why you should draw it because it's
  • 00:37:20
    telling you something otherwise you
  • 00:37:22
    could just get on the scale and you find
  • 00:37:23
    out the same thing no no no so the
  • 00:37:26
    reason they say not to draw it is
  • 00:37:28
    exactly the reason to draw it but they
  • 00:37:31
    don't get it so I'm working on them but
  • 00:37:33
    boy oh boy I'll tell you it's like
  • 00:37:35
    pulling teeth what's the just to dig
  • 00:37:37
    into let's dig into insulin as a marker
  • 00:37:39
    a little bit because we do offer it in
  • 00:37:40
    the the blood test you know that that we
  • 00:37:43
    offer we include fasting insulin right
  • 00:37:44
    we do Labs 2.0 and fasting insulin is at
  • 00:37:47
    the front and center of that what's the
  • 00:37:49
    best faith argument for maybe not
  • 00:37:53
    ignoring it entirely but what's the
  • 00:37:56
    context with which I should look at that
  • 00:37:58
    insulin marker how should I understand
  • 00:37:59
    that insulin number in the context of
  • 00:38:02
    the other things that I'm measuring and
  • 00:38:03
    let's let's say for these purposes the
  • 00:38:05
    other things that you would like us to
  • 00:38:06
    measure not just the the things I'm
  • 00:38:08
    getting at my standard physical right so
  • 00:38:10
    fasting insulin is in a dynamic range so
  • 00:38:15
    the lower it
  • 00:38:16
    is the better off you are as long as you
  • 00:38:18
    don't have type 1 diabetes then it'll be
  • 00:38:21
    zero and that would be really bad you
  • 00:38:23
    need some insulin okay otherwise you end
  • 00:38:26
    up in diabetic keto acidosis which will
  • 00:38:28
    kill you pretty quick if you don't do
  • 00:38:29
    something about it and the only
  • 00:38:30
    treatment for that is insulin so you
  • 00:38:32
    always need a little insulin and that's
  • 00:38:34
    one of the reasons why we age because
  • 00:38:36
    you always need a little insulin there's
  • 00:38:39
    no way to do without it all right so but
  • 00:38:44
    the lower it is the more functional it
  • 00:38:47
    is the better off you are and the longer
  • 00:38:50
    you will live so it's one of the best
  • 00:38:53
    longevity markers there is and the great
  • 00:38:56
    thing about it is it will change change
  • 00:38:58
    in two
  • 00:38:59
    weeks now it'll also change back again
  • 00:39:02
    in two weeks you know if you stop you
  • 00:39:04
    know applying you know whatever
  • 00:39:06
    lifestyle modification that you uh uh
  • 00:39:09
    used to get it down so it's a uh you
  • 00:39:14
    know to me fasting insulin is where the
  • 00:39:16
    action is and it's cheap and it's
  • 00:39:19
    available and you can do it tomorrow
  • 00:39:22
    there are even now fasting insulin
  • 00:39:25
    assays you can do at home you don't even
  • 00:39:27
    have to go to your doctor but you know
  • 00:39:30
    they cost money and then the question is
  • 00:39:32
    you know is it reliable and you know
  • 00:39:34
    those are questions that you know are
  • 00:39:36
    yet to be answered for each of the
  • 00:39:38
    different uh uh assays that are out
  • 00:39:40
    there the type of question we get all
  • 00:39:42
    the time when we start talking about
  • 00:39:43
    markers is when results don't line up
  • 00:39:47
    with the story that we are telling right
  • 00:39:49
    with this sort of basic picture of how
  • 00:39:51
    things work and and I won't go through
  • 00:39:53
    all of them because that could be an
  • 00:39:54
    hours long podcast of what if this and
  • 00:39:56
    then that yeah yeah not doing that but
  • 00:39:58
    just to stick to glucose and insulin for
  • 00:39:59
    a minute if my insulin is low and I'll
  • 00:40:02
    be personally here my insulin is low
  • 00:40:03
    it's under two good for you I'm a child
  • 00:40:06
    of the 80s which means I grew up eating
  • 00:40:07
    sugar cereal every morning for breakfast
  • 00:40:09
    for 30 years which means daily and I
  • 00:40:11
    know this now because I have a CGM on I
  • 00:40:13
    would spike my glucose to 200 MH and it
  • 00:40:16
    would come back down and yet in my late
  • 00:40:18
    40s my insulin is under two I'm
  • 00:40:21
    delighted explain how that is to me oh
  • 00:40:23
    it's very simple means that you're
  • 00:40:25
    insulin sensitive now
  • 00:40:28
    and it means you have good beta cell
  • 00:40:31
    reserve and it means you're fine now it
  • 00:40:33
    doesn't mean you were fine when you were
  • 00:40:36
    you know
  • 00:40:36
    12 the fact is we have this pandemic of
  • 00:40:41
    childhood obesity and childhood type two
  • 00:40:43
    diabetes and clearly they're not okay
  • 00:40:47
    the fact that you escaped that you know
  • 00:40:50
    period of you know Froot Loops and
  • 00:40:52
    Captain Crunch and you know crackling
  • 00:40:55
    you o brand you know and
  • 00:40:57
    you know Live to Tell the tale and have
  • 00:41:00
    a fasting insulin now of two you know
  • 00:41:03
    hats off to you I wish I were so lucky
  • 00:41:06
    but that's that's great and it you know
  • 00:41:09
    prends good things for the future if you
  • 00:41:11
    can maintain that so how should I think
  • 00:41:13
    then about my A1C My fasting glucose my
  • 00:41:18
    um average glucose or sort of glucose
  • 00:41:20
    stability if I'm wearing a CGM if those
  • 00:41:23
    are not as I remember my last A1C was
  • 00:41:27
    like borderline pre-diabetes right so I
  • 00:41:29
    look at my insulin I go I'm great walk
  • 00:41:31
    away put the paper down all good nothing
  • 00:41:33
    to worry about here I look at that A1C
  • 00:41:35
    and I go if this weren't a member they
  • 00:41:38
    would be emailing us going that looks
  • 00:41:39
    High what should I do about it right
  • 00:41:41
    well understand that the A1C is not the
  • 00:41:44
    fasting insulin okay they are not
  • 00:41:46
    necessarily the same there are various
  • 00:41:49
    uh uh uh I won't say disorders but
  • 00:41:53
    conditions that can lead to a slightly
  • 00:41:55
    elevated hemoglobin A1 see and it
  • 00:41:58
    doesn't necessarily portend anything bad
  • 00:42:01
    example there's a disorder it's really a
  • 00:42:05
    condition because you needs no treatment
  • 00:42:08
    and has no Downstream side effects this
  • 00:42:12
    uh condition is called Modi 2 m oy2
  • 00:42:16
    mature onset diabetes of Youth 2 now
  • 00:42:20
    Modi is a set of diseases that are all
  • 00:42:25
    genetic defects in the beta cell they're
  • 00:42:27
    14 of them 14 different modies and some
  • 00:42:31
    of them are really bad okay some of them
  • 00:42:35
    will ultimately cause significant
  • 00:42:40
    diabetes very intractable to treatment
  • 00:42:43
    and will ultimately lead to early aging
  • 00:42:46
    and
  • 00:42:47
    death no
  • 00:42:49
    argument Modi
  • 00:42:51
    2 is a defect in the sensing of the beta
  • 00:42:56
    cell the level of glucose in the blood
  • 00:42:59
    has to get a little higher before the
  • 00:43:01
    beta cell will start kicking out insulin
  • 00:43:04
    it just basically means that the gain
  • 00:43:06
    has been reset the threshold for
  • 00:43:09
    releasing insulin has been reset so
  • 00:43:11
    these people run higher blood glucoses
  • 00:43:14
    routinely but they still get an insulin
  • 00:43:17
    Spike when their blood glucose goes up
  • 00:43:20
    they still clear glucose just as quickly
  • 00:43:22
    they just run a higher blood glucose so
  • 00:43:25
    they hemoglobin A1c is higher has
  • 00:43:29
    absolutely
  • 00:43:31
    no implications for aging or for
  • 00:43:36
    disease it's just a factitious you know
  • 00:43:40
    it's not spurious because it it makes
  • 00:43:42
    sense but it's a factitious biomarker
  • 00:43:46
    that's out of range and means nothing so
  • 00:43:50
    it only means something if the
  • 00:43:54
    physiology is consistent so if you have
  • 00:43:57
    a high fasting insulin and a high
  • 00:43:59
    glucose and a high1 A1c that means
  • 00:44:02
    something because they're all going in
  • 00:44:04
    the same direction so you can point to
  • 00:44:06
    the pathophysiology and say yeah that's
  • 00:44:08
    what's going on we need to do something
  • 00:44:09
    about that but if you see one lab test
  • 00:44:12
    that's out of whack and it doesn't make
  • 00:44:14
    sense with all the others that are in
  • 00:44:16
    the same
  • 00:44:17
    pathway probably best to ignore it or
  • 00:44:20
    possibly it's even lab error maybe it
  • 00:44:22
    needs to be redrawn remember that F all
  • 00:44:25
    5% of all lab tests are
  • 00:44:28
    errors that's exactly what I was just
  • 00:44:30
    gonna ask is how reliable Labs tend to
  • 00:44:32
    be in general and does it vary among
  • 00:44:34
    markers or the some we can trust more
  • 00:44:35
    than others it depends on the marker
  • 00:44:38
    yeah so some are much tighter than
  • 00:44:40
    others like glucose is a pretty tight
  • 00:44:43
    one okay although CGM glucose has a much
  • 00:44:47
    wider variation than lab glucose so you
  • 00:44:50
    know we need to keep that in in mind but
  • 00:44:52
    some of the other assays you know there
  • 00:44:54
    are things that can interfere with it
  • 00:44:57
    hey you know somebody spits in the tube
  • 00:44:59
    you know there's there's all sorts of
  • 00:45:02
    you know stuff that goes on in
  • 00:45:03
    Laboratories and I know because I used
  • 00:45:05
    to work in a laboratory and you know you
  • 00:45:08
    do the best you can but you know stuff
  • 00:45:10
    happens so given
  • 00:45:12
    how how rapidly insulin can change for
  • 00:45:15
    instance in response to our lifestyle
  • 00:45:17
    and what we're doing how often should we
  • 00:45:19
    be testing it how frequently should I
  • 00:45:21
    look at my insulin to understand let's
  • 00:45:23
    just focus on metabolic health for now
  • 00:45:25
    and we'll get back to the sort of
  • 00:45:26
    broader Health marker but how should I
  • 00:45:28
    keep a pulse on my metabolic Health what
  • 00:45:31
    are the things I can be looking at
  • 00:45:33
    personally I think that everyone should
  • 00:45:35
    get their fasting insulin done once a
  • 00:45:37
    year along with their standard lab draw
  • 00:45:40
    but they need then to be fasting because
  • 00:45:42
    if you're not fasting you don't know
  • 00:45:44
    where you are on the insulin curve and
  • 00:45:45
    then it's useless but if you're fasting
  • 00:45:48
    then you should get it done once a year
  • 00:45:50
    and if you're changing diet or exercise
  • 00:45:52
    or you know some lifestyle or
  • 00:45:54
    environmental intervention that you
  • 00:45:56
    think is going to improve metabolic
  • 00:45:57
    health I would strongly suggest getting
  • 00:46:00
    a second fasting
  • 00:46:02
    insulin 4 weeks after the change so that
  • 00:46:05
    you can monitor it know that you're
  • 00:46:07
    doing the right thing that that the
  • 00:46:09
    fasting insulin is coming down so that
  • 00:46:12
    you will number one be U positively
  • 00:46:15
    reinforced and you know continue to you
  • 00:46:18
    know on your you know weight loss or
  • 00:46:20
    metabolic Health Journey okay and be you
  • 00:46:22
    know rewarded for your efforts and it'll
  • 00:46:26
    um uh give your uh physician a new
  • 00:46:29
    Baseline to work off of so I think that
  • 00:46:31
    you know once a year and four weeks
  • 00:46:34
    after change uh changing your lifestyle
  • 00:46:37
    and how should I read it then in
  • 00:46:39
    conjunction with let's say I'm wearing a
  • 00:46:40
    CGM or I occasionally are am wearing a
  • 00:46:43
    CGM how should I think about it in
  • 00:46:45
    conjunction with with the kinds of
  • 00:46:47
    curves that I'm seeing relative to what
  • 00:46:49
    I'm eating and what I'm doing well if
  • 00:46:50
    you're insulin resistant then the thing
  • 00:46:52
    you want to look at is not necessarily
  • 00:46:54
    the peak glucose but you want to how
  • 00:46:57
    quickly it returns to Baseline if it
  • 00:47:00
    returns to Baseline in 30 to 45 minutes
  • 00:47:04
    you're doing great if it takes an
  • 00:47:07
    hour not as great if it takes 90 minutes
  • 00:47:12
    clearly not as great and so you should
  • 00:47:14
    look at your fasting insulin in that
  • 00:47:16
    context if your fasting insulin is say
  • 00:47:19
    above 10 and you're clearing your
  • 00:47:22
    glucose slowly that is you know an hour
  • 00:47:26
    or greater you still have some work to
  • 00:47:29
    do if you're clearing your glucose
  • 00:47:32
    rapidly and your fasting insulin is low
  • 00:47:36
    you're in great shape keep doing it so
  • 00:47:40
    you should look at the trends you should
  • 00:47:43
    look at the
  • 00:47:44
    pathophysiology you should understand
  • 00:47:46
    that each of the markers doesn't exist
  • 00:47:49
    in isolation they are not siloed they
  • 00:47:51
    work together if I have relatively low
  • 00:47:55
    fasting insulin and I'm seeing generally
  • 00:47:58
    a trend of of pretty quick return to
  • 00:48:00
    Baseline am I somebody who can then take
  • 00:48:03
    in more carbs without worrying too much
  • 00:48:06
    about what that that actual glucose I'm
  • 00:48:09
    taking in is going to be what what kind
  • 00:48:10
    of long-term damage that might be
  • 00:48:12
    causing my body can I be more tolerant
  • 00:48:14
    of spiking 50 points as opposed to
  • 00:48:16
    trying to stay under 30 or whatever the
  • 00:48:18
    sort of guidance is yeah absolutely
  • 00:48:20
    because you're clearing it and the
  • 00:48:22
    clearing is much more important than the
  • 00:48:23
    spiking that we're very sure of yeah the
  • 00:48:26
    spiking tells you about Reserve but the
  • 00:48:29
    clearing it tells you about sensitivity
  • 00:48:31
    and the sensitivity is the thing that is
  • 00:48:33
    associated with disease so if I am in
  • 00:48:35
    good metabolic
  • 00:48:37
    Health how do you think about how flat
  • 00:48:39
    my glucose curve should be you mentioned
  • 00:48:41
    earlier that we can expect to see spikes
  • 00:48:42
    or maybe Rises is the word we want to
  • 00:48:44
    use instead three times a day when I eat
  • 00:48:47
    but we also know and we see this in a
  • 00:48:48
    lot of you know our members they're
  • 00:48:50
    trying to eat to keep that glucose line
  • 00:48:53
    as flat as possible how flat do you want
  • 00:48:55
    to see that line it's going to undulate
  • 00:48:58
    all right if it doesn't undulate you
  • 00:49:00
    know that means either you're not
  • 00:49:01
    consuming glucose or you're fasting one
  • 00:49:04
    of the other it's going to it's going to
  • 00:49:09
    change we don't know we don't have the
  • 00:49:12
    data to tell you oh the amount of change
  • 00:49:17
    predicts when you're going to die we
  • 00:49:19
    don't have that right I don't think
  • 00:49:21
    we'll ever have that what I can say is
  • 00:49:24
    the longer it stays up
  • 00:49:27
    the more problem it is that's really
  • 00:49:29
    what I can say you should be able to
  • 00:49:32
    clear your
  • 00:49:33
    glucose within an hour that's what I can
  • 00:49:37
    say now different foods will give you
  • 00:49:39
    different Rises and different foods will
  • 00:49:42
    probably have different effects on how
  • 00:49:45
    fast that glucose gets cleared as well
  • 00:49:49
    those are called craft curves okay kft
  • 00:49:52
    for Dr craft who first utilized them so
  • 00:49:55
    different foods will
  • 00:49:57
    you know provide you with different
  • 00:49:58
    information and that's one of the
  • 00:50:00
    reasons why cgms are so great because
  • 00:50:02
    then you can determine well what gives
  • 00:50:04
    you the lowest glucose Excursion what
  • 00:50:07
    gives you the best craft curve for your
  • 00:50:11
    personal body habitus and your personal
  • 00:50:14
    biochemistry you can get that out of the
  • 00:50:19
    CGM now the craft curve of course
  • 00:50:21
    measures insulin it doesn't measure
  • 00:50:24
    glucose so you're not getting that but
  • 00:50:27
    you're getting a proxy because if you're
  • 00:50:29
    clearing your glucose fast that means
  • 00:50:32
    your insulin's in good shape so you know
  • 00:50:35
    we have to understand what we're
  • 00:50:37
    measuring
  • 00:50:38
    glucose but really what you want to know
  • 00:50:40
    about is the insulin so if I'm having
  • 00:50:42
    those rapid returns to Baseline how much
  • 00:50:44
    do you care about glycemic variability
  • 00:50:46
    over the the course of the day if my
  • 00:50:49
    line is still moving quite a bit but
  • 00:50:51
    it's coming back down or if I'm spiking
  • 00:50:53
    every time I eat not that much as long
  • 00:50:55
    as it's coming down
  • 00:50:57
    if it goes up it goes up if it's coming
  • 00:51:00
    down that means your body's okay
  • 00:51:02
    actually there's one more thing I want
  • 00:51:03
    to follow up on on the uh glucose and
  • 00:51:05
    Insulin side this is maybe a bit of a
  • 00:51:07
    tangent but um I want to go back to
  • 00:51:11
    diabetes we talk about diabetes is is
  • 00:51:14
    diagnosed via glucose right via a
  • 00:51:17
    fasting glucose test or an
  • 00:51:19
    A1C but as I understand that what
  • 00:51:21
    diabetes is describing as a state of
  • 00:51:23
    insulin resistant well not necessarily
  • 00:51:26
    okay type one diabetes is not a state of
  • 00:51:28
    insulin resistance it's a state of
  • 00:51:30
    defective insulin uh insulin Reserve so
  • 00:51:34
    if you can't make insulin doesn't matter
  • 00:51:36
    how sensitive you are so it's a
  • 00:51:38
    combination of the two you know it's
  • 00:51:40
    like two um uh uh uh levers you know
  • 00:51:44
    that are in working in concert with each
  • 00:51:47
    other and the more defective one lever
  • 00:51:49
    is the harder the other one has to work
  • 00:51:51
    in order to keep it uh stable so that's
  • 00:51:54
    why you need both pieces of information
  • 00:51:56
    you need the spike to tell you about the
  • 00:51:58
    reserve you need the uh rate of
  • 00:52:01
    clearance to tell you about the
  • 00:52:03
    sensitivity there's information in both
  • 00:52:06
    of those and they're related to each
  • 00:52:07
    other so why do we diagnose diabetes
  • 00:52:10
    with glucose and not insulin well
  • 00:52:12
    because some people will have high
  • 00:52:14
    insulin for a certain glucose and some
  • 00:52:16
    people will have low insulin for a
  • 00:52:17
    certain glucose where you going to draw
  • 00:52:19
    the line it's not going to tell you and
  • 00:52:22
    in addition because the glucose is you
  • 00:52:25
    know doing damage you know it's
  • 00:52:27
    obviously the thing to measure and in
  • 00:52:29
    addition because your kidney is now
  • 00:52:32
    excreting the glucose you know it's an
  • 00:52:34
    easy to measure in the urine so that's a
  • 00:52:39
    better marker for diabetes but it's not
  • 00:52:42
    necessarily A U biomarker with dynamic
  • 00:52:46
    range for metabolic Health insulin's
  • 00:52:49
    much better for that and because insulin
  • 00:52:52
    changes early and glucose changes late
  • 00:52:56
    like I said said if you're waiting for
  • 00:52:57
    the glucose to change horse is out of
  • 00:52:59
    the barn one more question on Diabetes
  • 00:53:01
    how arbitrary is 125 it's pretty
  • 00:53:03
    arbitrary it depends on where you are in
  • 00:53:06
    the curve if you're at the
  • 00:53:08
    Baseline then 125 is diabetes if you're
  • 00:53:13
    in the middle of metabolizing your meal
  • 00:53:15
    and that's your Peak you're doing great
  • 00:53:18
    you know so a uh a blood glucose out of
  • 00:53:22
    context tells you nothing that's why you
  • 00:53:26
    needed to be fasting but it's the last
  • 00:53:29
    thing to change because your body is
  • 00:53:31
    doing everything it can to maintain a
  • 00:53:34
    normal blood glucose it's the absolute
  • 00:53:38
    last thing to change the hemoglobin A1c
  • 00:53:42
    is the second to last thing to change it
  • 00:53:44
    will start to rise before the fasting
  • 00:53:46
    glucose will so if you've got an
  • 00:53:49
    hemoglobin A1c of
  • 00:53:51
    5.4 you've got a little bit of defective
  • 00:53:56
    gluc glucose clearance if it goes to 5.5
  • 00:53:59
    you've got a little bit more defective
  • 00:54:02
    glucose clearance and up and up and up
  • 00:54:04
    until you hit six when now you've got
  • 00:54:07
    pre-diabetes and when it hits 6.5 that's
  • 00:54:09
    full-fledged diabetes so you can
  • 00:54:12
    actually see the problem before the
  • 00:54:15
    fasting glucose changes in the
  • 00:54:17
    hemoglobin A1c but even that is late in
  • 00:54:21
    the
  • 00:54:22
    game the fasting insulin will change
  • 00:54:25
    before that and how do I know that
  • 00:54:28
    because you can go into any metabolic
  • 00:54:31
    syndrome clinic in this country and see
  • 00:54:35
    patients who have normal glucose
  • 00:54:37
    tolerance but are obese and Insulin
  • 00:54:40
    resistant so they are not
  • 00:54:44
    hyperglycemic they do not have an
  • 00:54:47
    abnormal glucose tolerance
  • 00:54:50
    test but they're insulin resistant
  • 00:54:53
    they're fasting insulins High to keep
  • 00:54:55
    them at that glucose level and they are
  • 00:54:58
    already spilling protein in their urine
  • 00:55:01
    they already have metabolic kidney
  • 00:55:04
    disease because the insulin caused the
  • 00:55:07
    metabolic kidney disease not the
  • 00:55:10
    glucose so there are things you can look
  • 00:55:13
    at to tell you as an early Diagnostic
  • 00:55:17
    and I'm actually giving a talk at
  • 00:55:18
    Stanford in two weeks on early
  • 00:55:20
    Diagnostics and fasting insulin is job
  • 00:55:23
    one and do you watch insulin on the way
  • 00:55:27
    down if you're treating a diabetic
  • 00:55:29
    patient and you're trying to get that
  • 00:55:31
    that gluc fasting glucose down are you
  • 00:55:33
    also testing their insulin as you're as
  • 00:55:36
    you're treating them and and expecting
  • 00:55:37
    that to also be coming down how do they
  • 00:55:39
    move on the on the reverse side if
  • 00:55:41
    you're improving their metabolic health
  • 00:55:43
    and their fasting insulin should be
  • 00:55:45
    coming down now if you're giving
  • 00:55:48
    metformin you will be improving insulin
  • 00:55:50
    sensitivity so the fasting insulin
  • 00:55:52
    should come down if you are giving
  • 00:55:54
    thadine diones to improve their diabetes
  • 00:55:57
    their fasting insulin might actually not
  • 00:56:00
    change so it depends on how you're doing
  • 00:56:02
    if you're doing it with diet it
  • 00:56:04
    definitely should be coming down and if
  • 00:56:06
    it's coming down then that's a good
  • 00:56:08
    thing okay so let's leave the world of
  • 00:56:10
    glucose and insulin for a moment so we
  • 00:56:11
    have time for some other markers all
  • 00:56:13
    right you mentioned earlier uric acid
  • 00:56:15
    that's also included in our in our
  • 00:56:16
    current levels Labs
  • 00:56:18
    panel is uric acid fit this criteria
  • 00:56:21
    that we were talking about in terms of a
  • 00:56:23
    marker that reveals something about
  • 00:56:24
    underlying physiology is TI tradable and
  • 00:56:27
    can actually be moved yes um and it's
  • 00:56:30
    also got a dynamic range and it um and
  • 00:56:33
    the higher it is the more problem it is
  • 00:56:36
    so yes and that that's another reason
  • 00:56:38
    why we include uric acid in our
  • 00:56:40
    biomarker panel for just that reason the
  • 00:56:43
    question of course is what does uric
  • 00:56:45
    acid mean people don't even know what it
  • 00:56:47
    means it is a breakdown
  • 00:56:51
    product of energy generation it is a
  • 00:56:54
    breakdown product of a
  • 00:56:56
    ATP so when
  • 00:56:59
    ATP you know the energy is in the
  • 00:57:02
    phosphate bonds when
  • 00:57:04
    ATP Cleaves a phosphate off to generate
  • 00:57:08
    energy it becomes a
  • 00:57:11
    DP adenosine diphosphate so the energy
  • 00:57:14
    gets released you um manufact you know
  • 00:57:18
    it gets used to power molecular Motors
  • 00:57:20
    within the cells so that the cells can
  • 00:57:22
    do their job okay then the adpak goes to
  • 00:57:26
    a a Denine
  • 00:57:29
    monophosphate which then goes to im an
  • 00:57:32
    acetol monophosphate which then finally
  • 00:57:35
    goes to uric acid and uric acid is then
  • 00:57:37
    excreted in the urine so it is a measure
  • 00:57:41
    of how fast your body is generating
  • 00:57:46
    energy so a marker of cellular Health
  • 00:57:48
    marker of cellular
  • 00:57:49
    Health now the problem is that uric acid
  • 00:57:55
    does two
  • 00:57:57
    things that you wish it didn't do one is
  • 00:58:01
    it is the inhibitor of an enzyme in your
  • 00:58:04
    arteries called endothelial nitric oxide
  • 00:58:07
    synthes or
  • 00:58:08
    Enos that's the enzyme that makes nitric
  • 00:58:11
    oxide and nitric oxide is your
  • 00:58:12
    endogenous blood pressure lowerer it's
  • 00:58:15
    the thing that causes your blood vessels
  • 00:58:18
    to relax therefore it's the thing that
  • 00:58:20
    keeps your blood pressure down and so if
  • 00:58:23
    you're inhibiting it it means your blood
  • 00:58:25
    pressure is going to go up so it is a
  • 00:58:26
    primary contributor to
  • 00:58:29
    hypertension well known been known since
  • 00:58:33
    1967 that uric acid is a driver of
  • 00:58:37
    hypertension the second thing it
  • 00:58:39
    does and this was work of from Rick
  • 00:58:41
    Johnson from University of
  • 00:58:44
    Colorado he showed that uric acid
  • 00:58:47
    inhibits an enzyme that's necessary for
  • 00:58:50
    mitochondria to do their job called cpt1
  • 00:58:55
    carnitine poid oil transferase one now
  • 00:58:58
    what is that that's an enzyme that
  • 00:59:00
    regenerates this compound in your cells
  • 00:59:03
    called carnitine and carnitine is a
  • 00:59:05
    shuttle mechanism for bringing fatty
  • 00:59:08
    acids into the mitochondria so that they
  • 00:59:10
    can be burned if you don't have enough
  • 00:59:12
    carnitine you can't um uh uh cleave
  • 00:59:17
    fatty acids into two carbon fragments
  • 00:59:19
    and use them for burning in which case
  • 00:59:21
    you end up with fatty liver and so if
  • 00:59:24
    you inhibit CPT one you can't transport
  • 00:59:28
    the fat good reason for fat buildup
  • 00:59:30
    which causes insulin resistance and
  • 00:59:33
    clearly mitochondrial dysfunction
  • 00:59:34
    because it's interfering with ATP
  • 00:59:36
    generation because it's interfering with
  • 00:59:37
    mitochondrial function so keeping your
  • 00:59:40
    uric acid down is super
  • 00:59:44
    important now what makes uric acid go up
  • 00:59:48
    well obviously kidney disease because
  • 00:59:50
    you have to excrete it but like what
  • 00:59:53
    else CU kidney disas you can't do much
  • 00:59:57
    about okay you know at least not not I
  • 01:00:00
    mean you can improve your metabolic
  • 01:00:02
    Health that'll help but it's not like
  • 01:00:04
    you can fix that from you know from one
  • 01:00:06
    day to the next um what makes uric acid
  • 01:00:10
    well two things make uric acid the first
  • 01:00:13
    is
  • 01:00:14
    purines because purines are adenosine
  • 01:00:18
    and guanosine they are nucleic acid
  • 01:00:22
    nucleotides that are in meat so Benjamin
  • 01:00:26
    Franklin knew that his meat habit was
  • 01:00:28
    the cause of his gout okay he wrote an
  • 01:00:31
    Ode to his gout back in
  • 01:00:34
    1785 so it's been known for a long time
  • 01:00:37
    that you know um uh uric acid is a
  • 01:00:40
    driver of gout and that uh meat is a
  • 01:00:44
    primary driver of uric acid but the
  • 01:00:47
    other thing that causes uric acid is not
  • 01:00:49
    so welln and it's sugar and why does
  • 01:00:55
    sugar increase uric acid right and
  • 01:00:59
    that's a complicated one but let me
  • 01:01:01
    explain it remember sugar is two
  • 01:01:03
    molecules glucose and fructose the
  • 01:01:06
    glucose will get metabolized in every
  • 01:01:08
    cell in the body fructose only in the
  • 01:01:10
    liver the fructose enters the liver and
  • 01:01:14
    the first thing that happens is that the
  • 01:01:17
    fructose gets phosphorated a phosphate
  • 01:01:19
    is added to the fructose so it can then
  • 01:01:22
    go on its biochemical journey to either
  • 01:01:25
    energy uh utilization or more likely fat
  • 01:01:29
    storage when it's phosphorilated a
  • 01:01:32
    phosphate has to be given to it well
  • 01:01:35
    where does the phosphate come from it
  • 01:01:36
    comes from ATP so ATP has to go to ADP
  • 01:01:40
    in order to metabolize fructose which
  • 01:01:43
    starts the uric acid you know that's
  • 01:01:45
    what that's the pathway to uric acid so
  • 01:01:48
    sugar consumption increases uric acid
  • 01:01:51
    too so both meat and sugar consumption
  • 01:01:54
    both increase uric acid
  • 01:01:57
    if you want to get your uric acid down
  • 01:01:59
    you have to cut your meat you have to
  • 01:02:00
    cut your sugar consumption it's just
  • 01:02:03
    that simple but because of the effects
  • 01:02:06
    on blood pressure and because of the
  • 01:02:08
    effects on this carnitine transport that
  • 01:02:12
    ultimately leads to mitochondrial
  • 01:02:13
    dysfunction and fat deposition uric acid
  • 01:02:17
    is a bad player in metabolic health and
  • 01:02:20
    the goal is to keep it down all right so
  • 01:02:23
    how down should it be
  • 01:02:26
    if you look at the lab slip it'll tell
  • 01:02:29
    you that the cut off for high uric acid
  • 01:02:31
    is at
  • 01:02:33
    seven that's wrong that's wrong okay the
  • 01:02:38
    cut off should be at
  • 01:02:40
    5.5 now why do I say 5.5 and the lab
  • 01:02:44
    slip says seven clearly they know
  • 01:02:46
    something I'm guessing gout is the
  • 01:02:47
    answer well no no no it has to do with
  • 01:02:52
    the um normal distribution has to do
  • 01:02:54
    with the gaussian Curve
  • 01:02:56
    okay so today if you take a 100,000
  • 01:03:00
    quote healthy unquote and we know that
  • 01:03:03
    they're not healthy because 93% of
  • 01:03:05
    Americans manifest some form of
  • 01:03:08
    metabolic dysfunction but they may not
  • 01:03:10
    know it and they say they're healthy
  • 01:03:12
    okay but they go into this you know
  • 01:03:14
    assay
  • 01:03:16
    okay you're going to generate a
  • 01:03:18
    bell-shaped curve and then you get the
  • 01:03:21
    mean and then what we say is two
  • 01:03:23
    standard deviations from the mean that's
  • 01:03:26
    what we consider abnormal you know
  • 01:03:28
    that's just a statistical fudge is two
  • 01:03:31
    standard deviations from the mean so if
  • 01:03:33
    you do that for 100,000 quote normal
  • 01:03:37
    healthy adults who are not
  • 01:03:40
    healthy that number is going to be
  • 01:03:43
    seven but if you did that 50 years ago
  • 01:03:48
    the number would have been
  • 01:03:50
    5.5 and the reason is because we were
  • 01:03:52
    healthy then and we're not healthy now
  • 01:03:55
    the entire
  • 01:03:56
    bell-shaped curve has shifted to the
  • 01:03:59
    right and of course there's no way to
  • 01:04:01
    know that just doing that today you have
  • 01:04:04
    to actually look at what happened before
  • 01:04:06
    to show that and we have so this is true
  • 01:04:10
    for insulin this is true for uric acid
  • 01:04:15
    you know it's it's true across the board
  • 01:04:18
    for you know hosts of things it's true
  • 01:04:21
    for alt which is a liver function test
  • 01:04:25
    okay because everyone has fatty liver
  • 01:04:26
    now 45% of Americans have fatty liver
  • 01:04:29
    25% of children notice I didn't say
  • 01:04:32
    obese adults or obese children all
  • 01:04:34
    adults all children this is something
  • 01:04:37
    that didn't even exist before
  • 01:04:39
    1980 and here we are now 45 years later
  • 01:04:43
    and 45% of the population has a disease
  • 01:04:46
    that we never heard of
  • 01:04:48
    before so we know something's going on
  • 01:04:51
    this is a clear indicator of metabolic
  • 01:04:54
    dysfunction a clear indicator of
  • 01:04:57
    inability to utilize fat because of
  • 01:05:00
    defective mitochondria because of
  • 01:05:04
    insulin resistance so these things all
  • 01:05:07
    go together so you're fasting insulin
  • 01:05:10
    and your uric acid and your alt should
  • 01:05:14
    all line up together because they're all
  • 01:05:16
    part and parcel of the same
  • 01:05:19
    pathophysiologic pathway so maybe let's
  • 01:05:22
    wrap this up by coming back to where we
  • 01:05:24
    started which is what is our our set of
  • 01:05:26
    markers what kinds of things we want to
  • 01:05:28
    look at we've talked about insulin a lot
  • 01:05:30
    that being a really key one we've talked
  • 01:05:31
    about uric acid which I think is is
  • 01:05:33
    still pretty much on the fringes of what
  • 01:05:35
    people are are measuring um we talked
  • 01:05:38
    about some some way of looking at
  • 01:05:41
    glucose in relation to your insulin
  • 01:05:42
    whether it's with the CGM or whether
  • 01:05:44
    it's with testing what else do you want
  • 01:05:46
    to see what El what other markers fit
  • 01:05:48
    these criteria we've talked about and
  • 01:05:50
    give us some indication of our health so
  • 01:05:51
    you had mentioned cholesterol at the
  • 01:05:53
    very beginning let's turn to cholesterol
  • 01:05:56
    for a minute everyone thinks cholesterol
  • 01:05:58
    is
  • 01:05:59
    important it's not okay now there are
  • 01:06:03
    different kinds of cholesterols and some
  • 01:06:05
    of them are important but the total
  • 01:06:07
    cholesterol doesn't tell you that so the
  • 01:06:10
    amount of cholesterol on the side of the
  • 01:06:12
    of the package they took it off because
  • 01:06:15
    they know the FDA knows that's not
  • 01:06:18
    valuable that's number one number two
  • 01:06:21
    your total cholesterol on your lab slip
  • 01:06:23
    is not valuable it shouldn't even be
  • 01:06:25
    listed because all it does is confuse
  • 01:06:28
    people and it's
  • 01:06:30
    spous so what does matter well there's
  • 01:06:32
    this thing called LDL does that matter
  • 01:06:35
    and the answer is no it doesn't matter
  • 01:06:38
    either and here's why because there's
  • 01:06:40
    not one LDL there's two and the LDL on
  • 01:06:43
    the lab slip measures both at the same
  • 01:06:45
    time and they're not the same now if we
  • 01:06:48
    had a way of separating and we do the
  • 01:06:51
    two different ldls you can actually
  • 01:06:53
    learn something so that's called a VAP
  • 01:06:56
    analysis or lipoprotein electropheresis
  • 01:06:59
    where you basically can distinguish the
  • 01:07:04
    LDL that causes heart disease called
  • 01:07:05
    small dense LDL from the LDL that
  • 01:07:08
    doesn't cause heart disease which is
  • 01:07:09
    called large buoyant LDL then you can
  • 01:07:12
    learn something but you Insurance isn't
  • 01:07:15
    paying for that that's a $500 test to
  • 01:07:18
    figure that out so people don't know now
  • 01:07:21
    if you can afford it great but you know
  • 01:07:23
    that's not helping the masses so we have
  • 01:07:26
    a still have a problem there um
  • 01:07:29
    triglyceride turns out to be a more
  • 01:07:33
    egregious uh lipid than uh LDL ever was
  • 01:07:38
    the hazard risk ratio for LDL and heart
  • 01:07:41
    disease is 1.3 meaning if you have a
  • 01:07:43
    high LDL you have a 30% increased risk
  • 01:07:46
    of having a heart attack whereas the
  • 01:07:48
    hazard risk ratio for triglyceride and
  • 01:07:50
    heart disease is
  • 01:07:52
    1.8 so if you have a high triglyceride
  • 01:07:55
    you have 80% increased risk for having a
  • 01:07:57
    heart attack 50% increased over the
  • 01:08:02
    LDL but we don't even talk about it we
  • 01:08:05
    don't you know pay it any heed and there
  • 01:08:08
    are two reasons why first reason is
  • 01:08:11
    because a lot of people get their blood
  • 01:08:12
    drawn not fasting and you need to be
  • 01:08:15
    fasting for triglyceride to mean
  • 01:08:16
    something because as soon as you eat
  • 01:08:18
    your triglycerides go up okay just like
  • 01:08:20
    your you know your glucose and your
  • 01:08:22
    insulin have to be fasting in order to
  • 01:08:24
    mean something
  • 01:08:26
    and number two um the
  • 01:08:31
    triglyceride doesn't just stay
  • 01:08:33
    triglyceride the triglyceride circulates
  • 01:08:35
    in the bloodstream goes to your fat cell
  • 01:08:39
    offloads the lipid into your fat tissue
  • 01:08:43
    and then it becomes the small dense LDL
  • 01:08:45
    so your triglyceride and your small
  • 01:08:47
    dense LDL are related to each other so
  • 01:08:50
    what you care about is your LDL but you
  • 01:08:54
    care about it in the face of your serum
  • 01:08:58
    triglyceride so high LDL low
  • 01:09:01
    triglyceride not a big deal high LDL
  • 01:09:04
    High triglyceride very big deal now at
  • 01:09:08
    levels we understood this and so we are
  • 01:09:11
    not measuring LDL or triglyceride we're
  • 01:09:14
    measuring something called APO APO
  • 01:09:16
    lipoprotein B and the reason it's
  • 01:09:18
    because LDL and triglyceride both have
  • 01:09:19
    aob B Because one's an evolution of the
  • 01:09:23
    other and so that's a way of figuring it
  • 01:09:26
    out so that's another reason why Labs
  • 01:09:28
    2.0 for levels includes apob as one of
  • 01:09:32
    the
  • 01:09:33
    markers okay so that's basically what
  • 01:09:37
    levels is doing right now with tests
  • 01:09:40
    that are normally and routinely
  • 01:09:43
    available and coverable by
  • 01:09:46
    insurance is that all are there other
  • 01:09:50
    tests are there things that we could get
  • 01:09:53
    that would give us information as well
  • 01:09:55
    well and the answer is yeah there are
  • 01:09:57
    there are let me give you an example
  • 01:10:00
    there's a test called homosysteine
  • 01:10:03
    now we are not getting it now turns out
  • 01:10:07
    homocysteine is a metabolic metabolite
  • 01:10:11
    of
  • 01:10:12
    protein it go it's part of the TCA cycle
  • 01:10:16
    but it's also in the protein cycle and
  • 01:10:19
    it is responsive to B vitamins and
  • 01:10:23
    omega-3 fatty acids
  • 01:10:26
    when your B vitamin deficient and when
  • 01:10:27
    you're omega-3 fatty acid deficient your
  • 01:10:29
    homocysteine goes up and it turns out
  • 01:10:32
    homocysteine
  • 01:10:33
    levels predict cardiovascular disease
  • 01:10:37
    and heart attack as well and now we've
  • 01:10:39
    also learned that homocysteine levels
  • 01:10:41
    also predict Alzheimer's disease now
  • 01:10:43
    we've known for years about a disease
  • 01:10:46
    called homoy
  • 01:10:47
    Uria this is a disorder of the enzyme
  • 01:10:51
    that clears homocysteine in the body if
  • 01:10:54
    you have this
  • 01:10:55
    disease you're tall and you're actually
  • 01:10:59
    kind of gangly and you're mentally
  • 01:11:02
    and you get very early heart
  • 01:11:05
    disease it's a disease I used to take
  • 01:11:07
    care of as a pediatric
  • 01:11:09
    endocrinologist well people have now
  • 01:11:11
    done a lot of work on whether or not
  • 01:11:13
    that homocysteine was the cause of the
  • 01:11:15
    mental retardation and the cause of the
  • 01:11:18
    heart disease and we Now understand that
  • 01:11:20
    that is a primary risk factor it's part
  • 01:11:23
    of the pathogenesis
  • 01:11:25
    and it may even be part of the
  • 01:11:26
    pathogenesis of Alzheimer's
  • 01:11:29
    routinely so could we get total homoy in
  • 01:11:34
    our patients and learn something about
  • 01:11:36
    their metabolic status and would that be
  • 01:11:40
    fixable and the answer is yes it's also
  • 01:11:43
    on a dynamic range and it's also
  • 01:11:46
    modulable and it's also um uh you know
  • 01:11:50
    it means
  • 01:11:51
    something but it's not covered by
  • 01:11:53
    insurance today should that change I
  • 01:11:56
    think so so that's an example what other
  • 01:11:59
    tests could you do that would be
  • 01:12:03
    valuable one of the uh Cardinal features
  • 01:12:07
    of Aging is methylation so your DNA gets
  • 01:12:13
    methylated and the longer you live the
  • 01:12:16
    more methylated your DNA gets well it
  • 01:12:18
    turns out the degree of methylation
  • 01:12:22
    predicts the degree of Aging
  • 01:12:25
    you can measure methylation status by
  • 01:12:29
    measuring something we now have a test
  • 01:12:31
    for called epigenetic
  • 01:12:33
    age can you measure epigenetic age yeah
  • 01:12:37
    but insurance not paying for it it's
  • 01:12:39
    relatively still expensive um our
  • 01:12:42
    colleague David Sinclair offers u a
  • 01:12:45
    methylation test uh it's known as the
  • 01:12:48
    denan pace method and you can determine
  • 01:12:51
    that and we know from other studies like
  • 01:12:54
    for inance is my colleague Bruce
  • 01:12:56
    blumberg at UC Irvine has shown that the
  • 01:12:59
    methylation status of an enzyme called
  • 01:13:03
    insulin degrading enzyme predicts
  • 01:13:06
    insulin
  • 01:13:08
    resistance because you can't clear the
  • 01:13:10
    insulin because of its methylation
  • 01:13:13
    status and that that is a primary
  • 01:13:15
    Hallmark of obesity and
  • 01:13:18
    aging so the problem with the denan pace
  • 01:13:21
    is you have to chop up all the DNA so
  • 01:13:24
    you don't know which enzyme it's with or
  • 01:13:26
    which Gene it's with so it lacks a
  • 01:13:29
    certain shall we say specificity but it
  • 01:13:31
    gives you a sense of how you're doing
  • 01:13:34
    from an aging standpoint and my
  • 01:13:37
    colleagues at um UC Berkeley and UCSF uh
  • 01:13:41
    Barbara laiah and L Alyssa eel just
  • 01:13:43
    showed a cross-sectional study showing
  • 01:13:46
    that the degree of ultra-processed food
  • 01:13:48
    that you eat predicts your epigenetic
  • 01:13:51
    age compared to your biological age now
  • 01:13:54
    does that mean you could fix your food
  • 01:13:56
    and fix your epigenetic age we don't
  • 01:13:58
    know that yet no one's done that but is
  • 01:14:01
    that something to look at for the future
  • 01:14:03
    and could that ultimately be a good
  • 01:14:06
    marker for us to be able to draw very
  • 01:14:09
    possibly you know that's an excite
  • 01:14:11
    exciting place to go and then the last
  • 01:14:14
    thing is inflammation so the degree of
  • 01:14:16
    inflammation that's going on in the body
  • 01:14:19
    how do you determine that cu the more
  • 01:14:21
    inflammation the sicker you are without
  • 01:14:24
    question and where's the inflammation
  • 01:14:25
    coming from it's almost always coming
  • 01:14:27
    from the gut gut inflammation so are
  • 01:14:30
    there tests for gut inflammation and the
  • 01:14:33
    answer is not good ones unfortunately
  • 01:14:36
    but we can look at systemic inflammation
  • 01:14:39
    we can look at high sensitivity Ser
  • 01:14:41
    active protein so that's a test that's
  • 01:14:43
    immediately available okay doesn't cost
  • 01:14:46
    too much the problem is it doesn't have
  • 01:14:49
    quite the dynamic range that the others
  • 01:14:51
    do it's not quite as good a biomarker
  • 01:14:54
    but it's still tells you whether there's
  • 01:14:56
    inflammation going on or not and so if
  • 01:14:59
    you know that your C HS CRP is low
  • 01:15:03
    that's a good sign it means that you're
  • 01:15:04
    doing something right and if it's high
  • 01:15:07
    it means clearly things are not right
  • 01:15:10
    and you need to start thinking about
  • 01:15:12
    what it is you're eating in order to get
  • 01:15:13
    that hscrp down doesn't tell you what's
  • 01:15:16
    wrong just tells you something's wrong
  • 01:15:19
    so that's another potential test that
  • 01:15:21
    can be added to the armamentarium and
  • 01:15:23
    it's not too expensive and it's
  • 01:15:24
    available now
  • 01:15:26
    so this is an evolution this you know
  • 01:15:29
    we're working on it we're getting there
  • 01:15:32
    you know we need the science in order to
  • 01:15:34
    be able to justify you know the the the
  • 01:15:37
    cost and the expense and certainly the
  • 01:15:39
    insurance coverage because they're not
  • 01:15:41
    going to pay for anything unless it
  • 01:15:42
    works all right so we're still you know
  • 01:15:46
    uh working on those things but for me
  • 01:15:50
    today the things to know are you're
  • 01:15:52
    fasting insulin and your uric acid and
  • 01:15:56
    your
  • 01:15:57
    apob and you know then we can talk about
  • 01:16:00
    you know the the rest the last question
  • 01:16:03
    on this then which I think this leads
  • 01:16:04
    into is you know we do now have
  • 01:16:07
    companies like function Health from our
  • 01:16:09
    friend Dr Heyman and other companies
  • 01:16:11
    like his that are offering these very
  • 01:16:13
    broad arrays of of tests right I think
  • 01:16:15
    they do over a hundred uh annual uh
  • 01:16:19
    markers what do you think about the
  • 01:16:20
    utility of tests like that are there
  • 01:16:23
    things that things that would sort of to
  • 01:16:25
    be on your wish list either because
  • 01:16:26
    they're precursors or because they're a
  • 01:16:27
    good indication that somebody's going to
  • 01:16:29
    get as part of that large set that
  • 01:16:31
    you're just not going to get at your
  • 01:16:32
    doctor setting cost aside right because
  • 01:16:34
    that is the the barrier to those um you
  • 01:16:37
    know getting those kind of large arays
  • 01:16:38
    but if one has the means what do you
  • 01:16:40
    think about people getting that amount
  • 01:16:41
    of data I think it's probably premature
  • 01:16:45
    and the reason is because we don't know
  • 01:16:46
    what to do with it we don't know how to
  • 01:16:48
    analyze it we don't know what goes with
  • 01:16:51
    what pathway because you're trying to
  • 01:16:52
    influence a pathway you're not trying to
  • 01:16:54
    influence a specific
  • 01:16:56
    biomarker okay the biomarker is a marker
  • 01:16:58
    for the pathway and so when we when we
  • 01:17:01
    have some more data and we know that
  • 01:17:03
    those things are actually manipulable
  • 01:17:05
    and that the manipulation actually
  • 01:17:07
    results in clinical
  • 01:17:09
    benefit then I'll be ready to uh to uh
  • 01:17:13
    support those I think it's a little too
  • 01:17:14
    early for those I think that's a little
  • 01:17:16
    premature it's nice to think about it's
  • 01:17:19
    definitely a a hot research topic and
  • 01:17:22
    I'm for that but you know terms of
  • 01:17:25
    Clinic utility I think don't put the
  • 01:17:27
    cart before the horse
  • 01:17:30
    [Music]
Etiquetas
  • stéatose hépatique
  • santé métabolique
  • résistance à l'insuline
  • biomarqueurs
  • insuline à jeun
  • acide urique
  • ALT
  • dysfonction mitochondriale
  • diabète
  • glucose à jeun